Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Plant Consumption by the World’s Southernmost Parrot in Natural and Urban Environments

Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Plant Consumption by the World’s Southernmost Parrot in Natural and Urban Environments | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Plant Consumption by the World’s Southernmost Parrot in Natural and Urban Environments Rocío Bahía, Sergio A. Lambertucci, Karina L. Speziale This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6136068/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Urbanization and plant species introduction disrupt the plant-animal interactions and generate novel ecosystems, which wildlife requires certain behavioural plasticity to live in. The Austral parakeet (Enicognathus ferrugineus), an endemic parrot of the Andean-Patagonian forest that frequents natural and urban environments. We aim to 1) describe the seasonal foraging dynamics of parakeets and native and introduced plants in natural and urban environments, and 2) differentiate parakeet use and selection of plants. In natural and urban areas of Bariloche city (Argentina) we conducted focal observations of parakeets feeding, and registered resource availability and phenology during a year. Parakeets interacted with 37 plant species, both native and introduced. In natural environments, parakeets consumed three times more native than introduced species, whereas in urban areas the opposite occurred. In every season but spring, the number of parakeets preying on plants was explained by the interaction between the origin of the plants and the environment. The highest abundance of parrots foraging coincided with the highest peaks of food availability, although the plant selected varied across habitat type and scale of study. We discuss the value of each environment for parakeets, the variables that could explain the use or selection of plants, and conservation strategies of parrot populations and the ecosystems services they provide. Biological sciences/Ecology Biological sciences/Zoology Psittacidae food interactions habitat use habitat selection diet introduced city Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Introduction Plant–animal interactions play a central role in the evolution of biodiversity and ecosystem functionality ( 1 , 2 ). These interactions determine the organization and dynamics of natural communities, directly or indirectly, by influencing the life cycles of the species that compose them ( 3 ). Disruption or loss of plant–animal interactions negatively impacts both groups ( 4 , 5 ) and the functionality of natural ecosystems, where wildlife plays fundamental roles (e.g., propagule dispersal) ( 2 , 6 ). Anthropic processes such as urbanization and plant species introduction into these novel urban environments can alter plant–animal interactions in peri-urban forests ( 2 ). Given the context of global change, understanding how these joint processes affect interactions between organisms is essential for the conservation of species, ecological processes and natural ecosystems, and for planning and managing urban environments to protect biodiversity. Urbanization-related land-use change and the introduction of species are among the most disruptive processes of ecosystem transformation and degradation ( 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ). Urbanization fragments natural habitats and favours biotic homogenization by replacing the diversity of native plant species with introduced ones, expanding the distribution of the introduced species ( 7 , 11 , 12 , 13 ). Vegetation changes in urban areas impact wildlife distribution ( 14 ), behaviour ( 15 , 16 ), and interactions between organisms ( 17 , 18 ). These ecological changes produce cascading effects, impacting the role of herbivores in maintaining biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and environmental service provision ( 19 , 20 , 21 ). Urban environments, then, become novel ecosystems with environmental conditions and species assemblages that different from native ones ( 12 , 16 , 22 ). Wildlife that uses these novel ecosystems require certain behavioural plasticity to adapt to the changed environments ( 23 ); for example, by establishing new interactions with species present in cities, whether native or exotic ( 24 ). Many bird species inhabit these novel urban environments due to their plasticity in the use of resources ( 23 , 25 ), such as modifying their feeding behaviour according to the resources available. Particularly, green spaces such as urban parks, gardens, and vacant lands can provide food resources, act as refuges, increase connectivity between green areas, and preserve patches of native vegetation that help maintain bird populations and their interactions ( 26 , 27 , 28 ). Given that these green spaces are often made up of new assemblages of native and introduced plants ( 22 , 29 ), with coupled or modified phenology patterns due to urbanization ( 30 ), variability in productivity or resource availability may be attenuated or even disappear ( 31 , 32 ). Thus, generalist birds usually modify their feeding behaviour quickly to include the native and introduced plant resources offered in urban areas ( 33 , 34 ). Despite their generalist behaviour, these birds may show preferences for particular food resources and select some species over others ( 35 , 36 , 37 ). Resource selection may vary with plant species abundance, phenology, and even with the scale of analysis ( 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ). Comparing resource availability, use and selection in natural and urban areas can aid understanding of species foraging behaviour and habitat requirements and help determine whether introduced plant species provide novel resources that can be used by native herbivores. Parrots are described as trophic generalists, exhibiting high plasticity of diet and foraging behaviour, which enables them to thrive even in disturbed environments ( 42 , 43 , 44 ). However, little is known about the characteristics and potential consequences of novel interactions established with urban vegetation ( 44 ). The Austral parakeet ( Enicognathus ferrugineus ), an endemic parrot of the Andean-Patagonian forest (Argentina-Chile), is currently the southernmost parrot species in the world. During spring-summer, these parakeets are usually seen in pairs or small groups, mostly in forests, where they breed. In autumn-winter, large flocks of parakeets are often seen in urban environments. These perceived differences in the abundance and movements of parakeets associated with the seasons of the year and the environments used could be related to seasonality in terms of both reproduction and food availability ( 45 ). Thus, the availability of resources in urban and natural environments would affect how parakeets use the habitat to satisfy their nutritional requirements. Understanding resource availability, Austral parakeet feeding patterns, and the dynamics of seasonal changes in parakeet–plant community interactions in both natural and urban environments is essential to our understanding of the relevance of each environment for the ecology and conservation of this species. In this work we aim to 1) describe the seasonal dynamics of feeding interactions established by the Austral parakeet with native and introduced plant species across natural and urban environments in relation to plant species phenology; and 2) distinguish between the Austral parakeet’s use and selection of these food resources. Urban areas are novel environments characterized by plant assemblages that differ from those of native forests. The proportion of native plant species in natural environments is therefore higher than in urban, whereas the opposite is true of urban areas. We hypothesize that: 1. Resources available for parakeets vary between seasons and environments due to differences in species assemblages in each environment and in plant species traits and phenology. Thus, we expect a) greater availability of native food resources in spring/summer and in natural environments; b) greater availability of introduced food resources in autumn/winter and in urban environments; 2. The Austral parakeet is a generalist consumer, so its foraging pattern changes throughout the year as it uses resources when they become available. We expect that a) in natural environments, the Austral parakeet will consume more native plant species than introduced ones, particularly during spring/summer; and b) in urban environments, the Austral parakeet will consume more introduced species than native ones, particularly during autumn/winter. Methods Study site We worked in natural areas of Nahuel Huapi National Park and Llao Llao Municipal Park, and surrounding urban areas of San Carlos de Bariloche city (c.a., 135 thousand inhabitants INDEC, 2022; Río Negro province, Argentina) (41°13'S, 71°30'W) (Fig. 1). We selected 14 natural and 19 urban study sites, each approximately 2km distant from the next. The environment presents typical Andean-Patagonian Forest vegetation, dominated by mixed forests of Coigue ( Nothofagus dombeyi ), Radal ( Lomatia hirsuta ), Chilean firebush ( Embothrium coccineum ), Laura ( Schinus patagonic a ), Maquei ( Aristotelia chilensis ), and Cordilleran cypress ( Austrocedrus chilensis ), among others (46). Urban areas pose threats and challenges to the conservation of nearby protected areas due to the number of introduced plants used in parks and gardens (47,48), many of which have the potential to become invasive, such as Sorbus aucuparia , Crataegus monogyma and Ulex europaeus (49). Species The Austral parakeet (Enicognathus ferrugineus) is an endemic parrot of the Andean-Patagonian Forest. It reproduces in summer (December to February), in tree cavities of Nothofagus sp. and Araucaria araucana and feeds mainly on seeds, fruits and shoots of many plants such as Nothofagus pumilio and Araucaria araucana (50,51,52,53). It also acts as a long-distance seed disperser (54) and has been proposed as a potential pollinator of Araucaria araucana (55). Sampling and analysis Parrot–plant foraging in natural and urban areas We carried out focal observations of Austral parakeet feeding behaviour over an entire year from April 2021, twice a week, in the 33 sites selected. For species like this that generally gather in abundant flocks and occupy large foraging areas, it is recommended to establish transects that cover the largest possible area (56). Therefore, in each location we set up two transects 1000 m in length x 50 m in width, each 100 m distant from the next (Fig. 1). When we observed one or more parakeets, we registered the number of individuals and conducted focal feeding behaviour observations. During each observation of five minutes, we recorded the following: number of individuals eating, species ingested, origin of the species ingested, item selected (i.e., leaves, flower, fruit, seed, shoots, bark, invertebrates) and, when possible, the number of items ingested during the observation period. We tried to conduct focal observations of all the Austral parakeets that were feeding. However, when the groups were too large, we randomly selected at least 5 individuals. When the Austral parakeet under observation flew away and landed on another plant it was considered an independent consumption event. From these data we determined the number of parakeets per environment and season of the year, the number of plant species consumed by the parakeets, the proportion of native/introduced plant species consumed, and the proportions of the items consumed. The identity and origin of each species followed the classification of Zuloaga et al. (58). Two of the registered species ( Araucaria araucana and Nothofagus obliqua ) are classified as native to Argentina, but in the study area both are actually outside their current natural distribution as they have been introduced into Bariloche city for gardening purposes. Nevertheless, we considered them native because their natural range falls within the parakeet niche and distribution area, and the parakeets have a high degree of interaction with them (50,51,52,55,57). We compared the proportion of native and introduced plants consumed in each environment and season through a Chi-square test (X 2 ) with a significance level of 0.05. To examine the effect of plant origin (native/introduced), environment (natural/urban) (predictor variables included as fixed factors), and their interaction on the abundance of Austral parakeet preying on plants (variable response) for each season of the year, we performed GLMMs with a Poisson distribution. The identity of the plant species consumed was included as a random factor. We performed the analysis with the glmer function in the lme4 package, in R 3.6.3 (59). Network analysis With the focal observation data, we built two sets of bipartite networks to represent plant foraging patterns of the Austral parakeet in each environment (urban/natural) and throughout the year: one set for comparisons between seasons and the other to make bimonthly comparisons. First, we built two matrices that included the plant species consumed as rows, and each season of the sampling period as columns, one for each type of environment. The datum in each cell corresponded to the abundance of parrots preying on each plant species per season, calculated by grouping focal observations of parakeets preying on plant species into four seasonal data groups (nodes). Then, to understand the changes seen in the relative contributions of each plant species to the parakeet foraging pattern throughout the year, we separated focal observations into smaller matrices including only two months each, resulting in a total of 6 matrices for each type of environment. All matrices and networks were analyzed with bipartite package in RStudio (59,60). Resource phenology To determine plant species phenology in each site, we selected a random point in each transect and recorded the plant species (trees and shrubs) present in 1km 2 around that point. We randomly selected 10 individuals of each plant species and registered their phenological state every 15 days throughout the sampling year (i.e., leaves: sprouts, new leaves on deciduous plants, leaf colouring, leaf senescence/fall on deciduous plants; flowering: flower sprouts, flower; fruiting: immature fruit/seed, mature fruit/seed). During each visit we also recorded whether seeds were still available on the ground of the species usually consumed by the Austral parakeet (e.g., Araucaria araucana , Acer sp. ), as a measure of resource availability. From these data, we calculated the average percentage of available resources in each month of the year by item (i.e., sprouts, leaves, flowers, fruit, or seeds), and the abundance of parakeets consuming them each month. The average percentage of resources was calculated for only the total species and items that the parakeets consumed (i.e., species and items not observed as being consumed were not included as resources for calculations). Use–selection analyses To determine the relative importance of each plant species in the Austral parakeet diet, we analysed the use and selection of consumed plant species. To this end, we compared the total consumption of each species with its availability in the environment. From our focal observations, we obtained data on species consumption at each sampling site, and the availability of plant resources was obtained in the same area used to record the phenology (see above). We then estimated the density of each particular plant species (individuals/km 2 ), and the proportion of native and non-native plants available at each study site and in each environment (urban or natural). We assessed the use and selection of plant species consumed by parakeets for each environment (natural/urban) throughout the year, and on two scales: landscape (consumption per species calculated as the sum of all sampling sites) and local (consumption per species calculated as the sum at each site). For this we calculated a Savage selection index: Wi=Ui/Pi, where Ui represents the proportion of a plant species i in the diet, and Pi is the proportion of that species in the environment (61). This index ranges from 0 (negative selection) to infinity (maximum positive selection), whereas 1 indicates non-selection. Negative selection (S-) implies a resource is used less than expected by chance; positive selection (S+) indicates the resource is used more than expected by chance, and non-selection (NS) indicates that the use of the resource is not different from that expected by chance. This index enables calculation of a statistic (E) with an X 2 distribution with one degree of freedom (α = 0.05) (61). Statistical significance was obtained after applying the Bonferroni correction for the number of statistical tests (p < 0.001). Results Parrot–plant foraging in natural and urban areas We recorded a total of 1028 observations of Austral parakeet individuals consuming plants, of which 36% corresponded to native environments (n = 374) and 64% to urban environments (n = 654). The observations involved 10223 events of Austral parakeet feeding, 12.3% in natural and 87.7% in urban environments (n = 1225 and n= 8998, respectively) (Fig. 2). Mean abundance of parakeets feeding was 6.05 times higher in urban than in natural environments (529.3 vs 87.5 parakeets, respectively). Total number of parakeets observed feeding in each environment varied with the seasons. We found the highest percentage of parakeets consuming plants in autumn in both environments (47% in natural and 45% in urban environments, of the total number of parakeets recorded preying in all seasons per environment); the lowest percentage varied with the environment, being spring for natural and summer for urban areas. Comparing environments, in winter the percentage of parakeets feeding was significantly higher in urban than in natural areas (46% vs 16% respectively; X 2 = 49.95, gl= 1, p < 0.05), whereas the opposite occurred in summer (27% in natural vs 2% in urban environments; X 2 =37.98, gl= 1, p < 0.05) (Fig. 2). In every season but spring, the highest observed number of parakeets preying on plants was explained by the interaction between the origin of the plants and the environment. In autumn and winter, the number of parakeets preying on plants per observation increased in urban areas and when the resources consumed were introduced species (p <0.001) with respect to natural environments. In contrast, in summer the number of parakeets preying on plants per observation increased in natural environments and when the species consumed were native (p <0.001) (Table 1). The Austral parakeet interacted with 37 plant species, both native and introduced (35% vs. 65%, respectively) (Fig. 2). The proportion of native to introduced species consumed varied with the environment. In natural environments the Austral parakeet consumed three times more native than introduced species (74.84% vs. 25.15%; X 2 = 37.98, gl = 3, p < 0.05), whereas in urban environments the opposite occurred (73.21% vs. 26.79%; X 2 = 49.95, gl = 3, p < 0.05) (Fig. 2). Austral parakeets consumed mainly seeds (62.58%), followed by fruits (21.97%), sprouts (8.75%), leaves (4.65%), flowers (1.45%) and others (invertebrates, larvae, bark). However, the items consumed varied between environments and seasons. In natural environments, seeds and fruits were mainly consumed in summer and autumn, sprouts and flowers in spring. In urban environments, seeds were consumed throughout the year, as were fruits, except for spring; sprouts were consumed in autumn and winter (Fig. 4). Network