Developing medical devices with emerging technologies: trends, challenges, and future directions

Developing medical devices with emerging... | F1000Research "use strict";function _typeof(t){return(_typeof="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(t){return typeof t}:function(t){return t&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&t.constructor===Symbol&&t!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof t})(t)}!function(){var t=function(){var t,e,o=[],n=window,r=n;for(;r;){try{if(r.frames.__tcfapiLocator){t=r;break}}catch(t){}if(r===n.top)break;r=r.parent}t||(!function t(){var e=n.document,o=!!n.frames.__tcfapiLocator;if(!o)if(e.body){var r=e.createElement("iframe");r.style.cssText="display:none",r.name="__tcfapiLocator",e.body.appendChild(r)}else setTimeout(t,5);return!o}(),n.__tcfapi=function(){for(var t=arguments.length,n=new Array(t),r=0;r 3&&2===parseInt(n[1],10)&&"boolean"==typeof n[3]&&(e=n[3],"function"==typeof n[2]&&n[2]("set",!0)):"ping"===n[0]?"function"==typeof n[2]&&n[2]({gdprApplies:e,cmpLoaded:!1,cmpStatus:"stub"}):o.push(n)},n.addEventListener("message",(function(t){var e="string"==typeof t.data,o={};if(e)try{o=JSON.parse(t.data)}catch(t){}else o=t.data;var n="object"===_typeof(o)&&null!==o?o.__tcfapiCall:null;n&&window.__tcfapi(n.command,n.version,(function(o,r){var a={__tcfapiReturn:{returnValue:o,success:r,callId:n.callId}};t&&t.source&&t.source.postMessage&&t.source.postMessage(e?JSON.stringify(a):a,"*")}),n.parameter)}),!1))};"undefined"!=typeof module?module.exports=t:t()}(); dataLayer = dataLayer || []; // Standard GTM initialization - Google Consent Mode handles consent automatically (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl+ '>m_auth=hzk0Vc3qFsQYhCrIoHz68A>m_preview=env-1>m_cookies_win=x';f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MWFK8L5J'); ;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}}; ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"438030",trustKey:"438030",agentID:"772317073",licenseKey:"97f8f67f26",applicationID:"772317073"} ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"97f8f67f26",applicationID:"772317073",sa:1} ;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.236.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{"use strict";var e,t,r={5763:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P_:()=>l,Mt:()=>g,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>v,OP:()=>T,lF:()=>D,Yu:()=>y,Dg:()=>h,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>b,sU:()=>_});var n=r(8632),i=r(9567);const o={beacon:n.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:n.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.D)(t,o),(0,n.Qy)(e,a[e],"info")}var u=r(7056);const d=()=>{const e={blockSelector:"[data-nr-block]",maskInputOptions:{password:!0}};return{allow_bfcache:!0,privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:u.oD,inactiveMs:u.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},metrics:{enabled:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampleRate:.1,errorSampleRate:.1,maskTextSelector:"*",maskAllInputs:!0,get blockClass(){return"nr-block"},get ignoreClass(){return"nr-ignore"},get maskTextClass(){return"nr-mask"},get blockSelector(){return e.blockSelector},set blockSelector(t){e.blockSelector+=",".concat(t)},get maskInputOptions(){return e.maskInputOptions},set maskInputOptions(t){e.maskInputOptions={...t,password:!0}}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10}}},f={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");if(!f[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return f[e]}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");f[e]=(0,i.D)(t,d()),(0,n.Qy)(e,f[e],"config")}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");var r=l(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i {r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},6818:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>o,q4:()=>n});const n="1.236.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},385:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{FN:()=>a,IF:()=>u,Nk:()=>f,Tt:()=>s,_A:()=>o,il:()=>n,pL:()=>c,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>d});const n="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),o=n?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),a=""+o?.location,s=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(navigator.userAgent),c=s&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,u=(()=>{const e=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),d=Boolean(n&&window.document.documentMode),f=!!navigator.sendBeacon},1117:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(50);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},8e3:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(2177),i=r(1284),o=r(4322),a=r(3325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=[...s[e]];function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u {let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((e=>{let[t]=e;a(t)})))}function f(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},2177:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{c:()=>f,ee:()=>u});var n=r(8632),i=r(2210),o=r(1284),a=r(5763),s="nr@context";let c=(0,n.fP)();var u;function d(){}function f(e){return(0,i.X)(e,s,l)}function l(){return new d}function h(){u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={}}c.ee?u=c.ee:(u=function e(t,r){var n={},c={},f={},g=!1;try{g=16===r.length&&(0,a.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var p={on:b,addEventListener:b,removeEventListener:y,emit:v,get:x,listeners:w,context:m,buffer:A,abort:h,aborted:!1,isBuffering:E,debugId:r,backlog:g?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return p;function m(e){return e&&e instanceof d?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,s,l):l()}function v(e,r,n,i,o){if(!1!==o&&(o=!0),!u.aborted||i){t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=m(n),s=w(e),d=s.length,f=0;fn,p:()=>i});var n=r(2177).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4322:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(5546);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3239:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(385);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}},4402:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Ht:()=>u,M:()=>c,Rl:()=>a,ky:()=>s});var n=r(385);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,++r).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s {r.d(t,{Bq:()=>n,Hb:()=>o,oD:()=>i});const n="NRBA",i=144e5,o=18e5},7894:(e,t,r)=>{function n(){return Math.round(performance.now())}r.d(t,{z:()=>n})},7243:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{e:()=>o});var n=r(385),i={};function o(e){if(e in i)return i[e];if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};let t;var r=n._A?.location,o={};if(n.il)t=document.createElement("a"),t.href=e;else try{t=new URL(e,r.href)}catch(e){return o}o.port=t.port;var a=t.href.split("://");!o.port&&a[1]&&(o.port=a[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===a[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=t.hostname||r.hostname,o.pathname=t.pathname,o.protocol=a[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var s=!t.protocol||":"===t.protocol||t.protocol===r.protocol,c=t.hostname===r.hostname&&t.port===r.port;return o.sameOrigin=s&&(!t.hostname||c),"/"===o.pathname&&(i[e]=o),o}},50:(e,t,r)=>{function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},2587:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>c,T:()=>u});var n=r(2177),i=r(5546),o=r(8e3),a=r(3325);const s={stn:[a.D.sessionTrace],err:[a.D.jserrors,a.D.metrics],ins:[a.D.pageAction],spa:[a.D.spa],sr:[a.D.sessionReplay,a.D.sessionTrace]};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&(Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,n]=e;void 0===u[t]&&(s[t]?s[t].forEach((e=>{n?(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,e,r):(0,i.p)("block-"+t,[],void 0,e,r),(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+t,[Boolean(n)],void 0,e,r)})):n&&(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,void 0,r),u[t]=Boolean(n))})),Object.keys(s).forEach((e=>{void 0===u[e]&&(s[e]?.forEach((t=>(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+e,[!1],void 0,t,r))),u[e]=!1)})),(0,o.L)(t,a.D.pageViewEvent))}const u={}},2210:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},1284:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n});const n=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[r,n]=e;return t(r,n)}))},4351:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P:()=>o});var n=r(2177);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},3960:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{K:()=>a,b:()=>o});var n=r(3239);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},8632:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{EZ:()=>u,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>o,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>d,mF:()=>s});var n=r(7894),i=r(385);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,r){let i=a();const o=i.initializedAgents||{},s=o[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.z)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...o,[e]:{...s,[r]:t}},i}function u(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},7956:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>i});var n=r(3239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],r=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;return void(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"==document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},1214:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{em:()=>v,u5:()=>N,QU:()=>S,_L:()=>I,Gm:()=>L,Lg:()=>M,gy:()=>U,BV:()=>Q,Kf:()=>ee});var n=r(2177);const i="nr@original";var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,a=!1;function s(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");var a,s,c,u="-"===n.charAt(0);for(c=0;c 2?n-2:0),o=2;o {r(A[T],e,w),r(E[T],e,w)})),r(l._A,"fetch",y),t.on(y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(y+"done",[e],n)})),t}const O={},j=["pushState","replaceState"];function S(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("history")}(e);return!l.il||O[t.debugId]++||(O[t.debugId]=1,s(t).inPlace(window.history,j,"-")),t}var P=r(3239);const C={},R=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function I(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!l.il||C[t.debugId])return t;C[t.debugId]=!0;var r=s(t),i=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,o=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,a=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function c(e,t){var r=e.match(a),n=r[1],i=r[3];return i?c(i,t[n]):t[n]}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,R,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var n=(a=e.src,s=a.match(i),s?s[1]:null);var a,s;if(!n)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(o);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:c(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(n);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function f(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1))}function l(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}var k=r(5763);const H={};function L(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!l.il||H[t.debugId])return t;H[t.debugId]=!0;var r=s(t),i=k.Yu.MO;return i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof i?new i(r(e,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype),t}const z={};function M(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(z[t.debugId])return t;z[t.debugId]=!0;var r=n.c,o=s(t),a=k.Yu.PR;return a&&function(){function e(r){var n=t.context(),i=o(r,"executor-",n,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(a,[i],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return n},s}l._A.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return a.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,a),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=a.prototype;const n=a.prototype.then;a.prototype.then=function(){var e=this,i=r(e);i.promise=e;for(var a=arguments.length,s=new Array(a),c=0;c e())),t};function m(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",E)}function b(){var e=this,t=r.context(e);e.readyState>3&&!t.resolved&&(t.resolved=!0,r.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,f,"fn-",E)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,p),p.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(p.prototype,J,"-xhr-",E),r.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){m(e,t),function(e){h.push(e),a&&(y?y.then(A):u?u(A):(w=-w,x.data=w))}(t)})),r.on("open-xhr-start",m),a){var y=c&&c.resolve();if(!u&&!c){var w=1,x=document.createTextNode(w);new a(A).observe(x,{characterData:!0})}}else t.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===d||A()}));function A(){for(var e=0;e {r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.ajax},6660:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{A:()=>i,t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.jserrors,i="nr@seenError"},3081:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},4649:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageAction},7633:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Dz:()=>i,OJ:()=>a,qw:()=>o,t9:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewEvent,i="firstbyte",o="domcontent",a="windowload"},9251:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewTiming},3614:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BST_RESOURCE:()=>i,END:()=>s,FEATURE_NAME:()=>n,FN_END:()=>u,FN_START:()=>c,PUSH_STATE:()=>d,RESOURCE:()=>o,START:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState"},7836:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BODY:()=>A,CB_END:()=>E,CB_START:()=>u,END:()=>x,FEATURE_NAME:()=>i,FETCH:()=>_,FETCH_BODY:()=>v,FETCH_DONE:()=>m,FETCH_START:()=>p,FN_END:()=>c,FN_START:()=>s,INTERACTION:()=>l,INTERACTION_API:()=>d,INTERACTION_EVENTS:()=>o,JSONP_END:()=>b,JSONP_NODE:()=>g,JS_TIME:()=>T,MAX_TIMER_BUDGET:()=>a,REMAINING:()=>f,SPA_NODE:()=>h,START:()=>w,originalSetTimeout:()=>y});var n=r(5763);const i=r(3325).D.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",f="remaining",l="interaction",h="spaNode",g="jsonpNode",p="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=n.Yu.ST,w="-start",x="-end",A="-body",E="cb"+x,T="jsTime",_="fetch"},5938:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(5763),i=r(2177);class o{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=i.ee.get(e,(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).isolatedBacklog),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1}}},9144:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{j:()=>m});var n=r(3325),i=r(5763),o=r(5546),a=r(2177),s=r(7894),c=r(8e3),u=r(3960),d=r(385),f=r(50),l=r(3081),h=r(8632);function g(){const e=(0,h.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i 1?r-1:0),i=1;i {e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&o.push(e.api[t](...n))})),o.length>1?o:o[0]}(t,...n)}}))}var p=r(2587);function m(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},m=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,v=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:b,info:y,loader_config:w,runtime:x={loaderType:m},exposed:A=!0}=t;const E=(0,h.gG)();y||(b=E.init,y=E.info,w=E.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e,b||{}),(0,i.GE)(e,w||{}),(0,i.sU)(e,x),y.jsAttributes??={},d.v6&&(y.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e,y),g();const T=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const h={};var g=a.ee.get(e),p=g.get("tracer"),m="api-",v=m+"ixn-";function b(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),x(m,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"].forEach((e=>h[e]=x(m,e,!0,"api"))),h.addPageAction=x(m,"addPageAction",!0,n.D.pageAction),h.setCurrentRouteName=x(m,"routeName",!0,n.D.spa),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,x(m,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string or number type, but a type of was provided."))