Investigating the Lifestyle Habits and Cardiometabolic Health Among Young Adults in Pakistan

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This study examines the correlation between lifestyle habits and HbA1c and blood pressure in young adult medical students in Pakistan. Conducted from December 2022 to May 2023 across 16 medical colleges, this analytical cross-sectional study involved 1613 students aged 18–25 years. Participants with known diabetes, hypertension, or chronic conditions were excluded. Data collection included socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, anthropometric measurements, and clinical assessments of blood pressure and HbA1c levels. Results showed that 44.1% of participants were aged 22–24 years, and 63.4% were female. Over 46% were overweight or obese, and 4.0% had high blood pressure. Lifestyle assessments revealed significant habits such as skipping breakfast (47.5%) and a preference for fast food (17.2%), a sedentary lifestyle with a mean exercise time of 3.0 ± 0.5 hours weekly. Gender differences were significant, with males more prone to diabetes. The study highlights a notable prevalence of undiagnosed prediabetes (10.9%) and diabetes (0.9%) among young adults in Pakistan, emphasising the importance of targeted interventions and comprehensive nationwide studies to address the rising burden of diabetes and obesity among young adults in Pakistan. Investigating the Lifestyle Habits and Cardiometabolic Health Among Young Adults in Pakistan Introduction In a global health landscape dominated by discussions and measures aimed at combating communicable diseases, the significance of non-communicable conditions like diabetes and hypertension cannot be overstated. While the COVID-19 pandemic has understandably drawn much attention, the escalating prevalence of diabetes mellitus presents a parallel, pressing concern, verging on epidemic proportions worldwide [ 1 ]. According to the International Diabetes Federation, the prevalence of diabetes among 20 to 79-year-olds reached 10.5% in 2021, with a projected increase to 12.2% by 2045, particularly pronounced in middle-income nations [ 2 ]. Notably, Pakistan has grappled with a staggering diabetes prevalence of 30.8% in 2021, underlining the urgency of addressing this public health challenge. Prediabetes, a metabolic intermediary between normoglycemia and diabetes, demands proactive identification and management due to its potential progression to overt diabetes and associated microvascular complications. The definition of prediabetes based on HbA1C levels varies slightly between international expert committees and guidelines, with the ADA recommending a range of 5.7–6.4% [ 3 ]. Employing the ADA's criteria, we delineate prediabetes in our study population. The utility of HbA1C testing lies in its ability to reflect average plasma glucose levels over the preceding 2 to 3 months without the need for fasting, rendering it a convenient and reliable diagnostic tool. Moreover, its stability against external influences, coupled with its predictive value for complications such as cardiovascular and renal disorders, underscores its clinical significance [ 4 ]. Epidemiological data from the US and Pakistan underscore the widespread prevalence of prediabetes, with associated risk factors including physical inactivity, hypertension, family history of diabetes, and elevated BMI [ 5 , 6 ]. According to the National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (NDSP), the reported prevalence of prediabetes in adult population of Pakistan is 14.4%, with significant association with risk factors such as hypertension, family history of diabetes and dyslipidemia [ 7 ]. A study involving 130 medical students from Ayub medical college, Abbottabad, Pakistan reported prevalence rate of 11.5% among the participants [ 8 ]. However, comprehensive studies exploring the interplay between lifestyle behaviours, cardiometabolic diseases, and their prevalence among young Pakistani adults remain scarce or yield inconsistent findings. Our research endeavours to bridge this gap by investigating the prevalence of diabetes and obesity among young adults and adolescents in Pakistan, and exploring the intricate relationship between lifestyle factors and the risk of these conditions Employing a mixed-methods approach, we integrate quantitative analysis of survey data with qualitative insights gleaned from interviews and focus group discussions. By shedding light on the impact of sedentary behaviours, dietary patterns, and other lifestyle determinants, we aim to inform targeted interventions to curb the burgeoning burden of diabetes and obesity in this vulnerable demographic. Methods Study Setting An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to May 2023. Screening camps were established at 16 medical colleges across Pakistan (see Annexure I), where 1613 medical students volunteered to participate in the study. Participants included young adults aged 18-25 years, undergraduate medical students of both genders and individuals consenting to and willing to participate in the study. Individuals younger than 18 years or older than 25 years, those with known diabetes mellitus or hypertension, individuals with chronic medical conditions, those on glucose-lowering drugs for indications other than hyperglycaemia, and individuals taking medications that may increase glycaemic levels, including steroids, were excluded from the study. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Socio-demographic characteristics and lifestyle habits were assessed using a structured pre-tested questionnaire (see Annexure II). Anthropometric measurements, including height (in cm) and weight (in kilograms), were recorded, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Blood pressure (BP) was measured by trained healthcare professionals using a digital sphygmomanometer (Omron M3 series) following the protocols of the International Hypertension Society [9]. BP was measured twice, and the average reading was recorded. Blood samples were obtained via pinprick using an automated lancet under aseptic measures. Random blood sugar levels were checked, and samples for HbA1C levels were measured at the Point of Care (POC). Operational Definitions - Diabetes Mellitus (DM) was diagnosed in participants exhibiting symptoms such as polyuria and polydipsia along with any one of the following criteria: - Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) ≥ 48 mmol/mol (≥ 6.5%) - Fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) - Random blood sugar and plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) - Pre-diabetes was identified when any one of the following criteria was met: - Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level between 5.7% to 6.4% in the absence of symptoms - Fasting Blood Glucose between 100-125 mg/dL (IFG) - Random Blood Glucose between 140-200 mg/dL (IGT) - Obesity was defined using BMI cutoffs for adult Asian Indians as follows: - Healthy: BMI 18.5kg/m2- 22.9 kg/m2 - Overweight: BMI between 23 kg/m2 - 24.9 kg/m2 - Obese: BMI of 25kg/m2 - Hypertension (HTN) was suspected when BP readings were recorded above 140 mm Hg systolic and/or above 90 mm Hg diastolic. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Qualitative variables were presented as percentage frequencies, while numerical variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation. Chi-square tests and correlation analyses were employed to identify associations between variables, with correlation coefficients calculated. A p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The demographic and physiological characteristics of the participants are summarised in Table 1. Majority of the participants (44.1%) fell into the age group of >22-24 years, with females comprising 63.4% of the sample. Additionally, the highest proportion of participants (65.1%) were enrolled in public colleges. Among the participants, over 46% were categorised as overweight or obese, 4.0% exhibited high blood pressure, 40.5% had a family history of diabetes, and 0.9% had elevated HbA1C levels. Exploring lifestyle habits revealed that 47.5% of participants reported skipping breakfast, 17.2% preferred fast-food chains, 6.4% consumed over 1000ml of beverages, and the mean exercise time was 3.0±0.5 hours. Additionally, 80.7% of participants engaged in household tasks, as detailed in Table 2. Presently no association (p-value >0.05) of BMI, Blood pressure and stress was found with diabetes while a significant difference (p-value <0.05) was found for gender where male are more prone to diabetes as compared to females. Similarly, participants having male gender and a family history of diabetes, particularly a history of diabetes in parents, were identified as significant contributing factors to the observed trends. [Table 3 & 4] According to the diagnostic criteria for diabetes, 14 subjects met the criteria for diabetes. Further investigation revealed that 3 patients were diagnosed with autoimmune diabetes and were treated with insulin, while one subject withdrew consent for further participation in the study. The remaining subjects were managed as Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) cases based on local guidelines. [Table 5] Discussion The findings of our study contribute to the growing body of evidence highlighting the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes among young adults, a demographic often overlooked in diabetes research. Our study revealed a significant number of pre-diabetes (10.9%) and diabetes (0.86%) cases among young adults aged 18–24 years enrolled in medical schools nationwide, with a higher prevalence observed in males. These findings are consistent with previous research indicating a rising trend of diabetes and prediabetes among young adults nationally and globally. [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. The TODAY (Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents & Youth) study group has been shown to have a higher incidence of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and microvascular complications in patients 10–17 years of age suffering from diabetes [ 14 ]. Another group from China also reported that patients with early onset diabetes (in age < 40 years) have early development of hypertension and dyslipidaemia that would turn into severe complications with persistent hyperglycaemia accompanying over years [ 15 ]. Another review comprising data from high-income countries expressed that younger people living with diabetes have increased mortality, and every decade of earlier diagnosis of diabetes lessens the life expectancy by 3–4 years, compared with if diagnosed at 70 years of age [ 16 ]. That raises serious concerns for future health paradigms and economic burdens from national and global perspectives. Our study not only highlights the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes among young adults but also delves into the lifestyle choices that may contribute to these alarming statistics, particularly in the context of Pakistan's high burden of cardiometabolic diseases. In Pakistan, as in many parts of the world, especially neighbouring countries [ 17 ] there's a concerning trend among youth towards adopting sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy dietary habits. Factors such as the proliferation of fast-food chains, a preference for sugary beverages, and a decrease in physical activity levels contribute to the rise in obesity and associated cardiometabolic conditions Moreover, socio-cultural norms often prioritize academic or professional pursuits over physical well-being, further exacerbating the problem. The implications of these lifestyle choices are profound and warrant urgent attention. The absence of a notable link between BMI and diabetes/prediabetes in our study group could stem from various reasons. While BMI is commonly used to gauge obesity due to its simplicity, it falls short in distinguishing between fat and lean mass or assessing body fat distribution, particularly in young adults. Moreover, BMI might not adequately capture central adiposity, which is closely tied to metabolic issues and diabetes risk [ 18 , 19 ]. This limitation is compounded by the fact that BMI cutoffs defining obesity are based on population averages and may not accurately represent adiposity across all ethnicities. Studies indicate that people of South Asian descent, like Pakistanis, often exhibit higher levels of visceral fat and lower muscle mass compared to Caucasians with similar BMI readings, elevating their susceptibility to metabolic disorders even at lower BMI levels [20]. Consequently, relying solely on BMI may underestimate the true prevalence of obesity-related metabolic conditions in South Asian populations. Additionally, the development of diabetes and prediabetes is influenced by intricate interplays between genetic predisposition, lifestyle choices, and socio-economic factors. While obesity is a known diabetes risk factor, factors like genetic predisposition, dietary habits, physical activity levels, and socioeconomic status also exert significant influences on individual risk. It's plausible that in our study group, these multifaceted factors overshadowed the impact of BMI on diabetes risk, thereby explaining the absence of a significant association. Furthermore, our study identified a positive family history of diabetes as a significant contributing factor to the development of diabetes among young adults. However, the predictive value of non-invasive diabetes risk scores, which often incorporate parameters of obesity, may be limited in detecting diabetes in individuals with beta cell failure. This highlights the complexity of diabetes risk assessment and the need for more accurate screening tools, particularly in high-risk populations. The implications of early-onset diabetes are profound, with studies indicating an increased risk of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and microvascular complications among young individuals with diabetes. Moreover, younger age at diagnosis of diabetes has been associated with decreased life expectancy, emphasizing the importance of early detection and management of diabetes in this population. Despite the valuable insights provided by our study, certain limitations must be acknowledged. The use of HbA1c as the sole criteria for diagnosis of prediabetes and diabetes may have introduced some degree of misclassification bias. Additionally, BMI may not adequately capture obesity in young adults, suggesting the need for alternative measures of obesity in screening high-risk individuals for diabetes. With diabetes and hypertension already reaching epidemic proportions in Pakistan, the prevalence of these conditions among young adults is particularly alarming. Not only does this place a significant burden on the healthcare system, but it also threatens the productivity and well-being of future generations. Conclusion In conclusion, our study highlights the urgent need for comprehensive nationwide studies to document the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes among young adults in Pakistan. Moreover, the development of targeted prevention and management strategies tailored to the specific needs of this population is essential to mitigate the growing burden of diabetes and its associated complications. Abbreviations ADA – American Diabetes Association BMI – Body Mass Index BP – Blood Pressure CPHD – Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiencies DCCT – Diabetes Control and Complications Trial DM – Diabetes Mellitus ERB – Ethical Review Board GAD – Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (antibodies) HbA1c – Glycated Hemoglobin HTN – Hypertension IGT – Impaired Glucose Tolerance IFG – Impaired Fasting Glucose MCOL – Money Claim Online NDSP – National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan OHA – Oral Hypoglycemic Agents POC – Point of Care PSIM – Pakistan Society of Internal Medicine SPSS – Statistical Package for the Social Sciences T1D – Type 1 Diabetes T2D – Type 2 Diabetes UK – United Kingdom US – United States Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the following institutions: ERB & IRBs of King Edward Medical University, Lahore Pakistan Akhtar Saeed Medical College Lahore, Pakistan University of Health Sciences Lahore, Pakistan All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national ethical guidelines. