Soil respiration in a tropical montane grassland ecosystem is largely heterotroph-driven and increases under simulated warming

Soil respiration, a major source of atmospheric carbon (C), can feed into climate warming, which in turn can amplify soil CO 2 efflux by affecting root, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) and other heterotrophic respiration. Although tropical ecosystems contribute >60% of the global soil CO 2 efflux, there is currently a dearth of data on tropical soil respiration responses to temperature rise. We set up a simulated warming and soil respiration partitioning experiment in tropical montane grasslands in the Western Ghats in southern India, to (a) evaluate soil respiration responses to warming, (b) assess the relative contributions of autotrophic and heterotrophic components to soil respiration, and (c) assess the roles of soil temperature and soil moisture in influencing soil respiration in this system. Our results show that soil respiration was tightly coupled with soil moisture availability, with CO 2 efflux levels peaking during the wet season. Soil warming by ~1.4 °C nearly doubled soil respiration from ~0.64 g CO 2 m -2 hr -1 on average under ambient conditions to ~1.17 g CO 2 m -2 hr -1 under warmed conditions. However, warming effects on soil CO 2 efflux were contingent on water availability, with greater relative increases in soil respiration observed under conditions of low, compared to high, soil moisture. Hetrotrophs contributed to the majority of soil CO 2 efflux, with respiration remaining unchanged when roots and/or AMF hyphae were excluded. Overall, our results indicate that future warming is likely to substantially increase the largely heterotroph-driven soil C fluxes in this tropical montane grassland ecosystem.