Multistoried Woodlot Based Agroforestry System for Better Resource Utilization and More Income Generation for Farmer

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Manik Ali, M. S. Bari, M. T. Rahman, I. J. Sharmin This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3367218/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Diversification of the present cropping pattern coupled with the development of suitable technology packages is the need of the day to cope with the ever-increasing demand for diversified products and assured income. Different woodlot-based multistoried agroforestry systems such as ipilipil, pineapple, ghoraneem, and kalokoroi with brinjal and potato promise solutions to mitigate the devastating effects of climate change by offering multifaceted benefits. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the yield and probability of woodlot based multistoried with two vegetables, i.e potato and brinjal production, between 2019 and 2020. The experiment were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The upper-storied woody plants and sole vegetables received 100% PAR, but incident light was gradually decreased on brinjal and potato, which were grown at the floor of woody trees such as ipilipil, ghoraneem and kalokoroi. Additionally, the pineapple was cultivated at the line of woody trees as line cropping. The understory vegetables experienced 53.44, 55.85, 60.70, 63.01, 66.38, 71.02, and 100% PAR in different tree crop combinations. In both cases the highest BCR (3.75) and (3.09) was found in the ghoraneem + pineapple based multistoried agroforestry system for potato and brinjal production respectively that was the best technique for production, diversification, maximization of land use efficiency, and better profitability. Multistoried Agroforestry economics brinjal potato pineapple Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Bangladesh, renowned for its dense population, currently accommodates 163 million people (BBS, 2018 ; UN, 2019). The population is projected to reach 192.6 million by 2050, within a land area of 147,570 square kilometers (BBS, 2018 ; UN, 2019). Consequently, this rapid population growth exerts tremendous pressure on the country's forestland, with approximately 7,300 hectares lost annually due to the increasing demand for agricultural land, aquaculture, and homesteads (Khan, 2019; Muhsin et al., 2018; Rahman et al., 2016 ). As a result, the forest area covers a mere 13.6% of the country, significantly below the recommended 25% required for maintaining ecological balance (BBS, 2009). These circumstances highlight the urgent need to explore novel approaches for enhancing agricultural productivity and preserving forest resources. Agroforestry, characterized by intercropping between annual herbaceous crops and permanent trees, has gained attention as a dynamic option for sustainable sustenance, especially in response to changing climate conditions (Djanibekov et al., 2015; Campanhola and Pandey, 2019 ). This system offers numerous socio-ecological advantages, including poverty reduction, employment generation, erosion control, and improved soil health (Singh et al., 2016 ; Udawatta et al., 2017 ; Miah et al., 2018 ). The practice of agroforestry dates back to ancient times in Bangladesh, where farmers planted various trees within their homesteads and agricultural lands. More recently, the adoption of multistoried agroforestry production systems has transformed arable areas into productive landscapes, providing goods for both commercial and domestic use, financial security, and the potential to restore degraded land, thus increasing soil fertility (Adane et al., 2019 ; Gomes et al., 2015 ; Qiao et al., 2019 ). Multistoried agroforestry systems, specifically designated areas for growing trees for various purposes, offer an ideal platform for implementing agroforestry practices. These systems optimize resource utilization and enhance income generation, contributing to sustainable land use and improved livelihoods for farmers (Garrity et al., 2010). By integrating different tree species, crops, and livestock, these systems create a vertically layered structure that maximizes resource utilization and productivity (Garrity et al., 2010). The upper layers of trees provide shade, support diverse flora and fauna, and contribute to timber production. Meanwhile, the lower layers can accommodate cash crops, vegetables, or forage for livestock, thereby diversifying income sources and enhancing resource efficiency. The integration of livestock enables the recycling of organic matter and nutrient cycling, leading to improved soil fertility (Kumar et al., 2017). In contrast to traditional woodlot management practices, which primarily focus on monoculture timber production, multistoried agroforestry systems maximize resource utilization and improve overall productivity (Sileshi et al., 2019). These systems offer a range of benefits, including enhanced soil fertility (Kumar et al., 2018), improved water retention (Nair, 2012), diversified crop production, increased biodiversity (van Noordwijk et al., 2016), and additional income streams (Cordero et al., 2020; Jose et al., 2019). By overcoming the limitations of monoculture woodlots, such as limited biodiversity, reduced soil fertility, and vulnerability to pests and diseases (Shah, 2018), multistoried agroforestry systems provide a solution that integrates diverse tree species, crops, and livestock within the same land unit, resulting in a vertically layered system that maximizes productivity and economic returns (Torquebiau et al., 2018). Implementing multistoried agroforestry systems offers Bangladesh the opportunity to optimize resource utilization, mitigate the pressure on forestland, and enhance income generation for farmers. These systems provide a pathway towards sustainable land use and improved livelihoods, while simultaneously addressing the challenges posed by population growth, market fluctuations, and climate variability. Therefore, this study aims to assess the potential of multistoried agroforestry systems in woodlots, contributing to the sustainable development of Bangladesh's agricultural sector and the preservation of its valuable forest resources. Materials and Methods Experimental Design The following experiment was conducted at the Agroforestry farm of Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, during the 2019–2020 season. The site was between 25º 13' latitude and 88º 23' longitude and about 37.5 m above sea level. The experimental plot was on medium-high land belonging to the Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain area and the soil texture was sandy loam in nature. The soil pH was 5.1. The research was conducted in 7-year aged wood lot of Ghoraneem, Kalokoroi, and Ipilipil, where the tree was planted at a spacing of 4 m x 4 m that occupied the upper layer, which were the excellent multipurpose and deciduous forest trees. As the middle- or second-layer plant, the pineapple (var. Honey queen) was planted through the line of the tree (Fig. 1 ) that was one year old and in complete bearing condition, and vegetables brinjal and potato were treated as lower storied crops that were grown in the alley of the trees. The experiment was laid out in a single factor Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications.The plot size for each treatment was 3 m x 6 m. adjacent plots were separated by respective tree lines and 0.5 m space was remaining free from tree base. All the tree woodlots have an adjacent open field to its west where brinjal, potato and pine apple was grown as sole crop. The sole stand of ipil-ipil, goraneem and kalokoroi were present to the north of multistoried field. The treatments were as bellows (Table 1 and Fig. 1 ) Table 1 Details of the experimental treatments System 1 (pineapple as second story crop) System 2 T 1 = Ipilipil + Pineapple + Brinjal T 1= Ipilipil + Pineapple + Potato T 2 = Goraneem + Pineapple + Brinjal T 2= Goraneem + Pineapple + Potato T 3 = Kala Koroi + Pineapple + Brinjal T 3= Kalokoroi + Pineapple + Potato T 4 = Brinjal Sole T 4 = Potato Sole Data collection: Harvesting of brinjal and potato was done from 15 February to 22 March and 24 February. Data was recorded on the following parameters from the sample plants during the experiment. Data in respect of various characters, e.g., plant height, number of leaves, primary branch per plant, fruit per plant, fruit weight, tuber weight, etc., were recorded as per the vegetable’s yield contributing characters and yields. Ten plants were collected randomly from each plot. Yield per plot was converted to t/ha. Plants in the outer rows and at the end of the middle rows were excluded from the random selection to avoid a border effect. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was measured on each vegetable row using LP-80 Accu PAR Ceptometer to determine the extent of shading by the tree species. Such measurement was done at 9.30 am, 12.30 pm, and 3.30 pm each day at a one-week interval. BCR and LER calculation: Benefit-cost ratio (BCR) and land equivalent ratio (LER) were determined according to the equations followed by Alam (2018) in a woodlot-based multistoried agroforestry system. Benefit-cost ratio (BCR) = Gross return/ Total cost of production. Statistical analysis: The data on various growth and yield contributing characters of the vegetables were statistically analyzed to determine the significant variations of the results due to different multilayered agroforestry systems. The analysis of variance for each of the studied characters was done by the F (variance ratio) test following Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). These data were analyzed statistically following the ANOVA technique, and means were adjudged by LSD test at 1% and 5% levels of significance. All data were processed, calculated, and analyzed using computer software such as MS Excel and STATISTIX 10. Result and Discussion Availability of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) in different multistoried agroforestry systems Light availability serves as the most critical restricting factor for crops in the understory of all multistoried agroforestry systems. The tree canopy's light interception and the competition for light also pose limitations to the success of component crops in these systems, as shown in Table 2 . Various systems experience different light levels due to the diverse sizes and shapes of storied canopies.In our study, light incidence was measured in three woodlot-based multistoried agroforestry systems and sole cropping at 9:30 am, 12:30 pm, and 3:30 pm daily, with one-week intervals. Measurements began at 14 days after transplanting (DAT) and continued up to 70 DAT. Table 2 presents the light incidence in different combinations of ipilipil, goraneem, kalokoroi, pineapple, along with two vegetables—brinjal and potato.The highest photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was observed in open field conditions (T 7 ), with 980.15 µmol m − 2 S − 1 at 9:30 am, 1245.92 µmol m − 2 S − 1 at 12:30 pm, and 874.71 µmol m − 2 S − 1 at 3:30 pm. The lowest PAR occurred in the kalokoroi, pineapple, and potato combination (T 6 ), with 487.43 µmol m − 2 S − 1 at 9:30 am, 848.87 µmol m − 2 S − 1 at 12:30 pm, and 310.52 µmol m − 2 S − 1 at 3:30 pm. Consequently, the highest average daily PAR (1033.61 µmol m − 2 S − 1 ) was also observed in open field conditions. The upper-storied woody plants received 100% PAR, but the light incidence gradually decreased for brinjal and potato in multistoried arrangements. Vegetables in open fields received 100% PAR. As canopy coverage increased, light intensity decreased. The overstory canopy's varying sizes and shapes led to different light levels in different systems (Ferdous, 2021). Table 2 Availability of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) in different combinations of multistoried agroforestry systems Treatments PAR Average Daily Average light (µmol m − 2 S − 1 ) % PAR compared to open field 9:30 AM 12:30 AM 3:30 AM T 1 = Ipilipil based 665.31 893.57 498.28 658.72 66.38% T 2 = Goraneem based 556.01 875.13 450.2 627.11 60.70% T 3 = Kala Koroi based 451.05 898.76 381.03 576.94 55.85% T 4= Brinal and potato open field 980.15 1245.92 874.71 1033.61 100% Performance of Brinjal under different agroforestry system The impact of different tree-crop combinations on the yield-contributing characters of brinjal is shown in Table 2 . The greatest number of fruits per plant (23.78) was seen in an open field setting and gradually declined as the light levels decreased. This was similar to treatment T 2 (21.77). Treatment T 3 had the lowest number of fruits (16.46), which was significantly lower compared to other treatments. Under open field conditions, brinjal produced the largest fruits (15.28cm) compared to other production systems. Fruits of medium size (14.06cm) were produced under treatment T 2 , which was significantly smaller than those produced in the open field. The shortest fruits (11.96cm) were recorded under treatment T 3 , which was significantly shorter than other production systems. As the light levels decreased, the individual fruit weight also declined. The maximum fruit weight (73.50g) was seen under the open field production system, followed closely by treatment T 2 (71.28g). Treatment T 3 had the lowest fruit weight (56.38g), which was significantly lower. Similarly, the dry fruit weight gradually declined with the decrease in light levels. The maximum dry weight (5.52g) was observed under open field conditions and was similar to treatment T 2 (5.06g). The minimum dry weight (9.82g) was recorded under treatment T 3 , which was significantly lower than the rest of the treatments. The highest yield per plant (1.792kg) was seen under open field conditions and was like treatment T 2 (1.588kg). The lowest yield (9.53kg) was recorded under treatment T 3 , which was significantly lower than other treatments. A similar trend in brinjal yield was noted by Miah ( 2000 ). Table 2 Yield contributing characters and yield of brinjal Treatments BRINJAL No. fruit/ plant Length of fruit (cm) Fresh wt. of fruit (g) Dry wt. of fruit (g) Yield / plant (g) T 1 = Ipilipil + Pineapple 18.90 13.24 67.48 4.74 1389.6 T 2 = Goraneem + Pineapple 21.77 14.06 71.28 5.06 1588.2 T 3 = Kalo koroi + Pineapple 16.46 11.96 56.38 3.82 953.3 T 4= Open field condition 23.78 15.21 73.50 5.52 1792.2 CV (%) 15.88 10.05 11.32 15.02 25.04 Performance of potato under different agroforestry system Regarding potatoes, the yield was significantly influenced by the diverse agroforestry system. The highest yield (29.20 ton/ha) was seen in the Ghoraneem + Pineapple + Potato (T 2 ) based agroforestry system, which was the same as the sole cropping (28.42 ton/ha) of potatoes (Table 3 ). On the other hand, the lowest yield (8.76 ton/ha) was recorded in the Kalakoroi + Pineapple + Potato (T 3 ) based agroforestry system. The production of potatoes increased by 3% under the Ghoraneem + Pineapple + Potato (T 2 ) based agroforestry system. In contrast, the yield of potatoes decreased by about 70% under the Kalakoroi + Pineapple + Potato (T 3 ) based agroforestry system compared to sole cropping of potatoes. The highest yield was due to the maximum rate of photosynthesis under Ghoraneem trees, which may have been