}else(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of was provided."))},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of was provided."))},h.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var w=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,a="function"==typeof t;return(0,o.p)(v+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,r],i,n.D.spa,g),function(){if(p.emit((a?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,a],r),a)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw p.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,"string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e],r),e}finally{p.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],r)}}}};function x(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),i&&(0,o.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,g),r?void 0:this}}function A(){r.e(439).then(r.bind(r,7438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,f.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{w[e]=x(v,e,void 0,n.D.spa)})),h.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),(0,o.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,n.D.jserrors,g)},d.il?(0,u.b)((()=>A()),!0):A(),h}(e,v);return(0,h.Qy)(e,T,"api"),(0,h.Qy)(e,A,"exposed"),(0,h.EZ)("activatedFeatures",p.T),T}},3325:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>(({78:"page_action-aggregate",147:"metrics-aggregate",242:"session-manager",317:"jserrors-aggregate",348:"page_view_timing-aggregate",412:"lazy-feature-loader",439:"async-api",538:"recorder",590:"session_replay-aggregate",675:"compressor",733:"session_trace-aggregate",786:"page_view_event-aggregate",873:"spa-aggregate",898:"ajax-aggregate"}[e]||e)+"."+{78:"ac76d497",147:"3dc53903",148:"1a20d5fe",242:"2a64278a",317:"49e41428",348:"bd6de33a",412:"2f55ce66",439:"30bd804e",538:"1b18459f",590:"cf0efb30",675:"ae9f91a8",733:"83105561",786:"06482edd",860:"03a8b7a5",873:"e6b09d52",898:"998ef92b"}[e]+"-1.236.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d {s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(h);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},h=setTimeout(l.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=l.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=l.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.j=364,i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={364:0,953:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u {i.r(o);var e=i(3325),t=i(5763);const r=Object.values(e.D);function n(e){const n={};return r.forEach((r=>{n[r]=function(e,r){return!1!==(0,t.Mt)(r,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),n}var a=i(9144);var s=i(5546),c=i(385),u=i(8e3),d=i(5938),f=i(3960),l=i(50);class h extends d.W{constructor(e,t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.auto=n,this.abortHandler,this.featAggregate,this.onAggregateImported,n&&(0,u.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;const r=c.il&&!0===(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"privacy.cookies_enabled");let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let t;try{if(r){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await Promise.all([i.e(860),i.e(242)]).then(i.bind(i,3228));t=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.",e)}try{if(!this.shouldImportAgg(this.featureName,t))return void(0,u.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName);const{lazyFeatureLoader:r}=await i.e(412).then(i.bind(i,8582)),{Aggregate:o}=await r(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new o(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,e),n(!0)}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("Downloading and initializing ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),e),this.abortHandler?.(),n(!1)}};c.il?(0,f.b)((()=>o()),!0):o()}shouldImportAgg(r,n){return r!==e.D.sessionReplay||!1!==(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"session_trace.enabled")&&(!!n?.isNew||!!n?.state.sessionReplay)}}var g=i(7633),p=i(7894);class m extends h{static featureName=g.t9;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(r,n,g.t9,i),("undefined"==typeof PerformanceNavigationTiming||c.Tt)&&"undefined"!=typeof PerformanceTiming){const n=(0,t.OP)(r);n[g.Dz]=Math.max(Date.now()-n.offset,0),(0,f.K)((()=>n[g.qw]=Math.max((0,p.z)()-n[g.Dz],0))),(0,f.b)((()=>{const t=(0,p.z)();n[g.OJ]=Math.max(t-n[g.Dz],0),(0,s.p)("timing",["load",t],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}this.importAggregator()}}var v=i(1117),b=i(1284);class y extends v.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,b.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=w(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,b.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=w(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=x(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=w(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i t.max&&(t.max=e),e 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,r,j.t,n),c.il&&((0,t.OP)(e).initHidden=Boolean("hidden"===document.visibilityState),(0,N.N)((()=>(0,s.p)("docHidden",[(0,p.z)()],void 0,j.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,O.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,s.p)("winPagehide",[(0,p.z)()],void 0,j.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var P=i(3081);class C extends h{static featureName=P.t9;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,P.t9,r),this.importAggregator()}}var R,I=i(2210),k=i(1214),H=i(2177),L={};try{R=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(L.console=!0,-1!==R.indexOf("dev")&&(L.dev=!0),-1!==R.indexOf("nr_dev")&&(L.nrDev=!0))}catch(e){}function z(e){try{L.console&&z(e)}catch(e){}}L.nrDev&&H.ee.on("internal-error",(function(e){z(e.stack)})),L.dev&&H.ee.on("fn-err",(function(e,t,r){z(r.stack)})),L.dev&&(z("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),z("flags: "+(0,b.D)(L,(function(e,t){return e})).join(", ")));var M=i(6660);class B extends h{static featureName=M.t;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,M.t,i),this.skipNext=0;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}const o=this;o.ee.on("fn-start",(function(e,t,r){o.abortHandler&&(o.skipNext+=1)})),o.ee.on("fn-err",(function(t,r,n){o.abortHandler&&!n[M.A]&&((0,I.X)(n,M.A,(function(){return!0})),this.thrown=!0,(0,s.p)("err",[n,(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee))})),o.ee.on("fn-end",(function(){o.abortHandler&&!this.thrown&&o.skipNext>0&&(o.skipNext-=1)})),o.ee.on("internal-error",(function(t){(0,s.p)("ierr",[t,(0,p.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee)})),this.origOnerror=c._A.onerror,c._A.onerror=this.onerrorHandler.bind(this),c._A.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(t=>{const r=function(e){let t="Unhandled Promise Rejection: ";if(e instanceof Error)try{return e.message=t+e.message,e}catch(t){return e}if(void 0===e)return new Error(t);try{return new Error(t+(0,D.P)(e))}catch(e){return new Error(t)}}(t.reason);(0,s.p)("err",[r,(0,p.z)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1}],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}),(0,O.m$)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),(0,k.gy)(this.ee),(0,k.BV)(this.ee),(0,k.em)(this.ee),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}onerrorHandler(t,r,n,i,o){"function"==typeof this.origOnerror&&this.origOnerror(...arguments);try{this.skipNext?this.skipNext-=1:(0,s.p)("err",[o||new F(t,r,n),(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(t){try{(0,s.p)("ierr",[t,(0,p.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(e){}}return!1}}function F(e,t,r){this.message=e||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r}let U=1;const q="nr@id";function G(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===c._A?0:(0,I.X)(e,q,(function(){return U++}))}function V(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,D.P)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var X=i(7243);class W{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.generateTracePayload=this.generateTracePayload.bind(this),this.shouldGenerateTrace=this.shouldGenerateTrace.bind(this)}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var r=(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!r)return null;var n=(r.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(r.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(r.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,_.M)(),s=(0,_.Ht)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof c._A?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,D.P)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var r=!1,n={};if((0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(n=(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)r=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var i=0;i 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,Z.t,i),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(this.dt=new W(r),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,s.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee),(0,k.u5)(this.ee),(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),function(r,n,i,o){function a(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=E,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){_(t,e)}),(0,O.m$)(!1)),c.IF||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,O.m$)(!1))}function s(e){this.params={method:e[0]},T(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function u(e,n){var i=(0,t.DL)(r);i.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&n.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",i.xpid);var a=o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(a){var s=!1;a.newrelicHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("newrelic",a.newrelicHeader),s=!0),a.traceContextParentHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("traceparent",a.traceContextParentHeader),a.traceContextStateHeader&&n.setRequestHeader("tracestate",a.traceContextStateHeader),s=!0),s&&(this.dt=a)}}function d(e,t){var r=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(r&&i){var a=V(i);a&&(r.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,p.z)(),this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof t.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(t)}catch(e){try{n.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s 1?e[1]=i:e.push(i)}else e[0]&&e[0].headers&&s(e[0].headers,n)&&(this.dt=n);function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function x(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,p.z)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof Y?r=i.url:c._A?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),T(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof Y&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.txSize=V(n.body)||0}function A(t,r){var n;this.endTime=(0,p.z)(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=r?r.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var o={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,p.z)()-this.startTime};i("xhr",[this.params,o,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,e.D.ajax)}function E(t){var r=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var o=0;o 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,we.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}new class{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,_.ky)(16);c._A?(this.agentIdentifier=t,this.sharedAggregator=new y({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=new Set(e.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(m),Object.assign(this,(0,a.j)(this.agentIdentifier,e,e.loaderType||"agent")),this.start()):(0,l.Z)("Failed to initial the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.")}get config(){return{info:(0,t.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}start(){const t="features";try{const r=n(this.agentIdentifier),i=[...this.desiredFeatures];i.sort(((t,r)=>e.p[t.featureName]-e.p[r.featureName])),i.forEach((t=>{if(r[t.featureName]||t.featureName===e.D.pageViewEvent){const n=function(t){switch(t){case e.D.ajax:return[e.D.jserrors];case e.D.sessionTrace:return[e.D.ajax,e.D.pageViewEvent];case e.D.sessionReplay:return[e.D.sessionTrace];case e.D.pageViewTiming:return[e.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(t.featureName);n.every((e=>r[e]))||(0,l.Z)("".concat(t.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,D.P)(n),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[t.featureName]=new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,T.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,t)}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",e);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,T.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.[t],delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[J,m,S,class extends h{static featureName=oe;constructor(t,r){if(super(t,r,oe,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!c.il)return;const n=this.ee;let i;(0,k.QU)(n),this.eventsEE=(0,k.em)(n),this.eventsEE.on(se,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,p.z)()})),this.eventsEE.on(ae,(function(t,r){(0,s.p)("bst",[t[0],r,this.bstStart,(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),n.on(ce+ne,(function(e){this.time=(0,p.z)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),n.on(ce+ie,(function(t){(0,s.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)}));try{i=new PerformanceObserver((t=>{const r=t.getEntries();(0,s.p)(te,[r],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),i.observe({type:re,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator({resourceObserver:i})}},C,xe,B,class extends h{static featureName=de;constructor(e,r){if(super(e,r,de,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!c.il)return;if(!(0,t.OP)(e).xhrWrappable)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let n,i=0;const o=this.ee.get("tracer"),a=(0,k._L)(this.ee),s=(0,k.Lg)(this.ee),u=(0,k.BV)(this.ee),d=(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),f=this.ee.get("events"),l=(0,k.u5)(this.ee),h=(0,k.QU)(this.ee),g=(0,k.Gm)(this.ee);function m(e,t){h.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function v(){i++,n=window.location.hash,this[ve]=(0,p.z)()}function b(){i--,window.location.hash!==n&&m(0,!0);var e=(0,p.z)();this[pe]=~~this[pe]+e-this[ve],this[ye]=e}function y(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,p.z)()}))}this.ee.on(ve,v),s.on(be,v),a.on(be,v),this.ee.on(ye,b),s.on(ge,b),a.on(ge,b),this.ee.buffer([ve,ye,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),f.buffer([ve],this.featureName),u.buffer(["setTimeout"+le,"clearTimeout"+fe,ve],this.featureName),d.buffer([ve,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+fe],this.featureName),l.buffer([me+fe,me+"-done",me+he+fe,me+he+le],this.featureName),h.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),g.buffer([ve],this.featureName),s.buffer(["propagate",be,ge,"executor-err","resolve"+fe],this.featureName),o.buffer([ve,"no-"+ve],this.featureName),a.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),y(l,me+fe),y(l,me+"-done"),y(a,"new-jsonp"),y(a,"jsonp-end"),y(a,"cb-start"),h.on("pushState-end",m),h.on("replaceState-end",m),window.addEventListener("hashchange",m,(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",m,(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){m(0,i>1)}),(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}],loaderType:"spa"})})(),window.NRBA=o})(); window.jQuery || document.write(' ') CKEDITOR_BASEPATH='https://f1000research.com/js/vendor/ckeditor/' window.reactTheme = 'research'; window.MathJax = { CommonHTML: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, 'HTML-CSS': { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, SVG: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, AuthorInit: function() { MathJax.Hub.Register.MessageHook('End Process', function () { let timeout = false; // holder for timeout id const delay = 250; // delay after event is "complete" to run callback const reflowMath = function() { const dispFormulas = document.querySelectorAll('.disp-formula.panel'); if (!dispFormulas) { return; } for (const dispFormula of dispFormulas) { const child = dispFormula.querySelector('.MathJax_Preview').nextSibling.firstChild; const isMultiline = MathJax.Hub.getAllJax(dispFormula)[0].root.isMultiline; if (dispFormula.offsetWidth < child.offsetWidth || isMultiline) { MathJax.Hub.Queue(['Rerender', MathJax.Hub, dispFormula]); } } }; window.addEventListener('resize', function() { clearTimeout(timeout); // clear the timeout timeout = setTimeout(reflowMath, delay); // start timing for event "completion" }); }); }, }; if (window.location.hash == '#_=_'){ window.location = window.location.href.split('#')[0] } !