Norms of the Geriatric Complex Figure Test for Adults Aged 65 and Older in Shanxi Province: Analyses of Reliability and Validity

Norms of the Geriatric Complex Figure Test for Adults Aged 65 and Older in Shanxi Province: Analyses of Reliability and Validity | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Norms of the Geriatric Complex Figure Test for Adults Aged 65 and Older in Shanxi Province: Analyses of Reliability and Validity Xueyi Wang, Ruochen Li, Xiaoyan Zhang, guowen min, Xiaonan Zhang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7150526/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Geriatrics → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: The complexity of the graphics in the Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) imposes a cognitive load on older adults, leading to the development of the simplifiedGeriatric Complex Figure Test (GCFT), which, however, has yet to be tested or standardized. Objective: This study aimed to establish normative data for the GCFT among adults aged 65 and older in Shanxi Province and to evaluate its reliability and validity. Methods: A multistage, stratified, randomized cluster sampling method was used to select five communities in Shanxi Province, targeting residents aged 65 years and older. SPSS 26.0 and JASP 0.19.1.0 were used for norm development, item analysis, reliability assessment, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was employed to assess criterion validity. Results: Mean and percentile norms were established across subgroups based on gender, age, education level, and residential status (urban vs. rural), with no significant differences observed. The correlations between the three GCFT subtests—copying, 3-minute recall, and 20-minute recall—and the total score were 0.738, 0.929, and 0.920, respectively. All item-total correlations were positive and statistically significant (p < 0.001). The GCFT demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.823) and split-half reliability (coefficient = 0.806). The EFA yielded a KMO value of 0.749, and Bartlett’s test of sphericity was significant (χ² = 3707.715, df = 351, p < 0.001), resulting in nine factors explaining 64.7% of the cumulative variance. The CFA indicated a good model fit (χ²/df = 1.93, CFI = 0.923, TLI = 0.906, RMSEA = 0.047). Criterion validity analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between the GCFT and MMSE scores (Spearman’s rho = 0.453, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The established GCFT norms for adults aged 65 and above are representative and demonstrate good reliability and validity for assessing visuospatial and memory functions in this population. Geriatric Complex Figure Test Norms establishment Reliability and validity Visuospatial function Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Geriatrics → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 23 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 19 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 08 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 02 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 29 Sep, 2025 Editor invited by journal 09 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 18 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 18 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7150526","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":528416296,"identity":"c897767b-8e88-4041-ab75-cd0b7806dc69","order_by":0,"name":"Xueyi Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xueyi","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":528416297,"identity":"4bb29e2e-05a3-40ab-8335-2e42156e77c3","order_by":1,"name":"Ruochen Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of California, 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validity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e A multistage, stratified, randomized cluster sampling method was used to select five communities in Shanxi Province, targeting residents aged 65 years and older. SPSS 26.0 and JASP 0.19.1.0 were used for norm development, item analysis, reliability assessment, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was employed to assess criterion validity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eMean and percentile norms were established across subgroups based on gender, age, education level, and residential status (urban vs. rural), with no significant differences observed. The correlations between the three GCFT subtests—copying, 3-minute recall, and 20-minute recall—and the total score were 0.738, 0.929, and 0.920, respectively. All item-total correlations were positive and statistically significant (p \u0026lt; 0.001). The GCFT demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.823) and split-half reliability (coefficient = 0.806). The EFA yielded a KMO value of 0.749, and Bartlett’s test of sphericity was significant (χ² = 3707.715, df = 351, p \u0026lt; 0.001), resulting in nine factors explaining 64.7% of the cumulative variance. The CFA indicated a good model fit (χ²/df = 1.93, CFI = 0.923, TLI = 0.906, RMSEA = 0.047). Criterion validity analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between the GCFT and MMSE scores (Spearman’s rho = 0.453, p \u0026lt; 0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion: \u003c/strong\u003eThe established GCFT norms for adults aged 65 and above are representative and demonstrate good reliability and validity for assessing visuospatial and memory functions in this population.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Norms of the Geriatric Complex Figure Test for Adults Aged 65 and Older in Shanxi Province: Analyses of Reliability and Validity","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-15 17:18:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7150526/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-10-23T13:44:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-20T03:18:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-08T06:27:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"188583799459545722864376628897626795684","date":"2025-10-05T16:52:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"96590137565835172203410878646265565269","date":"2025-10-05T03:53:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-02T20:13:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-29T11:50:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-09T13:02:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-19T02:40:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Geriatrics","date":"2025-08-19T02:37:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-geriatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bgtc","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Geriatrics](http://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bgtc/default.aspx","title":"BMC Geriatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"eb7e51ba-e12b-4ce8-a3c3-56ec84fade30","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 15th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-26T16:09:41+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7150526","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-026-07006-8","journal":{"identity":"bmc-geriatrics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Geriatrics"},"publishedOn":"2026-01-21 15:57:50","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 21st, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-15 17:18:58","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12877-026-07006-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-026-07006-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7150526","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7150526","identity":"rs-7150526","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}