due to the deciduous nature of these trees, allowing light to penetrate the canopy and provide adequate light for maximum photosynthesis. Additionally, the decomposition of tree litter added organic matter to the soil, ensuring maximum production. This result agrees with the findings of Malik et al. ( 2005 ) who found a higher yield of potatoes under eucalyptus trees. Singh ( 2007 ) also reported that the potato yield was 22 tons/ha under a guava-based agroforestry system. Table 3 Yield contributing characters and yield of potato Treatments POTATO Fresh wt. of haulm per hill (g) Number tuber per hill Weight of tuber of per hill (g) Yield (ton/ha) T 1 = Ipilipil + Pineapple 66.87 8.37 257.7 18.68 T 2 = Goraneem + Pineapple 70.80 10.10 353.3 29.20 T 3 = Kalo koroi + Pineapple 80.60 6.67 144.3 18.76 T 4= Open field condition 57.33 8.00 403.3 28.42 CV (%) 4.27 11.71 17.06 8.97 Performance of pineapple as sole and second story crop The cultivation of pineapples as a sole crop and as a second-story crop, offering insights into several key parameters. In the sole crop scenario, pineapples have more leaves (27.2) compared to the second-story crop (23.5), indicating potentially better vegetative growth in the former. However, the second-story crop exhibits slightly smaller leaf size (278 cm²) compared to the sole crop (311 cm²). The fruit characteristics in the second-story crop are notably different, with smaller fruit dimensions (11.30 cm in length and 9.15 cm in breadth and 872.60 grams in weight ) compared to the sole crop (13.88 cm, 11.60 cm, and 1.07 kg, respectively). Surprisingly, despite these differences, the yield for the second-story crop (27.9 tons/ha) is lower than that of the sole crop (41.45 tons/ha) which is around 33% less compare to the sole crop. These results suggest that while the second-story approach may smaller individual fruits, it appears to have a lower overall yield compared to the traditional sole crop method. Table 4 Performance of pineapple as sole and second story crop in multistoried agroforestry Cultivation process No. of leaf Leaf size Fruit length (cm) Fruit breadth(cm) Fruit weight(kg) Yield (ton/ha) Sole 27.2 311 13.88 11.60 1.07 41.45 Second story crop 23.5 278 11.30 9.15 872.60 27.9 Cv (%) 6.97 13.12 9.51 4.98 13.26 9.67 Relationship between light intensity (% PAR) of Agroforestry system and yield of Brinjal and Potato The relationship between photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and the yield of brinjal and potato in different agroforestry systems based on woodlots was analyzed and illustrated in Fig. 1 . A positive linear relationship was found between PAR and the yield of both crops. The relationship between brinjal yield and PAR was represented by the equation Y = 0.0136x + 0.4694, with a high and significant R² value of 0.5747, indicating that PAR could explain 57.47% of the variation in brinjal yield. The equation also showed that the maximum yield of brinjal occurred at 60.70% PAR and that beyond this level, the yield decreased by 0.0136 kg per plant for every unit change in PAR. Similarly, the relationship between PAR and potato yield was noted and expressed as Y = 0.0044x − 0.0297, with a high and significant R² value of 0.6103, suggesting that PAR accounted for 61.03% of the variation in potato yield. The equation also indicated that the maximum yield of potato was achieved at 63.01% PAR, and beyond this level, the yield decreased by 0.0044 kg per plant for every unit change in PAR. Benefit-cost ratio of multi storied agroforestry production The study also found that the highest benefit-cost ratio of 3.75 was recorded for the Ghoraneem + Pineapple + Potato (T 2 ) based agroforestry system, followed by the Ipil-Ipil + Pineapple + Potato (T 1 ) based system and the Kala koroi + Pineapple + Ppotato (T 3 ) based system. The lowest benefit-cost ratio of 2.14 was observed in the sole cropping of potato (T 4 ). For brinjals, Ghoraneem + Pineapple + Potato (T 2 ) also stands out as the most profitable treatment with a BCR of 3.09, driven by a high gross return of 293,928 Tk./ha. On the other hand, has the lowest BCR of 1.29 from the sole crop (T4), suggesting that it may not be financially rewarding. These findings are similar to those of (Gupta et al., 2004; Mbow et al., 2014 ) who reported benefit-cost ratios ranging from 2.35 to 3.73 in a poplar + potato-based agroforestry system (Table.3) Table 3 Economics of potato and brinjal production under the different tree (Ipil-Ipil, Ghoraneem, and Kala koroi) based agroforestry system (average of one year) Treatments Return (Tk./ha) Gross Return (Tk./ha) Total cost of Production (Tk./ha) Net Return (Tk./ha) BCR Potato Ipil-Ipil Ghora neem Kala koroi Pine apple Potato T 1 186500 234034 ------- ------- 39332 459866 138939 320927 3.31 T 2 253811 ------- 230400 ------ 35789 520000 138687 381313 3.75 T 3 87600 ------ -------- 239172 33895 360667 139758 220909 2.58 T 4 284200 ------ ------- -------- 284200 132651 151549 2.14 Brinjal T 1 55584 268546 ------- ------- 38654 362784 12536 350248 2.89 T 2 62528 ------- 200715 ------ 30685 293928 95005 198923 3.09 T 3 38132 ------ -------- 240521 32546 311199 12565 298634 2.47 T 4 71680 ------ ------- -------- 71680 55329 16351 1.29 N.B. Potato 10 Tk./kg, Brinjal 40 Tk./kg, Pineapple 30 tk/kg Ipil-Ipil 267 Tk./Tree/Year, Ghoraneem 225 Tk./Tree/Year, Kala koroi 300 Tk./Tree/Year Conclusion In this comprehensive study of multistoried agroforestry systems, it is evident that light availability, as measured by Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR), plays a pivotal role in shaping crop performance. The research reveals that open field conditions consistently provide the highest PAR levels, leading to superior crop yields. As the canopy coverage and the complexity of the agroforestry systems increase, PAR decreases, impacting crop growth. Brinjal and potato, two key crops under investigation, exhibited notable reductions in yield and fruit size as PAR levels diminished. But these systems offer higher returns due to diversified products compared to sole cropping. As land resources are decreasing and the government aims to double food commodity production, agroforestry can play a crucial role in ensuring food security and increasing farmers' income. Among the agroforestry systems, the Ghoraneem + Pineapple + Potato combination stood out as the most promising, with the highest potato yield and a favorable benefit-cost ratio. Similarly, the Ghoraneem + Pineapple + Brinjal system performed well in terms of brinjal production economics. These findings underscore the importance of carefully selecting tree-crop combinations and canopy management strategies to optimize light availability in multistoried agroforestry systems. Ultimately, this research highlights the potential for sustainable and economically viable agroforestry practices that can contribute to food security and environmental conservation. References Abedin, M.Z. and Quddus, M.A. 1990. 