analysis We found that plant–parakeet interaction networks were dynamic during the year and varied between natural and urban environments in terms of the number and identity of consumed species, plant origin (native/introduced), and intensity of the interactions (abundance of Austral parakeet consuming each species) (Fig. 3). However, in both environments, the Austral parakeet consumption patterns of native and introduced species across the seasons were similar in part: foraging on native plants dominated in summer and autumn, and of introduced species in autumn and winter (Fig. 3). In both networks (natural and urban environments) the diversity of consumed plants increased during autumn, and even in winter in the case of urban areas, decreasing towards summer. In natural environments, the networks revealed a predominance of Austral parakeet interactions with native plant species (n = 13) with varying intensity throughout the year. Although involving fewer species than in urban environments, the interactions seemed stronger as the Austral parakeets showed a very high degree of interaction with a few key species. They consumed particularly Nothofagus dombeyi in high intensity during summer, the only species consumed in every season, and Maytenus boaria in autumn. In natural environments, the consumption of introduced plants (four species) occurred exclusively in autumn and winter along with native species, which were highly consumed during autumn but marginally in winter (Fig. 3). Results analysed on a scale of two months showed parakeets interacted with very few species each month, and although the plant species consumed changed over the year, Nothofagus species remained important in all seasons (Fig. 3; Supplementary material, Fig. 1). In urban environments, the networks showed a greater number of interactions than in natural environments as the Austral parakeet consumed 24 species, mainly introduced, but the intensity of interaction with most species was weaker than in natural areas (Fig. 3). Native and introduced species were consumed throughout the year, with a peak of species diversity during June-July-August (15 species consumed). The most frequently consumed species was the introduced Crataegus monogyna during winter, whereas in autumn the native M. boaria and A. araucana were consumed with higher intensity than the introduced species (although the number of introduced species consumed was higher) . Bimonthly interaction networks also reflected the higher diversity of the urban network, and the importance of native species during summer and autumn, showing a sequential increase in the number of introduced species consumed in autumn and mainly in winter (Supplementary Material Fig. 1). Food resource phenology Phenology data showed that in natural environments, native resource availability was greater than that of introduced species all year round except during winter (Fig. 5). The highest availability of plant resources in a phenological state that could be consumed by parakeets occurred in summer, mainly given by seeds and fruits of Nothofagus spp., Aristotelia chilensis and Lomatia hirsuta (Fig. 5). During autumn, introduced resources also became available, represented by items of two species: seeds of C. monogyna and fruits of Malus domestica . These introduced resources were almost the only ones available during winter, and these were the only seasons when we observed parakeets feeding upon these introduced resources in natural environments. In parallel, the number of Austral parakeets consuming plants began to increase during summer, coinciding with the greater availability of native resources, and reached its highest value during autumn (n = 280, total number of observations in this season); this overlapped with the highest availability of introduced resources. The number of parakeets then decreased abruptly, maintaining low abundance during winter and spring (Fig. 6). Phenology data showed the greatest availability of native resources in both urban and natural environments during the same periods (spring, summer and autumn; Fig. 5). The availability of native resources was associated with high Nothofagus seed production in summer, whereas in autumn native resources peaked due to the availability of fruits and seeds of M. boaria and A. Araucana , respectively (Fig. 5). In spring, native resources were available in the form of flowers of Embothrium coccineum . On the other hand, introduced resources remained available throughout the year, reaching their peak during autumn. The continuous availability of introduced resources was mainly given by fruits and seeds of Sorbus aucuparia , Pinus spp., Betula pendula , M. domestica and C. monogyna , and shoots of Populus spp (Fig. 5). Accordingly, the total number of Austral parakeets feeding in urban areas began to increase in late summer, continued in autumn, and reached its maximum in winter (n = 2257, total number of observations in winter), later decreasing from spring onward and reaching the minimum in early-mid summer (Fig. 6). Use-selection analysis On a landscape scale, parakeets in natural environments selected 58.3% of the total plant species they consumed, four native and three non-native (n = 7 of 12 species) (Fig. 6, Table 2). Maytenus boaria was the most selected native species, and also the most consumed (25% of the diet), followed by L. hirsuta (10% of the diet) (Table 2). Regarding introduced species, M. domestica was the most selected and consumed (13% of the diet), followed by S. aucuparia (8% of the diet) and C. monogyna (6% of the diet) (Fig. 6, Table 2). Worthy of note is that each species selected represented a low percentage of the Parakeets’ diet: only 5% or less for each native species selected and 3% each in the case of introduced ones. Similarly, the most selected species, the species most used were native (Fig. 7). In urban environments, parakeets selected 31% of the total plant species they consumed, three native and eight non-native species (n = 11 of 35 species consumed in this areas) (Fig. 7, Table 2). The native A. araucana was the most selected (10% of the diet). In line with the results in natural areas, of the native species, M. boaria was the most consumed in urban areas (12.3% of the diet) but was not selected (Table 2). On the other hand, of the eight introduced plants consumed, C. monogyna was the most selected and consumed (21% of the diet). Despite Larix decidua (1% of the diet) and Cotoneaster franchetii (2.5% of the diet) showing the next highest selection value, B. pendula and Populus spp. represented a higher percentage of the parakeets’ diet (15 and 10% respectively) even though their selection value was lower (Fig. 7, Table 2). On a local scale, the results were diverse and differed from those on a landscape scale. Most species were highly selected at one or a few sites, while others were not selected at all (both native and introduced). Furthermore, in some sampling sites there was zero consumption of some species (Table 3). Contrary to results from the landscape scale, M. boaria was not selected in natural sites, but highly selected in two urban sites (Table 3). Analyses on this scale allowed a finer description of resource use–selection in detail, showing that the three most selected introduced species on a landscape scale in natural areas ( C. monogyna, M. domestica and S. aucuparia ) are widely distributed, but only selected at one or two sites, whereas zero consumption was recorded at other sites (Table 3). On a local scale in urban areas, A. araucana remained important as it was selected at seven of the nine sites where it was recorded, whereas M. boaria was selected at two of the 11 sites where we recorded parakeets consuming it. Other native species were selected at only one site. Among introduced species, C. monogyna was again selected at most sites where it was present, as well as B. pendula and Acer sp. Other species were selected in just one or two sites, or not selected at all, except for S. aucuparia which was selected at four sites. Discussion We observed variations in the availability of plant resources according to the environment and season, and this variation affected Austral parakeet feeding patterns, as predicted. The plant–parakeet interactions observed across seasons and natural and urban environments are consistent with the parrot plasticity and generalist behaviour that enable them to adapt to diverse environmental conditions ( 42 ). However, despite this parakeet being described as showing generalist behaviour, we also found it selected particular habitats and food resources depending on the season of the year or the habitat. Thus, it is not only the availability and abundance of plants that determine their feeding behaviour. The importance of native plants for parakeets persisted across habitats and seasons, except during winter. Particularly, the prominent use of Patagonian forests observed during summer responded to the interaction between type of habitat and the origin of resources, not only to the high availability of food items in this season. In agreement with previous studies, these results showed that natural environments are essential for parrots, not only for the food resources provided, but also for the provision of other resources probably associated with the reproductive stage ( 51 , 52 ). Native plants play a key role by offering nesting sites ( 52 ) and satisfying specific nutritional needs during the reproductive season ( 62 , 63 ). However, the relevance of native resources can be modified by the presence of introduced species, including invasive ones like C. monogyna and S. aucuparia , which are present in almost all forest sites studied. Interestingly, the consumption of introduced plants observed in natural environments occurred exclusively in autumn and winter, when there were almost no native resources available – we had few observations of parakeets feeding on native species in these seasons. It is worth noting that we recorded fewer parakeets feeding in natural environments than urban ones in all seasons. This may have been slightly influenced by the lower number of sites sampled (14 compared to 19 in urban areas), but we attribute it fundamentally to two other reasons. First, it is possible that parakeets disperse across different forests to breed during spring and summer (farther from our study area and in remote places difficult to access, one reason why they have not been sampled). Second, it is difficult to observe these parrots in the forest canopy, particularly during the breeding period when they are usually in pairs, hidden in nests or feeding silently. However, during the winter, an aggregation phenomenon occurs, where the parakeets are seen in abundant, noisy flocks, which facilitates observation. The almost complete lack of native resources during winter may indicate that urban environments represent an opportunity for these parakeets, though the consequences of this should be considered. Cities usually offer novel food resources during a critical season, when conditions are more rigorous and food availability in natural environments decreases markedly ( 64 , 65 ). In urban environments, the greater complexity of the observed interaction network with respect to the native ones was probably due to several factors combined: environmental traits (e.g., greater richness and abundance of plant species, habitat structure), parakeet traits (e.g., physical and behavioural characteristics of parakeets such as beak and food handling skills), and plant species traits (e.g., fruit characteristics, phenological patterns that allow continued availability of resources, nutritional content) ( 39 , 41 ). The higher number of interactions in urban than in natural environments could indicate that parakeets must consume a higher diversity of introduced species to cover their nutritional needs. In natural environments, these needs may be provided by a few native species. Moreover, it is essential to highlight that during autumn-winter the relative contribution of native plants such as M. boaria and A. araucana to the parakeet diet was key in urban areas, and even more important than most introduced ones, probably due to their nutritional importance ( 66 , 67 ). Finally, it must be considered that the apparent advantage of cities occurs in a scenario of forest reduction and fragmentation due to the advance of urbanization ( 48 ). In this context, and worryingly, it would seem the function of these environments for parakeets is not replaced by urban areas during critical seasons, such as the reproductive period, highlighting that parakeet exhibit plasticity in feeding but not in reproductive behavior. Despite this plastic feeding behaviour, the particular plant species selected by Austral parakeets was context dependent in both native and anthropic environments. Thus, although selection reflects the relationship between the abundance and consumption of plant resources ( 41 ), other factors affecting an optimal foraging strategy could explain resource selection by a generalist bird ( 38 ). On a local scale, selection could be the result of the high nutritional capacity of the selected plants to satisfy energy needs. In particular, in natural environments, selection of native plant species could be associated with the nutritional demands of the breeding season. In this sense, reproductive individuals could reduce their search time effort, prioritizing short, frequent foraging trips (close to the nest), and promoting resource specialization ( 35 , 37 , 68 ). In contrast, the selection of introduced plants could be a consequence of the low availability of native resources during the winter and, coupled with the low abundance of introduced species in natural areas, this yielded a high selection index. On the other hand, in urban environments which represent fragmented areas with a patchy distribution of plants depending on garden management, local feeding decisions may be affected by landscape heterogeneity. Thus, to satisfy energy requirements in these anthropic environments it might be better to consume certain local plants disproportionately, avoiding travelling longer distances. Indeed, urban and suburban birds tend to make more efficient foraging trips (e.g., handling more food per foraging hour) ( 34 ). On a landscape scale, environmental heterogeneity in the distribution of available food is probably the most important factor determining decisions on space use and movements. This heterogeneity can be important for an opportunist species since it increases the probability of finding food resources, including preferred species or little available but nutritionally important species ( 1 , 69 ). The nutritional quality of native and introduced resources could therefore be key in driving parakeet movements. Species could be generalists in terms of the consumption of different resources, but specialists when looking for species to cover specific nutritional needs (therefore, looking for plants with similar nutritional contents) ( 34 ). For example, the high selection of native plants such as Araucaria and Nothofagus by parakeets raises the question of whether their particular nutritional properties ( 45 ) can be replaced by introduced resources, and if such a replacement may affect parakeet nutrition. New food resources available in cities may differ in nutritional content from native ones, affecting Austral parakeet health, behaviour, and movement patterns ( 2 , 34 , 70 ). A detailed nutritional evaluation of species used and selected would help us understand the food requirements of parakeets moving from natural to urban environments ( 34 , 70 , 71 ). This would be helpful given that most species selected were consumed in a low proportion (probably limited by their low availability), whereas some other species were highly used despite not being selected. Considering that selectivity changed with scale of analysis, this raises the question of which resources are more important for parakeets: highly selected despite being low in availability or highly consumed. This information could better inform conservation decisions. Conclusion Our study underscores the importance of understanding the interactions of native birds with plant resources, and how they are modified by novel relationships with introduced species in natural and urban environments. These findings provide insights into the effects of these new interactions on the bird species, the plant community, and the overall ecosystem functioning ( 2 ). Parrots are plastic species with a generalist diet which gives them the ability to adapt to modified environments, but this also exposes them to threats present in these environments. For instance, urbanization can act as a refuge and provide food resources for birds but can also act as an ecological trap ( 72 , 73 ). In cities, threats such as bird predation and building and vehicle collisions may increase (e.g., 74,75,76,77,78). Therefore, if introduced urban plants attract the parakeets, they may be led into situations that can negatively affect their populations. Future studies should focus on identifying threats faced by parakeets in the environments they inhabit; their nutritional needs, particularly in seasons of food scarcity (winter) or high nutritional needs (breeding season); and the nutritional content of the native and introduced species they consume. This knowledge is essential for conserving parrot populations, understanding parrot movement patterns, and identifying the ecosystem services and disservices they may or may not provide as a consequence of altered movement patterns and changes in nutrition. Finally, we highlight the importance of maintaining heterogeneous urban green areas that include native vegetation, particularly native species of value to parakeets (and probably to other native birds), both those mostly selected and those mostly consumed. Urban green areas facilitate biological interactions as they represent meeting and refuge spaces for native birds, and maintain connectivity with natural areas ( 27 ). Austral parakeets could be favoring reforestation with native plants in degraded periurban areas given their high mobility and their role as key seed dispersers; however, they could be connecting urban with natural areas. If this is the case, they could also facilitate the introduction and dispersion of exotic species in natural areas. This is critical in cities surrounded by protected natural areas, such as our study site. Thus, in a world of increasing urbanization, maintaining urban green areas with native species is a nature-based solution to maintaining biodiversity, ecosystem services and human wellbeing, in addition to conserving pristine natural areas ( 27 ). These green spaces are not only key for native species but are also extremely beneficial for human health and for strengthening relationships between people and nature ( 79 , 80 ), something fundamental if we are to promote the transformative change necessary to face the environmental crisis the planet is suffering. Declarations COMPETING INTEREST The authors declare no competing of interest. Author Contribution B.R. fieldwork, analysis, methodology, writing original draft, review and editing. S.K. analysis and S.K. and S.L. supervision, draft review and editing. All authors gave final approval for publication and agreed to be held accountable for the work performed therein. Acknowledgement We thank FONCYT PICT 2018-1623, PICT 2021-484 and the National University of Comahue (project 04/B260) for supporting the fieldwork of this article. We also thank Fernando Hiraldo for his suggestions to work with this species and accompanying us during this process. Data Availability The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. References Bascompte, J. & Jordano, P. The structure of plant-animal mutualistic networks. In: P ascual, M. and Dunne, J. (eds.). Ecological networks. Pages 143-159. Oxford University Press (Oxford, US. 2006). Traveset, A. & Richardson, D.M. Mutualistic Interactions and Biological Invasions. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics . 45 , 89-113 (2014). Jordano, P., et al. Frugivores and seed dispersal: mechanisms and consequences for biodiversity of a key ecological interaction. Biol Letters . (2010). Garaffa, P.I., Filloy, J. & Bellocq, M.I. Bird community responses along urban-rural gradients: does the size of the urbanized area matter? Landscape and Urban Planning 90 , 33–41. (2009). Meffert, P.J. & Dziock. F. The influence of urbanisation on diversity and trait composition of birds. Landsc Ecol 28, 943–957. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10980-013-9867-z (2013). Valiente-Banuet, et al. Beyond species loss: the extinction of ecological interactions in a changing world. Functional Ecology, 29(3) , 299-307. (2015). McKinney, M.L. Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biological conservation, 127(3) , 247-260. (2006). IPBES. Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. S. Díaz, J. Settele, E. S. Brondízio E.S., H. T. Ngo, M. Guèze, J. Agard, A. Arneth, P. Balvanera, K. A. Brauman, S. H. M. Butchart, K. M. A. Chan, L. A. Garibaldi, K. Ichii, J. Liu, S. M. Subramanian, G. F. Midgley, P. Miloslavich, Z. Molnár, D. Obura, A. Pfaff, S. Polasky, A. Purvis, J. Razzaque, B. Reyers, R. Roy Chowdhury, Y. J. Shin, I. J. Visseren-Hamakers, K. J. Willis, and C. N. Zayas (eds.). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. 56 pages. (2019). De Barros Ruas, R., Costa, L.M.S. & Bered, F. Urbanization driving changes in plant species and communities - A global view. Global Ecology and Conservation, 38 , e02243. (2022). Theodorou, P. The effects of urbanization on ecological interactions. Current Opinion in Insect Science , 52 , 100922 (2022). Davis, M.A. Invasion biology. Oxford University Press on Demand. (2009). Kowarik, I. Novel urban ecosystems, biodiversity, and conservation. Environmental pollution , 159 (8-9), 1974-1983. (2011). Kühn, I., Wolf, J. & Schneider, A. Is there an urban effect in alien plant invasions? Biological Invasions 19, 3505–13 (2017). Collins, M.K., Magle, S.B., & Gallo, T. Global trends in urban wildlife ecology and conservation. Biological Conservation , 261 , 109236. (2021). Miranda, A.C., Schielzeth, H., Sonntag, T., & Partecke, J. Urbanization and its effects on personality traits: a result of microevolution or phenotypic plasticity?. Global change biology , 19 (9) , 2634-2644. (2013). Donihue, C.M. & Lambert, M.R. Adaptive evolution in urban ecosystems. Ambio, 44(3) , 194-203. (2015). Faeth, S.H., Warren, P.S., Shochat, E. & Marussich W.A. Trophic dynamics in urban communities. BioScience, 55(5) , 399-407. (2005). Bellocq, M.I., Leveau, L.M. & Filloy, J. Urbanization and bird communities: Spatial and temporal patterns emerging from southern South America. In Ecology and Conservation of Birds in Urban Environments (pp. 35-54). Springer, Cham. (2017). Dehling, D.M. The structure of ecological networks. Ecological networks in the tropics: an integrative overview of species interactions from some of the most species-rich habitats on earth, 29-42. (2018). Delmas, E., et al. Analysing ecological networks of species interactions. Biological Reviews , 94 (1) , 16-36. (2019) Morán-López, T., et al. Can network metrics predict vulnerability and species roles in bird dispersed plant communities? Not without behaviour. Ecology letters , 23(2) , 248-358. (2020). Hobbs, R.J. & V. Cramer. 2007. Old field dynamics: Regional and local differences and lessons for ecology and restoration. Old fields: Dynamics and restoration of abandoned farmland, 309-318. Schochat, E., Warren, P.S., Faeth, S.H., McIntyre, N.E. & Hope, D. From patterns to emerging processes in mechanistic urban ecology. Trends in ecology & evolution , 21(4) , 186-191. (2006). Pearson, D.E. & R.M. Callaway. Indirect effects of host-specific biological control agents. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 18(9) , 456-461. (2003). Bonier, F., Martin, P.R., & Wingfield, J.C. Urban birds have broader environmental tolerance. Biology letters , 3 (6) , 670-673. (2007). Fernández-Juricic, E. Spatial and temporal analysis of the distribution of forest specialists in an urban-fragmented landscap (Madrid, Spain): implications for local and regional bird conservation. Landscape and urban planning, 69(1) ,17-32. (2004). Lepczyk, C.A., et al. Biodiversity in the city: fundamental questions for understanding the ecology of urban green spaces for biodiversity conservation. BioScience , 67 (9), 799-807. (2017). Dale, S. Urban bird community composition influenced by size of urban green spaces, presence of native forest, and urbanization. Urban ecosystems, 21 , 1-14. (2018). Aronson, M. F., et al. Biodiversity in the city: key challenges for urban green space management. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment , 15(4) : 189-196 (2017). Neil, K. & Wu, J. Effects of urbanization on plant flowering phenology: A review. Urban Ecosyst 9 : 243–257. (2006). Marzluff, J.M. Worldwide urbanization and its effects on birds. In Avian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world (pp. 19.47). Springer, Boston, MA. (2001). Schoech, S.J. & Bowman, R. Variation in the timing of breeding between suburban and wildland Florida Scrub-Jays: Do physiologic measures reflect different environments? In Avian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world ( pp. 289-306). Springer. (Boston, MA. 2001). Galbraith, J.A., Beggs, J.R., Jones, D.N. & Stanley, M.C. Supplementary feeding structures urban bird communities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(20) ,E2648-E2657. (2015). Coogan, S.C., Raubenheimer, D., Zantis, S.P. & Machovsky-Capuska, G.E. Multidimensional nutritional ecology and urban birds. Ecosphere, 9(4), e02177. (2018). van den Bosch, M., Baert, J. M., Müller, W., Lens, L., & Stienen, E.W. Specialization reduces foraging effort and improves breeding performance in a generalist bird. Behavioral Ecology , 30 (3) , 792-800. (2019). Liang, D., et al. How to become a generalist species? Individual niche variation across habitat transformation gradients. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution , 8 , 597450. (2020). Baert, J. M., et al. Context‐dependent specialisation drives temporal dynamics in intra‐and inter‐individual variation in foraging behaviour within a generalist bird population. Oikos , 130 (8) , 1272-1283. (2021). Edwards, G. R., Newman, J. A., Parsons, A. J., & Krebs, J.R. Effects of the scale and spatial distribution of the food resource and animal state on diet selection: an example with sheep. Journal of Animal Ecology , 816-826. (1994). Burns, K.C. What causes size coupling in fruit-frugivore interaction webs? Ecology, 94 , 295-300. (2013). Lele, S.R., Merrill, E.H., Keim, J., & Boyce, M.S. Selection, use, choice and occupancy: clarifying concepts in resource selection studies. Journal of Animal Ecology , 82 (6), 1183-1191. (2013). González-Castro, A., Yang, S., Nogales, M. & Carlo, T.A. Relative importance of phenotypic trait matching and species’ abundances in determining plant-avian seed dispersal interactions in a small insular community. AoB plants , 7,plvo17. (2015). Matuzak, G.D., Bezy, M.B. & Brightsmith D.J. Foraging ecology of parrots in a modified landascape: seasonal trends and introduced species. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 120(2) , 353-366. (2008). Renton, K., Salinas-Melgoza, A., De Labra-Hernández, M.A. & de la Parra-Martínez, S.M. Resource requierements of parrots: nest site selectivity and dietary plasticity of Psittaciformes. Journal of Ornithology, 156(1) , 73-90. (2015). Bahia, R., Lambertucci, S. A., Plaza, P. I., & Speziale, K. L. Antagonistic-mutualistic interaction between parrots and plants in the context of global change: Biological introductions and novel ecosystems. Biological Conservation , 265 , 109399. (2022). Díaz, S. Biología y conservación de la cachaña ( Enicognathusferrugineus ) en Argentina. El hornero , 27 (1), 17-25. (2012). Cabrera, A.L. Regiones fitogeográficas argentinas. Acme, Buenos Aires. 85 pp. En: Kugler WF (Ed) Enciclopedia argentina de agricultura y jardinería. Tomo 2. 2º edición. Acme. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Fascículo 1 ,1–85. (1976). Monjeau, J.A. Conservacion de la biodiversidad, áreas protegidas y gente: escalas diferentes, problemas diferentes. In: Fundação O Boticario de Proteção à Natureza – FBPN. Unidades de Conservação: Atualidades e tendências. Curitiba: FBPN. p. 77-91. (2007). Speziale, K. L., & Ezcurra C. Patterns of alien plant invasions in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Arid Environments , 75 (10) ,890-897. (2011). Rovere, A., Molares, S. & Ladio, A.H. Plantas utilizadas en cercos vivos de ciudades patagónicas: aportes de la etnobotánica para la conservación. Ecología Austral , 23, 165-173. (2013). Sanguinetti, J. & Kitzberger, T. Patterns and mechanisms of masting in the large-seed southern conifer Araucaria araucana. Austral Ecol. , 33 ,78-87. (2008). Shepherd, J.D., Ditgen, R.S. & Sanguinetti, J. Araucaria araucana and the Austral parakeet: pre-dispersal seed predation on a masting species. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 81 ,395–401. (2008). Díaz, S., Kitzberguer, T. & Peris, S. Food resources and reproductive output of the Austral Parakeet ( Enicognathus ferrugineus ) in forests of northern Patagonia. Emu , 112 ,234-243 . (2012). Tella, J.L., et al. Parrots as overlooked seed dispersers. Front EcolEnviron 13, 338-339. (2015). Blanco, G., et al . Internal seed dispersal by parrots: an overview of a neglected mutualism. PeerJ 4 ,e1688. (2016). Gleiser, G.L., et al. The southernmost parakeet might be enhancing pollination of a dioecious conifer. Ecological Society of America Ecology; 98 11; 11-2017; 2969-2971. (2017). Pizo, M.A. & Galetti, M. Métodos e perspectivas do estudo da frugivoria e dispersão de sementes por aves. Ornitología e Conservação: Ciência Aplicada, Técnicas de Pesquisa e Levantamento, 493-504. (2010) . Díaz, S., & Kitzberger, T. High Nothofagus flower consumption and pollen emptying in the southern South American austral parakeet ( Enicognathus ferrugineus ). Austral Ecology , 31(6) , 759-766. (2006). Zuloaga, F.O., Belgrano, M.J., & Zanotti, C.A. Actualización del catálogo de las plantas vasculares del Cono Sur. Darwiniana, nueva serie , 7 (2) , 208-278. (2019). R Development Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R foundationforStatisticalComputing. (Vienna, Austria. 2020). Dormann, C.F., Gruberm, B. & Fründ, J. The bipartite package. Version 073 R Project for Statistical Computing. (Vienna, Austria. 2008). Manly, B.F.J., McDonald, L.L. & Thomas, D.L. Resource Selection by Animals. Chapman & Hall. (London. 1993). Davies, S., & Deviche, P. At the crossroads of physiology and ecology: food supply and the timing of avian reproduction. Hormones and Behavior , 66(1) , 41-55. (2014). Roulin, A. Condition‐dependence, pleiotropy and the handicap principle of sexual selection in melanin‐based colouration. Biological Reviews , 91 (2) , 328-348. (2016). Reynolds, S.J., Galbraith, J.A., Smith, J.A. & Jones, D.N. Garden bird feeding: insights and prospects from a north-south comparison of this global urban phenomenon. Front Ecol Evol 5(24) ,1–15. (2017). Šálek, M., Bažant, M., Vrána, J., Grill, S., & Václav, R. Urban refuges in winter: the role of habitat characteristics and supplementary feeding in shaping bird occupancy and abundance. Urban Ecosystems , 28(1) , 1-10. (2025). Henríquez, C., et al. Characterization of piñon seed (Araucaria araucana (Mol) K. Koch) and the isolated starch from the seed. Food Chemistry , 107 (2) , 592-601. (2008). Ginocchio, R., et al . Mayten tree seed oil: Nutritional value evaluation according to antioxidant capacity and bioactive properties. Foods , 10(4) , 729. (2021). Stephens, D.W. Decision ecology: foraging and the ecology of animal decision making. – Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 8 , 475–484. (2008). Ducatez, S., Clavel, J., & Lefebvre, L. Ecological generalism and behavioural innovation in birds: technical intelligence or the simple incorporation of new foods?. Journal of Animal Ecology , 84 (1) , 79-89. (2015). Machovsky-Capuska, G.E., Senior, A.M., Simpson, S.J., & Raubenheimer, D. The multidimensional nutritional niche. Trends in Ecology&Evolution , 31 (5) , 355-365. (2016). Raubenheimer, D., Simpson, S.J., and A.H. Tait. 2012. Match and mismatch: conservation physiology, nutritional ecology and the timescales of biological adaptation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 367 :1628-1646. Robertson, B.A., Rehage, J.S. & A. Sih. 2013. Ecological novelty and the emergence of evolutionary traps. Trends Ecol. Evol. 28 : 552-560. Zuniga-Palacios, J., Zuria, I., Castellanos, I., Lara, C., & G. Sánchez-Rojas. 2021. What do we know (and need to know) about the role of urban habitats as ecological traps? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Science of the total environment , 780 , 146559. Hager, S. B., Cosentino, B. J., Aguilar-Gómez, M. A., Anderson, M. L., Bakermans, M., Boves, T. J., ... & I. Zuria. 2017. Continent-wide analysis of how urbanization affects bird-window collision mortality in North America. Biological Conservation , 212 : 209-215. Santiago-Alarcon, D., & C. A. Delgado-V. 2017. Warning! Urban threats for birds in Latin America. Avian ecology in Latin American cityscapes , 125-142. Woinarski, J. C. Z., Murphy, B. P., Legge, S. M., Garnett, S. T., Lawes, M. J., Comer, S., ... & L.A. Woolley. 2017. How many birds are killed by cats in Australia? Biological Conservation , 214 : 76-87. Seymour, C. L., Simmons, R.E., Morling, F., George, S.T., Peters, K. & M. J. O’Riain. 2020. Caught on camera: the impacts of urban domestic cats on wild prey in an African city and neighbouring protected areas. Global Ecology and Conservation , 23 :e01198. Bahía, R., Lambertucci, S. A., & K. L. Speziale. 2024. Anthropogenic city noise affects the vocalizations of key forest birds. Biodiversity and Conservation , 1-17. Miller, J.R. 2005. Biodiversity conservation and the extinction of experience. Trends in ecology & evolution , 20 (8) : 430-434. Elizalde, L. & S.A. Lambertucci. 2022. Private gardens in a town immersed in a National Park: Potential for conservation and highly valued under COVID lockdown. Landscape and Urban Planning , 226 :104481 Tables TABLE 1. Results of GLMM analyses evaluating the effect of plant origin (native/introduced) and environment (natural/urban) (predictor variables) on the number of Austral parakeets ( Enicognathus ferrugineus ) preying on plants in each season of the year (response variable). The identity of plant species was included as random factors (random intercepts). The significant values (p < 0.05) are highlighted with an asterisk and bold type (*). Seasons Fixed factor Estimate Std. error z p Summer (Intercept) ­ 6.46 2.22 ­ 2.90 0.03 Native 3.91 2.61 1.47 0.14 Natural 0.94 0.15 1.61 0 . 00* Native*Natural 0.93 0.16 ­ 5.90 <0.001 * Autumn (Intercept) 1.08 0.62 1.73 0.08 Introduced 0.23 0.95 0.24 0 . 00* Urban 0.49 1.00 0.49 0.61 Introduced*Urban 1.46 0.05 27.46 < 0.001 * Winter (Intercept) 3.28 1.28 ­ 2.71 0.00 Introduced 3.93 1.09 ­ 3.60 < 0.001 * Urban ­ 1.79 1.78 ­ 1.00 0.31 Introduced*Urban 4.17 0.18 22.57 < 0.001 * Spring (Intercept) ­ 4.24 2.13 ­ 1.98 0.06 Native 0.72 2.66 0.28 0.78 Natural 0.51 0.14 0.35 0.72 Native*Natural ­ 4.54 2.43 ­ 1.87 0.71 TABLE 2. Savage Index on a landscape scale. The asterisks indicate the species selected by the Austral parakeet ( Enicognathus ferrugineus) . 0 indicates that the species was present but was not consumed. When the species was not present at the site it was marked with (--). Species Natural environments Urban environments Wi ES Wi ES Araucaria araucana -- -- -- 12.93 0.11 ** Aristotelia chilensis 1.01 0.28 0.46 0.18 Diostea juncea 0 0 0.01 0.16 Embothrium coccineum 2.00 0.19 ** 0.30 0.06 Lomatia hirsuta 2.13 0.06 ** 0.03 0.18 Luma apiculata 0 0 0.66 0.13 Maytenus boaria 5.94 0.26 ** 1.09 0.18 Nothofagus antarctica 3,42 0.18 ** 1.53 0.13 ** Nothofagus dombeyi 0.46 0.29 0.26 0 Nothofagus nervosa 0 0 0.68 0.29 Nothofagus obliqua 0 0 6.08 0.35 ** Nothofagus pumilio 0.62 0.28 0.07 0.03 Schinus patagonicus 0.49 0.49 0.16 0.13 Acer sp. -- -- 2.92 0.13 ** Betula pendula -- -- 1.50 0.18 ** Cotoneaster franchetii -- -- 2.97 0.11 ** Crataegus monogyna 2.32 0.15 ** 7.01 1.16 ** Illex aquifolium -- -- 0.66 0.32 Juglans regia -- -- 2.18 0.14 ** Larix decidua -- -- 3.23 0.31 ** Malus domestica 6.86 0.21 ** 1.04 0.17 Pinus spp. 0.4 0.28 0.07 0.19 Populus spp. -- -- 1.77 0.17 ** Prunus cerazus -- -- 0.87 0.17 Prunus serrulata -- -- 0.20 0.18 Pyrus communis -- -- 1.62 0.32 ** Sorbus aucuparia 4.38 0.21 ** 0.45 0.18 TABLE 3 . Savage Index on a local scale. The asterisks indicate the species selected by the Austral parakeet ( Enicognathus ferrugineus) . 0 indicates that the species was present but was not consumed. When the species was not present at the site it was marked with (--). Species Natural environments Urban environments N2 N6 N7 N9 N10 N12 N14 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U9 U10 U11 U12 U13 U14 U15 U16 U17 Araucaria araucana -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0 -- 14* 4.1* 6.1* 0.3 -- -- 2.7* 2.3* 55* -- -- 52* -- Aristotelia chilensis 0 0 0 0 1.2* 2* 0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Embothrium coccineum 0 3.5* 0 0 0 0 0 -- 0 -- -- 0.2 0 0.1 -- 0 3.4 0 -- -- -- -- -- Lomatia hirsuta 0 7* 6* 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- 0.2 -- -- 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Maytenus boaria 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 -- 1 0.9 1.3* 0.1 0.3 0.1 0 0 0.6 0.4 0.5 0 0 3.2* 0.1 Nothofagus antarctica 0 0 0 0 0 0 28* -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0 -- -- 0.4 Nothofagus dombeyi 2* 0.5 0 1 0.1 0 0 -- -- -- -- 0 0 -- -- -- 0 -- -- -- -- 0 0 Nothofagus nervosa -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5* -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Nothofagus obliqua -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.3* 0.8 -- -- -- 0 -- 0 -- -- -- -- Nothofagus pumilio 0 0 0 3* 0 0 2* -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0 -- 0 0 -- Schinus patagonicus 2* 0 0 0 0.1 1 0 -- 0 -- -- -- 0 0 -- -- -- -- 0 -- 7* -- -- Acer sp. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 21* 0 0 0.5 48* 17* -- 0 15* 4.1* 2.8* 0.8 18* -- 2.7* -- Betula pendula -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4* 3* 1.3* 1.5* 1.5* 0.8 5.7* 0 0.9 0.8 1.9* 3.7* 0.8 0 1.6* 0.4 Cotoneaster franchetii -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.5 0.8 0.2 0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Crataegus monogyna -- 2.7* 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 10* 8.4* 9.6* 1.7* 1.2* 11* -- -- 7* 0 33* -- -- -- 1.2* Larix decidua -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0 0.5 -- -- -- -- 0 -- -- -- -- -- -- Malus domestica 0 5* -- -- 0 8* -- 62* 0 -- -- 0.7 1 0.1 0 0 -- 1 0.5 0 -- 0.3 0.1 Pinus spp. 0 0.4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.1 0 0.2 0.1 6.2 0.5 0 0.2 0 0.1 0 0 0 9* Populus spp. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0 0 0.7 -- 0.4 8.8* 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 14* Prunus cerazus -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0 0 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.1 0 0 14* 0 1 -- 0 0 0.6 Prunus serrulata -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0 0.9 -- 0.2 0 0.2 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.2 0 -- 0 0.2 Sorbus aucuparia 0 -- 4* 0 1 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.1 0 6.5* 1 1.7* 0 0.1 0 0 2.7* 1.5* Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SUPPLEMENTARYMATERIAL.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6136068","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":427811297,"identity":"2f7e574c-9503-4920-b44b-7d6cc2671c53","order_by":0,"name":"Rocío Bahía","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue - CONICET","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rocío","middleName":"","lastName":"Bahía","suffix":""},{"id":427811298,"identity":"5744448a-0697-4c57-9986-9dd9d1926ff7","order_by":1,"name":"Sergio A. Lambertucci","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue - CONICET","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sergio","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Lambertucci","suffix":""},{"id":427811299,"identity":"64ebb50b-f646-4036-908d-84baa1eae465","order_by":2,"name":"Karina L. Speziale","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue - CONICET","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Karina","middleName":"L.","lastName":"Speziale","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-01 18:08:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6136068/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6136068/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":78510356,"identity":"f33eac05-7368-461b-9a95-1685178b8fc4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-14 09:26:40","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":232610,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA: Sampling area (Bariloche city, Río Negro, Argentina). Yellow dots indicate natural sites (n = 14), and red dots indicate urban sites (n = 19). B: Graphic representation of the field transects established at each site. Transects were 1000 m x 50 m wide, 100 m distant from each other, where focal observations of Austral parakeet were conducted. In addition, an area of 1km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e was determined for recording the identity, origin and quantity of plant species.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6136068/v1/27e58d7bdf8a7080873ad78e.jpeg"},{"id":78510620,"identity":"0c434c11-0103-421a-b59a-fcebd83ad4d9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-14 09:34:40","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":158661,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA: Proportion of observations of Austral parakeet (\u003cem\u003eEnicognathus ferrugineus\u003c/em\u003e) consuming plants in natural and urban environments. B: Austral parakeet abundance consuming plants by season in natural and urban environments. C: Total percentage of native and introduced plants consumed by the parakeet. D: Percentage of native and introduced plants consumed by the parakeet in natural and urban environments. E, F, G: Austral parakeet consuming a seed of \u003cem\u003eAraucaria araucana \u003c/em\u003e(native plant), seed of \u003cem\u003eCrataegus monogyna\u003c/em\u003e (exotic plant) and fruits and seeds of \u003cem\u003eSorbus aucuparia\u003c/em\u003e (exotic plant).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6136068/v1/cb07170e877886fba7d0d598.jpeg"},{"id":78509616,"identity":"b0f7e701-e521-48ae-95b9-321377522bfb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-14 09:18:40","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":270849,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBipartite networks representing the interactions between seasons and plants consumed by Austral parakeets (\u003cem\u003eEnicognathus ferrugineus\u003c/em\u003e) in natural and urban environments (A. and B, respectively). The latest species on the network in urban environments are, in descending order: \u003cem\u003eLuma apiculata\u003c/em\u003e; \u003cem\u003ePyrus communis\u003c/em\u003e; \u003cem\u003eAcacia sp\u003c/em\u003e.; \u003cem\u003eEmbothrium coccineum\u003c/em\u003e; \u003cem\u003eSchinus patagonicus\u003c/em\u003e; \u003cem\u003eNothofagus dombeyi\u003c/em\u003e; \u003cem\u003eAristotelia chilensis\u003c/em\u003e; \u003cem\u003eLomatia hirsuta\u003c/em\u003e; \u003cem\u003eNothofagus nervosa\u003c/em\u003e; Ilex aquifolium; \u003cem\u003eNothofagus pumilio\u003c/em\u003e; \u003cem\u003eCedrus atlantica\u003c/em\u003e; \u003cem\u003eAcacia dealbata\u003c/em\u003e;\u003cem\u003e Sambucus nigra\u003c/em\u003e; \u003cem\u003eCydonia juncea\u003c/em\u003e; S\u003cem\u003eequoia sempervirens\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6136068/v1/dc8a3591ddc35efc2336e252.jpeg"},{"id":78510622,"identity":"9ba217a9-1cd5-4fe3-afdc-e639db4c5f7f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-14 09:34:40","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":656090,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePercentage of plant items (sprouts, flowers, fruits, seeds and leaves) consumed by the Austral parakeet (\u003cem\u003eEnicognathus ferrugineus\u003c/em\u003e) over the year, in natural (A) and urban (B) environments, including items from native and introduced species.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6136068/v1/b588712b1413eb1706f087db.jpeg"},{"id":78509619,"identity":"4cc557dd-85bc-45b9-bb17-4746a4d7c2a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-14 09:18:40","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":419275,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRepresentation of phenology patterns (flowering and fruiting) throughout the different months in natural (A) and urban (B) environments. * corresponds to flowering (flower bud, flower) and × to fruiting (immature fruit, mature fruit).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6136068/v1/706f5422dbd8de26b19293d6.jpeg"},{"id":78509631,"identity":"85adbd23-020f-4ad6-a531-93e053332eb2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-14 09:18:40","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":129834,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePercentage of available resources (items: fruits, seeds, flowers, sprouts) and abundance of Austral parakeets (\u003cem\u003eEnicognathus ferrugineus\u003c/em\u003e) consuming plants throughout the year, in natural (A) and urban (B) environments. Note the different y-axis scale for the abundance of parakeets. C: Plants used for the graph in A and B, N: native and I: introduced.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6136068/v1/0f86fcf69fd05c83d045a7bb.jpeg"},{"id":78510361,"identity":"fd420474-175e-4edf-b571-89480a7028ea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-14 09:26:40","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":671240,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAvailability of native and introduced plants and their consumption by the Austral parakeet (\u003cem\u003eEnicognathus ferrugineus\u003c/em\u003e) in natural and urban environments. The asterisks indicate that the species is selected at landscape scale according to the Savage Index (p \u0026lt; 0.001).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6136068/v1/bb8b38a3f82881407d69722f.jpeg"},{"id":84367097,"identity":"875667c8-a5ed-4939-811c-1fdb4a9def94","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-11 06:17:10","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4147153,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6136068/v1/24791765-a1e7-4511-954d-5c44a43bbe17.pdf"},{"id":78510358,"identity":"ed8fe1b9-762b-4d84-958f-b27b06490ff8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-14 09:26:40","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":251392,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SUPPLEMENTARYMATERIAL.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6136068/v1/bd6230ae2bac75ae2c8567dc.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Plant Consumption by the World’s Southernmost Parrot in Natural and Urban Environments","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePlant\u0026ndash;animal interactions play a central role in the evolution of biodiversity and ecosystem functionality (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). These interactions determine the organization and dynamics of natural communities, directly or indirectly, by influencing the life cycles of the species that compose them (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Disruption or loss of plant\u0026ndash;animal interactions negatively impacts both groups (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) and the functionality of natural ecosystems, where wildlife plays fundamental roles (e.g., propagule dispersal) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Anthropic processes such as urbanization and plant species introduction into these novel urban environments can alter plant\u0026ndash;animal interactions in peri-urban forests (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Given the context of global change, understanding how these joint processes affect interactions between organisms is essential for the conservation of species, ecological processes and natural ecosystems, and for planning and managing urban environments to protect biodiversity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrbanization-related land-use change and the introduction of species are among the most disruptive processes of ecosystem transformation and degradation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Urbanization fragments natural habitats and favours biotic homogenization by replacing the diversity of native plant species with introduced ones, expanding the distribution of the introduced species (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). Vegetation changes in urban areas impact wildlife distribution (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e), behaviour (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e), and interactions between organisms (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). These ecological changes produce cascading effects, impacting the role of herbivores in maintaining biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and environmental service provision (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). Urban environments, then, become novel ecosystems with environmental conditions and species assemblages that different from native ones (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). Wildlife that uses these novel ecosystems require certain behavioural plasticity to adapt to the changed environments (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e); for example, by establishing new interactions with species present in cities, whether native or exotic (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany bird species inhabit these novel urban environments due to their plasticity in the use of resources (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e), such as modifying their feeding behaviour according to the resources available. Particularly, green spaces such as urban parks, gardens, and vacant lands can provide food resources, act as refuges, increase connectivity between green areas, and preserve patches of native vegetation that help maintain bird populations and their interactions (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). Given that these green spaces are often made up of new assemblages of native and introduced plants (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e), with coupled or modified phenology patterns due to urbanization (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e), variability in productivity or resource availability may be attenuated or even disappear (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, generalist birds usually modify their feeding behaviour quickly to include the native and introduced plant resources offered in urban areas (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e). Despite their generalist behaviour, these birds may show preferences for particular food resources and select some species over others (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e). Resource selection may vary with plant species abundance, phenology, and even with the scale of analysis (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e). Comparing resource availability, use and selection in natural and urban areas can aid understanding of species foraging behaviour and habitat requirements and help determine whether introduced plant species provide novel resources that can be used by native herbivores.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParrots are described as trophic generalists, exhibiting high plasticity of diet and foraging behaviour, which enables them to thrive even in disturbed environments (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e). However, little is known about the characteristics and potential consequences of novel interactions established with urban vegetation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e). The Austral parakeet (\u003cem\u003eEnicognathus ferrugineus\u003c/em\u003e), an endemic parrot of the Andean-Patagonian forest (Argentina-Chile), is currently the southernmost parrot species in the world. During spring-summer, these parakeets are usually seen in pairs or small groups, mostly in forests, where they breed. In autumn-winter, large flocks of parakeets are often seen in urban environments. These perceived differences in the abundance and movements of parakeets associated with the seasons of the year and the environments used could be related to seasonality in terms of both reproduction and food availability (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, the availability of resources in urban and natural environments would affect how parakeets use the habitat to satisfy their nutritional requirements. Understanding resource availability, Austral parakeet feeding patterns, and the dynamics of seasonal changes in parakeet\u0026ndash;plant community interactions in both natural and urban environments is essential to our understanding of the relevance of each environment for the ecology and conservation of this species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this work we aim to 1) describe the seasonal dynamics of feeding interactions established by the Austral parakeet with native and introduced plant species across natural and urban environments in relation to plant species phenology; and 2) distinguish between the Austral parakeet\u0026rsquo;s use and selection of these food resources. Urban areas are novel environments characterized by plant assemblages that differ from those of native forests. The proportion of native plant species in natural environments is therefore higher than in urban, whereas the opposite is true of urban areas. We hypothesize that: 1. Resources available for parakeets vary between seasons and environments due to differences in species assemblages in each environment and in plant species traits and phenology. Thus, we expect a) greater availability of native food resources in spring/summer and in natural environments; b) greater availability of introduced food resources in autumn/winter and in urban environments; 2. The Austral parakeet is a generalist consumer, so its foraging pattern changes throughout the year as it uses resources when they become available. We expect that a) in natural environments, the Austral parakeet will consume more native plant species than introduced ones, particularly during spring/summer; and b) in urban environments, the Austral parakeet will consume more introduced species than native ones, particularly during autumn/winter.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003eStudy site\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe worked in natural areas of Nahuel Huapi National Park and Llao Llao Municipal Park, and surrounding urban areas of San Carlos de Bariloche city (c.a., 135 thousand inhabitants INDEC, 2022; R\u0026iacute;o Negro province, Argentina) (41\u0026deg;13\u0026apos;S, 71\u0026deg;30\u0026apos;W) (Fig. 1). We selected 14 natural and 19 urban study sites, each approximately 2km distant from the next. The environment presents typical Andean-Patagonian Forest vegetation, dominated by mixed forests of Coigue (\u003cem\u003eNothofagus dombeyi\u003c/em\u003e), Radal (\u003cem\u003eLomatia hirsuta\u003c/em\u003e), Chilean firebush (\u003cem\u003eEmbothrium coccineum\u003c/em\u003e), Laura (\u003cem\u003eSchinus patagonic\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e), Maquei (\u003cem\u003eAristotelia chilensis\u003c/em\u003e), and Cordilleran cypress (\u003cem\u003eAustrocedrus chilensis\u003c/em\u003e), among others (46). Urban areas pose threats and challenges to the conservation of nearby protected areas due to the number of\u0026nbsp;introduced plants used in parks and gardens (47,48), many of which have\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;potential\u0026nbsp;to become\u0026nbsp;invasive, such as \u003cem\u003eSorbus aucuparia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCrataegus monogyma\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eUlex europaeus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(49).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSpecies\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Austral parakeet \u003cem\u003e(Enicognathus ferrugineus)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eis an endemic parrot of the Andean-Patagonian Forest. It reproduces in summer (December to February), in tree cavities of \u003cem\u003eNothofagus\u003c/em\u003e sp. and \u003cem\u003eAraucaria araucana\u003c/em\u003e and feeds mainly on seeds, fruits and shoots of many plants such as \u003cem\u003eNothofagus pumilio\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eAraucaria araucana\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(50,51,52,53). It also acts as a long-distance seed disperser (54) and has been proposed as a potential pollinator of \u003cem\u003eAraucaria araucana\u003c/em\u003e (55).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSampling and analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eParrot\u0026ndash;plant foraging in natural and urban areas\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe carried out focal observations of Austral parakeet feeding behaviour over an entire year from April 2021, twice a week, in the 33 sites selected. For species like this that generally gather in abundant flocks and occupy large foraging areas, it is recommended to establish transects that cover the largest possible area (56). Therefore, in each location we set up two transects 1000 m in length x 50 m in width, each 100 m distant from the next (Fig. 1). When we observed one or more parakeets, we registered the number of individuals and conducted focal feeding behaviour observations. During each observation of five minutes, we recorded the following: number of individuals eating, species ingested, origin of the species ingested, item selected (i.e., leaves, flower, fruit, seed, shoots, bark, invertebrates) and, when possible, the number of items ingested during the observation period. We tried to conduct focal observations of all the Austral parakeets that were feeding. However, when the groups were too large, we randomly selected at least 5 individuals. When the Austral parakeet under observation flew away and landed on another plant it was considered an independent consumption event.