Evolving Tuberculosis Patient Profiles and Predictors of Treatment Success: Insights from a Five-Year Real-World Cohort Study in Uganda

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Methods We conducted a cohort study, retrospectively reviewing records of 1,051 TB patients. Descriptive statistics summarised demographics and clinical characteristics. Treatment success was defined as cured or completed treatment. Chi-square, Fisher’s exact and logistic regression identified factors associated with treatment outcomes, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results Most TB cases were, male 55.2%, aged 34–50 years 40.8%, HIV-positive72.1%, new cases (90.7%), and urban residents (Kampala Metropolitan Area) 84.9%. Pulmonary TB was predominant with bacteriologically confirmed at 58.2%. Patient profiles included 91% new cases, 0.6% failures, 7% relapses, and 1.4% defaulters. Relapses rose from 0.74% in 2019 to 14.6% in 2023 (p < 0.001). Unsuccessful outcomes were linked with, older age (≥ 50 years) (aOR = 3.66; 95% CI: 1.27–10.55; p = 0.016), being separated, divorced, or widowed (aOR = 1.86; 95% CI: 1.08–3.22; p = 0.027), unknown tuberculosis preventive therapy (TPT) status (aOR = 11.19; 95% CI: 2.70–46.29; p = 0.001), and prior TB treatment failure (aOR = 18.45; 95% CI: 3.36–101.40; p = 0.001). Conclusion This study highlights a shifting trend in TB patient profiles with an increase in relapses. Unsuccessful outcomes were linked with age ≥ 50, unknown TPT status, prior treatment failure, and being separated, divorced, or widowed. Post-treatment follow-up, adherence support, TPT awareness and prospective research on TB patient profiles and treatment outcomes are critical. Tuberculosis (TB) TB Patient profiles Treatment success Real-world data Uganda Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a global health challenge, causing significant morbidity and mortality[ 1 ]. In 2023, 10.8 million people developed TB, with 1.25 million deaths. Despite advancements in treatment, outcomes remain poor in high-burden regions[ 1 ]. To address this, the WHO End TB Strategy which aims for a 90% reduction in TB deaths and 80% decrease in incidence by 2030 has been developed[ 2 ]. This requires a deeper understanding of evolving patient profiles and treatment success factors. TB patients are classified by treatment history, a key factor in prognosis and clinical management [ 3 ]. Categories include new patients, those who never treated or treated for less than one month[ 4 ], relapse cases, individuals previously cured who develop TB again[ 5 ], treatment failures, those with smear- or culture-positive after five months of therapy[ 6 ], and defaulters, patients who interrupt treatment for two or more consecutive months[ 7 ]. Recognizing these profiles is essential for targeted interventions and improving treatment success[ 3 ]. Successful TB treatment reduces transmission, prevents drug resistance, and improves survival[ 8 , 9 ]. Standard regimens for drug-susceptible TB include Rifampicin (R), Isoniazid (H), Pyrazinamide (Z), and Ethambutol (E) for six months [ 10 , 11 ]. Additionally, treatment success is influenced by factors like age, sex, comorbidities, and socioeconomic status[ 12 , 13 ]. WHO defines success as completing therapy with bacteriological cure or symptom resolution[ 14 ]. Unsuccessful outcomes, such as failure or loss to follow-up, threaten TB control and drive MDR-TB emergence[ 15 ]. Despite extensive literature on TB, there is a need to explore changing patient profiles and factors influencing treatment outcomes to account for region-specific data and inform targeted interventions. In Uganda, where TB remains a public health priority, understanding these dynamics is crucial for optimizing patient management and improving programmatic performance. This study assessed the evolving TB patient profiles and determinants of treatment success in a five-year cohort, contributing to evidence-based strategies to improve treatment success and achieve national and global TB control targets. Methods and materials Study Design This cohort study retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients enrolled in the TB clinic at Mildmay Uganda Hospital (MUgH) from 2019 to 2023. Study site and population MUgH is a peri-urban HIV/TB care centre of excellence located in Wakiso District providing integrated TB-HIV care to nearly 15,000 People living with HIV[ 16 ]. The study population included patients diagnosed with TB. Operational definitions Treatment outcomes were categorized into six groups as defined below[ 17 ] Cure: A pulmonary TB patient with bacteriologically confirmed TB at the beginning of treatment who was smear- or culture-negative in the last month of treatment and on at least one previous occasion. Treatment completed: A TB patient who completed treatment without evidence of failure BUT with no record to show that sputum smear or culture results in the last month of treatment and on at least one previous occasion were negative, either because tests were not done or because results are unavailable. Treatment failed: A TB patient whose sputum smear or culture is positive at month 5 or later during treatment. Or was negative at beginning and is smear positive at 2 months. Died: A TB patient who dies for any reason before starting or during the course of treatment. Lost to follow-up: A TB patient who did not start treatment or who completed more than 1 month of treatment and was interrupted for 2 consecutive months or more. Not Evaluated: A patient for whom no treatment outcome is assigned. This includes cases “transferred out” to another treatment unit as well as cases for whom the treatment outcome is unknown to the reporting unit (For the purposes of this study, under the category not evaluated we only considered transfer out). Treatment success was defined as either cure or completed treatment while unsuccessful treatment included; Death, Treatment Failure, or Lost to Follow-up or Transfer Out[ 14 ]. Residence was categorized as within Kampala Metropolitan Area (KMA) and outside KMA. Data Collection and Management Data on participants' socio-demographic characteristics and medical history were extracted from TB registers, patient cards, and Electronic Medical Records (EMR). Data entry was performed using Microsoft Excel, with regular accuracy checks against hard copy records. Data collection and recruitment spanned for three months, i.e. April to June 2024. The flow chart below illustrates the data collection process at the MUgH TB clinic. Data Analysis Statistical analyses were conducted using Stata 16. Descriptive statistics summarized demographic and clinical characteristics. Comparisons between categorical variables were performed using the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. Bivariate and logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between social and clinical factors and TB treatment success. Results were reported as crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Ethical Considerations Ethical approval was obtained from the Mildmay Uganda Research Ethics Committee (#REC REF 0201–2024) and the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (HS3873ES). A waiver of consent was granted for using de-identified retrospective data. Results Table 1 summarises socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of 1,051 participants at the time of diagnosis. Predominant characteristics were; male (55.2%), age 34–50 years (40.8%), HIV co-infection (72.1%), newly diagnosed (90.7%) bacteriologically confirmed (58.2%), and on standard 2RHZE/4RH regimen (95.5%). Table 1 Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants at the time of TB diagnosis Variable Categories Frequency Percentage Age 0–14 66 6.28 15–24 81 7.71 25–34 283 26.93 34–50 429 40.82 > 50 192 18.27 Sex Female 471 44.81 Male 580 55.19 Marital status Married 290 27.59 Single 364 34.63 Separated/Divorce/Widow(er) 162 15.41 Not applicable 75 7.14 Unknown 160 15.22 HIV status Negative 177 16.84 Positive 758 72.12 Unknown 116 11.04 Employment Employed 221 21.03 Unemployed 27 2.57 Not applicable/Child 81 7.71 Unknown 722 68.70 TPT status Completed 126 11.99 Did not complete 19 1.81 Unknown 906 86.20 TB regimen Received 2RHZE/4RH 1006 95.72 2RHZE/10RH 45 4.28 Residence Kampala Metropolitan Area (KMA) 893 84.97 Outside KMA 158 15.03 TB Disease type* PBC 614 58.23 PCD 394 37.49 EP 45 4.28 TB patient type New 958 90.69 Failure 7 0.67 Relapse 73 6.95 Defaulter 15 1.43 Year of TB diagnosis 2019 271 25.78 2020 202 19.22 2021 225 21.41 2022 216 20.55 2023 137 13.04 *PBC: Bacteriologically Confirmed Pulmonary TB, PCD: Clinically Diagnosed Pulmonary TB, EP: Extra Pulmonary TB Evolution of TB patient profile over the five years Over the five-year period (2019–2023), the distribution of TB patient profiles was; New cases 91%, Failures 0.6%, Relapses 7 %, Defaulters 1.4% of the total 1,051 TB patients. The proportion of relapse cases increased gradually, peaking at 14.6% in 2023. Treatment failure cases remained low across the years, with the highest proportion at 1.3% in 2021. Similarly, defaulters were infrequent, never exceeding 4% annually. Notably, the proportion of relapse cases rose steadily from 0.74% in 2019 to 14.6% in 2023. This variation was statistically significant (p-value =0.000) (Figure 1). Sociodemographic and Clinical Factors by TB Treatment Outcomes Treatment success was highest among children aged 0–14 years, with 86.4% completing treatment and 10.6% cured. Among adults aged > 50 years, treatment success was lower, with 