Plasma concentrations of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) in Patients with Substance Use Disorders and Comorbid Major Depressive Disorders

Aims: : Granulocyte colony–stimulating factor (G-CSF) has raised much interest due to its role to cocaine addiction in preclinical models. We analyzed the circulating expression of G-CSF in abstinent chronic users of alcohol and/or cocaine with or without comorbid major depressive disorders to investigate the role of this trophic factor with complicated substance use disorders. Methods: : We recruited 176 patients and 136 controls. Patients were divided in 50 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 126 abstinent substance use disorders (SUD) patients undergoing treatments for alcohol (N=66) or cocaine (N=60) addiction according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. A blood sample was collected to examine plasma concentrations of G-CSF. Results: : The plasma concentrations of G-CSF were significantly decreased in the cocaine group compared with the SUD control group. There was a sex dimorphism in the alcohol group, with lower G-CSF concentrations in women compared with men. Plasma concentrations of G-CSF were associated with abstinence and with the length of alcohol problems. The decrease in G-CSF was associated with comorbid MDD, a finding specific for SUD patients since there were no alterations of G-CSF primary settings MDD outpatients. Conclusions: : Circulating G-CSF is reduced in SUD patients, being associated to comorbid MDD. A sex-dependent effect was observed in female AUD. Plasma G-CSF concentrations might be used as a predictor of length of chronic alcohol use and as a stratification role in the dual diagnosis in SUD. Further investigation is needed to explore the role of G-CSF as potential biomarker of pathogenic/prognosis in SUD population.