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom these data we determined the number of parakeets per environment and season of the year, the number of plant species consumed by the parakeets, the proportion of native/introduced plant species consumed, and the proportions of the items consumed. The identity and origin of each species followed the classification of Zuloaga et al. (58). Two of the registered species (\u003cem\u003eAraucaria araucana\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eNothofagus obliqua\u003c/em\u003e) are classified as native to Argentina, but in the study area both are actually outside their current natural distribution as they have been introduced into Bariloche city for gardening purposes. Nevertheless, we considered them native because their natural range falls within the parakeet niche and distribution area, and the parakeets have a high degree of interaction with them (50,51,52,55,57). We compared the proportion of native and introduced plants consumed in each environment and season through a Chi-square test (X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) with a significance level of 0.05. To\u0026nbsp;examine the effect of plant origin (native/introduced), environment (natural/urban) (predictor variables included as fixed factors), and their interaction on the abundance of Austral parakeet preying on plants (variable response) for each season of the year, we performed GLMMs with a Poisson distribution. The identity\u0026nbsp;of the plant species\u0026nbsp;consumed\u0026nbsp;was included as a random factor.\u0026nbsp;We performed the analysis with the\u0026nbsp;glmer function in the\u0026nbsp;lme4 package, in R 3.6.3\u0026nbsp;(59).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eNetwork analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith the focal observation data, we built two sets of bipartite networks to represent plant foraging patterns of the Austral parakeet in each environment (urban/natural) and throughout the year: one set for comparisons between seasons and the other to make bimonthly comparisons. First,\u0026nbsp;we built two matrices that included the plant species consumed as rows, and each season of the sampling\u0026nbsp;period\u0026nbsp;as columns, one for each type of environment. The datum in each cell corresponded to the abundance of parrots preying on each plant species\u0026nbsp;per\u0026nbsp;season,\u0026nbsp;calculated by grouping focal observations of parakeets preying on plant\u0026nbsp;species\u0026nbsp;into\u0026nbsp;four\u0026nbsp;seasonal\u0026nbsp;data groups (nodes).\u0026nbsp;Then, to understand the changes seen in the relative contributions of each plant species to the parakeet\u0026nbsp;foraging\u0026nbsp;pattern throughout the year, we separated focal observations into\u0026nbsp;smaller\u0026nbsp;matrices including only two months each, resulting in a total of 6 matrices for each type of environment. All matrices and networks were\u0026nbsp;analyzed\u0026nbsp;with bipartite package in RStudio (59,60).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResource phenology\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo determine plant species phenology in each site, we\u0026nbsp;selected a random point in each transect and recorded the plant species (trees and shrubs) present in 1km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e around that point. We\u0026nbsp;randomly selected 10 individuals of each plant species and registered their phenological state every 15 days throughout the sampling year (i.e., leaves: sprouts, new leaves on deciduous plants, leaf colouring, leaf senescence/fall on deciduous plants; flowering: flower sprouts, flower; fruiting: immature fruit/seed, mature fruit/seed). During each visit we also recorded whether seeds were still available on the ground of the species usually consumed by the Austral parakeet (e.g., \u003cem\u003eAraucaria araucana\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Acer sp.\u003c/em\u003e), as a measure of resource availability. From these data, we calculated the average percentage of available resources in each month of the year by item (i.e., sprouts, leaves, flowers, fruit, or seeds), and the abundance of parakeets consuming them each month. The average percentage of resources was calculated for only the total species and items that the parakeets consumed (i.e., species and items not observed as being consumed were not included as resources for calculations).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eUse\u0026ndash;selection analyses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo determine the relative importance of each plant species in the Austral parakeet diet, we analysed the use and selection of consumed plant species. To this end, we compared the total consumption of each species with its availability in the environment. From our focal observations, we obtained data on species consumption at each sampling site, and the availability of plant resources was obtained in the same area used to record the phenology (see above).\u0026nbsp;We then estimated the density of each particular plant species (individuals/km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), and the proportion of native and non-native plants available at each study site and in each environment (urban or natural).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe assessed the use and selection of plant species consumed by parakeets for each environment (natural/urban) throughout the year, and on two scales: landscape (consumption per species calculated as the sum of all sampling sites) and local (consumption per species calculated as the sum at each site). For this we calculated a Savage selection index: Wi=Ui/Pi, where \u003cem\u003eUi\u003c/em\u003e represents the proportion of a plant species \u003cem\u003ei\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ein the diet, and \u003cem\u003ePi\u003c/em\u003e is the proportion of that species in the environment (61). This index ranges from 0 (negative selection) to infinity (maximum positive selection), whereas 1 indicates non-selection. Negative selection (S-) implies a resource is used less than expected by chance; positive selection (S+) indicates the resource is used more than expected by chance, and non-selection (NS) indicates that the use of the resource is not different from that expected by chance. This index enables calculation of a statistic (E) with an X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e distribution with one degree of freedom (\u0026alpha; = 0.05) (61). Statistical significance was obtained after applying the Bonferroni correction for the number of statistical tests (p \u0026lt; 0.001).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003ch2\u003eParrot\u0026ndash;plant foraging in natural and urban areas\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe recorded a total of 1028 observations of Austral parakeet individuals consuming plants, of which 36% corresponded to native environments (n = 374) and 64% to urban environments (n = 654). The observations involved 10223 events of Austral parakeet feeding, 12.3% in natural and 87.7% in urban environments (n = 1225 and n= 8998, respectively) (Fig. 2).\u0026nbsp;Mean abundance of parakeets feeding was 6.05 times higher in urban than in natural environments (529.3 vs 87.5 parakeets, respectively).\u0026nbsp;Total number of parakeets observed feeding in each environment varied with the seasons.\u0026nbsp;We found the highest percentage of parakeets consuming plants in autumn\u0026nbsp;in both environments\u0026nbsp;(47% in natural and 45% in urban environments, of the total number of parakeets recorded preying in all seasons\u0026nbsp;per\u0026nbsp;environment); the lowest percentage varied with the environment, being spring for natural and summer for urban areas.\u0026nbsp;Comparing environments,\u0026nbsp;in winter the\u0026nbsp;percentage\u0026nbsp;of parakeets feeding\u0026nbsp;was significantly higher in urban than in natural areas (46% vs 16% respectively;\u0026nbsp;X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 49.95, gl= 1, p \u0026lt; 0.05), whereas the opposite occurred in\u0026nbsp;summer\u0026nbsp;(27%\u0026nbsp;in natural\u0026nbsp;vs 2%\u0026nbsp;in urban environments; X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e =37.98, gl= 1, p \u0026lt; 0.05) (Fig. 2).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn every season but spring, the highest observed number of parakeets preying on plants was explained by the interaction between the origin of the plants and the environment.\u0026nbsp;In autumn and winter, the number of parakeets preying on plants per observation increased in urban areas and when the resources consumed were introduced species (p\u0026nbsp;\u0026lt;0.001)\u0026nbsp;with respect to natural environments. In contrast, in summer the number of parakeets\u0026nbsp;preying on plants\u0026nbsp;per observation increased in natural environments\u0026nbsp;and when the species consumed were native\u0026nbsp;(p\u0026nbsp;\u0026lt;0.001)\u0026nbsp;(Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Austral parakeet interacted with 37 plant species, both native and introduced (35% vs. 65%, respectively) (Fig. 2).\u0026nbsp;The proportion\u0026nbsp;of native to introduced species consumed varied with the environment.\u0026nbsp;In natural environments the Austral parakeet consumed three times more native than introduced species (74.84% vs. 25.15%; X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e= 37.98, gl = 3, p \u0026lt; 0.05), whereas in urban environments the opposite occurred (73.21% vs. 26.79%; X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e= 49.95, gl = 3, p \u0026lt; 0.05) (Fig. 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAustral parakeets consumed mainly seeds (62.58%), followed by fruits (21.97%), sprouts (8.75%), leaves (4.65%), flowers (1.45%) and others (invertebrates, larvae, bark). However, the items consumed varied between environments and seasons. In natural environments, seeds and fruits were mainly consumed in summer and autumn, sprouts and flowers in spring. In urban environments, seeds were consumed throughout the year, as were fruits, except for spring; sprouts were consumed in autumn and winter (Fig. 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNetwork analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe found that plant\u0026ndash;parakeet interaction networks were dynamic during the year and varied between natural and urban environments in terms of the number and identity of consumed species, plant origin (native/introduced), and intensity of the interactions (abundance of Austral parakeet consuming each species) (Fig. 3). However, in both environments, the Austral parakeet consumption patterns of native and introduced species across the seasons were similar in part: foraging on native plants dominated in summer and autumn, and of introduced species in autumn and winter (Fig. 3). In both networks (natural and urban environments) the diversity of consumed plants increased during autumn, and even in winter in the case of urban areas, decreasing towards summer.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn natural environments, the networks revealed a predominance of Austral parakeet interactions with native plant species (n = 13) with varying intensity throughout the year. Although involving fewer species than in urban environments, the interactions seemed stronger as the Austral parakeets showed a very high degree of interaction with a few key species. They consumed particularly\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eNothofagus dombeyi\u003c/em\u003e in high intensity during\u0026nbsp;summer, the only species consumed in every season, and \u003cem\u003eMaytenus boaria\u003c/em\u003e in autumn. In natural environments, the consumption of introduced plants (four species) occurred exclusively in autumn and winter\u0026nbsp;along with native species, which were highly consumed during autumn but marginally in winter\u0026nbsp;(Fig. 3).\u0026nbsp;Results analysed on a scale of two months\u0026nbsp;showed parakeets interacted with very few species each month, and although the plant species consumed changed over the year, \u003cem\u003eNothofagus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003especies remained important in all seasons\u0026nbsp;(Fig. 3;\u0026nbsp;Supplementary material, Fig. 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn urban environments, the networks showed a greater number of interactions than in natural environments as the Austral parakeet consumed 24 species, mainly introduced, but the intensity of interaction with most species was weaker than in natural areas (Fig. 3).\u0026nbsp;Native and\u0026nbsp;introduced species were consumed throughout the year, with a peak\u0026nbsp;of species diversity\u0026nbsp;during June-July-August (15 species consumed).\u0026nbsp;The most frequently consumed species was the introduced \u003cem\u003eCrataegus monogyna\u003c/em\u003e during winter, whereas in autumn the native \u003cem\u003eM. boaria\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. araucana\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewere consumed with higher intensity than the introduced species (although the number of introduced species consumed was higher)\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e Bimonthly\u0026nbsp;interaction networks\u0026nbsp;also reflected the higher diversity of the urban network, and the importance of native species during summer and autumn,\u0026nbsp;showing a sequential increase in the number of introduced species consumed in autumn and\u0026nbsp;mainly in\u0026nbsp;winter\u0026nbsp;(Supplementary Material\u0026nbsp;Fig. 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFood\u0026nbsp;resource phenology\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhenology data showed that in natural environments, native resource availability was greater than that of introduced species all year round except during winter (Fig. 5). The highest availability of plant resources in a phenological state that could be consumed by parakeets occurred in summer, mainly given by seeds and fruits of \u003cem\u003eNothofagus spp.,\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eAristotelia chilensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eLomatia hirsuta\u003c/em\u003e (Fig. 5). During autumn, introduced resources also became available, represented by items of two species: seeds of\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eC. monogyna\u003c/em\u003e and fruits of \u003cem\u003eMalus domestica\u003c/em\u003e. These introduced resources were\u0026nbsp;almost\u0026nbsp;the only\u0026nbsp;ones available\u0026nbsp;during winter,\u0026nbsp;and these were the only seasons when\u0026nbsp;we observed parakeets feeding upon\u0026nbsp;these introduced resources in natural environments. In parallel, the number of Austral parakeets consuming plants\u0026nbsp;began to\u0026nbsp;increase during summer, coinciding with the greater availability of native resources, and reached its highest value during\u0026nbsp;autumn (n = 280,\u0026nbsp;total number of observations in this season); this overlapped\u0026nbsp;with the\u0026nbsp;highest\u0026nbsp;availability of introduced resources. The number of parakeets then decreased abruptly, maintaining low abundance during winter and spring (Fig.\u0026nbsp;6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhenology data showed the greatest availability of native resources in both urban and natural environments during the same periods (spring, summer and autumn; Fig. 5). The availability of native resources was associated with high \u003cem\u003eNothofagus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eseed production in summer, whereas in autumn native resources peaked due to the availability of fruits and seeds of \u003cem\u003eM. boaria\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. Araucana\u003c/em\u003e, respectively (Fig. 5). In spring, native resources were available in the form of flowers of \u003cem\u003eEmbothrium coccineum\u003c/em\u003e. On the other hand, introduced resources remained available throughout the year, reaching their peak during autumn. The continuous availability of introduced resources was mainly given by fruits and seeds of \u003cem\u003eSorbus aucuparia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePinus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003espp., \u003cem\u003eBetula pendula\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eM. domestica\u003c/em\u003e and\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;C. monogyna\u003c/em\u003e, and shoots of \u003cem\u003ePopulus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003espp (Fig. 5). Accordingly, the total number of Austral parakeets feeding in urban areas began to increase in late summer, continued in autumn, and reached its maximum in winter (n = 2257, total number of observations in winter), later decreasing from spring onward and reaching the minimum in early-mid summer (Fig. 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eUse-selection analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn a landscape scale, parakeets in natural environments selected 58.3% of the total plant species they consumed, four native and three non-native (n = 7 of 12 species) (Fig. 6, Table 2). \u003cem\u003eMaytenus \u0026nbsp;boaria\u003c/em\u003e was the most selected native species, and also the most consumed (25% of the diet), followed by\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;L. hirsuta\u003c/em\u003e (10% of the diet) (Table 2). Regarding introduced species, \u003cem\u003eM. domestica\u003c/em\u003e was the most selected and consumed (13% of the diet), followed by \u003cem\u003eS. aucuparia\u003c/em\u003e (8% of the diet) and \u003cem\u003eC. monogyna\u003c/em\u003e (6% of the diet) (Fig. 6, Table 2). Worthy of note is that each species selected represented a low percentage of the Parakeets\u0026rsquo; diet: only 5% or less for each native species selected and 3% each in the case of introduced ones. Similarly, the most selected species, the species most used \u0026nbsp; were native (Fig. 7).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn urban environments, parakeets selected 31% of the total plant species they consumed, three native and eight non-native species (n = 11 of 35 species consumed in this areas) (Fig. 7, Table 2). The native\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eA. araucana\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewas\u0026nbsp;the most selected (10% of the diet).\u0026nbsp;In line with the results in natural areas, of\u0026nbsp;the native species, \u003cem\u003eM. boaria\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewas the most\u0026nbsp;consumed in urban areas\u0026nbsp;(12.3% of the diet)\u0026nbsp;but was not selected (Table 2).\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eOn the other hand, of the\u0026nbsp;eight\u0026nbsp;introduced plants consumed, \u003cem\u003eC. monogyna\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewas the most selected and consumed\u0026nbsp;(21% of the diet). Despite \u003cem\u003eLarix decidua\u003c/em\u003e (1% of the diet)\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eCotoneaster franchetii\u003c/em\u003e (2.5% of the diet)\u0026nbsp;showing the next highest selection value,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eB. pendula\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003ePopulus spp.