35.4% cured and 42.2% completing treatment. Males had higher completion rates at 50.9% compared to females at 44.8%. HIV-positive individuals achieved 38.5% cure and 49.2% completion, while HIV-negative participants had slightly higher cure 45.2% and completion 44.1%. Employment showed better outcomes, with the employed having 54.3% completion and lower mortality of 5.9%. Among those who had completed TPT, 57.1% completed TB treatment, and 41.3% were cured. The highest treatment completion rates were among patients on 2RHZE/10RH regimen (86.7%) and PCD patients 82.5% as shown in Table 2 below. Table 2 Social Demographic and clinical Characteristics of study participants by TB Treatment Outcomes Variable Categories Treatment success Unsuccessful treatment P-Value Cured Completed Died Failed Lost to Follow up Transfer out Age 0–14 7(10.6) 57(86.4) 1(1.5) 0(0.0) 1(1.5) 0(0) 0.000 15–24 29(1.2) 47(58.0) 1(1.2) 2(2.5) 2(2.5) 0(0) 25–34 134(47.4) 116(41.0) 22(7.8) 1(0.4) 8(2.8) 2(0.7) 34–50 165(38.5) 205(47.8) 35(8.2) 11(2.6) 5(1.2) > 50 68(35.4) 81(42.2) 32(16.7) 0(0.0) 8(4.2) 3(1.6) Sex Female 197(41.8) 211(44.8) 42(8.9) 8(1.7) 7(1.5) 6(1.3) 0.012 Male 206(35.5) 295(50.9) 49( 3(0.5) 23(4.0) 4(0.7) Marital status Married 126(43.5) 130(44.8) 22(7.6) 3(1.0) 8(2.8) 0(0.0) 0.000 Single 153(42.0) 173(47.5) 20(5.5) 5(1.4) 11(3.0) 0(0.0) Separated/Divorced/Widow(er) 69(42.6) 61(37.7) 18(11.1) 3(1.9) 7(4.4.3) 4(2.5) Not applicable 9(12.0) 64(85.3) 1(1.3) 0(0.0) 1(1.3) 0(0.0) Unknown 46(28.8) 78(48.8) 30(18.8) 0(0.0) 3(1.9) 3(1.9) HIV status Negative 80(45.2) 78(44.1) 7(4.0) 2(1.1) 9(5.1) 1(0.6) 0.000 Positive 292(38.5) 373(49.2) 58(7.8) 9(1.2) 18(2.4) 7(0.9) Unknown 31(26.7) 55(47.4) 25(21.6) 0(0.0) 3(2.6) 2(1.7) Employment Employed 76(34.4) 120(54.3) 13(5.9) 0(0.0) 9(4.1) 3(1.4) 0.000 Unemployed 5(18.5) 16(59.3) 5(18.5) 0(0.0) 1(3.7) 0(0.0) Not applicable 11(13.6) 68(84.0) 1(1.2) 0(0.0) 1(1.2) 0(0) Unknown 311(43.1) 302(41.8) 72(10.0) 11(1.5) 19(2.3) 7(1.0) TPT status Completed 52(41.3) 72(57.1) 2(1.6) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0.010 Did not complete 11(57.9) 8(42.1) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Unknown 340(37.5) 426(47.0) 89(9.8) 11(1.2) 30(3.3) 10(1.1) TB regimen Received 2RHZE/4RH 400(39.8) 467(46.4) 89(8.8) 11(1.1) 29(2.9) 10(1.0) 0.000 2RHZE/10RH 3(6.7) 39(86.7) 2(4.4) 0(0.0) 1(2.2) 0(0.0) Residence Kampala metropolitan Area (KMA) 356(39.9) 431(48.3) 62(6.9) 11(1.2) 26(2.9) 7(0.8) 0.000 Outside KMA 47(29.8) 75(47.5) 29(18.4) 0(0.0) 4(2.5) 3(1.9) TB Disease type PBC 390(63.7) 142(23.2) 46(1.8) 11(1.8) 17(2.8) 6(1.0) 0.000 PCD 10(2.5) 325(82.5) 43(10.9) 0(0.0) 12(3.1) 4(1.0) EP 3(6.7) 39(86.7) 2(4.4) 0(0.0) 1(2.2) 0(0.0) TB patient type New 361(37.8) 469(49.1) 88(9.2) 4(0.4) 25(2.6) 9(0.9) 0.000 Failure 1(14.3) 1(14.3) 0(0.0) 5(71.4) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Relapse 35(48.0) 31(42.5) 3(4.1) 0(0.0) 3(4.1) 1(1.4) Defaulter 6(40.0) 5(33.3) 0(0.0) 2(13.3) 2(13.3) 0(0.0) TB treatment outcomes across the years of enrollement on to TB treatement Over the five year peroid, cure rates peaked in 2023 (65.7%) and treatment completion in 2019 (61.3%), which also had the highest loss to follow-up (4.4%). Mortality was highest in 2022 (10.2%), treatment failure in 2021 (2.7%), and transfers out in 2020 (3.0%) as shown on Fig. 2 below. This variation was statistically significant (p-value = 0.000). Factors Associated with TB Treatment Success: Bivariate and Multivariate Analysis Significantly higher odds of unsuccessful treatment were observed in bivariate analysis for unknown HIV status (OR: 2.90; 95% CI: 1.54–5.46; p = 0.001) and residence outside the Kampala Metropolitan Area (OR: 2.22; 95% CI: 1.47–3.35; p = 0.000). In both bivariate and multivariate analysis, significantly higher odds of unsuccessful treatment were observed in, age group > 50 years (OR: 4.39, 95% CI: 1.67–11.53, p = 0.003; aOR: 3.66, 95% CI: 1.27–10.55, p = 0.016), separated/divorced/widowed individuals (OR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.09–3.14, p = 0.022; aOR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.08–3.22, p = 0.027), participants with a history of prior TB treatment failure (OR: 16.47; 95% CI: 3.16–85.79; p = 0.001, aOR: 18.45; 95% CI: 3.36–101.40; p = 0.001), and those with unknown TPT status (aOR: 11.19; 95% CI: 2.70–46.29; p = 0.001). Table 3 Bivariate and Multivariate Analysis for Factors Associated with TB Treatment Success Variable Categories OR (95%CI) P-Value aOR (95%CI) P-Value Age 0–14 0.48(0.09–2.53) 0.383 - - 15–24 Ref Ref 25–34 2.01(0.76–5.32) 0.162 1.75(0.61–4.96) 0.295 34–50 2.42(0.94–6.24) 0.067 2.03(0.73–5.69) 0.177 > 50 4.39(1.67–11.53) 0.003 3.66(1.27–10.55) 0.016 Sex Male Ref Female 1.02(0.72–1.46) 0.908 Marital status Married Ref Ref Single 0.89(0.54–1.43) 0.602 1.02(0.60–1.72) 0.955 Separated/Divorce/Widow(er) 1.85(1.09–3.14) 0.022 1.86(1.08–3.22) 0.027 Not applicable/Child 0.21(0.05–0.88) 0.033 - - Unknown 2.19(1.31–3.67) 0.003 1.24(0.47–3.29) 0.664 HIV status Negative Ref Ref Positive 1.16(0.69–1.96) 0.572 1.20(0.68–2.11) 0.523 Unknown 2.90(1.54–5.46) 0.001 2.28(0.55–9.56) 0.258 Employment Employed Ref Ref Unemployed 2.24(0.83–6.08) 0.113 2.74(0.96–7.80) 0.059 Not applicable 0.20(0.46–0.86) 0.030 0.43(0.02–9.13) 0.591 Unknown 1.39(0.88–2.22) 0.160 1.14(0.70–1.88) 0.595 TPT status Completed Ref Ref Did not complete 1 - - - Unknown 11.33(2.77–46.35) 0.001 11.19(2.70-46.29) 0.001 TB regimen Received 2RHZE/4RH Ref 2RHZE/10RH 0.86(0.36–2.05) 0.730 Residence Kampala metro Ref Ref Outside KMA 2.22(1.47–3.35) 0.000 0.98(0.38–2.48) 0.964 TB Disease type PBC Ref PCD 1.17(0.81–1.68) 0.394 EP 0.48(0.14–1.57) 0.222 TB patient type New Ref Ref Failure 16.47(3.16-85-79) 0.001 18.45(3.36–101.40) 0.001 Relapse 0.70(0.31–1.56) 0.380 0.65(0.28–1.48) 0.303 Defaulter 2.40(0.75–7.64) 0.140 2.20(0.63–7.58) 0.212 Year of diagnosis 2019 1.12(0.60–2.11) 0.721 2020 1.37(0.72–2.62) 0.339 2021 1.25(0.66–2.38) 0.490 2022 1.23(0.58–2.17) 0.722 2023 Ref Discussion This study examined evolving TB patient profiles and key determinants of treatment success among 1,051 patients over a five-year period. The findings highlight critical factors influencing treatment outcomes, offering valuable insights into how patient characteristics and clinical history shape the effectiveness of TB management strategies. In this study, the evolution of TB patient profiles from 2019 to 2023 reveals a notable shift in case complexity[ 3 ]. While new TB cases consistently dominated, relapse cases rose significantly from 0.74% in 2019 to 14.6% in 2023. This shift in patient types over time suggests a possibility of ongoing community transmission or reinfection, despite previous treatment success reinforcing Uganda’s classification as a high TB burden country [ 1 , 17 ]. Additionally, the rise in relapses between 2020 and 2021 may also reflect disruptions in healthcare access, adherence, and follow-up during the COVID-19 pandemic[ 18 ]. Other patient profile like treatment failures and defaulters remained rare possibly reflecting improvements in case finding and contact tracing[ 10 , 11 ]. Strengthening treatment completion, relapse prevention, and follow-up is essential, especially in high-burden settings. Age emerged as a key predictor of TB treatment outcomes. Children aged 0–14 years had the highest treatment success, likely due to strong caregiver support in this cohort, since children rely on adults for adherence[ 19 ]. In contrast, individuals aged > 50 years had significantly higher odds of unsuccessful treatment. This aligns with previous studies showing that older adults often face immunosenescence, reduced pulmonary function, and comorbidities that negatively impact treatment outcomes[ 20 ]. Additionally, older adults often have challenges such as delayed diagnosis, poor drug tolerance, and adverse reactions which may compromise adherence[ 21 , 22 ]. Marital status significantly impacted TB treatment success, with separated, divorced, or widowed individuals facing higher odds of treatment failure. The absence of social support system may contribute to poor adherence in this population. Furthermore, strong family and community support systems have been linked to improved adherence, facilitating reminders, emotional support, and access to care[ 23 , 24 ]. These findings highlight the need for targeted psychosocial interventions, including counselling and peer support, to improve TB treatment outcomes among individuals lacking consistent social support[ 17 ]. A history of prior treatment failure was a strong predictor of subsequent unsuccessful treatment outcomes. Patients with such a history often face persistent barriers, including limited health literacy, psychosocial stressors, or side effects, that can compromise adherence[ 3 ]. Addressing these issues through tailored interventions such as enhanced counselling, directly observed therapy (DOT), and adherence support programs may significantly improve TB treatment outcomes. Also, incorporating prior treatment history into individualized care planning is essential to prevent recurrence and optimize long-term treatment success. Patients residing in rural areas (outside the Kampala Metropolitan Area) had significantly higher odds of unsuccessful TB treatment outcomes. This could suggest potential disparities in healthcare access, infrastructure, access to TB diagnostic and treatment services, travel distances to health facilities, and socioeconomic status that may contribute to poor outcomes compared to individuals in urban setting [ 25 , 26 ]. However, the lack