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Manik Ali","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCg40NDAxszMwHDD5UALnMzA1EamFvSyiccQakhZGwFkaQFgaeMwafedvAfPxadNvPHjw4c4ddPp9EWuJm3nm10fztQC0/Krbh1GJ2Ji/h4MYzyZZtEsmHDeduO5474zBjA2PPmdu4tRzIMTj4sI3ZgE0iLc3g7bZjuQ1ALcyMbXi0nH8D0lIP1JJj/oN3zrHc+QS13ADasrHtsAEb0PuGvA01uRsIawHaMvPMcQNQIBvOOHYgdyNQy0G8fjmfY/yxd0e1gXwzKCpr6nLnnT988MGPCtxa0MFhMHmAaPVAUEeK4lEwCkbBKBghAAA7LWZONP7uMwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Manik","lastName":"Ali","suffix":""},{"id":234611523,"identity":"decf49d2-0c34-4a0d-9367-1d95b7548654","order_by":1,"name":"M. S. Bari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"M.","middleName":"S.","lastName":"Bari","suffix":""},{"id":234611524,"identity":"7e7ba865-731d-472e-9906-12557444f9b5","order_by":2,"name":"M. T. Rahman","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"M.","middleName":"T.","lastName":"Rahman","suffix":""},{"id":234611525,"identity":"a46bdae9-bc7b-4dbb-85f7-690bcba91183","order_by":3,"name":"I. J. Sharmin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"I.","middleName":"J.","lastName":"Sharmin","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-09-18 19:59:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3367218/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3367218/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":43443095,"identity":"e0a446c1-03bc-43c2-9564-eeac63efaa16","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-20 23:26:31","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":670623,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDetails of the experimental Design\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3367218/v1/b77af1d24f74c2c19d4c3267.png"},{"id":43443096,"identity":"c354ca8f-03c2-49a1-8f13-7f568801634d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-20 23:26:31","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32412,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelationship between PAR (%) of Agroforestry system and yield of Brinjal (A) and Potato (B) in woodlot-based multistoried Agroforestry systems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3367218/v1/3ea72bc623ee12699acc3c89.png"},{"id":43960615,"identity":"59ed92ca-90e5-412c-b73e-2e434335f6fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-02 08:07:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":898344,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3367218/v1/43ef515d-b4bc-4ac8-998d-3babc0d36d08.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eMultistoried Woodlot Based Agroforestry System for Better Resource Utilization and More Income Generation for Farmer\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBangladesh, renowned for its dense population, currently accommodates 163\u0026nbsp;million people (BBS, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; UN, 2019). The population is projected to reach 192.6\u0026nbsp;million by 2050, within a land area of 147,570 square kilometers (BBS, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; UN, 2019). Consequently, this rapid population growth exerts tremendous pressure on the country's forestland, with approximately 7,300 hectares lost annually due to the increasing demand for agricultural land, aquaculture, and homesteads (Khan, 2019; Muhsin et al., 2018; Rahman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). As a result, the forest area covers a mere 13.6% of the country, significantly below the recommended 25% required for maintaining ecological balance (BBS, 2009). These circumstances highlight the urgent need to explore novel approaches for enhancing agricultural productivity and preserving forest resources. Agroforestry, characterized by intercropping between annual herbaceous crops and permanent trees, has gained attention as a dynamic option for sustainable sustenance, especially in response to changing climate conditions (Djanibekov et al., 2015; Campanhola and Pandey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). This system offers numerous socio-ecological advantages, including poverty reduction, employment generation, erosion control, and improved soil health (Singh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Udawatta et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Miah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The practice of agroforestry dates back to ancient times in Bangladesh, where farmers planted various trees within their homesteads and agricultural lands. More recently, the adoption of multistoried agroforestry production systems has transformed arable areas into productive landscapes, providing goods for both commercial and domestic use, financial security, and the potential to restore degraded land, thus increasing soil fertility (Adane et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Gomes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Qiao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultistoried agroforestry systems, specifically designated areas for growing trees for various purposes, offer an ideal platform for implementing agroforestry practices. These systems optimize resource utilization and enhance income generation, contributing to sustainable land use and improved livelihoods for farmers (Garrity et al., 2010). By integrating different tree species, crops, and livestock, these systems create a vertically layered structure that maximizes resource utilization and productivity (Garrity et al., 2010). The upper layers of trees provide shade, support diverse flora and fauna, and contribute to timber production. Meanwhile, the lower layers can accommodate cash crops, vegetables, or forage for livestock, thereby diversifying income sources and enhancing resource efficiency. The integration of livestock enables the recycling of organic matter and nutrient cycling, leading to improved soil fertility (Kumar et al., 2017). In contrast to traditional woodlot management practices, which primarily focus on monoculture timber production, multistoried agroforestry systems maximize resource utilization and improve overall productivity (Sileshi et al., 2019). These systems offer a range of benefits, including enhanced soil fertility (Kumar et al., 2018), improved water retention (Nair, 2012), diversified crop production, increased biodiversity (van Noordwijk et al., 2016), and additional income streams (Cordero et al., 2020; Jose et al., 2019). By overcoming the limitations of monoculture woodlots, such as limited biodiversity, reduced soil fertility, and vulnerability to pests and diseases (Shah, 2018), multistoried agroforestry systems provide a solution that integrates diverse tree species, crops, and livestock within the same land unit, resulting in a vertically layered system that maximizes productivity and economic returns (Torquebiau et al., 2018). Implementing multistoried agroforestry systems offers Bangladesh the opportunity to optimize resource utilization, mitigate the pressure on forestland, and enhance income generation for farmers. These systems provide a pathway towards sustainable land use and improved livelihoods, while simultaneously addressing the challenges posed by population growth, market fluctuations, and climate variability. Therefore, this study aims to assess the potential of multistoried agroforestry systems in woodlots, contributing to the sustainable development of Bangladesh's agricultural sector and the preservation of its valuable forest resources.