First haplotype-resolved genome assembly of citral-rich lemongrass Cymbopogon flexuosus var. Krishna

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Abstract

Cymbopogon flexuosus var. Krishna (lemongrass) is an aromatic grass valued for its high citral content, which is widely used in the fragrance, flavor, and pharmaceutical industries. C. flexuosus , a member of the Poaceae family, is a predominantly outcrossing species characterized by a highly heterozygous genome. Despite its economic importance and widespread cultivation, a high-quality reference genome has been lacking. Here, we report the first chromosome-scale genome assembly of lemongrass, generated using PacBio HiFi long-read sequencing combined with Omni-C chromatin conformation capture data. The resulting pseudo-haploid assembly spans approximately 798 Mb, organized into 10 chromosomes, and exhibits a scaffold N50 of 64.35 Mb. The assembly demonstrates high completeness, with 99.8% BUSCO recovery, and comprises ∼37,254 predicted protein-coding genes. In addition, we generated haplotype-resolved assemblies that capture the allelic diversity of this heterozygous genome. The haplotypes have sizes of ∼750 Mb and ∼726 Mb, representing 95–98% of the pseudo-haploid genome, and together they provide phase-resolved information for gene families and biosynthetic pathways. These high-quality assemblies establish a foundational genomic resource for advancing molecular breeding, comparative genomics, and metabolic engineering of lemongrass and related aromatic grasses.
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Abstract Cymbopogon flexuosus var. Krishna (lemongrass) is an aromatic grass valued for its high citral content, which is widely used in the fragrance, flavor, and pharmaceutical industries. C. flexuosus, a member of the Poaceae family, is a predominantly outcrossing species characterized by a highly heterozygous genome. Despite its economic importance and widespread cultivation, a high-quality reference genome has been lacking. Here, we report the first chromosome-scale genome assembly of lemongrass, generated using PacBio HiFi long-read sequencing combined with Omni-C chromatin conformation capture data. The resulting pseudo-haploid assembly spans approximately 798 Mb, organized into 10 chromosomes, and exhibits a scaffold N50 of 64.35 Mb. The assembly demonstrates high completeness, with 99.8% BUSCO recovery, and comprises ∼37,254 predicted protein-coding genes. In addition, we generated haplotype-resolved assemblies that capture the allelic diversity of this heterozygous genome. The haplotypes have sizes of ∼750 Mb and ∼726 Mb, representing 95–98% of the pseudo-haploid genome, and together they provide phase-resolved information for gene families and biosynthetic pathways. These high-quality assemblies establish a foundational genomic resource for advancing molecular breeding, comparative genomics, and metabolic engineering of lemongrass and related aromatic grasses. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

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