of significance in the adjusted model indicates that these differences might be influenced by other confounding factors, such as variations in disease severity, comorbidities, or healthcare-seeking behaviours. TB is one of the most common opportunistic infections among people living with HIV [ 1 , 9 ]. Consistent with this, our study found a high HIV co-infection rate. While this may partly reflect the nature of MUgH as a centre of excellence for HIV/TB care, the critical intersection between TB and HIV cannot be overlooked, emphasizing the need for integrated management strategies to improve patient outcomes. Notably, unknown HIV status was associated with increased odds of unsuccessful treatment outcomes in bivariate analysis. This may suggest potential gaps in HIV testing, linkage to care, and documentation, particularly given the retrospective nature of data collection [ 27 ]. Similarly, unknown TPT status emerged as a strong predictor of treatment failure. These findings emphasize the critical role of comprehensive record-keeping in ensuring continuity of care. Poor documentation of preventive interventions may lead to suboptimal treatment decisions, further exacerbating poor outcomes[ 28 ]. Strengthening documentation systems are essential to enhancing treatment success. Additionally, promoting awareness and adherence to TPT, particularly among high-risk groups, is crucial in reducing TB-related morbidity and mortality[ 29 , 30 ]. Strengths, Limitations, and Future Research Directions This study's strength lies in its large sample size and inclusion of a demographically diverse patient population, offering insights into real-world TB care practices. While the study was conducted at a single site, its status as a TB/HIV centre of excellence serving patients from multiple geographical locations within the country strengthens the generalizability of findings. Despite use of a retrospective design which may introduce selection bias, this was minimized through triangulation of data from electronic medical records, TB registers, and patient cards. Furthermore, adherence to TB treatment and TPT was not directly measured, though treatment success rates provide indirect evidence. Future research should investigate drug resistance patterns, and comorbidities, with prospective studies integrating changes in patient profiles, adherence monitoring and patient-reported barriers to treatment. Conclusion and Recommendations This cohort study provides valuable insights into the evolving profiles of TB patients and the determinants of treatment outcomes in a high burden setting like Uganda. A rising trend in relapses was observed over the five-year period while treatment success was highest among paediatric and newly diagnosed TB cases. However, unsuccessful outcomes were significantly more likely among patients aged ≥ 50 years, those with unknown TPT status, and individuals who were separated, divorced, widowed, or had a history of prior treatment failure. The rising relapse trend highlights the urgent need for enhanced post-treatment follow-up, adherence strategies, and relapse prevention interventions. Community-based support programs like DOTs, increased TPT awareness, adherence counselling, and psychosocial support are essential for improving outcomes. To advance TB control, future research should prospectively explore the influence of patient profiles, drug resistance patterns, comorbidities, and behavioural determinants of treatment adherence. Strengthening data quality and documentation could also be critical to inform targeted interventions and ensure sustained progress towards TB elimination in Uganda and similar high-burden settings. Declarations Availability of data and materials : The data sets for this study are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author. Competing Interests: All authors report no conflicts of interest in this work Funding: This work was supported by National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) through the Royal Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (RSTMH) Early Career Grants Programme. Acknowledgments: The authors extend their gratitude to the study participants, hospital administrators, staff, and healthcare workers at Mildmay Uganda Hospital. Their contributions at various levels were instrumental in making this study a success. Author contributions. C. A., J. E., S N., B.K., and J. N. conceived and designed the study. C. A. acquired funding. C. A., J. E., S. N., B.K., C. S., I. M., and J. N. did the data collection and interpretation. C.A, and J.E., participated in analysis. All authors participated in the interpretation of results and writing of the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. References Tuberculosis (TB) (n.d.). Available: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis. Accessed 24 March 2025. The End TB Strategy (n.d.). Available: https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/the-end-tb-strategy. Accessed 24 March 2025. 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(2020) The effects of family, society and national policy support on treatment adherence among newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 20: 623. Namukwaya E, Nakwagala FN, Mulekya F, Mayanja-Kizza H, Mugerwa R (2011) Predictors of treatment failure among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Mulago hospital, Uganda. Afr Health Sci 11 Suppl 1: S105-111. Jenkins HE, Ayuk S, Puma D, Brooks MB, Millones AK, et al. (2022) Geographic accessibility to health facilities predicts uptake of community-based tuberculosis screening in an urban setting. Int J Infect Dis 120: 125–131. Marahatta SB, Yadav RK, Giri D, Lama S, Rijal KR, et al. (2020) Barriers in the access, diagnosis and treatment completion for tuberculosis patients in central and western Nepal: A qualitative study among patients, community members and health care workers. PLOS ONE 15: e0227293. Bunda BA, Bassett IV (2019) Reaching the second 90: the strategies for linkage to care and antiretroviral therapy initiation. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 14: 494–502. Electronic recording and reporting for tuberculosis care and control (n.d.). Available: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241564465. Accessed 24 March 2025. Campbell JI, Menzies D (2022) Testing and scaling interventions to improve TB infection care cascade. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc 11: S94–S100. Chen H, Zhang H, Cheng J, Sun D, Wang Q, et al. (2024) Adherence to preventive treatment for latent tuberculosis infection in close contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients: A cluster-randomized controlled trial in China. Int J Infect Dis 147: 107196. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6550193","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":449277232,"identity":"ae07ab51-d9cf-4d92-bea4-eb3e8d5a1c64","order_by":0,"name":"Collins Ankunda","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACNihmZ244wMBgA2QxNh4gTgszI0hLGkhLA/FagORhsBheLfyz29KkC8rs5PmZGRsPF/w5b7e2/TDQlhqbaFxaJO4cOyY941yy4cxmxobDM9tuJ287kwjUciwttwGXnhvpbdK8bcwJBoeBWngbbiebHQBqAbJxapGHaKmHaOH5cy7Z7PxD/FoMbqQdA2o5DNXCdsDO7AYBWwxvpCVb85w7DvELb1tygtkNoC0JePwidyPN8DZPWbU8P3vz4c88f+zszc6nP3zwocYGt/fRQSJYZQKxykHAnhTFo2AUjIJRMDIAAAp2YlbcpzyJAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Makerere University, Kampala Uganda PO Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda Tel: +256773137473","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Collins","middleName":"","lastName":"Ankunda","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-28 18:14:44","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":true,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true,"humanSubjectConsent":true,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6550193/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6550193/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":81956571,"identity":"bb97cc69-9def-424a-9d60-41238d31dea2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-05 09:57:03","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":13937,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEvolution of TB patient profile over the five year period.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6550193/v1/bf790cd748acb71a85cf8b02.png"},{"id":81956928,"identity":"9d76bb83-eedf-49e3-b770-efe13168ea9f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-05 10:05:03","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14750,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShowing TB treatment outcomes across the years of enrollement on to TB treatement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6550193/v1/85952dc9d42f006c3786524f.png"},{"id":81958516,"identity":"7577ab16-5bcc-4be0-8606-6f4a19f436b7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-05 10:21:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1146258,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6550193/v1/9a5d394c-c44c-4c6a-b65d-5f7b8b24a2c7.