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExperimental Design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe following experiment was conducted at the Agroforestry farm of Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, during the 2019\u0026ndash;2020 season. The site was between 25\u0026ordm; 13' latitude and 88\u0026ordm; 23' longitude and about 37.5 m above sea level. The experimental plot was on medium-high land belonging to the Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain area and the soil texture was sandy loam in nature. The soil pH was 5.1. The research was conducted in 7-year aged wood lot of Ghoraneem, Kalokoroi, and Ipilipil, where the tree was planted at a spacing of 4 m x 4 m that occupied the upper layer, which were the excellent multipurpose and deciduous forest trees. As the middle- or second-layer plant, the pineapple (var. Honey queen) was planted through the line of the tree (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) that was one year old and in complete bearing condition, and vegetables brinjal and potato were treated as lower storied crops that were grown in the alley of the trees. The experiment was laid out in a single factor Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications.The plot size for each treatment was 3 m x 6 m. adjacent plots were separated by respective tree lines and 0.5 m space was remaining free from tree base. All the tree woodlots have an adjacent open field to its west where brinjal, potato and pine apple was grown as sole crop. The sole stand of ipil-ipil, goraneem and kalokoroi were present to the north of multistoried field. The treatments were as bellows (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetails of the experimental treatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystem 1 (pineapple as second story crop)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystem 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Ipilipil\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Pineapple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Brinjal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1=\u003c/sub\u003eIpilipil\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Pineapple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Potato\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Goraneem\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Pineapple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Brinjal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2=\u003c/sub\u003eGoraneem\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Pineapple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Potato\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Kala Koroi\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Pineapple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Brinjal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3=\u003c/sub\u003eKalokoroi\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Pineapple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Potato\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Brinjal Sole\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Potato Sole\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collection:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHarvesting of brinjal and potato was done from 15 February to 22 March and 24 February. Data was recorded on the following parameters from the sample plants during the experiment. Data in respect of various characters, e.g., plant height, number of leaves, primary branch per plant, fruit per plant, fruit weight, tuber weight, etc., were recorded as per the vegetable\u0026rsquo;s yield contributing characters and yields. Ten plants were collected randomly from each plot. Yield per plot was converted to t/ha. Plants in the outer rows and at the end of the middle rows were excluded from the random selection to avoid a border effect. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was measured on each vegetable row using LP-80 Accu PAR Ceptometer to determine the extent of shading by the tree species. Such measurement was done at 9.30 am, 12.30 pm, and 3.30 pm each day at a one-week interval.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBCR and LER calculation:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBenefit-cost ratio (BCR) and land equivalent ratio (LER) were determined according to the equations followed by Alam (2018) in a woodlot-based multistoried agroforestry system. \u003cb\u003eBenefit-cost ratio (BCR)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Gross return/ Total cost of production.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data on various growth and yield contributing characters of the vegetables were statistically analyzed to determine the significant variations of the results due to different multilayered agroforestry systems. The analysis of variance for each of the studied characters was done by the F (variance ratio) test following Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). These data were analyzed statistically following the ANOVA technique, and means were adjudged by LSD test at 1% and 5% levels of significance. All data were processed, calculated, and analyzed using computer software such as MS Excel and STATISTIX 10.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Result and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAvailability of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) in different multistoried agroforestry systems\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLight availability serves as the most critical restricting factor for crops in the understory of all multistoried agroforestry systems. The tree canopy's light interception and the competition for light also pose limitations to the success of component crops in these systems, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Various systems experience different light levels due to the diverse sizes and shapes of storied canopies.In our study, light incidence was measured in three woodlot-based multistoried agroforestry systems and sole cropping at 9:30 am, 12:30 pm, and 3:30 pm daily, with one-week intervals. Measurements began at 14 days after transplanting (DAT) and continued up to 70 DAT. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents the light incidence in different combinations of ipilipil, goraneem, kalokoroi, pineapple, along with two vegetables\u0026mdash;brinjal and potato.The highest photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was observed in open field conditions (T\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e), with 980.15 \u0026micro;mol m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e S\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at 9:30 am, 1245.92 \u0026micro;mol m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e S\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at 12:30 pm, and 874.71 \u0026micro;mol m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e S\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003eat 3:30 pm. The lowest PAR occurred in the kalokoroi, pineapple, and potato combination (T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e), with 487.43 \u0026micro;mol m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e S\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003eat 9:30 am, 848.87 \u0026micro;mol m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e S\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at 12:30 pm, and 310.52 \u0026micro;mol m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e S\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003eat 3:30 pm. Consequently, the highest average daily PAR (1033.61 \u0026micro;mol m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e S\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was also observed in open field conditions. The upper-storied woody plants received 100% PAR, but the light incidence gradually decreased for brinjal and potato in multistoried arrangements. Vegetables in open fields received 100% PAR. As canopy coverage increased, light intensity decreased. The overstory canopy's varying sizes and shapes led to different light levels in different systems (Ferdous, 2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailability of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) in different combinations of multistoried agroforestry systems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePAR Average\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily Average light (\u0026micro;mol m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e S\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% PAR compared to open field\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9:30 AM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12:30 AM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3:30 AM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Ipilipil based\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e665.