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection. Participants were informed about the study objectives, potential risks, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequences. Confidentiality and anonymity of the data were maintained throughout the study. Consent for publication Not Applicable Availability of data and materials Data is provided within the manuscript. The datasets used and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing Interests The authors declare no competing interests. Funding Funding Declaration: Ferozson’s Laboratories Pakistan Ltd funded provision of HBA1c testing and article processing charges Authors' contributions Author(s) Contribution Tariq Waseem TW was the Chief Investigator. He also has major contribution in study design and manuscript writing Wafa Qaiser was one of the Principal Investigators and wrote an initial draft of manuscript Somia Iqtadar SI was one of the Principal Investigators. They also helped in data review. Muhammad Naeem Afzal MNA had significant contribution in data analysis and manuscript writing Taj Jamshed TJ was a principal Investigator and author of final manuscript Rizwan Zafar RZ performed statistical analysis and manuscript write Malik Asif Humayun MAH is the main author of the final manuscript and reviewed all data to ensure its validity Acknowledgements We extend our heartfelt gratitude to the principal investigators whose visionary leadership and unwavering dedication were fundamental to the success of this research study: - Khalid Mehmood Khan, Allama Iqbal Medical College Lahore, Pakistan - A H Amir, Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar, Pakistan - M Zaman Shaikh, Sir Syed College of Medical Sciences Karachi, Pakistan - Hakim Ali Abroo, Muhtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University Larkana, Pakistan - Amir Shaukat, Faisalabad Medical University Faisalabad, Pakistan - Khurshid A Khan, FMH College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore, Pakistan - Mati Ullah, Shifa College of Medicine Islamabad, Pakistan - Munir Azhar, Quid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur - Fibhaa Syed, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University Islamabad, Pakistan We are also deeply thankful to our sub-investigators, whose diligent work and meticulous attention to detail significantly enhanced the quality of this research. Their expertise, collaborative efforts, and tireless contributions were vital to overcoming challenges and ensuring the robustness of our findings. This research would not have been possible without the collective efforts of our dedicated team. Their professionalism and passion for advancing scientific knowledge have been truly inspiring. We extend our sincere appreciation to Ferozsons Laboratories for their dedication to advancing public health research and supporting our efforts to explore the impact of lifestyle habits on glycaemic control and hypertension among young adult medical students in Pakistan. References International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas. 10th ed. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation; 2021. International Expert Committee. International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(7):1327–34. Selvin E, Steffes MW, Zhu H, et al. 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Tables Table 1: Demographic and Physiologic Characteristics of Students (n=1613) Characteristics Category n % Age Groups 18-20 years 258 16 >20-22 years 545 33.8 >22-24 years 712 44.1 >24-25 years 98 6.1 Type of Medical College Public 1043 65.1 Private 558 34.9 Body Mass Index Normal 868 53.8 Overweight 323 20 Obese 422 26.2 HbA1c (mean ± St.d) 5.1±0.6 6.5 diabetic 14 0.9 Table 2: Life Style/Habitual Characteristics of Students (n=1613) Factor Category non-diabetic n=1423 pre-diabetic n=176 Diabetic n=14 P-value n % n % n % Food Preference Homemade 1035 73 120 68 13 93 0.2 Restaurant 149 10.5 18 10 1 7 Fast food chain 239 17 38 22 0 0 Frequency of Fast Food once in month 403 28 35 20 5 36 0.06 once in week 558 39 71 40 7 50 2-3 times a week 462 32.5 70 40 2 14 Daily Bottled Beverages intake Zero 644 45 72 41 7 50 0.39 250-500ml 0 0 0 0 0 0 501-1000ml 687 48 95 54 5 36 >1000ml 92 6.5 9 5 2 14 Exercise 1-3 hours/week 1296 91 160 91 14 100 0.5 3-5 hours/week 127 9 16 9 0 0 >5 hours/week 0 0 0 0 0 0 Walk 1-3 hours/week 80 6 8 4.5 0 0 0.83 3-5 hours/week 148 10 17 10 2 14 >5 hours/week 1195 84 151 86 12 86 Sitting 1-3 hours/week 10 1 2 1 0 0 0.86 3-5 hours/week 904 63.5 116 66 8 57 >5 hours/week 509 36 58 33 6 43 Idle time per day 1-3 hours/week 12 1 1 1 0 0 0.59 3-5 hours/week 488 34 50 28 5 36 >5 hours/week 923 65 125 71 9 64 Note: chi-square applied, p<0.05* Table 3: Association of Risk factors with Diabetes and Non-diabetic hyperglycaemia p-value non-diabetic n=1423 pre-diabetic n=176 Diabetic n=14 n % n % n % Family H/O Diabetes Mellitus Yes 566 39.8 78 44.3 10 71.4 0.031 No 857 60.2 98 55.7 4 28.6 Relationship Mother 168 11.8 26 14.8 4 28.6 0.0001 Father 297 20.9 35 19.9 1 7.1 Both parents 64 4.5 12 6.8 3 21.4 Siblings 15 1.1 0 0.0 1 7.1 2 Family member's history 17 1.2 6 3.4 0 0.0 Mother father siblings 5 0.4 0 0.0 1 7.1 None 857 60.2 97 55.1 4 28.6 Gender Male 492 34.6 89 50.6 10 71.4 0.001 Female 931 65.4 87 49.4 4 28.6 Table 4: Association of Life style with Diabetes and Non diabetic hyperglycaemia non-diabetic n=1423 pre-diabetic n=176 Diabetic n=14 n % n % n % Family H/O Diabetes Mellitus Yes 566 86.5 78 11.9 10 1.5 No 857 89.4 98 10.2 4 0.4 Relationship Mother 168 84.8 26 13.1 4 2.0 Father 297 89.2 35 10.5 1 0.3 Both parents 64 81.0 12 15.2 3 3.8 Siblings 15 93.8 0 0.0 1 6.2 2 Family member's history 17 73.9 6 26.1 0 0.0 Mother father siblings 5 83.3 0 0.0 1 16.7 None 857 89.5 97 10.1 4 0.4 Gender Male 492 83.2 89 15.1 10 1.7 Female 931 91.1 87 8.5 4 0.4 Table 5: Subjects with confirmed diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus. Name Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl) HbA1c Screening (DCCT) % HbA1c Repeat (DCCT) % GAD antibodies Family History Relationship Treatment Current Status 1 92 6.5 5.4 Negative No NA No treatment Treated as T2D 2 101 6.5 5.6 Negative No NA No treatment Treated as T2D 3 91 6.7 5.6 Negative Yes Mother Lifestyle Treated as T2D 4 101 6.7 6.9 Negative Yes Mother, Father, sibling On OHAs+ Lifestyle Treated as T2D 5 100 6.7 5.8 Negative Yes Mother Father Lifestyle Treated as T2D 6 98 6.7 7.1 Negative No unknown Lifestyle Treated as T2D 7 100 7.3 7.5 Negative Yes Mother On OHAs + Lifestyle Treated as T2D 8 97 7.6 6.9 Negative Yes Mother, Father On OHAs+ Lifestyle Treated as T2D 9 230 9.5 10 Positive Yes Mother On Insulin Treated as T1D 10 96 9.8 7.8 Negative Yes Father LifeStyle Treated as T2D 11 167 11 10.5 Positive No No Family history On Insulin Treated as T1D 12 335 12.5 11 Positive Yes Mother On Insulin Treated as T1D 13 260 12.6 10 Negative Yes Sibling On OHAs+ Lifestyle Treated as T2D 14 435 13. 2 12 Negative Yes Mother, Father Could not be contacted Treated as T2D Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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While the COVID-19 pandemic has understandably drawn much attention, the escalating prevalence of diabetes mellitus presents a parallel, pressing concern, verging on epidemic proportions worldwide [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. According to the International Diabetes Federation, the prevalence of diabetes among 20 to 79-year-olds reached 10.5% in 2021, with a projected increase to 12.2% by 2045, particularly pronounced in middle-income nations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Notably, Pakistan has grappled with a staggering diabetes prevalence of 30.8% in 2021, underlining the urgency of addressing this public health challenge.