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eEvolving Tuberculosis Patient Profiles and Predictors of Treatment Success: Insights from a Five-Year Real-World Cohort Study in Uganda\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eTuberculosis (TB) continues to be a global health challenge, causing significant morbidity and mortality[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. In 2023, 10.8\u0026nbsp;million people developed TB, with 1.25\u0026nbsp;million deaths. Despite advancements in treatment, outcomes remain poor in high-burden regions[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. To address this, the WHO End TB Strategy which aims for a 90% reduction in TB deaths and 80% decrease in incidence by 2030 has been developed[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. This requires a deeper understanding of evolving patient profiles and treatment success factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTB patients are classified by treatment history, a key factor in prognosis and clinical management [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Categories include new patients, those who never treated or treated for less than one month[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], relapse cases, individuals previously cured who develop TB again[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], treatment failures, those with smear- or culture-positive after five months of therapy[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], and defaulters, patients who interrupt treatment for two or more consecutive months[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Recognizing these profiles is essential for targeted interventions and improving treatment success[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuccessful TB treatment reduces transmission, prevents drug resistance, and improves survival[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Standard regimens for drug-susceptible TB include Rifampicin (R), Isoniazid (H), Pyrazinamide (Z), and Ethambutol (E) for six months [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, treatment success is influenced by factors like age, sex, comorbidities, and socioeconomic status[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. WHO defines success as completing therapy with bacteriological cure or symptom resolution[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Unsuccessful outcomes, such as failure or loss to follow-up, threaten TB control and drive MDR-TB emergence[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite extensive literature on TB, there is a need to explore changing patient profiles and factors influencing treatment outcomes to account for region-specific data and inform targeted interventions. In Uganda, where TB remains a public health priority, understanding these dynamics is crucial for optimizing patient management and improving programmatic performance. This study assessed the evolving TB patient profiles and determinants of treatment success in a five-year cohort, contributing to evidence-based strategies to improve treatment success and achieve national and global TB control targets.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods and materials","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis cohort study retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients enrolled in the TB clinic at Mildmay Uganda Hospital (MUgH) from 2019 to 2023.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eStudy site and population\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eMUgH is a peri-urban HIV/TB care centre of excellence located in Wakiso District providing integrated TB-HIV care to nearly 15,000 People living with HIV[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The study population included patients diagnosed with TB.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eOperational definitions\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment outcomes were categorized into six groups as defined below[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eCure: A pulmonary TB patient with bacteriologically confirmed TB at the beginning of treatment who was smear- or culture-negative in the last month of treatment and on at least one previous occasion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment completed: A TB patient who completed treatment without evidence of failure BUT with no record to show that sputum smear or culture results in the last month of treatment and on at least one previous occasion were negative, either because tests were not done or because results are unavailable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment failed: A TB patient whose sputum smear or culture is positive at month 5 or later during treatment. Or was negative at beginning and is smear positive at 2 months.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eDied: A TB patient who dies for any reason before starting or during the course of treatment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eLost to follow-up: A TB patient who did not start treatment or who completed more than 1 month of treatment and was interrupted for 2 consecutive months or more.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot Evaluated: A patient for whom no treatment outcome is assigned. This includes cases \u0026ldquo;transferred out\u0026rdquo; to another treatment unit as well as cases for whom the treatment outcome is unknown to the reporting unit (For the purposes of this study, under the category not evaluated we only considered transfer out).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment success was defined as either cure or completed treatment while unsuccessful treatment included; Death, Treatment Failure, or Lost to Follow-up or Transfer Out[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Residence was categorized as within Kampala Metropolitan Area (KMA) and outside KMA.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eData Collection and Management\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eData on participants' socio-demographic characteristics and medical history were extracted from TB registers, patient cards, and Electronic Medical Records (EMR). Data entry was performed using Microsoft Excel, with regular accuracy checks against hard copy records. Data collection and recruitment spanned for three months, i.e. April to June 2024. The flow chart below illustrates the data collection process at the MUgH TB clinic.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eData Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analyses were conducted using Stata 16. Descriptive statistics summarized demographic and clinical characteristics. Comparisons between categorical variables were performed using the Chi-square test or Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact test, as appropriate. Bivariate and logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between social and clinical factors and TB treatment success. Results were reported as crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical significance was set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthical Considerations\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e Ethical approval was obtained from the Mildmay Uganda Research Ethics Committee (#REC REF 0201\u0026ndash;2024) and the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (HS3873ES). A waiver of consent was granted for using de-identified retrospective data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;1 summarises socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of 1,051 participants at the time of diagnosis. Predominant characteristics were; male (55.2%), age 34–50 years (40.8%), HIV co-infection (72.1%), newly diagnosed (90.7%) bacteriologically confirmed (58.2%), and on standard 2RHZE/4RH regimen (95.5%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants at the time of TB diagnosis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0–14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15–24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25–34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e283\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34–50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e429\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; 50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e471\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e580\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e290\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e364\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeparated/Divorce/Widow(er)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHIV status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e758\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot applicable/Child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e722\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTPT status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompleted\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDid not complete\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e906\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTB regimen Received\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2RHZE/4RH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2RHZE/10RH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKampala Metropolitan Area (KMA)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e893\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOutside KMA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTB Disease type*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePBC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e614\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePCD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e394\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTB patient