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e893.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e498.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e658.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.38%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Goraneem based\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e556.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e875.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e450.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e627.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.70%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Kala Koroi based\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e451.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e898.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e381.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e576.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.85%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4=\u003c/sub\u003eBrinal and potato\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eopen field\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e980.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1245.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e874.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1033.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePerformance of Brinjal under different agroforestry system\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe impact of different tree-crop combinations on the yield-contributing characters of brinjal is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The greatest number of fruits per plant (23.78) was seen in an open field setting and gradually declined as the light levels decreased. This was similar to treatment T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (21.77). Treatment T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e had the lowest number of fruits (16.46), which was significantly lower compared to other treatments. Under open field conditions, brinjal produced the largest fruits (15.28cm) compared to other production systems. Fruits of medium size (14.06cm) were produced under treatment T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, which was significantly smaller than those produced in the open field. The shortest fruits (11.96cm) were recorded under treatment T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, which was significantly shorter than other production systems. As the light levels decreased, the individual fruit weight also declined. The maximum fruit weight (73.50g) was seen under the open field production system, followed closely by treatment T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (71.28g). Treatment T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e had the lowest fruit weight (56.38g), which was significantly lower. Similarly, the dry fruit weight gradually declined with the decrease in light levels. The maximum dry weight (5.52g) was observed under open field conditions and was similar to treatment T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (5.06g). The minimum dry weight (9.82g) was recorded under treatment T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, which was significantly lower than the rest of the treatments. The highest yield per plant (1.792kg) was seen under open field conditions and was like treatment T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (1.588kg). The lowest yield (9.53kg) was recorded under treatment T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, which was significantly lower than other treatments. A similar trend in brinjal yield was noted by Miah (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYield contributing characters and yield of brinjal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRINJAL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. fruit/ plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength of fruit (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFresh wt. of fruit (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry wt. of fruit (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYield / plant (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Ipilipil\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Pineapple\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1389.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Goraneem\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Pineapple\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1588.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Kalo koroi\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Pineapple\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e953.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4=\u003c/sub\u003eOpen field condition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1792.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePerformance of potato under different agroforestry system\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding potatoes, the yield was significantly influenced by the diverse agroforestry system. The highest yield (29.20 ton/ha) was seen in the Ghoraneem\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Pineapple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Potato (T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) based agroforestry system, which was the same as the sole cropping (28.42 ton/ha) of potatoes (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, the lowest yield (8.76 ton/ha) was recorded in the Kalakoroi\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Pineapple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Potato (T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) based agroforestry system. The production of potatoes increased by 3% under the Ghoraneem\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Pineapple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Potato (T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) based agroforestry system. In contrast, the yield of potatoes decreased by about 70% under the Kalakoroi\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Pineapple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Potato (T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) based agroforestry system compared to sole cropping of potatoes. The highest yield was due to the maximum rate of photosynthesis under Ghoraneem trees, which may have been due to the deciduous nature of these trees, allowing light to penetrate the canopy and provide adequate light for maximum photosynthesis. Additionally, the decomposition of tree litter added organic matter to the soil, ensuring maximum production. This result agrees with the findings of Malik et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) who found a higher yield of potatoes under eucalyptus trees. Singh (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) also reported that the potato yield was 22 tons/ha under a guava-based agroforestry system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYield contributing characters and yield of potato\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePOTATO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFresh wt. of haulm per hill (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber tuber per hill\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight of tuber of per hill (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYield\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ton/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Ipilipil\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Pineapple\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e257.