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function() {n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)} ;if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '1641728616063202'); fbq('track', "PixelInitialized", {}); (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:2318163,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); search file_upload Submit your research search menu close search Browse Gateways & Collections How to Publish Submit your Research My Submissions Article Guidelines Article Guidelines (New Versions) Open Data, Software and Code Guidelines Open Data and Accessible Source Materials Guidelines (HSS) Open Data, Software and Code Guidelines (PSE) Prepublication Checks Production Process Posters and Slides Guidelines Document Guidelines Article Processing Charges Peer Review Finding Article Reviewers About How it Works For Reviewers Our Advisors Policies Glossary FAQs For Developers Newsroom Contact My Research Submissions Content and Tracking Alerts My Details Sign In file_upload Submit your research { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "ScholarlyArticle", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1007" }, "headline": "Developing medical devices with emerging technologies: trends, challenges, and future directions", "datePublished": "2024-09-04T17:02:15", "dateModified": "2026-03-19T10:22:22", "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Achraf akkaoui" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Yassine ZAHIDI" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Mohamed El Moufid" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Wafaa DACHRY" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Hassan GZIRI" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Hicham Medromi" } ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "F1000Research", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 480, "width": 60 } }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 1200, "width": 150 }, "description": "This paper examines the rapid advancements and integration of emerging technologies in the medical field, particularly focusing on Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), Augmented Reality (AR), and cybersecurity. The study leverages data from Scopus and Web of Science databases to highlight the trends, challenges, and future directions in the development of medical devices. Significant progress has been made in enhancing patient care through the integration of AI and IoMT, which facilitate predictive analytics, personalized treatment plans, and real-time data monitoring. AR is transforming medical training and surgical precision, while cybersecurity measures are becoming increasingly vital to protect sensitive health data. Despite these advancements, the field faces challenges such as data privacy concerns, infrastructure limitations, and interoperability issues. The study also explores Africa’s contributions, with a particular emphasis on Morocco’s emerging role in this technological landscape. Three major research clusters identified include AI and AR, IoT and cybersecurity, and embedded systems, each playing an important role in the evolution of medical technologies. By analyzing publications from 2010 to 2024, the paper provides insights into the current state and future potential of advanced medical technologies, aiming to offer a foundation for further research and innovation in this rapidly evolving field." } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1007/v2", "name": "Developing medical devices with emerging technologies: trends, challenges,..." } } ] } Home Browse Developing medical devices with emerging technologies: trends, challenges,... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article akkaoui A, ZAHIDI Y, El Moufid M et al. Developing medical devices with emerging technologies: trends, challenges, and future directions [version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 13 :1007 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.154869.2 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Systematic Review Revised Developing medical devices with emerging technologies: trends, challenges, and future directions [version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] Achraf akkaoui https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5885-2141 1,2 , Yassine ZAHIDI 2 , Mohamed El Moufid 2 , Wafaa DACHRY 1,2 , Hassan GZIRI 1,2 , Hicham Medromi 2,3 Achraf akkaoui https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5885-2141 1,2 , Yassine ZAHIDI 2 , [...] Mohamed El Moufid 2 , Wafaa DACHRY 1,2 , Hassan GZIRI 1,2 , Hicham Medromi 2,3 PUBLISHED 19 Mar 2026 Author details Author details 1 Engineering, Industrial Management and Innovation (EIMI), Hassan 1st University Faculty of Science and Technology Settat, Settat, Chaouia-Ouardigha, Morocco 2 Foundation for Research Development and Innovation in Science and Engineering, Casablanca, Grand Casablanca, Morocco 3 The International Academy of Scientific Francophone (IASF), Rabat, Morocco Achraf akkaoui Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Yassine ZAHIDI Roles: Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Mohamed El Moufid Roles: Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Wafaa DACHRY Roles: Supervision, Validation, Visualization Hassan GZIRI Roles: Supervision, Validation, Visualization Hicham Medromi Roles: Supervision, Validation, Visualization OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Cybersecurity collection. This article is included in the AI in Medicine and Healthcare collection. Abstract This paper examines the rapid advancements and integration of emerging technologies in the medical field, particularly focusing on Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), Augmented Reality (AR), and cybersecurity. The study leverages data from Scopus and Web of Science databases to highlight the trends, challenges, and future directions in the development of medical devices. Significant progress has been made in enhancing patient care through the integration of AI and IoMT, which facilitate predictive analytics, personalized treatment plans, and real-time data monitoring. AR is transforming medical training and surgical precision, while cybersecurity measures are becoming increasingly vital to protect sensitive health data. Despite these advancements, the field faces challenges such as data privacy concerns, infrastructure limitations, and interoperability issues. The study also explores Africa’s contributions, with a particular emphasis on Morocco’s emerging role in this technological landscape. Three major research clusters identified include AI and AR, IoT and cybersecurity, and embedded systems, each playing an important role in the evolution of medical technologies. By analyzing publications from 2010 to 2024, the paper provides insights into the current state and future potential of advanced medical technologies, aiming to offer a foundation for further research and innovation in this rapidly evolving field. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Medical Things, Augmented Reality, Cybersecurity, Medical Devices, Health care, Embedded systems Corresponding Author(s) Achraf akkaoui ( [email protected] ) Yassine ZAHIDI ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding authors: Achraf akkaoui, Yassine ZAHIDI Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2026 akkaoui A et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: akkaoui A, ZAHIDI Y, El Moufid M et al. Developing medical devices with emerging technologies: trends, challenges, and future directions [version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 13 :1007 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.154869.2 ) First published: 04 Sep 2024, 13 :1007 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.154869.1 ) Latest published: 19 Mar 2026, 13 :1007 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.154869.2 ) Revised Amendments from Version 1 In this revised version, the Methods section has been expanded to improve transparency and support replication. Explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria were added, including document type, language, and metadata requirements for bibliometric processing. A statement on potential publication bias was also included, with mitigation through the combined use of Scopus and Web of Science, while acknowledging remaining limitations. The Discussion was strengthened with a more critical reflection on ethical and clinical implications of AI, IoMT, AR, and cybersecurity, including issues of transparency, privacy, bias, and user training. The limitations of the bibliometric approach were clarified, the concluding statements were refined, and a new Future directions section was added to propose a focused agenda on integrating these technologies within a single medical device. In this revised version, the Methods section has been expanded to improve transparency and support replication. Explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria were added, including document type, language, and metadata requirements for bibliometric processing. A statement on potential publication bias was also included, with mitigation through the combined use of Scopus and Web of Science, while acknowledging remaining limitations. The Discussion was strengthened with a more critical reflection on ethical and clinical implications of AI, IoMT, AR, and cybersecurity, including issues of transparency, privacy, bias, and user training. The limitations of the bibliometric approach were clarified, the concluding statements were refined, and a new Future directions section was added to propose a focused agenda on integrating these technologies within a single medical device. See the authors' detailed response to the review by Ibrahim Adabara READ REVIEWER RESPONSES 1. Introduction The rapid advancement of technology has significantly impacted the medical field, introducing innovative solutions that enhance patient care. Among these technologies, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) stand out due to their transformative potential. AI, with its capabilities in machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, and data analysis, is revolutionizing how medical data is interpreted and utilized. It enables predictive analytics, and personalized treatment plans, which contribute to more accurate diagnoses and improved patient outcomes. 1 – 4 Meanwhile, IoMT connects medical devices through the internet, enabling real-time data collection, monitoring, and analysis, thus improving the efficiency and accuracy of healthcare delivery. 5 – 9 The integration of these technologies in medical devices comes with challenges such as data privacy and security. These challenges are paramount concerns, given the sensitive nature of health information. Cybersecurity measures must be robust to protect against breaches and unauthorized access. 10 – 12 Infrastructure limitations, such as the need for reliable internet connectivity and advanced computational resources, also pose significant barriers. Furthermore, interoperability issues between various devices and systems complicate the seamless integration of these technologies into existing healthcare frameworks. 13 , 14 Despite these barriers, the potential benefits of AI, IoMT, augmented reality (AR), big data analytics, and cybersecurity measures are driving substantial research and development efforts. This study explores the evolution and current landscape of advanced technologies in the medical field by conducting an academic publications analysis from 2010 to 2024. Utilizing data from two prominent databases, Scopus, and Web of Science, we seek to identify key trends, highlight significant contributions, and map the global distribution of research in this domain. The selection of these databases was based on their extensive coverage of peer-reviewed literature and their relevance to science, technology, and medicine. Our methodology involves systematic keyword-based searches, merging datasets, and eliminating duplicates using the Bibliometrix library in R, followed by data analysis and visualization with Biblioshiny and VOSviewer. 15 This approach ensures a thorough and insightful examination of the data, highlighting key trends and developments in the field. By understanding these dynamics, we can gain a clearer understanding of the progress made and the challenges ahead in integrating advanced technologies into medical devices. Through this study, we strive to deliver valuable insights into the trends and future directions of medical device technologies, offering a foundation for further research and innovation in this field. This article seeks to afford answers to questions regarding the integration of advanced technologies in medical devices: RQ1: What are the contributions and advancements made by different regions, particularly Africa, in this technological landscape? RQ2: What are the current trends and advancements in the integration of advanced technologies in medical devices? RQ3: What are the major challenges and barriers to the implementation of these advanced technologies in the medical field? In the first section, we will outline the methodology and materials used for our study, detailing the data collection process and the analytical tools employed. The second section will give an overview of the advanced technologies covered in this research, including AI, IoMT, AR, Big Data Analytics, and Cybersecurity. The third section will delve into the analysis of the collected data, presenting key findings and trends. Finally, we will discuss the implications of these advancements and the challenges ahead in integrating these technologies into medical devices, concluding with insights into future research directions and potential developments in this rapidly evolving field. 