type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e958\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFailure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelapse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDefaulter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear of TB diagnosis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e271\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e216\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*PBC: Bacteriologically Confirmed Pulmonary TB, PCD: Clinically Diagnosed Pulmonary TB, EP: Extra Pulmonary TB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEvolution of TB patient profile over the five years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOver the five-year period (2019–2023), the distribution of TB patient profiles was; New cases 91%, Failures 0.6%, Relapses 7 %, Defaulters 1.4% of the total 1,051 TB patients. The proportion of relapse cases increased gradually, peaking at 14.6% in 2023. Treatment failure cases remained low across the years, with the highest proportion at 1.3% in 2021. Similarly, defaulters were infrequent, never exceeding 4% annually. Notably, the proportion of relapse cases rose steadily from 0.74% in 2019 to 14.6% in 2023. This variation was statistically significant (p-value =0.000) (Figure 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSociodemographic and Clinical Factors by TB Treatment Outcomes\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatment success was highest among children aged 0–14 years, with 86.4% completing treatment and 10.6% cured. Among adults aged \u0026gt; 50 years, treatment success was lower, with 35.4% cured and 42.2% completing treatment. Males had higher completion rates at 50.9% compared to females at 44.8%. HIV-positive individuals achieved 38.5% cure and 49.2% completion, while HIV-negative participants had slightly higher cure 45.2% and completion 44.1%. Employment showed better outcomes, with the employed having 54.3% completion and lower mortality of 5.9%. Among those who had completed TPT, 57.1% completed TB treatment, and 41.3% were cured. The highest treatment completion rates were among patients on 2RHZE/10RH regimen (86.7%) and PCD patients 82.5% as shown in Table 2 below.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial Demographic and clinical Characteristics of study participants by TB Treatment Outcomes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment success\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnsuccessful treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-Value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCured\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompleted\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDied\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFailed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLost to Follow up\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTransfer out\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0–14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(10.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57(86.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15–24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29(1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47(58.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25–34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134(47.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116(41.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(7.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34–50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165(38.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205(47.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35(8.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; 50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68(35.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81(42.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32(16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(4.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197(41.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211(44.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42(8.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e206(35.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e295(50.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49(\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126(43.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130(44.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(7.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153(42.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e173(47.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeparated/Divorced/Widow(er)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69(42.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61(37.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(4.4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(12.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64(85.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46(28.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78(48.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30(18.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHIV status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80(45.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78(44.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(5.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e292(38.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e373(49.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58(7.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31(26.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55(47.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(21.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76(34.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120(54.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(5.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(4.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(18.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(59.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(18.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(13.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68(84.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e311(43.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e302(41.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72(10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTPT status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompleted\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52(41.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72(57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDid not complete\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(57.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(42.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e340(37.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e426(47.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89(9.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30(3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTB regimen Received\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2RHZE/4RH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400(39.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e467(46.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89(8.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29(2.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2RHZE/10RH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39(86.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(4.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKampala metropolitan Area (KMA)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e356(39.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e431(48.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62(6.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(2.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOutside KMA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47(29.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75(47.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29(18.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTB Disease type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePBC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e390(63.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142(23.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46(1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePCD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e325(82.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43(10.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(3.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39(86.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(4.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTB patient type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e361(37.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e469(49.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88(9.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFailure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(71.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelapse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35(48.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31(42.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(4.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(4.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDefaulter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(40.