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Goraneem\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Pineapple\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e353.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Kalo koroi\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Pineapple\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4=\u003c/sub\u003eOpen field condition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e403.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePerformance of pineapple as sole and second story crop\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cultivation of pineapples as a sole crop and as a second-story crop, offering insights into several key parameters. In the sole crop scenario, pineapples have more leaves (27.2) compared to the second-story crop (23.5), indicating potentially better vegetative growth in the former. However, the second-story crop exhibits slightly smaller leaf size (278 cm\u0026sup2;) compared to the sole crop (311 cm\u0026sup2;). The fruit characteristics in the second-story crop are notably different, with smaller fruit dimensions (11.30 cm in length and 9.15 cm in breadth and 872.60 grams in weight ) compared to the sole crop (13.88 cm, 11.60 cm, and 1.07 kg, respectively). Surprisingly, despite these differences, the yield for the second-story crop (27.9 tons/ha) is lower than that of the sole crop (41.45 tons/ha) which is around 33% less compare to the sole crop. These results suggest that while the second-story approach may smaller individual fruits, it appears to have a lower overall yield compared to the traditional sole crop method.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerformance of pineapple as sole and second story crop in multistoried agroforestry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultivation process\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFruit length (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFruit breadth(cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFruit weight(kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYield (ton/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSole\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecond story crop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e872.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCv (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRelationship between light intensity (% PAR) of Agroforestry system and yield of Brinjal and Potato\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe relationship between photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and the yield of brinjal and potato in different agroforestry systems based on woodlots was analyzed and illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. A positive linear relationship was found between PAR and the yield of both crops. The relationship between brinjal yield and PAR was represented by the equation Y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0136x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.4694, with a high and significant R\u0026sup2; value of 0.5747, indicating that PAR could explain 57.47% of the variation in brinjal yield. The equation also showed that the maximum yield of brinjal occurred at 60.70% PAR and that beyond this level, the yield decreased by 0.0136 kg per plant for every unit change in PAR. Similarly, the relationship between PAR and potato yield was noted and expressed as Y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0044x \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.0297, with a high and significant R\u0026sup2; value of 0.6103, suggesting that PAR accounted for 61.03% of the variation in potato yield. The equation also indicated that the maximum yield of potato was achieved at 63.01% PAR, and beyond this level, the yield decreased by 0.0044 kg per plant for every unit change in PAR.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBenefit-cost ratio of multi storied agroforestry production\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study also found that the highest benefit-cost ratio of 3.75 was recorded for the Ghoraneem\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Pineapple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Potato (T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) based agroforestry system, followed by the Ipil-Ipil\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Pineapple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Potato (T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e) based system and the Kala koroi\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Pineapple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Ppotato (T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) based system. The lowest benefit-cost ratio of 2.14 was observed in the sole cropping of potato (T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e). For brinjals, Ghoraneem\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Pineapple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Potato (T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) also stands out as the most profitable treatment with a BCR of 3.09, driven by a high gross return of 293,928 Tk./ha. On the other hand, has the lowest BCR of 1.29 from the sole crop (T4), suggesting that it may not be financially rewarding. These findings are similar to those of (Gupta et al., 2004; Mbow et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) who reported benefit-cost ratios ranging from 2.35 to 3.73 in a poplar\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;potato-based agroforestry system (Table.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomics of potato and brinjal production under the different tree (Ipil-Ipil, Ghoraneem, and Kala koroi) based agroforestry system (average of one year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReturn (Tk./ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGross\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReturn\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Tk./ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal cost of\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Tk./ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReturn\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Tk./ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBCR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotato\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIpil-Ipil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGhora\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eneem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKala\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ekoroi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePine apple\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePotato\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e186500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39332\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e459866\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138939\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320927\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e253811\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e230400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e520000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138687\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e381313\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e239172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33895\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e360667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139758\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e220909\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e284200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e284200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132651\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151549\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBrinjal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55584\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e268546\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38654\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e362784\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12536\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e350248\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62528\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200715\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30685\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e293928\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198923\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240521\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32546\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e311199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12565\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e298634\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71680\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71680\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55329\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16351\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN.B. Potato 10 Tk./kg, Brinjal 40 Tk./kg, Pineapple 30 tk/kg Ipil-Ipil 267 Tk./Tree/Year, Ghoraneem 225 Tk./Tree/Year, Kala koroi 300 Tk./Tree/Year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this comprehensive study of multistoried agroforestry systems, it is evident that light availability, as measured by Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR), plays a pivotal role in shaping crop performance. The research reveals that open field conditions consistently provide the highest PAR levels, leading to superior crop yields. As the canopy coverage and the complexity of the agroforestry systems increase, PAR decreases, impacting crop growth. Brinjal and potato, two key crops under investigation, exhibited notable reductions in yield and fruit size as PAR levels diminished. But these systems offer higher returns due to diversified products compared to sole cropping. As land resources are decreasing and the government aims to double food commodity production, agroforestry can play a crucial role in ensuring food security and increasing farmers' income. Among the agroforestry systems, the Ghoraneem\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Pineapple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Potato combination stood out as the most promising, with the highest potato yield and a favorable benefit-cost ratio. Similarly, the Ghoraneem\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Pineapple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Brinjal system performed well in terms of brinjal production economics. These findings underscore the importance of carefully selecting tree-crop combinations and canopy management strategies to optimize light availability in multistoried agroforestry systems. Ultimately, this research highlights the potential for sustainable and economically viable agroforestry practices that can contribute to food security and environmental conservation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbedin, M.Z. and Quddus, M.A. 1990. Household fuel situation, home gardens and Agroforestry practices at six agro-ecologically different locations of Bangladesh. BRRI.Winrock International and BARC. 19-53.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdane, F., A. Legesse and T. Weldeamanuel. 2019. The contribution of a fruit-tree-based agroforestry for household income to smallholder farmers in Dale district, Sidama zone, Southern Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eAdv. Plants. Agric. Res\u003c/em\u003e. 9: 78\u0026ndash;84.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBBS. 2018. \u003cem\u003eStatistical Yearbook Bangladesh\u003c/em\u003e. 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World Population Prospects and Probabilistic Population Projections based on the World Population Prospects. http://population.un.org/wpp/. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Multistoried Agroforestry, economics, brinjal, potato, pineapple","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3367218/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3367218/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDiversification of the present cropping pattern coupled with the development of suitable technology packages is the need of the day to cope with the ever-increasing demand for diversified products and assured income. Different woodlot-based multistoried agroforestry systems such as ipilipil, pineapple, ghoraneem, and kalokoroi with brinjal and potato promise solutions to mitigate the devastating effects of climate change by offering multifaceted benefits. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the yield and probability of woodlot based multistoried with two vegetables, i.e potato and brinjal production, between 2019 and 2020. The experiment were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The upper-storied woody plants and sole vegetables received 100% PAR, but incident light was gradually decreased on brinjal and potato, which were grown at the floor of woody trees such as ipilipil, ghoraneem and kalokoroi. Additionally, the pineapple was cultivated at the line of woody trees as line cropping. The understory vegetables experienced 53.44, 55.85, 60.70, 63.01, 66.38, 71.02, and 100% PAR in different tree crop combinations. In both cases the highest BCR (3.75) and (3.09) was found in the ghoraneem\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;pineapple based multistoried agroforestry system for potato and brinjal production respectively that was the best technique for production, diversification, maximization of land use efficiency, and better profitability.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Multistoried Woodlot Based Agroforestry System for Better Resource Utilization and More Income Generation for Farmer","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-09-20 23:26:26","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3367218/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"dcae0955-244b-42f1-a2e3-c394ebdd2759","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 20th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-10-02T07:59:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-09-20 23:26:26","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3367218","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3367218","identity":"rs-3367218","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"FbvkV6FR0MCFSLy54lSbu","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}