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrediabetes, a metabolic intermediary between normoglycemia and diabetes, demands proactive identification and management due to its potential progression to overt diabetes and associated microvascular complications. The definition of prediabetes based on HbA1C levels varies slightly between international expert committees and guidelines, with the ADA recommending a range of 5.7\u0026ndash;6.4% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Employing the ADA's criteria, we delineate prediabetes in our study population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe utility of HbA1C testing lies in its ability to reflect average plasma glucose levels over the preceding 2 to 3 months without the need for fasting, rendering it a convenient and reliable diagnostic tool. Moreover, its stability against external influences, coupled with its predictive value for complications such as cardiovascular and renal disorders, underscores its clinical significance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpidemiological data from the US and Pakistan underscore the widespread prevalence of prediabetes, with associated risk factors including physical inactivity, hypertension, family history of diabetes, and elevated BMI [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. According to the National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (NDSP), the reported prevalence of prediabetes in adult population of Pakistan is 14.4%, with significant association with risk factors such as hypertension, family history of diabetes and dyslipidemia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. A study involving 130 medical students from Ayub medical college, Abbottabad, Pakistan reported prevalence rate of 11.5% among the participants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. However, comprehensive studies exploring the interplay between lifestyle behaviours, cardiometabolic diseases, and their prevalence among young Pakistani adults remain scarce or yield inconsistent findings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur research endeavours to bridge this gap by investigating the prevalence of diabetes and obesity among young adults and adolescents in Pakistan, and exploring the intricate relationship between lifestyle factors and the risk of these conditions Employing a mixed-methods approach, we integrate quantitative analysis of survey data with qualitative insights gleaned from interviews and focus group discussions. By shedding light on the impact of sedentary behaviours, dietary patterns, and other lifestyle determinants, we aim to inform targeted interventions to curb the burgeoning burden of diabetes and obesity in this vulnerable demographic.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Setting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to May 2023. Screening camps were established at 16 medical colleges across Pakistan (see Annexure I), where 1613 medical students volunteered to participate in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants included young adults aged 18-25 years, undergraduate medical students of both genders and individuals consenting to and willing to participate in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndividuals younger than 18 years or older than 25 years, those with known diabetes mellitus or hypertension, individuals with chronic medical conditions, those on glucose-lowering drugs for indications other than hyperglycaemia, and individuals taking medications that may increase glycaemic levels, including steroids, were excluded from the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWritten informed consent was obtained from all participants. Socio-demographic characteristics and lifestyle habits were assessed using a structured pre-tested questionnaire (see Annexure II). Anthropometric measurements, including height (in cm) and weight (in kilograms), were recorded, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Blood pressure (BP) was measured by trained healthcare professionals using a digital sphygmomanometer (Omron M3 series) following the protocols of the International Hypertension Society [9]. BP was measured twice, and the average reading was recorded. Blood samples were obtained via pinprick using an automated lancet under aseptic measures. Random blood sugar levels were checked, and samples for HbA1C levels were measured at the Point of Care (POC).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOperational Definitions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Diabetes Mellitus (DM) was diagnosed in participants exhibiting symptoms such as polyuria and polydipsia along with any one of the following criteria:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; - Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) \u0026ge; 48 mmol/mol (\u0026ge; 6.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; - Fasting plasma glucose level \u0026ge; 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; - Random blood sugar and plasma glucose \u0026ge; 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Pre-diabetes was identified when any one of the following criteria was met:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; - Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level between 5.7% to 6.4% in the absence of symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; - Fasting Blood Glucose between 100-125 mg/dL (IFG)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; - Random Blood Glucose between 140-200 mg/dL (IGT)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Obesity was defined using BMI cutoffs for adult Asian Indians as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; - Healthy: BMI 18.5kg/m2- 22.9 kg/m2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; - Overweight: BMI between 23 kg/m2 - 24.9 kg/m2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; - Obese: BMI of 25kg/m2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Hypertension (HTN) was suspected when BP readings were recorded above 140 mm Hg systolic and/or above 90 mm Hg diastolic.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Qualitative variables were presented as percentage frequencies, while numerical variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation. Chi-square tests and correlation analyses were employed to identify associations between variables, with correlation coefficients calculated. A p-value \u0026le; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe demographic and physiological characteristics of the participants are summarised in Table 1. Majority of the participants (44.1%) fell into the age group of \u0026gt;22-24 years, with females comprising 63.4% of the sample. Additionally, the highest proportion of participants (65.1%) were enrolled in public colleges. Among the participants, over 46% were categorised as overweight or obese, 4.0% exhibited high blood pressure, 40.5% had a family history of diabetes, and 0.9% had elevated HbA1C levels.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExploring lifestyle habits revealed that 47.5% of participants reported skipping breakfast, 17.2% preferred fast-food chains, 6.4% consumed over 1000ml of beverages, and the mean exercise time was 3.0\u0026plusmn;0.5 hours. Additionally, 80.7% of participants engaged in household tasks, as detailed in Table 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePresently no association (p-value \u0026gt;0.05) of BMI, Blood pressure and stress was found with diabetes while a significant difference (p-value \u0026lt;0.05) was found for gender where male are more prone to diabetes as compared to females. Similarly, participants having male gender and a family history of diabetes, particularly a history of diabetes in parents, were identified as significant contributing factors to the observed trends. [Table 3 \u0026amp; 4]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the diagnostic criteria for diabetes, 14 subjects met the criteria for diabetes. Further investigation revealed that 3 patients were diagnosed with autoimmune diabetes and were treated with insulin, while one subject withdrew consent for further participation in the study. The remaining subjects were managed as Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) cases based on local guidelines. [Table 5]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe findings of our study contribute to the growing body of evidence highlighting the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes among young adults, a demographic often overlooked in diabetes research. Our study revealed a significant number of pre-diabetes (10.9%) and diabetes (0.86%) cases among young adults aged 18\u0026ndash;24 years enrolled in medical schools nationwide, with a higher prevalence observed in males.