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(13.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(13.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTB treatment outcomes across the years of enrollement on to TB treatement\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOver the five year peroid, cure rates peaked in 2023 (65.7%) and treatment completion in 2019 (61.3%), which also had the highest loss to follow-up (4.4%). Mortality was highest in 2022 (10.2%), treatment failure in 2021 (2.7%), and transfers out in 2020 (3.0%) as shown on Fig.\u0026nbsp;2 below. This variation was statistically significant (p-value = 0.000).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFactors Associated with TB Treatment Success: Bivariate and Multivariate Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSignificantly higher odds of unsuccessful treatment were observed in bivariate analysis for unknown HIV status (OR: 2.90; 95% CI: 1.54–5.46; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.001) and residence outside the Kampala Metropolitan Area (OR: 2.22; 95% CI: 1.47–3.35; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.000).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn both bivariate and multivariate analysis, significantly higher odds of unsuccessful treatment were observed in, age group \u0026gt; 50 years (OR: 4.39, 95% CI: 1.67–11.53, p = 0.003; aOR: 3.66, 95% CI: 1.27–10.55, p = 0.016), separated/divorced/widowed individuals (OR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.09–3.14, p = 0.022; aOR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.08–3.22, p = 0.027), participants with a history of prior TB treatment failure (OR: 16.47; 95% CI: 3.16–85.79; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.001, aOR: 18.45; 95% CI: 3.36–101.40; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.001), and those with unknown TPT status (aOR: 11.19; 95% CI: 2.70–46.29; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBivariate and Multivariate Analysis for Factors Associated with TB Treatment Success\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-Value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eaOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-Value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0–14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48(0.09–2.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.383\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15–24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25–34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.01(0.76–5.32)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.75(0.61–4.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.295\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34–50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.42(0.94–6.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.03(0.73–5.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; 50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.39(1.67–11.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.003\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.66(1.27–10.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.016\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.02(0.72–1.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.908\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89(0.54–1.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.602\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.02(0.60–1.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.955\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeparated/Divorce/Widow(er)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.85(1.09–3.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.022\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.86(1.08–3.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.027\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot applicable/Child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21(0.05–0.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.033\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.19(1.31–3.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.003\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.24(0.47–3.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.664\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHIV status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16(0.69–1.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.572\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20(0.68–2.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.523\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.90(1.54–5.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.28(0.55–9.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.24(0.83–6.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.74(0.96–7.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20(0.46–0.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.030\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43(0.02–9.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.591\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.39(0.88–2.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.14(0.70–1.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.595\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTPT status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompleted\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDid not complete\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.33(2.77–46.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.19(2.70-46.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTB regimen Received\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2RHZE/4RH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2RHZE/10RH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86(0.36–2.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.730\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKampala metro\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOutside KMA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.22(1.47–3.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98(0.38–2.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.964\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTB Disease type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePBC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePCD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17(0.81–1.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.394\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48(0.14–1.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.222\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTB patient type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFailure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.47(3.16-85-79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.45(3.36–101.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelapse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70(0.31–1.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65(0.28–1.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.303\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDefaulter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.40(0.75–7.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.20(0.63–7.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.212\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear of diagnosis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12(0.60–2.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.721\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.37(0.72–2.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.339\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25(0.66–2.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.490\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.23(0.58–2.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.722\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study examined evolving TB patient profiles and key determinants of treatment success among 1,051 patients over a five-year period. The findings highlight critical factors influencing treatment outcomes, offering valuable insights into how patient characteristics and clinical history shape the effectiveness of TB management strategies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, the evolution of TB patient profiles from 2019 to 2023 reveals a notable shift in case complexity[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. While new TB cases consistently dominated, relapse cases rose significantly from 0.74% in 2019 to 14.6% in 2023. This shift in patient types over time suggests a possibility of ongoing community transmission or reinfection, despite previous treatment success reinforcing Uganda\u0026rsquo;s classification as a high TB burden country [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, the rise in relapses between 2020 and 2021 may also reflect disruptions in healthcare access, adherence, and follow-up during the COVID-19 pandemic[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Other patient profile like treatment failures and defaulters remained rare possibly reflecting improvements in case finding and contact tracing[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Strengthening treatment completion, relapse prevention, and follow-up is essential, especially in high-burden settings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge emerged as a key predictor of TB treatment outcomes. Children aged 0\u0026ndash;14 years had the highest treatment success, likely due to strong caregiver support in this cohort, since children rely on adults for adherence[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, individuals aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50 years had significantly higher odds of unsuccessful treatment. This aligns with previous studies showing that older adults often face immunosenescence, reduced pulmonary function, and comorbidities that negatively impact treatment outcomes[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, older adults often have challenges such as delayed diagnosis, poor drug tolerance, and adverse reactions which may compromise adherence[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status significantly impacted TB treatment success, with separated, divorced, or widowed individuals facing higher odds of treatment failure. The absence of social support system may contribute to poor adherence in this population. Furthermore, strong family and community support systems have been linked to improved adherence, facilitating reminders, emotional support, and access to care[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. These findings highlight the need for targeted psychosocial interventions, including counselling and peer support, to improve TB treatment outcomes among individuals lacking consistent social support[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA history of prior treatment failure was a strong predictor of subsequent unsuccessful treatment outcomes. Patients with such a history often face persistent barriers, including limited health literacy, psychosocial stressors, or side effects, that can compromise adherence[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Addressing these issues through tailored interventions such as enhanced counselling, directly observed therapy (DOT), and adherence support programs may significantly improve TB treatment outcomes. Also, incorporating prior treatment history into individualized care planning is essential to prevent recurrence and optimize long-term treatment success.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatients residing in rural areas (outside the Kampala Metropolitan Area) had significantly higher odds of unsuccessful TB treatment outcomes. This could suggest potential disparities in healthcare access, infrastructure, access to TB diagnostic and treatment services, travel distances to health facilities, and socioeconomic status that may contribute to poor outcomes compared to individuals in urban setting [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the lack of significance in the adjusted model indicates that these differences might be influenced by other confounding factors, such as variations in disease severity, comorbidities, or healthcare-seeking behaviours.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTB is one of the most common opportunistic infections among people living with HIV [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Consistent with this, our study found a high HIV co-infection rate. While this may partly reflect the nature of MUgH as a centre of excellence for HIV/TB care, the critical intersection between TB and HIV cannot be overlooked, emphasizing the need for integrated management strategies to improve patient outcomes. Notably, unknown HIV status was associated with increased odds of unsuccessful treatment outcomes in bivariate analysis. This may suggest potential gaps in HIV testing, linkage to care, and documentation, particularly given the retrospective nature of data collection [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, unknown TPT status emerged as a strong predictor of treatment failure. These findings emphasize the critical role of comprehensive record-keeping in ensuring continuity of care. Poor documentation of preventive interventions may lead to suboptimal treatment decisions, further exacerbating poor outcomes[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Strengthening documentation systems are essential to enhancing treatment success. Additionally, promoting awareness and adherence to TPT, particularly among high-risk groups, is crucial in reducing TB-related morbidity and mortality[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStrengths, Limitations, and Future Research Directions\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study's strength lies in its large sample size and inclusion of a demographically diverse patient population, offering insights into real-world TB care practices. While the study was conducted at a single site, its status as a TB/HIV centre of excellence serving patients from multiple geographical locations within the country strengthens the generalizability of findings. Despite use of a retrospective design which may introduce selection bias, this was minimized through triangulation of data from electronic medical records, TB registers, and patient cards. Furthermore, adherence to TB treatment and TPT was not directly measured, though treatment success rates provide indirect evidence. Future research should investigate drug resistance patterns, and comorbidities, with prospective studies integrating changes in patient profiles, adherence monitoring and patient-reported barriers to treatment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion and Recommendations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis cohort study provides valuable insights into the evolving profiles of TB patients and the determinants of treatment outcomes in a high burden setting like Uganda. A rising trend in relapses was observed over the five-year period while treatment success was highest among paediatric and newly diagnosed TB cases. However, unsuccessful outcomes were significantly more likely among patients aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;50 years, those with unknown TPT status, and individuals who were separated, divorced, widowed, or had a history of prior treatment failure. The rising relapse trend highlights the urgent need for enhanced post-treatment follow-up, adherence strategies, and relapse prevention interventions. Community-based support programs like DOTs, increased TPT awareness, adherence counselling, and psychosocial support are essential for improving outcomes. To advance TB control, future research should prospectively explore the influence of patient profiles, drug resistance patterns, comorbidities, and behavioural determinants of treatment adherence. Strengthening data quality and documentation could also be critical to inform targeted interventions and ensure sustained progress towards TB elimination in Uganda and similar high-burden settings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e: The data sets for this study are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll authors report no conflicts of interest in this work\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis work was supported by National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) through the Royal Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (RSTMH) Early Career Grants Programme.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; The authors extend their gratitude to the study participants, hospital administrators, staff, and healthcare workers at Mildmay Uganda Hospital. Their contributions at various levels were instrumental in making this study a success.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor contributions. C. A., J. E., S N., B.K., and J. N. conceived and designed the study. C. A. acquired funding. \u0026nbsp;C. A., J. E., S. N., B.K., C. S., I. M., and J. N. did the data collection and interpretation. C.A, and J.E., participated in analysis. All authors participated in the interpretation of results and writing of the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTuberculosis (TB) (n.d.). Available: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis. Accessed 24 March 2025.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe End TB Strategy (n.d.). Available: https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/the-end-tb-strategy. Accessed 24 March 2025.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eG\u0026uuml;nther G, Heyckendorf J, Zellweger JP, Reimann M, Claassens M, et al. (2021) Defining Outcomes of Tuberculosis (Treatment): From the Past to the Future. Respiration 100: 843\u0026ndash;852.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 4: treatment: drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment (n.d.). Available: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240007048. Accessed 22 April 2025.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVega V, Cabrera-Sanchez J, Rodr\u0026iacute;guez S, Verdonck K, Seas C, et al. (2024) Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis recurrence, relapse and reinfection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Respir Res 11: e002281.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLinh NN, Viney K, Gegia M, Falzon D, Glaziou P, et al. (2021) World Health Organization treatment outcome definitions for tuberculosis: 2021 update. Eur Respir J 58: 2100804.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMosiori K, Aminer T, Asito A (2023) Patients Characteristics Associated with Tuberculosis Treatment Default: A case control study in high incidence are in western Kenya.