2. Methods In this article, we reviewed academic publications to examine the progress and state of advanced medical technologies, specifically AI and IoMT. Our analysis included data from Scopus and Web of Science, which were selected because they have a significant amount of peer-reviewed literature in science, technology, and medicine. We initiated our data collection with a search using the query: ((“medical devices” AND (“artificial intelligence” OR “internet of medical things” OR “deep learning” OR “Internet of Things” OR “machine learning” OR “Augmented reality”)). we refined our dataset by applying inclusion criteria based on specific keywords such as “Artificial Intelligence” or “Internet Of Things” or “Medical Devices” or “Health Care” or “Machine Learning” or “Biomedical Equipment” or “Big Data” or “Medical Device” or “Deep learning” or “Wearable Devices” or “Internet Of Medical Things” or “Cloud Computing” or “Augmented Reality” or “Wearable Medical Devices” or “Virtual Reality” or “Real-time”. This refinement was geared towards focusing on the specific technologies and their applications in medical devices. Publications were included if they: (1) focused on the integration of AI, IoMT, AR, cybersecurity, or related emerging technologies in medical devices; (2) were peer-reviewed journal articles, conference papers, or reviews; (3) were available in English with complete bibliographic metadata. Records were excluded if they were unrelated to medical devices, consisted of commentaries, editorials, or non-scientific reports, or lacked sufficient metadata for bibliometric processing. The search was limited to articles published between 2010 and 2024 to capture the most recent and relevant developments in the field. This timeframe was selected due to the significant technological advancements since 2010 have transformed the landscape of medical devices. To eliminate redundancy and ensure the uniqueness of the records, we used the Bibliometrix 16 library in R, which facilitated the merging of datasets from Scopus and Web of Science and the removal of duplicate records. For the bibliometric analysis, we employed the PRISMA method 17 to ensure a systematic and transparent approach to data collection. The method is presented in Figure 1 . Publication bias may arise from database coverage differences and the predominance of English-language publications. To mitigate this, we combined Scopus and Web of Science, thereby expanding geographical and disciplinary representation. Despite this measure, we acknowledge that bibliometric analyses cannot fully eliminate bias related to indexing practices and language restrictions, which may result in underrepresentation of emerging regions or local scientific outputs. Additionally, we used Biblioshiny from Bibliometrix 16 for advanced data analysis and visualization, as well as VOSviewer 15 for constructing and visualizing bibliometric maps using the VOS (Visualization of Similarities) mapping technique, which uses mathematical algorithms to visualize relationships between items. These tools collectively enabled a thorough and insightful examination of the data, highlighting key trends and developments in the field. Figure 1. PRISMA diagram for data collection and refinements. Table 1 gives an overview of the bibliometric data for the study, covering 2010 to 2024. The scope encompasses 3,094 documents from 1,747 sources, with a remarkable annual growth rate of 27.8%. Each document has an average of 13.92 citations, and it is rated as mean by the average lifespan of 3.24 years. The dataset holds contributions from 10,695 authors, with a substantial portion of them being involved in international collaboration (16.29%). The documents have a wide range of types, with most of them being articles (1,405), followed by conference papers (580), reviews (376), and book chapters (165). Through the analysis of this extensive data, we can establish a solid base for exploring trends and progress in medical device technologies. Table 1. Main information of final records. Description Results MAIN INFORMATION ABOUT DATA Timespan 2010:2024 Sources (Journals, Books, etc.) 1747 Documents 3094 Annual Growth Rate % 27,8 Document Average Age 3,24 Average citations per doc 13,92 References 115522 DOCUMENT CONTENTS Keywords Plus (ID) 11335 Author's Keywords (DE) 7636 AUTHORS Authors 10695 Authors of single-authored docs 216 AUTHORS COLLABORATION Single-authored docs 231 Co-Authors per Doc 4,74 International co-authorships % 16,29 DOCUMENT TYPES Article 1405 Book chapter 165 Conference paper 580 Review 376 3. Advanced technologies overview 3.1 Artificial intelligence Artificial Intelligence (AI) simulates human intelligence processes through programmed machines capable of thinking and learning. It includes diverse subfields such as machine learning, where algorithms autonomously improve from data without explicit programming; deep learning, which processes data through complex neural networks; natural language processing (NLP), enabling machines to understand and replicate human language; and computer vision, which interprets and acts on visual data from the world around us. In the healthcare sector, AI applications range from robotic surgeries offering precision beyond human capabilities to virtual nursing assistants reducing unnecessary hospital visits and burden on medical staff. 18 – 20 In finance, AI is crucial for real-time transaction monitoring and fraud detection, enhancing security and customer experience. AI’s integration into autonomous vehicles is transforming transportation, improving safety, and optimizing traffic management, illustrating its transformative impact across various industries. 1 , 2 3.2 Internet of things and internet of medical things The Internet of Things (IoT) integrates physical objects embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies that connect and exchange data over the internet. This connectivity enables real-time monitoring, control, and optimization of processes across numerous sectors. In manufacturing, IoT technologies facilitate predictive maintenance, reducing downtime by predicting equipment failures before they occur. 5 , 6 , 12 In the healthcare realm, the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) leverages IoT technologies to enhance patient monitoring and care. Devices such as smart inhalers and wearable fitness trackers collect health data, offering insights into patient habits and improving chronic disease management. Further, IoMT supports remote patient monitoring, allowing doctors to make informed decisions remotely and efficiently. The expansion of IoMT is set to revolutionize healthcare delivery, making it more patient-centered and data-driven. 7 – 9 , 21 – 23 3.3 Augmented reality and virtual reality Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) are reshaping how we interact with digital information and the world around us. AR enhances the real world with digital overlays, providing valuable information in real-time. This technology has profound applications in medical training, where AR goggles display patient data during procedures, allowing for more precise and safer surgeries. In education, AR apps bring complex academic concepts to life, enhancing understanding and retention. VR creates immersive virtual environments, extensively used in therapy and rehabilitation. It offers controlled and intensive therapy sessions for patients recovering from strokes or injuries, significantly speeding up the recovery process without the physical constraints of the real world. In entertainment, VR games and experiences allow users to immerse themselves completely in digital worlds, providing new forms of engagement. 14 , 24 – 28 3.4 Big data analysis Big Data Analysis examines vast sets of data to uncover hidden patterns, trends, and insights. This analysis is essential in sectors like healthcare, where big data is used to analyze patient information to predict disease patterns and treatment outcomes, leading to more effective interventions tailored to individual needs. In urban planning, big data helps manage everything from traffic flows to energy use, making cities smarter and more efficient. Retailers use big data to analyze consumer behavior, customizing marketing strategies to individual preferences and boosting sales. The growing capabilities in big data analytics continue to push the boundaries, making significant impacts on societal efficiency and economic activities. 3 , 4 3.5 Cybersecurity As digital technologies permeate all aspects of life, cybersecurity has become a critical pillar of the digital economy, essential for protecting sensitive data and preventing cyber threats. In healthcare, robust cybersecurity measures protect patient records and ensure the integrity of medical devices. In the financial sector, cybersecurity defends against sophisticated cyber-attacks aiming to breach data and disrupt services. The increasing adoption of IoT devices has also expanded the scope of cybersecurity, necessitating the development of advanced strategies to secure interconnected devices and networks. Emerging trends in cybersecurity include the use of artificial intelligence to detect unusual patterns and behaviors quickly and accurately, offering proactive threat prevention in an increasingly interconnected world 10 – 12 4. Analysis of collected data The integration of advanced technologies in medical devices and healthcare systems has significantly transformed patient care, diagnostics, and treatment methods. This transformation is driven by the increasing adoption of innovations such as AI, machine learning, and the IoT, which offer immense potential to improve healthcare outcomes. The following sections delve into specific aspects of this technological integration, examining the trends, global contributions, and research focuses that are shaping the future of healthcare. 4.1 Words’s frequency over time Figure 2 , which was created using Biblioshiny from the Bibliometrix for data extraction and analysis, with further visualization adjustments made in Microsoft Excel, illustrates the frequency of various keywords related to advanced technologies in healthcare over the period from 2010 to 2024. Notably, terms such as “Machine Learning,” “Artificial Intelligence,” “Deep Learning,” “Healthcare,” “Security,” “Internet of Things (IoT),” “Medical Devices,” and “Internet of Medical Things” have shown a marked increase in usage, particularly from 2016 onwards. “Healthcare” and “Internet of Things/IoT” demonstrate a steep upward trend, indicating a growing interest and integration of these technologies in the medical field. Similarly, “Machine Learning” and “Artificial Intelligence” have seen substantial growth, reflecting their expanding role in healthcare innovation. The consistent rise in “Security” highlights the increasing focus on safeguarding sensitive medical data in the era of interconnected devices. Overall, the graph underscores the rapid adoption and emphasis on these advanced technologies, emphasizing their significance in modernizing healthcare and medical device development. Figure 2. The frequency of various keywords overtime. 4.2 Countries’ scientific production Figure 3 , which was made by utilizing Biblioshiny for initial data handling and Microsoft Excel for the final graphical presentation, illustrates the global distribution of scientific production related to advanced technologies in healthcare. The United States leads with the highest frequency of scientific output (1248 publications), followed by China (737), India (654), and the United Kingdom (437). Other significant contributors include Italy, Germany, South Korea, and Japan. The map visually stands for these data, with darker shades indicating higher levels of scientific production. Africa’s scientific production, while less prolific compared to other regions, shows emerging contributions from countries such as Egypt (54 publications), South Africa (22), and Morocco (22). Morocco is noteworthy for its role in advancing healthcare technologies within the African continent, proving its commitment to scientific research and development in this field. This distribution highlights the concentration of research activities in North America, Asia, and parts of Europe, reflecting the regions’ strong focus on advancing healthcare technologies. The data underscores the pivotal role of these countries in driving innovation and contributing to the global body of knowledge in this field, while also indicating the growing participation of African nations in this critical area of research. Figure 3. Countries' scientific production of advanced technologies for medical devices. 4.3 Keyword clusters analysis VOSviewer is a powerful tool that allows for the visualization and examination of the structure and progression of scientific research. When used to analyze articles related to advanced medical technologies, VOSviewer 15 can identify and map significant research clusters. As shown in Figure 4 , these clusters highlight three focus areas. Figure 4. Visualization of key research clusters in advanced medical technologies using VOSviewer. Figure 4 is a visualization of Key Research Clusters in Advanced Medical Technologies, analyzed using VOSviewer 15 with a minimum co-occurrence of keywords set at 50, resulting in 66 final keywords. This method provides a comprehensive overview of current research and emerging trends, offering valuable insights for both researchers and practitioners. The artificial intelligence (AI) and augmented reality (AR) cluster, the red cluster, encompasses research on the integration of AI and AR technologies to enhance the functionality and effectiveness of medical devices, improving diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes. The Internet of Things (IoT) and Cybersecurity cluster, the green cluster, focuses on the intersection of IoT technologies with the security measures necessary to protect sensitive medical data and ensure the reliability of connected medical devices. The Embedded Systems cluster, the blue cluster, examines the role of embedded systems in the design and operation of medical devices, highlighting innovations that enable more efficient and effective healthcare delivery. These clusters provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research and emerging trends in the field of advanced medical technologies, offering valuable insights for researchers and practitioners alike. 5. AI and augmented reality in medical devices The medical device industry is being transformed by Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Augmented Reality (AR) by increasing diagnostic accuracy, improving surgical precision, and providing immersive training environments. AI algorithms analyze vast amounts of medical data to aid in diagnosis, treatment planning, and patient monitoring, while AR provides real-time visualizations that assist surgeons during complex procedures and offer interactive educational tools for medical professionals. The top authors in the field of AI and AR in medical devices, as presented in Table 2 , are making significant contributions to advancing this innovative area of healthcare. Leading the list is Chen Y, who has an H-index of 6, emphasizing their impactful work on integrating augmented reality with artificial intelligence to develop diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities. Following closely is Cercenelli L, with an H-index of 3, focusing on using these technologies to improve surgical outcomes and medical training. Kamel B M, despite an H-index of 2, has a notable citation count of 247, reflecting significant contributions to the field. Other prominent authors such as Kleemann M and Laukkavirta M, although having lower H-indexes and citations, are actively engaged in exploring the applications of machine learning and computer vision in medical devices, further pushing the boundaries of what is possible with AI and AR in healthcare. Table 2. Top authors in AI and AR in medical devices. Rank Author H_index TC 1 Chen Y 6 232 2 Cercenelli L 3 50 3 Kamel B M 2 247 4 Kleemann M 2 6 5 Laukkavirta M 1 1 5.1 Overview of AI and AR in medical devices The integration of AI and AR in medical devices is transforming the healthcare landscape, enhancing efficiency, safety, and patient outcomes. Authors in 28 highlight that AI and AR advancements are improving diagnostics, personalized treatments, and patient monitoring. Ho and al. 29 discuss how AI enhances the precision of converting mechanical to electrical signals in medical devices, while AR provides real-time visual feedback, improving usability and efficiency. Nguyen and al. 30 explore the impact of AI and AR on healthcare within the digital economy, particularly in health metaverses, which increase patient engagement and treatment outcomes through virtual and augmented reality. 