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese findings are consistent with previous research indicating a rising trend of diabetes and prediabetes among young adults nationally and globally. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. The TODAY (Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents \u0026amp; Youth) study group has been shown to have a higher incidence of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and microvascular complications in patients 10\u0026ndash;17 years of age suffering from diabetes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Another group from China also reported that patients with early onset diabetes (in age\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;40 years) have early development of hypertension and dyslipidaemia that would turn into severe complications with persistent hyperglycaemia accompanying over years [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Another review comprising data from high-income countries expressed that younger people living with diabetes have increased mortality, and every decade of earlier diagnosis of diabetes lessens the life expectancy by 3\u0026ndash;4 years, compared with if diagnosed at 70 years of age [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. That raises serious concerns for future health paradigms and economic burdens from national and global perspectives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study not only highlights the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes among young adults but also delves into the lifestyle choices that may contribute to these alarming statistics, particularly in the context of Pakistan's high burden of cardiometabolic diseases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Pakistan, as in many parts of the world, especially neighbouring countries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] there's a concerning trend among youth towards adopting sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy dietary habits. Factors such as the proliferation of fast-food chains, a preference for sugary beverages, and a decrease in physical activity levels contribute to the rise in obesity and associated cardiometabolic conditions Moreover, socio-cultural norms often prioritize academic or professional pursuits over physical well-being, further exacerbating the problem. The implications of these lifestyle choices are profound and warrant urgent attention.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe absence of a notable link between BMI and diabetes/prediabetes in our study group could stem from various reasons. While BMI is commonly used to gauge obesity due to its simplicity, it falls short in distinguishing between fat and lean mass or assessing body fat distribution, particularly in young adults. Moreover, BMI might not adequately capture central adiposity, which is closely tied to metabolic issues and diabetes risk [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. This limitation is compounded by the fact that BMI cutoffs defining obesity are based on population averages and may not accurately represent adiposity across all ethnicities. Studies indicate that people of South Asian descent, like Pakistanis, often exhibit higher levels of visceral fat and lower muscle mass compared to Caucasians with similar BMI readings, elevating their susceptibility to metabolic disorders even at lower BMI levels [20]. Consequently, relying solely on BMI may underestimate the true prevalence of obesity-related metabolic conditions in South Asian populations. Additionally, the development of diabetes and prediabetes is influenced by intricate interplays between genetic predisposition, lifestyle choices, and socio-economic factors. While obesity is a known diabetes risk factor, factors like genetic predisposition, dietary habits, physical activity levels, and socioeconomic status also exert significant influences on individual risk. It's plausible that in our study group, these multifaceted factors overshadowed the impact of BMI on diabetes risk, thereby explaining the absence of a significant association.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, our study identified a positive family history of diabetes as a significant contributing factor to the development of diabetes among young adults. However, the predictive value of non-invasive diabetes risk scores, which often incorporate parameters of obesity, may be limited in detecting diabetes in individuals with beta cell failure. This highlights the complexity of diabetes risk assessment and the need for more accurate screening tools, particularly in high-risk populations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe implications of early-onset diabetes are profound, with studies indicating an increased risk of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and microvascular complications among young individuals with diabetes. Moreover, younger age at diagnosis of diabetes has been associated with decreased life expectancy, emphasizing the importance of early detection and management of diabetes in this population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the valuable insights provided by our study, certain limitations must be acknowledged. The use of HbA1c as the sole criteria for diagnosis of prediabetes and diabetes may have introduced some degree of misclassification bias. Additionally, BMI may not adequately capture obesity in young adults, suggesting the need for alternative measures of obesity in screening high-risk individuals for diabetes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith diabetes and hypertension already reaching epidemic proportions in Pakistan, the prevalence of these conditions among young adults is particularly alarming. Not only does this place a significant burden on the healthcare system, but it also threatens the productivity and well-being of future generations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, our study highlights the urgent need for comprehensive nationwide studies to document the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes among young adults in Pakistan. Moreover, the development of targeted prevention and management strategies tailored to the specific needs of this population is essential to mitigate the growing burden of diabetes and its associated complications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eADA \u0026ndash; American Diabetes Association\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBMI \u0026ndash; Body Mass Index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBP \u0026ndash; Blood Pressure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCPHD \u0026ndash; Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiencies\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDCCT \u0026ndash; Diabetes Control and Complications Trial\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDM \u0026ndash; Diabetes Mellitus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eERB \u0026ndash; Ethical Review Board\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGAD \u0026ndash; Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (antibodies)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHbA1c \u0026ndash; Glycated Hemoglobin\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHTN \u0026ndash; Hypertension\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIGT \u0026ndash; Impaired Glucose Tolerance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIFG \u0026ndash; Impaired Fasting Glucose\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMCOL \u0026ndash; Money Claim Online\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNDSP \u0026ndash; National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOHA \u0026ndash; Oral Hypoglycemic Agents\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePOC \u0026ndash; Point of Care\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSIM \u0026ndash; Pakistan Society of