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYates TA, Khan PY, Knight GM, Taylor JG, McHugh TD, et al. (2016) The transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in high burden settings. Lancet Infect Dis 16: 227\u0026ndash;238.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDheda K, Gumbo T, Maartens G, Dooley KE, McNerney R, et al. (2017) The epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission, diagnosis, and management of multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, and incurable tuberculosis. Lancet Respir Med: S2213-2600(17)30079-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eModule 4: Drug-susceptible tuberculosis treatment | TB Knowledge Sharing (n.d.). Available: https://tbksp.who.int/en/node/1877. Accessed 24 March 2025.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eConsolidated guidelines for the prevention and treatment of HIV and AIDS in Uganda, November 2022 | GPC (n.d.). Available: https://hivpreventioncoalition.unaids.org/en/resources/consolidated-guidelines-prevention-and-treatment-hiv-and-aids-uganda-november-2022. Accessed 24 March 2025.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRyuk DK, Pelissari DM, Alves K, Oliveira PB, Castro MC, et al. (2024) Predictors of unsuccessful tuberculosis treatment outcomes in Brazil: an analysis of 259,484 patient records. BMC Infect Dis 24: 531.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTeferi MY, El-Khatib Z, Boltena MT, Andualem AT, Asamoah BO, et al. (2021) Tuberculosis Treatment Outcome and Predictors in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18: 10678.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIndicator Metadata Registry Details (n.d.). Available: https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/4462. Accessed 24 March 2025.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKebede AH, Mamo H (2024) Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment outcomes and associated factors at Yirgalem General Hospital, Sidama Region, South Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pulm Med 24: 527.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe Hospital | Mildmay Uganda (n.d.). Available: https://mildmay.or.ug/hospital. Accessed 8 August 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNational Strategic Plan For Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control 2020/21 \u0026ndash; 2024/25 | MOH Knowledge Management Portal (n.d.). Available: https://library.health.go.ug/communicable-disease/tuberculosis/national-strategic-plan-tuberculosis-and-leprosy-control-202021. Accessed 24 March 2025.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOlmastroni E, Galimberti F, Tragni E, Catapano AL, Casula M (2023) Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Adherence to Chronic Therapies: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 20: 3825.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKalaman CR, Ibrahim N, Shaker V, Cham CQ, Ho MC, et al. (2023) Parental Factors Associated with Child or Adolescent Medication Adherence: A Systematic Review. Healthcare 11: 501.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGray-Miceli D, Gray K, Sorenson MR, Holtzclaw BJ (2023) Immunosenescence and Infectious Disease Risk Among Aging Adults. Adv Fam Pract Nurs 5: 27\u0026ndash;40.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrifoni A, Alonzi T, Alter G, Noonan DM, Landay AL, et al. (2023) Impact of aging on immunity in the context of COVID-19, HIV, and tuberculosis. Front Immunol 14: 1146704.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOlmo-Font\u0026aacute;nez AM, Turner J (2022) Tuberculosis in an Aging World. Pathogens 11: 1101.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen X, Du L, Wu R, Xu J, Ji H, et al. (2020) The effects of family, society and national policy support on treatment adherence among newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 20: 623.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNamukwaya E, Nakwagala FN, Mulekya F, Mayanja-Kizza H, Mugerwa R (2011) Predictors of treatment failure among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Mulago hospital, Uganda. Afr Health Sci 11 Suppl 1: S105-111.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJenkins HE, Ayuk S, Puma D, Brooks MB, Millones AK, et al. (2022) Geographic accessibility to health facilities predicts uptake of community-based tuberculosis screening in an urban setting. Int J Infect Dis 120: 125\u0026ndash;131.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarahatta SB, Yadav RK, Giri D, Lama S, Rijal KR, et al. (2020) Barriers in the access, diagnosis and treatment completion for tuberculosis patients in central and western Nepal: A qualitative study among patients, community members and health care workers. PLOS ONE 15: e0227293.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBunda BA, Bassett IV (2019) Reaching the second 90: the strategies for linkage to care and antiretroviral therapy initiation. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 14: 494\u0026ndash;502.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eElectronic recording and reporting for tuberculosis care and control (n.d.). Available: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241564465. Accessed 24 March 2025.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCampbell JI, Menzies D (2022) Testing and scaling interventions to improve TB infection care cascade. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc 11: S94\u0026ndash;S100.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen H, Zhang H, Cheng J, Sun D, Wang Q, et al. (2024) Adherence to preventive treatment for latent tuberculosis infection in close contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients: A cluster-randomized controlled trial in China. Int J Infect Dis 147: 107196.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[{"identity":"550dc8d6-8ff3-41e4-9b7c-88db662b7d32","identifier":"10.13039/501100000683","name":"Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","awardNumber":"N/A","order_by":0}],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Makerere University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Tuberculosis (TB), TB Patient profiles, Treatment success, Real-world data, Uganda","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6550193/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6550193/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is a need to evaluate evolving trends in tuberculosis (TB) patient profiles and treatment success determinants, which this study assessed over a five-year period (2019\u0026ndash;2023).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e We conducted a cohort study, retrospectively reviewing records of 1,051 TB patients. Descriptive statistics summarised demographics and clinical characteristics. Treatment success was defined as cured or completed treatment. Chi-square, Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact and logistic regression identified factors associated with treatment outcomes, with significance set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost TB cases were, male 55.2%, aged 34\u0026ndash;50 years 40.8%, HIV-positive72.1%, new cases (90.7%), and urban residents (Kampala Metropolitan Area) 84.9%. Pulmonary TB was predominant with bacteriologically confirmed at 58.2%. Patient profiles included 91% new cases, 0.6% failures, 7% relapses, and 1.4% defaulters. Relapses rose from 0.74% in 2019 to 14.6% in 2023 (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Unsuccessful outcomes were linked with, older age (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;50 years) (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.66; 95% CI: 1.27\u0026ndash;10.55; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.016), being separated, divorced, or widowed (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.86; 95% CI: 1.08\u0026ndash;3.22; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.027), unknown tuberculosis preventive therapy (TPT) status (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11.19; 95% CI: 2.70\u0026ndash;46.29; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), and prior TB treatment failure (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18.45; 95% CI: 3.36\u0026ndash;101.40; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study highlights a shifting trend in TB patient profiles with an increase in relapses. Unsuccessful outcomes were linked with age\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;50, unknown TPT status, prior treatment failure, and being separated, divorced, or widowed. Post-treatment follow-up, adherence support, TPT awareness and prospective research on TB patient profiles and treatment outcomes are critical.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evolving Tuberculosis Patient Profiles and Predictors of Treatment Success: Insights from a Five-Year Real-World Cohort Study in Uganda","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-05 09:56:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6550193/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"847ee93f-e85a-4fb5-9a39-c84c8c0607a8","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 5th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-25T13:15:18+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-05 09:56:58","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6550193","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6550193","identity":"rs-6550193","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}