Female Reproductive Disorders Signs, Symptoms, Diagnostic Tests, and Treatment Options

The female reproductive system comprises primary organs such as ovaries for producing ova and secretion of sex hormones and accessory sex organs like the cervix, vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes. The whole system is formed in such a way that transport of the egg to the site of fertilization, fertilization with sperm in the fallopian tubes, and finally, implantation in the uterus wall leads to pregnancy initiation. Reproductive health has a serious impact on major life decisions and also in day-to-day life. Making the right choices depends on the diagnosis of possible issues and proper therapeutic medicament. Several reports suggest that female infertile conditions and other reproductive abnormalities like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), cervical dysplasia, uterine fibroids, and endometriosis can adversely affect pregnancy from a very early stage. In the case of PCOS, fluid-filled cavities appear surrounding the eggs, aided by a high amount of male reproductive hormone secretion and irregular periods. Similarly, cervical dysplasia is the condition where unusual growth of cells happens inside and around the cervix, leading to cancer. Unlike PCOS, the abnormal mass of noncancerous cells sometimes grows inside and outside the uterus, called uterine fibroids or leiomyomas. In the case of endometriosis, tissue showing structural and functional similarity to endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus in other places of the body. Regardless of the available treatment regimens, new advanced drugs and techniques must be established to overcome the recurring challenges.