Internal Medicine\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSPSS \u0026ndash; Statistical Package for the Social Sciences\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT1D \u0026ndash; Type 1 Diabetes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT2D \u0026ndash; Type 2 Diabetes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUK \u0026ndash; United Kingdom\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUS \u0026ndash; United States\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the following institutions:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eERB \u0026amp; IRBs of King Edward Medical University, Lahore Pakistan\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAkhtar Saeed Medical College Lahore, Pakistan\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUniversity of Health Sciences Lahore, Pakistan\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll procedures were conducted in accordance with the \u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of Helsinki\u003c/strong\u003e and relevant national ethical guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWritten informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection. Participants were informed about the study objectives, potential risks, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequences. Confidentiality and anonymity of the data were maintained throughout the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData is provided within the manuscript. The datasets used and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Declaration:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFerozson\u0026rsquo;s Laboratories Pakistan Ltd funded provision of HBA1c testing and article processing charges\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 38.3855%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor(s)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.3855%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTariq Waseem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTW was the Chief Investigator. He also has major contribution in study design and manuscript writing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.3855%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWafa Qaiser\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewas one of the Principal Investigators\u0026nbsp;and wrote an initial draft of manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.3855%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSomia Iqtadar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSI was one of the Principal Investigators. They also helped in data review.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.3855%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMuhammad Naeem Afzal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMNA had significant contribution in data analysis and manuscript writing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.3855%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTaj Jamshed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTJ was a principal Investigator and author of final manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.3855%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRizwan Zafar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRZ performed statistical analysis and manuscript write\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.3855%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalik Asif Humayun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAH is the main author of the final manuscript and reviewed all data to ensure its validity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe extend our heartfelt gratitude to the principal investigators whose visionary leadership and unwavering dedication were fundamental to the success of this research study:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Khalid Mehmood Khan, Allama Iqbal Medical College Lahore, Pakistan\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- A H Amir, Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar, Pakistan\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- M Zaman Shaikh, Sir Syed College of Medical Sciences Karachi, Pakistan\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Hakim Ali Abroo, Muhtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University Larkana, Pakistan\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Amir Shaukat, Faisalabad Medical University Faisalabad, Pakistan\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Khurshid A Khan, FMH College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore, Pakistan\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Mati Ullah, Shifa College of Medicine Islamabad, Pakistan\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Munir Azhar, Quid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Fibhaa Syed, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University Islamabad, Pakistan\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe are also deeply thankful to our sub-investigators, whose diligent work and meticulous attention to detail significantly enhanced the quality of this research. Their expertise, collaborative efforts, and tireless contributions were vital to overcoming challenges and ensuring the robustness of our findings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research would not have been possible without the collective efforts of our dedicated team. Their professionalism and passion for advancing scientific knowledge have been truly inspiring.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWe extend our sincere appreciation to Ferozsons Laboratories for their dedication to advancing public health research and supporting our efforts to explore the impact of lifestyle habits on glycaemic control and hypertension among young adult medical students in Pakistan.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eInternational Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas. 10th ed. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation; 2021.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eInternational Expert Committee. International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(7):1327\u0026ndash;34.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSelvin E, Steffes MW, Zhu H, et al. Glycated haemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(9):800\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAmerican Diabetes Association. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u0026mdash;2021. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(Suppl 1):S15\u0026ndash;33.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSelvin E, Steffes MW, Zhu H, et al. Glycated haemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(9):800\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e2020. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report, Atlanta GA. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services; 2020.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBasit A, Fawwad A, Qureshi H, Shera AS. Prevalence of diabetes, pre-diabetes and associated risk factors: second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (NDSP), 2016\u0026ndash;2017. BMJ open. 2018;8(8):e020961.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhan R, Khan S, Gul S, Samin A, Ahmed A, PRE-DIABETES;:, PREVALENCE IN STUDENTS OF AYUB MEDICAL COLLEGE, ABBOTTABAD. The Professional Medical Journal, O\u0026rsquo;Brien E, Petrie J, Littler WA, de Swiet M, Pad\u0026cent;eld PD, Dillon MJ et al. Blood pressure measurement: recommendations of the British Hypertension Society. 2nd edn. London: BMJ Publishing Group; 1997.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOgden CL, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Flegal KM. Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United States, 2011\u0026ndash;2014. NCHS Data Brief. 2015;(219):1\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang Y, Mi J, Shan XY, et al. Is China facing an obesity epidemic and the consequences? The trends in obesity and chronic disease in China. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007;31(1):177\u0026ndash;88.