Population structure of Apodemus flavicollis and comparison to Apodemus sylvaticus in northern Poland based on RAD-seq

Background Mice of the genus Apodemus are one the most common mammals in the Palaearctic region. Despite their broad range and long history of ecological observations, there are no whole-genome data available for Apodemus , hindering our ability to further exploit the genus in evolutionary and ecological genomics context. Results Here we present results from the double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq) on 72 individuals of A. flavicollis and 10 A. sylvaticus from four populations, sampled across 500 km distance in northern Poland. Our data present clear genetic divergence of the two species, with average p-distance, based on 21377 common loci, of 1.51% and a mutation rate of 0.0011 - 0.0019 substitutions per site per million years. We provide a catalogue of 117 highly divergent loci that enable genetic differentiation of the two species in Poland and to a large degree of 20 unrelated samples from several European countries and Tunisia. We also show evidence of admixture between the three A. flavicollis populations but demonstrate that they have negligible average population structure, with largest pairwise F ST < 0.086. Conclusion Our study demonstrates the feasibility of ddRAD-seq in Apodemus and provides the first insights into the population genomics of the species.