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003erepresented a higher percentage of the parakeets\u0026rsquo; diet (15 and 10% respectively) even though their selection value was lower\u0026nbsp;(Fig.\u0026nbsp;7, Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn a local scale, the results were diverse and differed from those on a landscape scale. Most species were highly selected at one or a few sites, while others were not selected at all (both native and introduced). Furthermore, in some sampling sites there was zero consumption of some species (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContrary to results from the landscape scale, \u003cem\u003eM. boaria\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewas not selected in natural sites, but highly selected in two urban sites (Table 3). Analyses on this scale allowed a finer description of resource use\u0026ndash;selection in detail, showing that the three most selected introduced species on a landscape scale in natural areas (\u003cem\u003eC. monogyna, M. domestica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. aucuparia\u003c/em\u003e) are widely distributed, but only selected at one or two sites, whereas zero consumption was recorded at other sites (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn a local scale in urban areas, \u003cem\u003eA. araucana\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eremained important as it was selected at seven of the nine sites where it was recorded, whereas \u003cem\u003eM. boaria\u003c/em\u003e was selected at two of the 11 sites where we recorded parakeets consuming it. Other native species were selected at only one site. Among introduced species, \u003cem\u003eC. monogyna\u003c/em\u003e was again selected at most sites where it was present, as well as \u003cem\u003eB. pendula\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAcer sp.\u003c/em\u003e Other species were selected in just one or two sites, or not selected at all, except for \u003cem\u003eS. aucuparia\u003c/em\u003e which was selected at four sites.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e We observed variations in the availability of plant resources according to the environment and season, and this variation affected Austral parakeet feeding patterns, as predicted. The plant\u0026ndash;parakeet interactions observed across seasons and natural and urban environments are consistent with the parrot plasticity and generalist behaviour that enable them to adapt to diverse environmental conditions (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e). However, despite this parakeet being described as showing generalist behaviour, we also found it selected particular habitats and food resources depending on the season of the year or the habitat. Thus, it is not only the availability and abundance of plants that determine their feeding behaviour.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe importance of native plants for parakeets persisted across habitats and seasons, except during winter. Particularly, the prominent use of Patagonian forests observed during summer responded to the interaction between type of habitat and the origin of resources, not only to the high availability of food items in this season. In agreement with previous studies, these results showed that natural environments are essential for parrots, not only for the food resources provided, but also for the provision of other resources probably associated with the reproductive stage (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e). Native plants play a key role by offering nesting sites (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e) and satisfying specific nutritional needs during the reproductive season (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e). However, the relevance of native resources can be modified by the presence of introduced species, including invasive ones like \u003cem\u003eC. monogyna\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. aucuparia\u003c/em\u003e, which are present in almost all forest sites studied. Interestingly, the consumption of introduced plants observed in natural environments occurred exclusively in autumn and winter, when there were almost no native resources available \u0026ndash; we had few observations of parakeets feeding on native species in these seasons. It is worth noting that we recorded fewer parakeets feeding in natural environments than urban ones in all seasons. This may have been slightly influenced by the lower number of sites sampled (14 compared to 19 in urban areas), but we attribute it fundamentally to two other reasons. First, it is possible that parakeets disperse across different forests to breed during spring and summer (farther from our study area and in remote places difficult to access, one reason why they have not been sampled). Second, it is difficult to observe these parrots in the forest canopy, particularly during the breeding period when they are usually in pairs, hidden in nests or feeding silently. However, during the winter, an aggregation phenomenon occurs, where the parakeets are seen in abundant, noisy flocks, which facilitates observation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe almost complete lack of native resources during winter may indicate that urban environments represent an opportunity for these parakeets, though the consequences of this should be considered. Cities usually offer novel food resources during a critical season, when conditions are more rigorous and food availability in natural environments decreases markedly (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e). In urban environments, the greater complexity of the observed interaction network with respect to the native ones was probably due to several factors combined: environmental traits (e.g., greater richness and abundance of plant species, habitat structure), parakeet traits (e.g., physical and behavioural characteristics of parakeets such as beak and food handling skills), and plant species traits (e.g., fruit characteristics, phenological patterns that allow continued availability of resources, nutritional content) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e). The higher number of interactions in urban than in natural environments could indicate that parakeets must consume a higher diversity of introduced species to cover their nutritional needs. In natural environments, these needs may be provided by a few native species. Moreover, it is essential to highlight that during autumn-winter the relative contribution of native plants such as \u003cem\u003eM. boaria\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. araucana\u003c/em\u003e to the parakeet diet was key in urban areas, and even more important than most introduced ones, probably due to their nutritional importance (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e). Finally, it must be considered that the apparent advantage of cities occurs in a scenario of forest reduction and fragmentation due to the advance of urbanization (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e). In this context, and worryingly, it would seem the function of these environments for parakeets is not replaced by urban areas during critical seasons, such as the reproductive period, highlighting that parakeet exhibit plasticity in feeding but not in reproductive behavior.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite this plastic feeding behaviour, the particular plant species selected by Austral parakeets was context dependent in both native and anthropic environments. Thus, although selection reflects the relationship between the abundance and consumption of plant resources (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e), other factors affecting an optimal foraging strategy could explain resource selection by a generalist bird (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e). On a local scale, selection could be the result of the high nutritional capacity of the selected plants to satisfy energy needs. In particular, in natural environments, selection of native plant species could be associated with the nutritional demands of the breeding season. In this sense, reproductive individuals could reduce their search time effort, prioritizing short, frequent foraging trips (close to the nest), and promoting resource specialization (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, the selection of introduced plants could be a consequence of the low availability of native resources during the winter and, coupled with the low abundance of introduced species in natural areas, this yielded a high selection index. On the other hand, in urban environments which represent fragmented areas with a patchy distribution of plants depending on garden management, local feeding decisions may be affected by landscape heterogeneity. Thus, to satisfy energy requirements in these anthropic environments it might be better to consume certain local plants disproportionately, avoiding travelling longer distances. Indeed, urban and suburban birds tend to make more efficient foraging trips (e.g., handling more food per foraging hour) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn a landscape scale, environmental heterogeneity in the distribution of available food is probably the most important factor determining decisions on space use and movements. This heterogeneity can be important for an opportunist species since it increases the probability of finding food resources, including preferred species or little available but nutritionally important species (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e). The nutritional quality of native and introduced resources could therefore be key in driving parakeet movements. Species could be generalists in terms of the consumption of different resources, but specialists when looking for species to cover specific nutritional needs (therefore, looking for plants with similar nutritional contents) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e). For example, the high selection of native plants such as \u003cem\u003eAraucaria\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eNothofagus\u003c/em\u003e by parakeets raises the question of whether their particular nutritional properties (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e) can be replaced by introduced resources, and if such a replacement may affect parakeet nutrition. New food resources available in cities may differ in nutritional content from native ones, affecting Austral parakeet health, behaviour, and movement patterns (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e). A detailed nutritional evaluation of species used and selected would help us understand the food requirements of parakeets moving from natural to urban environments (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e71\u003c/span\u003e). This would be helpful given that most species selected were consumed in a low proportion (probably limited by their low availability), whereas some other species were highly used despite not being selected. Considering that selectivity changed with scale of analysis, this raises the question of which resources are more important for parakeets: highly selected despite being low in availability or highly consumed. This information could better inform conservation decisions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur study underscores the importance of understanding the interactions of native birds with plant resources, and how they are modified by novel relationships with introduced species in natural and urban environments. These findings provide insights into the effects of these new interactions on the bird species, the plant community, and the overall ecosystem functioning (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Parrots are plastic species with a generalist diet which gives them the ability to adapt to modified environments, but this also exposes them to threats present in these environments. For instance, urbanization can act as a refuge and provide food resources for birds but can also act as an ecological trap (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e72\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e73\u003c/span\u003e). In cities, threats such as bird predation and building and vehicle collisions may increase (e.g., 74,75,76,77,78). Therefore, if introduced urban plants attract the parakeets, they may be led into situations that can negatively affect their populations. Future studies should focus on identifying threats faced by parakeets in the environments they inhabit; their nutritional needs, particularly in seasons of food scarcity (winter) or high nutritional needs (breeding season); and the nutritional content of the native and introduced species they consume. This knowledge is essential for conserving parrot populations, understanding parrot movement patterns, and identifying the ecosystem services and disservices they may or may not provide as a consequence of altered movement patterns and changes in nutrition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, we highlight the importance of maintaining heterogeneous urban green areas that include native vegetation, particularly native species of value to parakeets (and probably to other native birds), both those mostly selected and those mostly consumed. Urban green areas facilitate biological interactions as they represent meeting and refuge spaces for native birds, and maintain connectivity with natural areas (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). Austral parakeets could be favoring reforestation with native plants in degraded periurban areas given their high mobility and their role as key seed dispersers; however, they could be connecting urban with natural areas. If this is the case, they could also facilitate the introduction and dispersion of exotic species in natural areas. This is critical in cities surrounded by protected natural areas, such as our study site. Thus, in a world of increasing urbanization, maintaining urban green areas with native species is a nature-based solution to maintaining biodiversity, ecosystem services and human wellbeing, in addition to conserving pristine natural areas (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). These green spaces are not only key for native species but are also extremely beneficial for human health and for strengthening relationships between people and nature (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e79\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e80\u003c/span\u003e), something fundamental if we are to promote the transformative change necessary to face the environmental crisis the planet is suffering.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCOMPETING INTEREST\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing of interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eB.R. fieldwork, analysis, methodology, writing original draft, review and editing. S.K. analysis and S.K. and S.L. supervision, draft review and editing. All authors gave final approval for publication and agreed to be held accountable for the work performed therein.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe thank FONCYT PICT 2018-1623, PICT 2021-484 and the National University of Comahue (project 04/B260) for supporting the fieldwork of this article. We also thank Fernando Hiraldo for his suggestions to work with this species and accompanying us during this process.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBascompte, J. \u0026amp; Jordano, P. The structure of plant-animal mutualistic networks. \u003cem\u003eIn: P\u003c/em\u003eascual, M. and Dunne, J. (eds.). \u003cem\u003eEcological networks. \u003c/em\u003ePages 143-159. Oxford University Press (Oxford, US. 2006).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTraveset, A. \u0026amp; Richardson, D.M. Mutualistic Interactions and Biological Invasions. \u003cem\u003eAnnual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003e45\u003c/strong\u003e, 89-113 (2014).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJordano, P., \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Frugivores and seed dispersal: mechanisms and consequences for biodiversity of a key ecological interaction. \u003cem\u003eBiol Letters\u003c/em\u003e. (2010).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGaraffa, P.I., Filloy, J. \u0026amp; Bellocq, M.I. Bird community responses along urban-rural gradients: does the size of the urbanized area matter? Landscape and Urban Planning \u003cstrong\u003e90\u003c/strong\u003e, 33\u0026ndash;41. (2009).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMeffert, P.J. \u0026amp; Dziock. F. The influence of urbanisation on diversity and trait composition of birds. Landsc Ecol 28, 943\u0026ndash;957. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10980-013-9867-z (2013).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eValiente-Banuet, \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Beyond species loss: the extinction of ecological interactions in a changing world. Functional Ecology, \u003cstrong\u003e29(3)\u003c/strong\u003e, 299-307. (2015).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMcKinney, M.L. Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. \u003cem\u003eBiological conservation, \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e127(3)\u003c/strong\u003e, 247-260. (2006).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIPBES. Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. S. D\u0026iacute;az, J. Settele, E. S. Brond\u0026iacute;zio E.S., H. T. Ngo, M. Gu\u0026egrave;ze, J. Agard, A. Arneth, P. Balvanera, K. A. Brauman, S. H. M. Butchart, K. M. A. Chan, L. A. Garibaldi, K. Ichii, J. Liu, S. M. Subramanian, G. F. Midgley, P. Miloslavich, Z. Moln\u0026aacute;r, D. Obura, A. Pfaff, S. Polasky, A. Purvis, J. Razzaque, B. Reyers, R. Roy Chowdhury, Y. J. Shin, I. J. Visseren-Hamakers, K. J. Willis, and C. N. Zayas (eds.). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. 56 pages. (2019).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDe Barros Ruas, R., Costa, L.M.S. \u0026amp; Bered, F. Urbanization driving changes in plant species and communities - A global view. \u003cem\u003eGlobal Ecology and Conservation, \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e38\u003c/strong\u003e, e02243. (2022).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTheodorou, P. The effects of urbanization on ecological interactions. \u003cem\u003eCurrent Opinion in Insect Science\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e52\u003c/strong\u003e, 100922 (2022).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDavis, M.A. \u003cem\u003eInvasion biology. \u003c/em\u003eOxford University Press on Demand. (2009).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKowarik, I. Novel urban ecosystems, biodiversity, and conservation. \u003cem\u003eEnvironmental pollution\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e159\u003c/em\u003e(8-9), 1974-1983. (2011).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eK\u0026uuml;hn, I., Wolf, J. \u0026amp; Schneider, A. Is there an urban effect in alien plant invasions? \u003cem\u003eBiological Invasions \u003c/em\u003e19, 3505\u0026ndash;13 (2017).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCollins, M.K., Magle, S.B., \u0026amp; Gallo, T. Global trends in urban wildlife ecology and conservation. \u003cem\u003eBiological Conservation\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e261\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e,\u003c/em\u003e 109236. (2021).