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSaklayen MG. The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20(2):12.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShahzad F, Ishaque A, Saleem F. Prediabetes in adolescents - an emerging epidemic - a cross-sectional survey of medical students at a public university, Quetta, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2021;71(5):1438\u0026ndash;41.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLong-Term Complications in Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(5):416\u0026ndash;26.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang M, He Y, He Q, Di F, Zou K, Wang W, et al. Comparison of clinical characteristics and disease burden between early- and late-onset type 2 diabetes patients: a population-based cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):2411.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEmerging Risk Factors Collaboration. Life expectancy associated with different ages at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in high-income countries: 23 million person-years of observation. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023;11(10):731\u0026ndash;742. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(23)00223-1. Epub 2023 Sep 11. PMID: 37708900; PMCID: PMC7615299.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMisra A, Singhal N, Sivakumar B, Bhagat N, Jaiswal A, Khurana L. Nutrition transition in India: secular trends in dietary intake and their relationship to diet-related non-communicable diseases. J Diabetes. 2011;3(4):278\u0026ndash;92. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1111/j.1753-0407.2011.00155.x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/j.1753-0407.2011.00155.x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKumar P, Srivastava S, Mishra PS, Mooss ETK. Prevalence of pre-diabetes/type 2 diabetes among adolescents (10\u0026ndash;19 years) and its association with different measures of overweight/obesity in India: a gendered perspective. BMC Endocr Disord. 2021;21(1):146.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRazak F, Anand SS, Shannon H, et al. Defining obesity cut points in a multiethnic population. Circulation. 2007;115(16):2111\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLear SA, Humphries KH, Kohli S, et al. Visceral adipose tissue accumulation differs according to ethnic background: results of the Multicultural Community Health Assessment Trial (M-CHAT). Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86(2):353\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1: Demographic and Physiologic Characteristics of Students (n=1613)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"678\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge Groups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18-20 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;20-22 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e545\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;22-24 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e712\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;24-25 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of Medical College\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePublic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e558\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody Mass Index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e868\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverweight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e323\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObese\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHbA1c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mean \u0026plusmn; St.d)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 193px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1\u0026plusmn;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 5.6 non-diabetic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1423\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7-6.4 pre-diabetic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; 6.5 diabetic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: Life Style/Habitual Characteristics of Students (n=1613)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"678\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enon-diabetic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=1423\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epre-diabetic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFood Preference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHomemade\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRestaurant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFast food chain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e239\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency of Fast Food\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eonce in month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e403\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eonce in week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e558\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2-3 times a week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e462\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaily Bottled Beverages intake\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZero\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e644\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250-500ml\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e501-1000ml\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e687\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1000ml\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExercise\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-3 hours/week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1296\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-5 hours/week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5 hours/week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWalk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-3 hours/week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-5 hours/week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5 hours/week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSitting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-3 hours/week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-5 hours/week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e904\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5 hours/week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e509\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIdle time per day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-3 hours/week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-5 hours/week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5 hours/week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e923\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 678px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNote: chi-square applied, p\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3: Association of Risk factors with Diabetes and Non-diabetic hyperglycaemia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"109%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003enon-diabetic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en=1423\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epre-diabetic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en=176\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en=14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily H/O Diabetes Mellitus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e566\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e857\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelationship\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMother\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFather\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e297\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoth parents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSiblings\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2 