6. IoT and cybersecurity in medical devices The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) with cybersecurity measures in medical devices is transforming healthcare by enhancing connectivity, real-time monitoring, and data security. These technologies improve patient care by enabling continuous monitoring and timely interventions while ensuring the security of sensitive health data against cyber threats. In the rapidly evolving field of IoT and cybersecurity in medical devices, Table 3 shows that top authors such as Xu Y and Thirugnanam M are at the forefront of research, addressing significant challenges in securing interconnected medical devices. Their work focuses on enhancing data privacy and implementing robust cybersecurity measures to protect sensitive health information. Authors like Sharma S and Alizadehsani R are contributing valuable insights into the integration of IoT technologies with existing medical infrastructures, aiming to increase real-time monitoring and patient care. Feng X, although with a lower H-index, is also engaged in exploring innovative solutions for secure communication protocols within medical networks. Collectively, these authors are making significant contributions to ensuring that the benefits of IoT in healthcare are realized without compromising security and privacy. Table 3. Top authors in IoT and Cybersecurity in medical devices. Rank Author H_index TC 1 Xu Y 4 127 2 Thirugnanam M 2 135 3 Sharma S 2 85 4 Alizadehsani R 2 29 5 Feng X 1 1 6.1 Overview of IoT and cybersecurity The integration of IoT and cybersecurity in medical devices is revolutionizing healthcare by enhancing connectivity, real-time monitoring, and data security. N. M. Thomasian and al. 11 discuss the role of IoT in improving the quality and efficiency of medical services, emphasizing the importance of AI and machine learning in enhancing cybersecurity. Messinis and al. 12 explore security enhancements for IoMT, highlighting techniques to protect medical data and ensure patient safety. O. Pournik and al. 13 present a single message identification method for IoT, addressing the need for secure communication protocols in medical devices. Rocha and al. 21 review the use of edge AI for IoMT, discussing the benefits of real-time data processing and cybersecurity measures. Razdan and al. 22 provide an overview of emerging trends in IoMT, focusing on the cybersecurity challenges and solutions for protecting medical devices. 7. Embedded systems in medical devices Embedded systems play a significant role in the development and functionality of modern medical devices, enhancing their reliability, efficiency, and real-time performance. These systems integrate hardware and software to perform specific functions, often within the constraints of real-time operations, making them vital for applications such as patient monitoring, diagnostic tools, and therapeutic devices. The field of embedded systems in medical devices is critical for developing dependable, efficient, and real-time healthcare solutions. Leading this research, as mentioned in Table 4 , is Lysecky R, whose work focuses on optimizing the hardware and software integration within medical devices. Adegbija T has also made significant advancements in microcontroller technologies and their applications in medical devices. Surrel G is notable for contributions to enhancing the real-time performance of these systems, which is vital for applications like patient monitoring and diagnostic tools. Furthermore, Nunes IO and Simalatsar A are engaged in collaborative efforts that push the boundaries of secure and efficient embedded systems, ensuring that these technologies can meet the stringent demands of the healthcare industry. These authors exemplify the innovative spirit and technical expertise driving progress in embedded systems for medical applications. Table 4. Top authors in Embedded Systems in medical devices. Rank Author H_index TC 1 Lysecky R 3 22 2 Adegbija T 2 73 3 Surrel G 1 71 4 Nunes IO 1 19 5 Simalatsar A 1 6 7.1 Overview of Embedded Systems in medical devices The integration of technology enhances the accuracy, safety, and efficiency of medical treatments and monitoring systems. Authors in 31 address memory safety challenges in life-critical medical devices with TrustFlow-X, a hardware/software co-designed framework ensuring fine-grained control-flow integrity against memory-based attacks. Similarly, authors in 32 develop a wearable, energy-efficient system for long-term obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) monitoring using a single-channel ECG signal, bridging home healthcare and professional supervision with real-time, patient-specific detection. Alena Simalatsar and al. introduce a method using Timed Automata extended with Tasks (TAT) for representing medical guidelines, addressing structural issues, enabling formal verification, and improving medical service protocols. 33 8. Discussion This study has highlighted significant trends and developments in integrating advanced technologies in medical devices, focusing on AI, IoMT (Internet of Medical Things), AR (Augmented Reality), big data analytics, and cybersecurity. Our review of publications from 2010 to 2024 reveals a growing interest in these technologies, with notable contributions from Africa, particularly Morocco. The research identified three major clusters: AI and AR, IoT and cybersecurity, as well as embedded systems, each playing a critical role in modernizing healthcare. The findings align with existing literature that underscores the transformative potential of AI and IoMT in healthcare. AI is revolutionizing diagnostics and treatment planning, as noted by A. Abdaoui and al. 18 Similarly, IoMT and AR technologies enhance real-time monitoring and increase surgical precision. 5 , 30 AI, encompassing Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and Natural Language Processing, can analyze large datasets and provide predictive analytics to increase diagnostic accuracy and enable personalized treatment plans by identifying patterns in patient data that may be missed by human clinicians, leading to early intervention. 19 , 20 For example, AI has revolutionized medical imaging for conditions like cancer, 18 while NLP interprets unstructured data from clinical notes and Electronic Health Records (EHRs). 1 Additionally, AI combined with human-computer interaction (HCI) develops patient interfaces, making medical devices more user-friendly and efficient, while AI-driven simulations provide risk-free hands-on training for medical professionals. 1 , 2 AR technology has found numerous applications in medical training and surgical procedures. By overlaying digital information onto the physical world, AR can provide surgeons with real-time guidance, enhancing precision during complex surgeries and leading to better patient outcomes. 34 For instance, AR can display vital signs, anatomical landmarks, and surgical pathways directly onto the surgeon’s field of view, minimizing the need to look away from the patient to consult separate monitors. 26 This hands-free access to crucial data not only improves surgical accuracy but also reduces the likelihood of errors and shortens operation time. 25 IoMT’s connectivity enables continuous patient monitoring, which is crucial for managing chronic conditions and facilitating timely interventions. Devices such as wearable sensors, remote monitoring systems, and smart implants collect and transmit health data in real-time, allowing healthcare providers to monitor patients’ conditions continuously and adjust treatments as needed. 21 These technologies provide valuable insights into patients’ daily activities, vital signs, and overall health status, enabling proactive healthcare management. For example, wearable sensors can track parameters like heart rate, blood pressure, glucose levels, and physical activity, alerting both patients and healthcare providers to any abnormalities or significant changes. 23 This continuous flow of data allows for early detection of potential health issues, such as arrhythmias or spikes in blood sugar levels, enabling timely interventions that can prevent complications and hospitalizations. However, with the increasing transmission of sensitive health data, data privacy and security have become paramount concerns. Robust cybersecurity measures are essential to protect against data breaches and unauthorized access, ensuring patient confidentiality and data integrity. 12 As IoMT devices collect and transmit vast amounts of personal health information, they become attractive targets for cyberattacks. Therefore, implementing advanced security protocols is critical to safeguarding this data. Embedded systems are crucial for modern medical devices, providing necessary computational power for specific applications like medical imaging, patient monitoring, and wearable health devices. They refine functionality, reliability, and precision. In medical imaging, they process data in real-time for high-resolution images, aiding diagnosis and treatment. In patient monitoring, they track vital signs continuously, enabling timely interventions. Wearable devices use embedded systems to collect and analyze health data, offering actionable insights to users and healthcare providers. 31 – 33 Despite advancements, significant challenges remain. Infrastructure limitations, such as the need for reliable internet connectivity and advanced computational resources, hinder the widespread adoption of these technologies, especially in rural or underserved areas. This digital divide can result in disparities in healthcare quality. Additionally, interoperability issues between various devices and systems complicate integration into existing healthcare frameworks, as different manufacturers often use proprietary technologies and standards. Developing standardized protocols and interfaces is crucial for seamless communication and integration across devices from different manufacturers. Industry 4.0, characterized by the integration of cyber-physical systems, IoT, and cloud computing, has the potential to significantly impact medical devices powered by advanced technologies. These innovations enable smart manufacturing, enhancing the production and scalability of medical devices. AI-driven analytics can develop quality control by identifying defects early, ensuring high standards of safety and efficacy. 1 , 21 IoT-enabled devices facilitate real-time monitoring of manufacturing conditions, allowing for adjustments to maintain consistency and regulatory compliance. 6 Moreover, AR can be used for remote assistance and training, providing real-time visual instructions and guidance, enhancing efficiency and expertise in manufacturing. 24 , 27 The integration of technologies like 3D printing with AI and IoT allows for personalized manufacturing of medical devices, such as custom-fitted prosthetics and implants, significantly advancing the field and improving patient outcomes. The integration of AI, IoMT, AR, and cybersecurity into medical devices raises important ethical and clinical issues. Many AI systems operate as complex models that are not fully transparent, which can affect trust and accountability in clinical decision-making, especially in diagnostic applications. IoMT devices continuously transmit sensitive health data, increasing the risk of privacy breaches and cyberattacks. Strong security measures, clear regulations, and careful system design are therefore essential to protect patient safety and data confidentiality. In addition, biased training data can lead to unequal performance across populations, and the use of AI and AR in clinical practice requires proper user training to avoid over-reliance on automated systems. This study also has several limitations. The analysis is based only on publications indexed in Scopus and Web of Science and limited to English-language documents, which may exclude relevant research from other sources or regions. The use of predefined keywords may have led to the omission of studies that use different terminology. Moreover, bibliometric analysis focuses on publication metadata and does not evaluate the methodological quality or clinical validity of individual studies. Despite these limitations, the results indicate a clear shift toward more intelligent, connected, and data-driven medical devices. The convergence of AI, IoMT, AR, and embedded systems is influencing clinical practice, device manufacturing, and patient engagement. To fully benefit from these technologies, future efforts should support interdisciplinary research, strengthen regulatory and ethical frameworks, and invest in digital infrastructure. Such actions are necessary to ensure that innovation in medical devices is safe, equitable, and sustainable at a global level. 9. Conclusion This article has explored the transformative impact of advanced technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), augmented reality (AR), big data analytics, and cybersecurity on the medical device industry. A comprehensive analysis of academic publications from 2010 to 2024 using data from Scopus and Web of Science identified significant trends, key contributors, and emerging themes in these fields. The analysis of trend keywords reveals a growing interest in “Machine Learning,” “Artificial Intelligence,” “Internet of Things,” “Medical Devices,” and “Cybersecurity.” These keywords highlight the areas of focus and innovation in the medical device industry, reflecting the increasing adoption of advanced technologies to improve healthcare outcomes. Africa’s position in this technological landscape is emerging, with notable contributions from countries such as Egypt, South Africa, and Morocco. Morocco is making significant strides in advancing healthcare technologies, demonstrating a growing commitment to scientific research and development in this field. These efforts are fostering innovation and placing African nations on the global map of technological advancements in healthcare. The research identified three major clusters: AI and AR, IoT and cybersecurity, and embedded systems. The AI and AR cluster focuses on integrating these technologies to boost up diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes. The IoT and cybersecurity cluster emphasizes the importance of secure and reliable interconnected medical devices. The embedded systems cluster highlights innovations in hardware and software integration, which are critical for real-time operations and the efficiency of medical devices. These clusters underscore the multifaceted approach required to advance medical technologies and address the challenges of modern healthcare. Overall, this review demonstrates that advanced digital technologies are reshaping the medical device landscape and hold significant potential to improve patient outcomes, modernise clinical workflows, and accelerate personalized medicine. Continued interdisciplinary research, combined with policy support and infrastructure development, will be important to fully realising the benefits of these innovations on a global scale. Future directions Our future perspective will concentrate on studying the integration and impact of advanced technologies within a single medical device. This focused approach will allow us to deeply investigate how specific technologies like AI, IoMT, and AR can be used to develop the functionality, safety, and efficiency of a particular medical device. By focusing on one device, we aim to provide detailed insights into the technical challenges, potential improvements, and practical applications of these technologies in a healthcare setting. This will not only contribute to the body of knowledge but also pave the way for targeted innovations that could revolutionize the design and use of medical devices. Key areas of exploration include the benefits of AI in enhancing device functionality by learning from vast data and making real-time decisions, improving diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes, and aiding in predictive maintenance. IoMT integration will be studied for its potential to create a network of connected devices, allowing continuous monitoring and real-time data analysis, as exemplified by smart insulin pumps. AR technology’s ability to increase surgical precision and medical training will be evaluated. Research on cybersecurity measures will focus on protecting sensitive health data transmitted by IoMT devices. Collaborative research with healthcare professionals, patients, and industry stakeholders will ensure the development of user-friendly, technologically advanced solutions aligned with healthcare sector requirements. Our future perspective will concentrate on studying the integration and impact of advanced technologies within a single medical device. This focused approach will allow us to deeply investigate how specific technologies like AI, IoMT, and AR can be used to develop the functionality, safety, and efficiency of a particular medical device. By focusing on one device, we aim to provide detailed insights into the technical challenges, potential improvements, and practical applications of these technologies in a healthcare setting. This will not only contribute to the body of knowledge but also pave the way for targeted innovations that could revolutionize the design and use of medical devices. Key areas of exploration include the benefits of AI in enhancing device functionality by learning from vast data and making real-time decisions, improving diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes, and aiding in predictive maintenance. IoMT integration will be studied for its potential to create a network of connected devices, allowing continuous monitoring and real-time data analysis, as exemplified by smart insulin pumps. AR technology’s ability to increase surgical precision and medical training will be evaluated. Research on cybersecurity measures will focus on protecting sensitive health data transmitted by IoMT devices. Collaborative research with healthcare professionals, patients, and industry stakeholders will ensure the development of user-friendly, technologically advanced solutions aligned with healthcare sector requirements. Ethics and consent All ethical guidelines were strictly adhered to during the conduct of this research. Data availability Underlying data Figshare: Comprehensive Dataset of Academic Publications on the Integration of Advanced Technologies in Medical Devices with PRISMA Documentation (2010-2024), https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26412223.v2 . 