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMiranda, A.C., Schielzeth, H., Sonntag, T., \u0026amp; Partecke, J. Urbanization and its effects on personality traits: a result of microevolution or phenotypic plasticity?. \u003cem\u003eGlobal change biology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e19\u003c/em\u003e(9)\u003c/strong\u003e, 2634-2644. (2013).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDonihue, C.M. \u0026amp; Lambert, M.R. Adaptive evolution in urban ecosystems. \u003cem\u003eAmbio, \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e44(3)\u003c/strong\u003e, 194-203. (2015).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFaeth, S.H., Warren, P.S., Shochat, E. \u0026amp; Marussich W.A. Trophic dynamics in urban communities. \u003cem\u003eBioScience, \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e55(5)\u003c/strong\u003e, 399-407. (2005).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBellocq, M.I., Leveau, L.M. \u0026amp; Filloy, J. Urbanization and bird communities: Spatial and temporal patterns emerging from southern South America. In \u003cem\u003eEcology and Conservation of Birds in Urban Environments\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 35-54). Springer, Cham. (2017).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDehling, D.M. The structure of ecological networks. \u003cem\u003eEcological networks in the tropics: an integrative overview of species interactions from some of the most species-rich habitats on earth,\u003c/em\u003e 29-42. (2018).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDelmas, E., \u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c/em\u003eAnalysing ecological networks of species interactions. \u003cem\u003eBiological Reviews\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e94\u003c/em\u003e(1)\u003c/strong\u003e, 16-36. (2019)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMor\u0026aacute;n-L\u0026oacute;pez, T., \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Can network metrics predict vulnerability and species roles in bird dispersed plant communities? Not without behaviour. \u003cem\u003eEcology letters\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e23(2)\u003c/strong\u003e, 248-358. (2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHobbs, R.J. \u0026amp; V. Cramer. 2007. Old field dynamics: Regional and local differences and lessons for ecology and restoration. Old fields: Dynamics and restoration of abandoned farmland, 309-318.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchochat, E., Warren, P.S., Faeth, S.H., McIntyre, N.E. \u0026amp; Hope, D. From patterns to emerging processes in mechanistic urban ecology. \u003cem\u003eTrends in ecology \u0026amp; evolution\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e21(4)\u003c/strong\u003e, 186-191. (2006).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePearson, D.E. \u0026amp; R.M. Callaway. Indirect effects of host-specific biological control agents. \u003cem\u003eTrends in Ecology \u0026amp; Evolution, \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18(9)\u003c/strong\u003e, 456-461. (2003).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBonier, F., Martin, P.R., \u0026amp; Wingfield, J.C. Urban birds have broader environmental tolerance. \u003cem\u003eBiology letters\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e(6)\u003c/strong\u003e, 670-673. (2007).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFern\u0026aacute;ndez-Juricic, E. Spatial and temporal analysis of the distribution of forest specialists in an urban-fragmented landscap (Madrid, Spain): implications for local and regional bird conservation. \u003cem\u003eLandscape and urban planning, \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e69(1)\u003c/strong\u003e,17-32. (2004).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLepczyk, C.A., \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Biodiversity in the city: fundamental questions for understanding the ecology of urban green spaces for biodiversity conservation. \u003cem\u003eBioScience\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e67\u003c/em\u003e(9), 799-807. (2017).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDale, S. Urban bird community composition influenced by size of urban green spaces, presence of native forest, and urbanization. \u003cem\u003eUrban ecosystems, \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e21\u003c/strong\u003e, 1-14. (2018).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAronson, M. F., \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Biodiversity in the city: key challenges for urban green space management. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Ecology and the Environment\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cstrong\u003e 15(4)\u003c/strong\u003e: 189-196 (2017).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNeil, K. \u0026amp; Wu, J. Effects of urbanization on plant flowering phenology: A review. \u003cem\u003eUrban Ecosyst\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e: 243\u0026ndash;257. (2006).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarzluff, J.M. Worldwide urbanization and its effects on birds. In \u003cem\u003eAvian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world \u003c/em\u003e(pp. 19.47). Springer, Boston, MA. (2001).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchoech, S.J. \u0026amp; Bowman, R. Variation in the timing of breeding between suburban and wildland Florida Scrub-Jays: Do physiologic measures reflect different environments? In \u003cem\u003eAvian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world (\u003c/em\u003epp. 289-306). Springer. (Boston, MA. 2001).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGalbraith, J.A., Beggs, J.R., Jones, D.N. \u0026amp; Stanley, M.C. Supplementary feeding structures urban bird communities. \u003cem\u003eProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e112(20)\u003c/strong\u003e,E2648-E2657. (2015).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoogan, S.C., Raubenheimer, D., Zantis, S.P. \u0026amp; Machovsky-Capuska, G.E. Multidimensional nutritional ecology and urban birds. Ecosphere, \u003cstrong\u003e9(4),\u003c/strong\u003e e02177. (2018).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003evan den Bosch, M., Baert, J. M., M\u0026uuml;ller, W., Lens, L., \u0026amp; Stienen, E.W. Specialization reduces foraging effort and improves breeding performance in a generalist bird. \u003cem\u003eBehavioral Ecology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e30\u003c/em\u003e(3)\u003c/strong\u003e, 792-800. (2019).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiang, D., \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e How to become a generalist species? Individual niche variation across habitat transformation gradients. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Ecology and Evolution\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e8\u003c/em\u003e, 597450. (2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaert, J. M., \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Context‐dependent specialisation drives temporal dynamics in intra‐and inter‐individual variation in foraging behaviour within a generalist bird population. \u003cem\u003eOikos\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e130\u003c/em\u003e(8)\u003c/strong\u003e, 1272-1283. (2021).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEdwards, G. R., Newman, J. A., Parsons, A. J., \u0026amp; Krebs, J.R. Effects of the scale and spatial distribution of the food resource and animal state on diet selection: an example with sheep. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Animal Ecology\u003c/em\u003e, 816-826. (1994).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBurns, K.C. What causes size coupling in fruit-frugivore interaction webs? \u003cem\u003eEcology, \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e94\u003c/strong\u003e, 295-300. (2013).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLele, S.R., Merrill, E.H., Keim, J., \u0026amp; Boyce, M.S. Selection, use, choice and occupancy: clarifying concepts in resource selection studies. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Animal Ecology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e82\u003c/em\u003e(6), 1183-1191. (2013).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGonz\u0026aacute;lez-Castro, A., Yang, S., Nogales, M. \u0026amp; Carlo, T.A. Relative importance of phenotypic trait matching and species\u0026rsquo; abundances in determining plant-avian seed dispersal interactions in a small insular community. \u003cem\u003eAoB plants\u003c/em\u003e, 7,plvo17. (2015).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMatuzak, G.D., Bezy, M.B. \u0026amp; Brightsmith D.J. Foraging ecology of parrots in a modified landascape: seasonal trends and introduced species. \u003cem\u003eThe Wilson Journal of Ornithology, \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e120(2)\u003c/strong\u003e,\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e353-366.\u003c/em\u003e (2008).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRenton, K., Salinas-Melgoza, A., De Labra-Hern\u0026aacute;ndez, M.A. \u0026amp; de la Parra-Mart\u0026iacute;nez, S.M. Resource requierements of parrots: nest site selectivity and dietary plasticity of Psittaciformes. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Ornithology, \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e156(1)\u003c/strong\u003e, 73-90. (2015).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBahia, R., Lambertucci, S. A., Plaza, P. I., \u0026amp; Speziale, K. L. Antagonistic-mutualistic interaction between parrots and plants in the context of global change: Biological introductions and novel ecosystems. \u003cem\u003eBiological Conservation\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e265\u003c/em\u003e, 109399. (2022).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eD\u0026iacute;az, S. Biolog\u0026iacute;a y conservaci\u0026oacute;n de la cacha\u0026ntilde;a (\u003cem\u003eEnicognathusferrugineus\u003c/em\u003e) en Argentina. \u003cem\u003eEl hornero\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e27\u003c/em\u003e(1),\u003c/strong\u003e 17-25. (2012).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCabrera, A.L. Regiones fitogeogr\u0026aacute;ficas argentinas. Acme, Buenos Aires. 85 pp. En: Kugler WF (Ed) Enciclopedia argentina de agricultura y jardiner\u0026iacute;a. Tomo 2. 2\u0026ordm; edici\u0026oacute;n. Acme. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Fasc\u0026iacute;culo \u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e,1\u0026ndash;85. (1976).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMonjeau, J.A. Conservacion de la biodiversidad, \u0026aacute;reas protegidas y gente: escalas diferentes, problemas diferentes. In: Funda\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o O Boticario de Prote\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o \u0026agrave; Natureza \u0026ndash; FBPN. Unidades de Conserva\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o: Atualidades e tend\u0026ecirc;ncias. Curitiba: FBPN. p. 77-91. (2007).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSpeziale, K. L., \u0026amp; Ezcurra C. Patterns of alien plant invasions in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Arid Environments\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e75\u003c/em\u003e(10)\u003c/strong\u003e,890-897. (2011).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRovere, A., Molares, S. \u0026amp; Ladio, A.H. Plantas utilizadas en cercos vivos de ciudades patag\u0026oacute;nicas: aportes de la etnobot\u0026aacute;nica para la conservaci\u0026oacute;n.\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eEcolog\u0026iacute;a Austral\u003c/em\u003e, 23, 165-173. (2013).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSanguinetti, J. \u0026amp; Kitzberger, T. Patterns and mechanisms of masting in the large-seed southern conifer \u003cem\u003eAraucaria araucana. Austral Ecol.\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e33\u003c/strong\u003e,78-87. (2008).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShepherd, J.D., Ditgen, R.S. \u0026amp; Sanguinetti, J. \u003cem\u003eAraucaria araucana\u003c/em\u003e and the Austral parakeet: pre-dispersal seed predation on a masting species. \u003cem\u003eRevista Chilena de Historia Natural\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81\u003c/strong\u003e,395\u0026ndash;401. (2008).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eD\u0026iacute;az, S., Kitzberguer, T. \u0026amp; Peris, S. Food resources and reproductive output of the Austral Parakeet (\u003cem\u003eEnicognathus ferrugineus\u003c/em\u003e) in forests of northern Patagonia. \u003cem\u003eEmu\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e112\u003c/strong\u003e,234-243\u003cem\u003e. \u003c/em\u003e(2012).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTella, J.L., \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Parrots as overlooked seed dispersers. \u003cem\u003eFront EcolEnviron\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13,\u003c/strong\u003e338-339. (2015).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBlanco, G., \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. Internal seed dispersal by parrots: an overview of a neglected mutualism. \u003cem\u003ePeerJ \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e,e1688. (2016).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGleiser, G.L., \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e The southernmost parakeet might be enhancing pollination of a dioecious conifer. \u003cem\u003eEcological Society of America Ecology;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e 98\u003c/strong\u003e 11; 11-2017; 2969-2971. (2017).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePizo, M.A. \u0026amp; Galetti, M. M\u0026eacute;todos e perspectivas do estudo da frugivoria e dispers\u0026atilde;o de sementes por aves. Ornitolog\u0026iacute;a e \u003cem\u003eConserva\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o: Ci\u0026ecirc;ncia Aplicada, T\u0026eacute;cnicas de Pesquisa e Levantamento, \u003c/em\u003e493-504. (2010)\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eD\u0026iacute;az, S., \u0026amp; Kitzberger, T. High Nothofagus flower consumption and pollen emptying in the southern South American austral parakeet (\u003cem\u003eEnicognathus ferrugineus\u003c/em\u003e). \u003cem\u003eAustral Ecology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e31(6)\u003c/strong\u003e, 759-766. (2006).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZuloaga, F.O., Belgrano, M.J., \u0026amp; Zanotti, C.A. Actualizaci\u0026oacute;n del cat\u0026aacute;logo de las plantas vasculares del Cono Sur. \u003cem\u003eDarwiniana, nueva serie\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e(2)\u003c/strong\u003e, 208-278. (2019).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eR Development Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R foundationforStatisticalComputing. (Vienna, Austria. 2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDormann, C.F., Gruberm, B. \u0026amp; Fr\u0026uuml;nd, J. The bipartite package. Version 073 R Project for Statistical Computing. (Vienna, Austria. 2008).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eManly, B.F.J., McDonald, L.L. \u0026amp; Thomas, D.L. Resource Selection by Animals. Chapman \u0026amp; Hall. (London. 1993).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDavies, S., \u0026amp; Deviche, P. At the crossroads of physiology and ecology: food supply and the timing of avian reproduction. \u003cem\u003eHormones and Behavior\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e66(1)\u003c/strong\u003e, 41-55. (2014).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRoulin, A. Condition‐dependence, pleiotropy and the handicap principle of sexual selection in melanin‐based colouration. \u003cem\u003eBiological Reviews\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e91\u003c/em\u003e(2)\u003c/strong\u003e, 328-348. (2016).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReynolds, S.J., Galbraith, J.A., Smith, J.A. \u0026amp; Jones, D.N. Garden bird feeding: insights and prospects from a north-south comparison of this global urban phenomenon.\u003cem\u003e Front Ecol Evol\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e5(24)\u003c/strong\u003e,1\u0026ndash;15. (2017).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026Scaron;\u0026aacute;lek, M., Bažant, M., Vr\u0026aacute;na, J., Grill, S., \u0026amp; V\u0026aacute;clav, R. Urban refuges in winter: the role of habitat characteristics and supplementary feeding in shaping bird occupancy and abundance. \u003cem\u003eUrban Ecosystems\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e28(1)\u003c/strong\u003e, 1-10. (2025).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHenr\u0026iacute;quez, C., \u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c/em\u003eCharacterization of pi\u0026ntilde;on seed (Araucaria araucana (Mol) K. Koch) and the isolated starch from the seed. \u003cem\u003eFood Chemistry\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e107\u003c/em\u003e(2)\u003c/strong\u003e, 592-601. (2008).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGinocchio, R., \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. Mayten tree seed oil: Nutritional value evaluation according to antioxidant capacity and bioactive properties. \u003cem\u003eFoods\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e10(4)\u003c/strong\u003e, 729. (2021).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStephens, D.W. Decision ecology: foraging and the ecology of animal decision making. \u0026ndash; Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci.\u003cstrong\u003e 8\u003c/strong\u003e, 475\u0026ndash;484. (2008).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDucatez, S., Clavel, J., \u0026amp; Lefebvre, L. Ecological generalism and behavioural innovation in birds: technical intelligence or the simple incorporation of new foods?. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Animal Ecology\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cstrong\u003e \u003cem\u003e84\u003c/em\u003e(1)\u003c/strong\u003e, 79-89. (2015).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMachovsky-Capuska, G.E., Senior, A.M., Simpson, S.J., \u0026amp; Raubenheimer, D. The multidimensional nutritional niche.\u003cem\u003eTrends in Ecology\u0026amp;Evolution\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e31\u003c/em\u003e(5)\u003c/strong\u003e, 355-365. (2016).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRaubenheimer, D., Simpson, S.J., and A.H. Tait. 2012. Match and mismatch: conservation physiology, nutritional ecology and the timescales of biological adaptation. \u003cem\u003ePhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e367\u003c/strong\u003e:1628-1646.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRobertson, B.A., Rehage, J.S. \u0026amp; A. Sih. 2013. Ecological novelty and the emergence of evolutionary traps. \u003cem\u003eTrends Ecol. Evol. \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e28\u003c/strong\u003e: 552-560.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZuniga-Palacios, J., Zuria, I., Castellanos, I., Lara, C., \u0026amp; G. S\u0026aacute;nchez-Rojas. 