Family member\u0026apos;s history\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMother father siblings\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNone\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e857\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e492\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e931\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4: Association of Life style with Diabetes and Non diabetic hyperglycaemia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"108%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003enon-diabetic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en=1423\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epre-diabetic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en=176\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en=14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily H/O Diabetes Mellitus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e566\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e857\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelationship\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMother\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFather\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e297\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoth parents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSiblings\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2 Family member\u0026apos;s history\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMother father siblings\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNone\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e857\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e492\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e931\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5: Subjects with confirmed diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"639\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eName\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFasting blood glucose (mg/dl)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHbA1c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScreening\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(DCCT) %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHbA1c\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRepeat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(DCCT) %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGAD antibodies\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHistory\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelationship\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCurrent Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo treatment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreated as T2D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo treatment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreated as T2D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMother\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLifestyle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreated as T2D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMother, Father, sibling\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOn OHAs+ Lifestyle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreated as T2D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMother Father\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLifestyle\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreated as T2D\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eunknown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Lifestyle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreated as T2D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMother\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOn OHAs + Lifestyle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreated as T2D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMother, Father\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOn OHAs+ Lifestyle\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreated as T2D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMother\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOn Insulin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreated as T1D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFather\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLifeStyle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreated as T2D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo Family history\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOn Insulin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreated as T1D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e335\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMother\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOn Insulin\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreated as T1D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e260\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSibling\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOn OHAs+ Lifestyle\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreated as T2D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e435\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13. 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMother, Father\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Could not be contacted\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreated as T2D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6127791/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6127791/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn Pakistan, the high prevalence of diabetes necessitates an understanding of its association with lifestyle factors, especially among young adults. This study examines the correlation between lifestyle habits and HbA1c and blood pressure in young adult medical students in Pakistan.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConducted from December 2022 to May 2023 across 16 medical colleges, this analytical cross-sectional study involved 1613 students aged 18\u0026ndash;25 years. Participants with known diabetes, hypertension, or chronic conditions were excluded. Data collection included socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, anthropometric measurements, and clinical assessments of blood pressure and HbA1c levels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults showed that 44.1% of participants were aged 22\u0026ndash;24 years, and 63.4% were female. Over 46% were overweight or obese, and 4.0% had high blood pressure. Lifestyle assessments revealed significant habits such as skipping breakfast (47.5%) and a preference for fast food (17.2%), a sedentary lifestyle with a mean exercise time of 3.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5 hours weekly. Gender differences were significant, with males more prone to diabetes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study highlights a notable prevalence of undiagnosed prediabetes (10.9%) and diabetes (0.9%) among young adults in Pakistan, emphasising the importance of targeted interventions and comprehensive nationwide studies to address the rising burden of diabetes and obesity among young adults in Pakistan.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvestigating the Lifestyle Habits and Cardiometabolic Health Among Young Adults in Pakistan\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Investigating the Lifestyle Habits and Cardiometabolic Health Among Young Adults in Pakistan","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-31 07:39:47","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6127791/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"18417e6d-3516-4c8e-9b7f-1d3977bb389e","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 31st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-19T05:08:48+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-31 07:39:47","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6127791","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6127791","identity":"rs-6127791","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}