35 Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). Acknowledgment We would like to express our profound appreciation to the Research Foundation for Development and Innovation in Science and Engineering (FRDISI). Their invaluable support and the favorable environment they provided have been instrumental in conducting this research. References 1. Alkatheiri MS: Artificial intelligence assisted improved human-computer interactions for computer systems. Comput. Electr. Eng. Jul. 2022; 101 : 107950. Publisher Full Text 2. Wang N, Rebolledo-Mendez G, Matsuda N, et al. : Artificial Intelligence in Education. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland; 2023; vol. 13916 . . Publisher Full Text 3. Manogaran G, Lopez D, Thota C, et al. : Big Data Analytics in Healthcare Internet of Things.2017; pp. 263–284. Publisher Full Text 4. Bhardwaj N, Wodajo B, Spano A, et al. : The Impact of Big Data on Chronic Disease Management. Health Care Manag (Frederick). Jan. 2018; 37 (1): 90–98. Publisher Full Text 5. Luo P, Li ZS: A Review of Internet of Things (IoT) based Engineering Applications and Data Fusion Challenges for Multi-rate Multi-sensor Systems 2020 IEEE International Conference on Prognostics and Health Management (ICPHM). IEEE; Jun. 2020; pp. 1–7. Publisher Full Text 6. Gallos P, et al. : MedSecurance Project: Advanced Security-for-Safety Assurance for Medical Device IoT (IoMT).2023. Publisher Full Text 7. Dulhare UN, Kumar AVS, Dutta A, et al. : Handbook of Research on Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Techniques in Personalized Healthcare Services. New York: Apple Academic Press; 2024. Publisher Full Text 8. Arora S: IoMT (Internet of Medical Things): Reducing Cost While Improving Patient Care. IEEE Pulse. Sep. 2020; 11 (5): 24–27. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 9. Pradyumna GR, Hegde RB, Bommegowda KB, et al. : Empowering Healthcare With IoMT: Evolution, Machine Learning Integration, Security, and Interoperability Challenges. IEEE Access. 2024; 12 : 20603–20623. Publisher Full Text 10. Abouelmehdi K, Beni-Hssane A, Khaloufi H, et al. : Big data security and privacy in healthcare: A Review. Procedia Comput. Sci. 2017; 113 : 73–80. Publisher Full Text 11. Thomasian NM, Adashi EY: Cybersecurity in the Internet of Medical Things. Health Policy Technol. Sep. 2021; 10 (3): 100549. Publisher Full Text 12. Messinis S, Temenos N, Protonotarios NE, et al. : Enhancing Internet of Medical Things security with artificial intelligence: A comprehensive review. Comput. Biol. Med. Mar. 2024; 170 : 108036. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 13. Pournik O, Mukherjee T, Ghalichi L, et al. : How Interoperability Challenges Are Addressed in Healthcare IoT Projects.2023. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 14. Moawad GN, Elkhalil J, Klebanoff JS, et al. : Augmented Realities, Artificial Intelligence, and Machine Learning: Clinical Implications and How Technology Is Shaping the Future of Medicine. J. Clin. Med. Nov. 2020; 9 (12): 3811. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 15. van Eck NJ , Waltman L: Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics. Aug. 2010; 84 (2): 523–538. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 16. Aria M, Cuccurullo C: bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. J. Informetr. Nov. 2017; 11 (4): 959–975. Publisher Full Text 17. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. : Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med. Jul. 2009; 6 (7): e1000097. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 18. Abdaoui A, Al-Ali A, Riahi A, et al. : Secure medical treatment with deep learning on embedded board. Energy Efficiency of Medical Devices and Healthcare Applications. Elsevier; 2020; pp. 131–151. Publisher Full Text 19. Holzinger A: Machine Learning for Health Informatics. vol. 9605 . . Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. Publisher Full Text 20. Manickam P, et al. : Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) Assisted Biomedical Systems for Intelligent Healthcare. Biosensors (Basel). Jul. 2022; 12 (8): 562. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 21. Rocha A, et al. : Edge AI for Internet of Medical Things: A literature review. Comput. Electr. Eng. May 2024; 116 : 109202. Publisher Full Text 22. Razdan S, Sharma S: Internet of Medical Things (IoMT): Overview, Emerging Technologies, and Case Studies. IETE Tech. Rev. Jul. 2022; 39 (4): 775–788. Publisher Full Text 23. Ghubaish A, Salman T, Zolanvari M, et al. : Recent Advances in the Internet-of-Medical-Things (IoMT) Systems Security. IEEE Internet Things J. Jun. 2021; 8 (11): 8707–8718. Publisher Full Text 24. Zulfiqar F, Raza R, Khan MO, et al. : Augmented Reality and its Applications in Education: A Systematic Survey. IEEE Access. 2023; 11 : 143250–143271. Publisher Full Text 25. Pottle J: Virtual reality and the transformation of medical education. Future Healthc J. Oct. 2019; 6 (3): 181–185. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 26. Suresh D, Aydin A, James S, et al. : The Role of Augmented Reality in Surgical Training: A Systematic Review. Surg. Innov. Jun. 2023; 30 (3): 366–382. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 27. Tang KS, Cheng DL, Mi E, et al. : Augmented reality in medical education: a systematic review. Can. Med. Educ. J. Dec. 2019; 11 : e81–e96. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 28. Nagy A, Lagkas T, Sarigiannidis P, et al. : Evaluation of AI-Supported Input Methods in Augmented Reality Environment. 2023 19th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Smart Systems and the Internet of Things (DCOSS-IoT). IEEE; Jun. 2023; pp. 496–503. Publisher Full Text 29. Ho D: The Piezoionic Effect: Biomimetic Transduction Mechanism for Sensing, Actuation, Interface, and Energy Harvesting. ChemElectroChem. Feb. 2024; 11 (3). Publisher Full Text 30. Nguyen H-S, Voznak M: A Bibliometric Analysis of Technology in Digital Health: Exploring Health Metaverse and Visualizing Emerging Healthcare Management Trends. IEEE Access. 2024; 12 : 23887–23913. Publisher Full Text 31. Bresch C, Hély D, Lysecky R, et al. : TrustFlow-X. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. Sep. 2020; 19 (5): 1–26. Publisher Full Text 32. Surrel G, Aminifar A, Rincon F, et al. : Online Obstructive Sleep Apnea Detection on Medical Wearable Sensors. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. Aug. 2018; 12 (4): 762–773. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 33. Simalatsar A, You W, Gotta V, et al. : Representation of Medical Guidelines with a Computer Interpretable Model. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Tools. Jun. 2014; 23 (03): 1460003. Publisher Full Text 34. Rowan NJ: Digital technologies to unlock safe and sustainable opportunities for medical device and healthcare sectors with a focus on the combined use of digital twin and extended reality applications: A review. Sci. Total Environ. May 2024; 926 : 171672. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 35. Comprehensive Dataset of Academic Publications on the Integration of Advanced Technologies in Medical Devices with PRISMA Documentation (2010-2024). Accessed: Aug. 24, 2024. Reference Source Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 04 Sep 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Engineering, Industrial Management and Innovation (EIMI), Hassan 1st University Faculty of Science and Technology Settat, Settat, Chaouia-Ouardigha, Morocco 2 Foundation for Research Development and Innovation in Science and Engineering, Casablanca, Grand Casablanca, Morocco 3 The International Academy of Scientific Francophone (IASF), Rabat, Morocco Achraf akkaoui Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Yassine ZAHIDI Roles: Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Mohamed El Moufid Roles: Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Wafaa DACHRY Roles: Supervision, Validation, Visualization Hassan GZIRI Roles: Supervision, Validation, Visualization Hicham Medromi Roles: Supervision, Validation, Visualization Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (2) version 2 Revised Published: 19 Mar 2026, 13:1007 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.154869.2 version 1 Published: 04 Sep 2024, 13:1007 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.154869.1 Copyright © 2026 akkaoui A et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article akkaoui A, ZAHIDI Y, El Moufid M et al. Developing medical devices with emerging technologies: trends, challenges, and future directions [version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 13 :1007 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.154869.2 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 19 Mar 2026 Revised Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Mohammed S. Reviewer Report For: Developing medical devices with emerging technologies: trends, challenges, and future directions [version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 13 :1007 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.193492.r479319 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1007/v2#referee-response-479319 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 07 May 2026 Shehu Mohammed , Department of Computer Science, Abdu Gusau Polytechnic, Talata Mafara, Zamfara, Nigeria; School of Computer Applications, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.193492.r479319 This manuscript presents a timely and relevant study on the integration of emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), augmented reality (AR), and cybersecurity, in medical device development. The rationale and objectives are clearly stated, and ... Continue reading READ ALL This manuscript presents a timely and relevant study on the integration of emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), augmented reality (AR), and cybersecurity, in medical device development. The rationale and objectives are clearly stated, and the study is supported by a substantial dataset and appropriate bibliometric tools, providing useful insights into global research trends and technological advancements. However, several aspects require improvement to enhance the scientific rigor and clarity of the manuscript. First, the study is described as a systematic review, whereas the methodology aligns more closely with a bibliometric analysis. This distinction should be clarified throughout the manuscript to ensure methodological accuracy. Second, the methodological description lacks sufficient detail to allow full reproducibility. Specifically, the authors should provide complete database-specific search queries, clearly indicate the search dates, and describe the screening and selection process in greater detail. Third, the manuscript does not include any form of study quality or risk-of-bias assessment, which limits its rigor if positioned as a systematic review. This should either be incorporated or explicitly acknowledged as a limitation. Additionally, the discussion section is largely descriptive and would benefit from deeper critical analysis. The authors are encouraged to include comparative evaluations of the technologies discussed, highlight practical implementation challenges, and provide more analytical insights. There is also some redundancy in the “Future Directions” section, which should be revised to remove duplicated content and improve conciseness. Minor grammatical inconsistencies and informal phrasing are present and should be corrected to ensure a consistent academic tone. Overall, the manuscript makes a valuable contribution to the field and, with these revisions, has strong potential for indexing. Are the rationale for, and objectives of, the Systematic Review clearly stated? Yes Are sufficient details of the methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly Is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results presented in the review? Yes If this is a Living Systematic Review, is the ‘living’ method appropriate and is the search schedule clearly defined and justified? (‘Living Systematic Review’ or a variation of this term should be included in the title.) Not applicable Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare, Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), Biomedical Engineering, Digital Health Technologies, Medical Device Innovation, Machine Learning Applications in Healthcare, Healthcare Data Analytics, and Cybersecurity in Medical Systems. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Mohammed S. Reviewer Report For: Developing medical devices with emerging technologies: trends, challenges, and future directions [version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 13 :1007 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.193492.r479319 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1007/v2#referee-response-479319 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 04 Sep 2024 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Adabara I. Reviewer Report For: Developing medical devices with emerging technologies: trends, challenges, and future directions [version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 13 :1007 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.169950.r435467 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1007/v1#referee-response-435467 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 11 Dec 2025 Ibrahim Adabara , Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.169950.r435467 This manuscript presents a comprehensive and well-structured systematic review that examines the integration of emerging technologies in medical device development, focusing on Artificial Intelligence (AI) , the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) , Augmented Reality (AR) , and cybersecurity . The ... Continue reading READ ALL This manuscript presents a comprehensive and well-structured systematic review that examines the integration of emerging technologies in medical device development, focusing on Artificial Intelligence (AI) , the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) , Augmented Reality (AR) , and cybersecurity . The study’s rationale is clearly justified , and the research questions are well defined . The methodological approach , which combines Scopus and Web of Science datasets with bibliometric tools such as Bibliometrix , Biblioshiny , and VOSviewer , is robust and enhances the credibility of the analysis. The visualizations are informative and effectively illustrate key trends, collaborations, and thematic clusters within this growing field. The discussion provides valuable insights into global research dynamics, particularly through its emphasis on Africa’s and Morocco’s emerging roles in healthcare innovation . This regional focus adds originality and significance to the work. However, the methodology section would benefit from more detailed explanations regarding inclusion and exclusion criteria, data quality assessment, and management of potential publication bias. The discussion could also include a deeper critical reflection on the limitations and ethical implications of applying AI and cybersecurity within clinical settings. Overall, this article makes a significant and timely contribution to understanding how advanced technologies are transforming the medical device industry. With minor revisions aimed at improving methodological transparency and analytical depth , it has strong potential to serve as an important reference for researchers and policymakers working at the intersection of innovation, digital health, and biomedical engineering. Are the rationale for, and objectives of, the Systematic Review clearly stated? Yes Are sufficient details of the methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly Is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results presented in the review? Yes If this is a Living Systematic Review, is the ‘living’ method appropriate and is the search schedule clearly defined and justified? (‘Living Systematic Review’ or a variation of this term should be included in the title.) Not applicable References 1. akkaoui A, ZAHIDI Y, El Moufid M, DACHRY W, et al.: Developing medical devices with emerging technologies: trends, challenges, and future directions. F1000Research . 