2021. What do we know (and need to know) about the role of urban habitats as ecological traps? Systematic review and meta-analysis. \u003cem\u003eScience of the total environment\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e780\u003c/strong\u003e, 146559.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHager, S. B., Cosentino, B. J., Aguilar-G\u0026oacute;mez, M. A., Anderson, M. L., Bakermans, M., Boves, T. J., ... \u0026amp; I. Zuria. 2017. Continent-wide analysis of how urbanization affects bird-window collision mortality in North America. \u003cem\u003eBiological Conservation\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e212\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: 209-215.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSantiago-Alarcon, D., \u0026amp; C. A. Delgado-V. 2017. Warning! Urban threats for birds in Latin America. \u003cem\u003eAvian ecology in Latin American cityscapes\u003c/em\u003e, 125-142.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWoinarski, J. C. Z., Murphy, B. P., Legge, S. M., Garnett, S. T., Lawes, M. J., Comer, S., ... \u0026amp; L.A. Woolley. 2017. How many birds are killed by cats in Australia? \u003cem\u003eBiological Conservation\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cstrong\u003e 214\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e76-87.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeymour, C. L., Simmons, R.E., Morling, F., George, S.T., Peters, K. \u0026amp; M. J. O\u0026rsquo;Riain. 2020. Caught on camera: the impacts of urban domestic cats on wild prey in an African city and neighbouring protected areas. \u003cem\u003eGlobal Ecology and Conservation\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e23\u003c/strong\u003e:e01198.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBah\u0026iacute;a, R., Lambertucci, S. A., \u0026amp; K. L. Speziale. 2024. Anthropogenic city noise affects the vocalizations of key forest birds. \u003cem\u003eBiodiversity and Conservation\u003c/em\u003e, 1-17.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMiller, J.R. 2005. Biodiversity conservation and the extinction of experience. \u003cem\u003eTrends in ecology \u0026amp; evolution\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cstrong\u003e \u003cem\u003e20\u003c/em\u003e(8)\u003c/strong\u003e: 430-434.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eElizalde, L. \u0026amp; S.A. Lambertucci. 2022. Private gardens in a town immersed in a National Park: Potential for conservation and highly valued under COVID lockdown. \u003cem\u003eLandscape and Urban Planning\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e226\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e:104481\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTABLE 1.\u003c/strong\u003e Results of GLMM analyses evaluating the effect of plant origin (native/introduced) and environment (natural/urban) (predictor variables) on the number of Austral parakeets (\u003cem\u003eEnicognathus ferrugineus\u003c/em\u003e) preying on plants in each season of the year (response variable). The identity of plant species was included as random factors (random intercepts). The\u0026nbsp;significant values (p \u0026lt; 0.05) are highlighted with an asterisk and bold type (*).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"579\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.3267%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSeasons\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.0707%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFixed factor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1483%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEstimate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStd. error\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ez\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 22.9706%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSummer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21.1433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Intercept)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1483%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026shy; 6.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026shy; 2.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21.1433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1483%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21.1433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNatural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1483%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e00*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21.1433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNative*Natural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1483%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026shy; 5.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 18.1776%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAutumn\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21.1433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Intercept)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1483%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21.1433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntroduced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1483%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e00*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21.1433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1483%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21.1433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntroduced*Urban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1483%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 18.1776%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWinter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21.1433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Intercept)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1483%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026shy; 2.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21.1433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntroduced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1483%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026shy; 3.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21.1433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1483%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026shy; 1.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026shy; 1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.1433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntroduced*Urban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1483%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 18.1776%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpring\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21.1433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Intercept)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1483%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026shy; 4.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026shy; 1.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21.1433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1483%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21.1433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNatural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1483%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21.1433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNative*Natural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1483%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026shy; 4.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6633%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026shy; 1.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTABLE 2.\u003c/strong\u003e Savage Index on a landscape scale. The asterisks indicate the species selected by the Austral parakeet (\u003cem\u003eEnicognathus ferrugineus)\u003c/em\u003e. 0 indicates that the species was present but was not consumed. When the species was not present at the site it was marked with (--).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"406\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNatural environments\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrban environments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eES\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eES\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAraucaria araucana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAristotelia chilensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiostea juncea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEmbothrium coccineum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLomatia hirsuta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLuma apiculata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMaytenus boaria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNothofagus antarctica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNothofagus dombeyi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNothofagus nervosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNothofagus obliqua\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNothofagus pumilio\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSchinus patagonicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcer sp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBetula pendula\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCotoneaster franchetii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCrataegus monogyna\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIllex aquifolium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJuglans regia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLarix decidua\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMalus domestica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePinus spp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePopulus spp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrunus cerazus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrunus serrulata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePyrus communis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSorbus aucuparia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTABLE 3\u003c/strong\u003e. Savage Index on a local scale.\u0026nbsp;The asterisks indicate the species selected by the Austral parakeet (\u003cem\u003eEnicognathus ferrugineus)\u003c/em\u003e. 0 indicates that the species was present but was not consumed. When the species was not present at the site it was marked with (--).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"944\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNatural environments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"17\" style=\"width: 562px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrban environments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eU1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eU2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eU3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eU4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eU5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eU6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eU7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eU9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eU10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eU11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eU12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eU13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eU14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eU15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eU16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eU17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAraucaria araucana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e14*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.1*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e6.1*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.7*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.3*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e55*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e52*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAristotelia chilensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.2*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEmbothrium coccineum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.5*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eLomatia hirsuta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e7*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e6*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMaytenus boaria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.3*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.5\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.2*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNothofagus antarctica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e28*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNothofagus dombeyi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.5\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNothofagus nervosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e5*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNothofagus obliqua\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.3*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNothofagus pumilio\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSchinus patagonicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e7*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcer sp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e21*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.5\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e48*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e17*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e15*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.1*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.8*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e18*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.7*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eBetula pendula\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e4*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.3*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.5*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.5*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e5.7*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.9*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.7*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.6*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCotoneaster franchetii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.5\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCrataegus monogyna\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.7*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e10*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e8.4*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e9.6*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.7*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.2*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e11*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e7*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e33*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.2*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eLarix decidua\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.5\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMalus domestica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e5*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e8*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e62*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.7\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.5\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePinus spp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e6.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.5\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e9*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePopulus spp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.7\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e8.8*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e14*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrunus cerazus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.7\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e14*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrunus serrulata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSorbus aucuparia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e4*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e6.5*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.7*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.7*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.5*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Psittacidae, food interactions, habitat use, habitat selection, diet, introduced, city","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6136068/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6136068/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Urbanization and plant species introduction disrupt the plant-animal interactions and generate novel ecosystems, which wildlife requires certain behavioural plasticity to live in. The Austral parakeet (Enicognathus ferrugineus), an endemic parrot of the Andean-Patagonian forest that frequents natural and urban environments. We aim to 1) describe the seasonal foraging dynamics of parakeets and native and introduced plants in natural and urban environments, and 2) differentiate parakeet use and selection of plants. In natural and urban areas of Bariloche city (Argentina) we conducted focal observations of parakeets feeding, and registered resource availability and phenology during a year. Parakeets interacted with 37 plant species, both native and introduced. In natural environments, parakeets consumed three times more native than introduced species, whereas in urban areas the opposite occurred. In every season but spring, the number of parakeets preying on plants was explained by the interaction between the origin of the plants and the environment. The highest abundance of parrots foraging coincided with the highest peaks of food availability, although the plant selected varied across habitat type and scale of study. We discuss the value of each environment for parakeets, the variables that could explain the use or selection of plants, and conservation strategies of parrot populations and the ecosystems services they provide.","manuscriptTitle":"Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Plant Consumption by the World’s Southernmost Parrot in Natural and Urban Environments","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-14 09:18:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6136068/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b61997cf-0e95-46e9-ac7e-ae03c27092e4","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 14th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":45580234,"name":"Biological sciences/Ecology"},{"id":45580235,"name":"Biological sciences/Zoology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-11T06:08:54+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-14 09:18:35","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6136068","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6136068","identity":"rs-6136068","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}