2024; 13 . Publisher Full Text Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare, Cybersecurity Governance, Ethical and Agentic AI Systems, Digital Health Resilience, and Biomedical Informatics.My research explores the integration of agentic artificial intelligence frameworks for ethical governance and resilience in healthcare cybersecurity systems, focusing on the intersection of AI ethics, policy-driven digital health security, and autonomous decision intelligence in clinical and institutional environments. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Adabara I. Reviewer Report For: Developing medical devices with emerging technologies: trends, challenges, and future directions [version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 13 :1007 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.169950.r435467 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1007/v1#referee-response-435467 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 19 Mar 2026 Achraf akkaoui , Engineering, Industrial Management and Innovation (EIMI), Hassan 1st University Faculty of Science and Technology Settat, Settat, Morocco 19 Mar 2026 Author Response We sincerely thank the reviewer for the careful evaluation of our manuscript and for the constructive recommendations. We appreciate the positive assessment of the study rationale, research questions, methodological framework, ... Continue reading We sincerely thank the reviewer for the careful evaluation of our manuscript and for the constructive recommendations. We appreciate the positive assessment of the study rationale, research questions, methodological framework, and the clarity of the bibliometric visualisations, as well as the recognition of the regional contribution highlighting Africa and Morocco. In response to the reviewer’s reservations, we have revised the manuscript to improve methodological transparency and analytical depth. Specifically, the Methods section now includes explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria, clearer justification of data processing requirements, and an added statement on potential publication bias, including mitigation through combining Scopus and Web of Science while acknowledging remaining limitations. The Discussion has also been strengthened with a deeper critical reflection on study limitations and on ethical and clinical implications of AI, IoMT, AR, and cybersecurity, including issues of transparency, accountability, privacy, bias, and the need for user training and robust governance. We sincerely thank the reviewer for the careful evaluation of our manuscript and for the constructive recommendations. We appreciate the positive assessment of the study rationale, research questions, methodological framework, and the clarity of the bibliometric visualisations, as well as the recognition of the regional contribution highlighting Africa and Morocco. In response to the reviewer’s reservations, we have revised the manuscript to improve methodological transparency and analytical depth. Specifically, the Methods section now includes explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria, clearer justification of data processing requirements, and an added statement on potential publication bias, including mitigation through combining Scopus and Web of Science while acknowledging remaining limitations. The Discussion has also been strengthened with a deeper critical reflection on study limitations and on ethical and clinical implications of AI, IoMT, AR, and cybersecurity, including issues of transparency, accountability, privacy, bias, and the need for user training and robust governance. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 19 Mar 2026 Achraf akkaoui , Engineering, Industrial Management and Innovation (EIMI), Hassan 1st University Faculty of Science and Technology Settat, Settat, Morocco 19 Mar 2026 Author Response We sincerely thank the reviewer for the careful evaluation of our manuscript and for the constructive recommendations. We appreciate the positive assessment of the study rationale, research questions, methodological framework, ... Continue reading We sincerely thank the reviewer for the careful evaluation of our manuscript and for the constructive recommendations. We appreciate the positive assessment of the study rationale, research questions, methodological framework, and the clarity of the bibliometric visualisations, as well as the recognition of the regional contribution highlighting Africa and Morocco. In response to the reviewer’s reservations, we have revised the manuscript to improve methodological transparency and analytical depth. Specifically, the Methods section now includes explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria, clearer justification of data processing requirements, and an added statement on potential publication bias, including mitigation through combining Scopus and Web of Science while acknowledging remaining limitations. The Discussion has also been strengthened with a deeper critical reflection on study limitations and on ethical and clinical implications of AI, IoMT, AR, and cybersecurity, including issues of transparency, accountability, privacy, bias, and the need for user training and robust governance. We sincerely thank the reviewer for the careful evaluation of our manuscript and for the constructive recommendations. We appreciate the positive assessment of the study rationale, research questions, methodological framework, and the clarity of the bibliometric visualisations, as well as the recognition of the regional contribution highlighting Africa and Morocco. In response to the reviewer’s reservations, we have revised the manuscript to improve methodological transparency and analytical depth. Specifically, the Methods section now includes explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria, clearer justification of data processing requirements, and an added statement on potential publication bias, including mitigation through combining Scopus and Web of Science while acknowledging remaining limitations. The Discussion has also been strengthened with a deeper critical reflection on study limitations and on ethical and clinical implications of AI, IoMT, AR, and cybersecurity, including issues of transparency, accountability, privacy, bias, and the need for user training and robust governance. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 04 Sep 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 Version 2 (revision) 19 Mar 26 read Version 1 04 Sep 24 read Ibrahim Adabara , Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda Shehu Mohammed , Abdu Gusau Polytechnic, Talata Mafara, Nigeria; Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Mohammed S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 07 May 2026 | for Version 2 Shehu Mohammed , Department of Computer Science, Abdu Gusau Polytechnic, Talata Mafara, Zamfara, Nigeria; School of Computer Applications, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India 0 Views copyright © 2026 Mohammed S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions This manuscript presents a timely and relevant study on the integration of emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), augmented reality (AR), and cybersecurity, in medical device development. The rationale and objectives are clearly stated, and the study is supported by a substantial dataset and appropriate bibliometric tools, providing useful insights into global research trends and technological advancements. However, several aspects require improvement to enhance the scientific rigor and clarity of the manuscript. First, the study is described as a systematic review, whereas the methodology aligns more closely with a bibliometric analysis. This distinction should be clarified throughout the manuscript to ensure methodological accuracy. Second, the methodological description lacks sufficient detail to allow full reproducibility. Specifically, the authors should provide complete database-specific search queries, clearly indicate the search dates, and describe the screening and selection process in greater detail. Third, the manuscript does not include any form of study quality or risk-of-bias assessment, which limits its rigor if positioned as a systematic review. This should either be incorporated or explicitly acknowledged as a limitation. Additionally, the discussion section is largely descriptive and would benefit from deeper critical analysis. The authors are encouraged to include comparative evaluations of the technologies discussed, highlight practical implementation challenges, and provide more analytical insights. There is also some redundancy in the “Future Directions” section, which should be revised to remove duplicated content and improve conciseness. Minor grammatical inconsistencies and informal phrasing are present and should be corrected to ensure a consistent academic tone. Overall, the manuscript makes a valuable contribution to the field and, with these revisions, has strong potential for indexing. Are the rationale for, and objectives of, the Systematic Review clearly stated? Yes Are sufficient details of the methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly Is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results presented in the review? Yes If this is a Living Systematic Review, is the ‘living’ method appropriate and is the search schedule clearly defined and justified? (‘Living Systematic Review’ or a variation of this term should be included in the title.) Not applicable Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare, Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), Biomedical Engineering, Digital Health Technologies, Medical Device Innovation, Machine Learning Applications in Healthcare, Healthcare Data Analytics, and Cybersecurity in Medical Systems. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Mohammed S. Peer Review Report For: Developing medical devices with emerging technologies: trends, challenges, and future directions [version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 13 :1007 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.193492.r479319) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1007/v2#referee-response-479319 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Adabara I. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 11 Dec 2025 | for Version 1 Ibrahim Adabara , Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda 0 Views copyright © 2025 Adabara I. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions This manuscript presents a comprehensive and well-structured systematic review that examines the integration of emerging technologies in medical device development, focusing on Artificial Intelligence (AI) , the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) , Augmented Reality (AR) , and cybersecurity . The study’s rationale is clearly justified , and the research questions are well defined . The methodological approach , which combines Scopus and Web of Science datasets with bibliometric tools such as Bibliometrix , Biblioshiny , and VOSviewer , is robust and enhances the credibility of the analysis. The visualizations are informative and effectively illustrate key trends, collaborations, and thematic clusters within this growing field. The discussion provides valuable insights into global research dynamics, particularly through its emphasis on Africa’s and Morocco’s emerging roles in healthcare innovation . This regional focus adds originality and significance to the work. However, the methodology section would benefit from more detailed explanations regarding inclusion and exclusion criteria, data quality assessment, and management of potential publication bias. The discussion could also include a deeper critical reflection on the limitations and ethical implications of applying AI and cybersecurity within clinical settings. Overall, this article makes a significant and timely contribution to understanding how advanced technologies are transforming the medical device industry. With minor revisions aimed at improving methodological transparency and analytical depth , it has strong potential to serve as an important reference for researchers and policymakers working at the intersection of innovation, digital health, and biomedical engineering. Are the rationale for, and objectives of, the Systematic Review clearly stated? Yes Are sufficient details of the methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly Is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results presented in the review? Yes If this is a Living Systematic Review, is the ‘living’ method appropriate and is the search schedule clearly defined and justified? (‘Living Systematic Review’ or a variation of this term should be included in the title.) Not applicable References 1. akkaoui A, ZAHIDI Y, El Moufid M, DACHRY W, et al.: Developing medical devices with emerging technologies: trends, challenges, and future directions. F1000Research . 2024; 13 . Publisher Full Text Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare, Cybersecurity Governance, Ethical and Agentic AI Systems, Digital Health Resilience, and Biomedical Informatics.My research explores the integration of agentic artificial intelligence frameworks for ethical governance and resilience in healthcare cybersecurity systems, focusing on the intersection of AI ethics, policy-driven digital health security, and autonomous decision intelligence in clinical and institutional environments. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 19 Mar 2026 Achraf akkaoui, Engineering, Industrial Management and Innovation (EIMI), Hassan 1st University Faculty of Science and Technology Settat, Settat, Morocco We sincerely thank the reviewer for the careful evaluation of our manuscript and for the constructive recommendations. We appreciate the positive assessment of the study rationale, research questions, methodological framework, and the clarity of the bibliometric visualisations, as well as the recognition of the regional contribution highlighting Africa and Morocco. In response to the reviewer’s reservations, we have revised the manuscript to improve methodological transparency and analytical depth. Specifically, the Methods section now includes explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria, clearer justification of data processing requirements, and an added statement on potential publication bias, including mitigation through combining Scopus and Web of Science while acknowledging remaining limitations. The Discussion has also been strengthened with a deeper critical reflection on study limitations and on ethical and clinical implications of AI, IoMT, AR, and cybersecurity, including issues of transparency, accountability, privacy, bias, and the need for user training and robust governance. View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Adabara I. Peer Review Report For: Developing medical devices with emerging technologies: trends, challenges, and future directions [version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 13 :1007 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.169950.r435467) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1007/v1#referee-response-435467 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. You hope/expect to benefit (e.g. favour or employment) as a result of your submission. You are an Editor for the journal in which the article is published. Examples of 'Financial Competing Interests' You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, any of the following from any commercial organisation that may gain financially from your submission: a salary, fees, funding, reimbursements. You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, shared grant support or other funding with any of the authors. You hold, or are currently applying for, any patents or significant stocks/shares relating to the subject matter of the paper you are commenting on. Stay Updated Sign up for content alerts and receive a weekly or monthly email with all newly published articles Register with F1000Research Already registered? Sign in Not now, thanks close PLEASE NOTE If you are an AUTHOR of this article, please check that you signed in with the account associated with this article otherwise we cannot automatically identify your role as an author and your comment will be labelled as a “User Comment”. If you are a REVIEWER of this article, please check that you have signed in with the account associated with this article and then go to your account to submit your report, please do not post your review here. If you do not have access to your original account, please contact us . All commenters must hold a formal affiliation as per our Policies . The information that you give us will be displayed next to your comment. User comments must be in English, comprehensible and relevant to the article under discussion. We reserve the right to remove any comments that we consider to be inappropriate, offensive or otherwise in breach of the User Comment Terms and Conditions . Commenters must not use a comment for personal attacks. When criticisms of the article are based on unpublished data, the data should be made available. I accept the User Comment Terms and Conditions Please confirm that you accept the User Comment Terms and Conditions. Affiliation ✕ refresh Please enter your institution. Note: To add your institution or organisation, start typing the name and then select the correct name from the list. Where applicable, the name will appear in both the original language and in English. Do not paste in the name. If the name does not appear in the drop-down list, we will display the information you have entered. ✕ refresh Country/Region * USA UK Canada China France Germany Afghanistan Aland Islands Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Falkland Islands Faroe Islands Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern Territories Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guernsey Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Heard Island and Mcdonald Islands Holy See (Vatican City State) Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jersey Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo (Serbia and Montenegro) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macao Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Minor Outlying Islands of the United States Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norfolk Island North Korea North Macedonia Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestinian Territory Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Pitcairn Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Reunion Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Helena Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Georgia and the South Sandwich Is South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Svalbard and Jan Mayen Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand The Gambia The Netherlands Timor-Leste Togo Tokelau Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu UK USA Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Virgin Islands Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Wallis and Futuna West Bank and Gaza Strip Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Please select your country/region. You must enter a comment. Competing Interests Please disclose any competing interests that might be construed to influence your judgment of the article's or peer review report's validity or importance. Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. You hope/expect to benefit (e.g. favour or employment) as a result of your submission. You are an Editor for the journal in which the article is published. Examples of 'Financial Competing Interests' You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, any of the following from any commercial organisation that may gain financially from your submission: a salary, fees, funding, reimbursements. You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, shared grant support or other funding with any of the authors. You hold, or are currently applying for, any patents or significant stocks/shares relating to the subject matter of the paper you are commenting on. Please state your competing interests The comment has been saved. An error has occurred. Please try again. Cancel Post var lTitle = "Developing medical devices with emerging...".replace("'", ''); var linkedInUrl = "http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1007/v2" + "&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle) + "&summary=" + encodeURIComponent('Read the article by '); var deliciousUrl = "https://del.icio.us/post?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1007/v2&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle); var redditUrl = "http://reddit.com/submit?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1007/v2" + "&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle); linkedInUrl += encodeURIComponent('akkaoui A et al.'); var offsetTop = /chrome/i.test( navigator.userAgent ) ? 4 : -10; var addthis_config = { ui_offset_top: offsetTop, services_compact : "facebook,twitter,www.linkedin.com,www.mendeley.com,reddit.com", services_expanded : "facebook,twitter,www.linkedin.com,www.mendeley.com,reddit.com", services_custom : [ { name: "LinkedIn", url: linkedInUrl, icon:"/img/icon/at_linkedin.svg" }, { name: "Mendeley", url: "http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1007/v2/mendeley", icon:"/img/icon/at_mendeley.svg" }, { name: "Reddit", url: redditUrl, icon:"/img/icon/at_reddit.svg" }, ] }; var addthis_share = { url: "https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1007", templates : { twitter : "Developing medical devices with emerging technologies: trends,.... akkaoui A et al., published by " + "@F1000Research" + ", https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1007/v2" } }; if (typeof(addthis) != "undefined"){ addthis.addEventListener('addthis.ready', checkCount); addthis.addEventListener('addthis.menu.share', checkCount); } $(".f1r-shares-twitter").attr("href", "https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=" + addthis_share.templates.twitter); $(".f1r-shares-facebook").attr("href", "https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=" + addthis_share.url); $(".f1r-shares-linkedin").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[0].url); $(".f1r-shares-reddit").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[2].url); $(".f1r-shares-mendelay").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[1].url); function checkCount(){ setTimeout(function(){ $(".addthis_button_expanded").each(function(){ var count = $(this).text(); if (count !== "" && count != "0") $(this).removeClass("is-hidden"); else $(this).addClass("is-hidden"); }); }, 1000); } close How to cite this report {{reportCitation}} Cancel Copy Citation Details $(function(){R.ui.buttonDropdowns('.dropdown-for-downloads');}); $(function(){R.ui.toolbarDropdowns('.toolbar-dropdown-for-downloads');}); $.get("/articles/acj/154869/193492") new F1000.Clipboard(); new F1000.ThesaurusTermsDisplay("articles", "article", "193492"); $(document).ready(function() { $( "#frame1" ).on('load', function() { var mydiv = $(this).contents().find("div"); var h = mydiv.height(); console.log(h) }); var tooltipLivingFigure = jQuery(".interactive-living-figure-label .icon-more-info"), titleLivingFigure = tooltipLivingFigure.attr("title"); tooltipLivingFigure.simpletip({ fixed: true, position: ["-115", "30"], baseClass: 'small-tooltip', content:titleLivingFigure + " " }); tooltipLivingFigure.removeAttr("title"); $("body").on("click", ".cite-living-figure", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var ref = $(this).attr("data-ref"); $(this).closest(".living-figure-list-container").find("#" + ref).fadeIn(200); }); $("body").on("click", ".close-cite-living-figure", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).closest(".popup-window-wrapper").fadeOut(200); }); $(document).on("mouseup", function(e) { var metricsContainer = $(".article-metrics-popover-wrapper"); if (!metricsContainer.is(e.target) && metricsContainer.has(e.target).length === 0) { $(".article-metrics-close-button").click(); } }); var articleId = $('#articleId').val(); if($("#main-article-count-box").attachArticleMetrics) { $("#main-article-count-box").attachArticleMetrics(articleId, { articleMetricsView: true }); } }); var figshareWidget = $(".new_figshare_widget"); if (figshareWidget.length > 0) { window.figshare.load("f1000", function(Widget) { // Select a tag/tags defined in your page. In this tag we will place the widget. _.map(figshareWidget, function(el){ var widget = new Widget({ articleId: $(el).attr("figshare_articleId") //height:300 // this is the height of the viewer part. [Default: 550] }); widget.initialize(); // initialize the widget widget.mount(el); // mount it in a tag that's on your page // this will save the widget on the global scope for later use from // your JS scripts. This line is optional. //window.widget = widget; }); }); } close Error Close Add Reset F1000.MICROSERVICES.AFFILIATION = ''; $(document).ready(function () { $('.js-affiliations-form').each((index, form) => { new AffiliationForm({ formId: form.id, institutionErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-institution', departmentErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-department', placeSelector: '.js-add-comment-place', stateSelector: '.js-add-comment-state', zipCodeSelector: '.js-add-comment-zipcode', countrySelector: '.js-add-comment-country', countryErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-country', }); }); }); $(document).ready(function () { var reportIds = { "364813": 0, "364812": 0, "435468": 0, "364814": 0, "435466": 0, "435467": 19, "435465": 0, "481319": 0, "481327": 0, "481326": 0, "481325": 0, "481324": 0, "481323": 0, "481322": 0, "481321": 0, "481320": 0, "481328": 0, "328781": 0, "356941": 0, "328780": 0, "356940": 0, "328783": 0, "356943": 0, "328782": 0, "356942": 0, "356937": 0, "356939": 0, "356938": 0, "328789": 0, "479319": 4, "328788": 0, "479318": 0, "479317": 0, "479316": 0, "328785": 0, "356945": 0, "479315": 0, "328784": 0, "356944": 0, "479314": 0, "328787": 0, "479313": 0, "328786": 0, "356946": 0, "331869": 0, "331868": 0, "331871": 0, "331870": 0, "479322": 0, "479321": 0, "479320": 0, "331877": 0, "331876": 0, "331873": 0, "331872": 0, "331875": 0, "331874": 0, "440944": 0, "476551": 0, "476550": 0, "476549": 0, "476548": 0, "476547": 0, "476546": 0, "476555": 0, "476554": 0, "476553": 0, "476552": 0, "353701": 0, "353700": 0, "440229": 0, "353699": 0, "333781": 0, "333780": 0, "333783": 0, "333782": 0, "468961": 0, "325100": 0, "484335": 0, "325101": 0, "321773": 0, "484334": 0, "325102": 0, "321774": 0, "325103": 0, "321775": 0, "325097": 0, "325098": 0, "325099": 0, "321780": 0, "484343": 0, "321781": 0, "484342": 0, "321782": 0, "484341": 0, "484340": 0, "325104": 0, "321776": 0, "484339": 0, "325105": 0, "321777": 0, "484338": 0, "325106": 0, "321778": 0, "484337": 0, "321779": 0, "484336": 0, "484344": 0, }; $(".referee-response-container,.js-referee-report").each(function(index, el) { var reportId = $(el).attr("data-reportid"), reportCount = reportIds[reportId] || 0; $(el).find(".comments-count-container,.js-referee-report-views").html(reportCount); }); var uuidInput = $("#article_uuid"), oldUUId = uuidInput.val(), newUUId = "3a776542-4fe3-4fc5-9333-71b0f0c613ad"; uuidInput.val(newUUId); $("a[href*='article_uuid=']").each(function(index, el) { var newHref = $(el).attr("href").replace(oldUUId, newUUId); $(el).attr("href", newHref); }); }); An innovative open access publishing platform offering rapid publication and open peer review, whilst supporting data deposition and sharing. Browse Gateways Collections How it Works Contact For Developers Cookie Notice Privacy Notice RSS Submit Your Research Follow us © 2012-2026 F1000 Research Ltd. ISSN 2046-1402 | Legal | Partner of Research4Life • CrossRef • ORCID • FAIRSharing R.templateTests.simpleTemplate = R.template(' $text $text $text $text $text '); R.templateTests.runTests(); var F1000platform = new F1000.Platform({ name: "f1000research", displayName: "F1000Research", hostName: "f1000research.com", id: "1", editorialEmail: "[email protected]", infoEmail: "[email protected]", usePmcStats: true }); $(function(){R.ui.dropdowns('.dropdown-for-authors, .dropdown-for-about, .dropdown-for-myresearch');}); // $(function(){R.ui.dropdowns('.dropdown-for-referees');}); $(document).ready(function () { if ($(".cookie-warning").is(":visible")) { $(".sticky").css("margin-bottom", "35px"); $(".devices").addClass("devices-and-cookie-warning"); } $(".cookie-warning .close-button").click(function (e) { $(".devices").removeClass("devices-and-cookie-warning"); $(".sticky").css("margin-bottom", "0"); }); $("#tweeter-feed .tweet-message").each(function (i, message) { var self = $(message); self.html(linkify(self.html())); }); $(".partner").on("mouseenter mouseleave", function() { $(this).find(".gray-scale, .colour").toggleClass("is-hidden"); }); }); Sign In Remember me Forgotten your password? Sign In Cancel Email or password not correct. Please try again Please wait... $(function(){ // Note: All the setup needs to run against a name attribute and *not* the id due the clonish // nature of facebox... $("a[id=googleSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("GOOGLE"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); $("a[id=facebookSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("FACEBOOK"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); $("a[id=orcidSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("ORCID"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); }); If you've forgotten your password, please enter your email address below and we'll send you instructions on how to reset your password. The email address should be the one you originally registered with F1000. Email address not valid, please try again You registered with F1000 via Google, so we cannot reset your password. To sign in, please click here . If you still need help with your Google account password, please click here . You registered with F1000 via Facebook, so we cannot reset your password. To sign in, please click here . If you still need help with your Facebook account password, please click here . Code not correct, please try again Reset password Cancel Email us for further assistance. Server error, please try again. If your email address is registered with us, we will email you instructions to reset your password. If you think you should have received this email but it has not arrived, please check your spam filters and/or contact for further assistance. Please wait... Register $(document).ready(function () { signIn.createSignInAsRow($("#sign-in-form-gfb-popup")); $(".target-field").each(function () { var uris = $(this).val().split("/"); if (uris.pop() === "login") { $(this).val(uris.toString().replace(",","/")); } }); });