Environmental Effects and Their impact on Yield in Adjacent Experimental Plots of High and Short Stem Wheat Varieties

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Bainong307 is a dwarf wheat variety, and SSS is the control plot for the short wheat variety. There are three experimental plots: SSH, HSS, and HSH.The research results indicate that in the wheat regional experiment, when high stem wheat varieties and short stem wheat varieties are planted adjacent, there is no significant change in soil temperature and humidity in the high stem wheat variety experimental plot from November to May compared to the control plot, while the soil humidity in the short stem wheat variety experimental plot is higher than that in the control plot.The soil temperature in the experimental plot of dwarf wheat varieties in May was significantly lower than that of the control.There are a significant difference in the illumination of the upper part of the wheat canopy in the experimental plots between April and May. The illumination of the wheat canopy in the high stem wheat variety experimental plot shows a significant positive effect, while the illumination of the wheat canopy in the short stem wheat variety experimental plot shows a negative effect.Chlorophyll fluorescence index of flag leaves in high stem wheat variety experimental plot: φPo, PIabs, ABS/RC, DIO/RC, TRO/RC, ETo/RC showed an overall increasing trend, while the chlorophyll fluorescence index of flag leaves in the experimental plot of short wheat varieties showed a decreasing trend.The analysis results of the economic yield, biological yield, and yield factors in each experimental plot show that the marginal effects of economic yield and thousand grain weight in the experimental plot are particularly significant, manifested as positive effects in the high stem wheat variety experimental plot and negative effects in the low stem wheat variety experimental plot.The economic yield of the high stem wheat variety experimental plot is significantly higher than that of the control plot, while the economic yield of the short stem wheat variety experimental plot is significantly lower than that of the control plot, and the economic yield of the high stem experimental plot is significantly higher than that of the short stem experimental plot. When the control plot of high stem wheat varieties is compared to the control plot of short stem wheat varieties, the yield of the control plot of short stem wheat varieties is significantly higher than that of the control plot of high stem wheat varieties.In the wheat regional experiment, the experimental arrangement of adjacent planting in the experimental plot of high and short stem wheat varieties cannot objectively evaluate the economic yield of the tested wheat varieties. Regional trials Wheat Marginal effects Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 1. INTRODUCTION In 1995, China recognized the important significance of wheat dwarf breeding for the transformation of wheat to high-yield production (Zhang et al.,1995).The plant height of the main cultivated wheat varieties in China has decreased from 121.4cm to 81.3cm from 1950 to 2000 (Li et al.2008).The plant height of newly approved wheat varieties in Hubei, Shandong, Qinghai, and Henan provinces of China from 2001 to 2020 was 71.60-102.60cm, and the plant height of newly approved wheat varieties showed an overall decreasing trend( Zhang et al., 2021 ,Song et al.,2013,Li et al., 2011 ,Li et al., 2021 ).The regulations for regional wheat trials in China stipulate that wheat trial plots are randomly arranged, with a plot area of 13.33m 2 and a 40cm walkway between plots. The harvest and yield of the entire plot are calculated(China.NY/T 1301–2007).The Wheat Genetic Improvement Research Center of Henan Institute of Science and Technology has undertaken the experimental task of the regional trial of wheat in the South of Huang-Huai-Hai region of China. During the arrangement of regional trials and yield measurement, it was found that the planting of short wheat varieties and high wheat varieties adjacent to each other would be affected by adjacent plots, making it difficult to objectively evaluate their economic yield. In order to explore the impact of adjacent experimental plots of tall and short stem wheat varieties on the yield evaluation of the tested wheat varieties, field experiments were conducted from 2019 to 2020, in order to provide some reference for the yield evaluation of regional wheat variety trials. 2. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIAL AND METHODS 2.1. Test Varieties and Their Basic Agronomic Traits The tested wheat varieties are Xinhuamai818 and Bainong607, and some basic agronomic traits of the two wheat varieties are shown in Table 1 . The height of Xinhuamai818 plants is 15.08cm higher than that of Bainong307, with a less compact plant type and certain lodging resistance. Bainong307 has a compact plant type and an average plant height of 67.2cm in the field. It is one of the dwarf wheat varieties promoted in the Huang-Huai-Hai wheat region in recent years. Table 1 Basic agronomic characters of two wheat varieties Wheat variety Plant type Plant height (cm) Number of ears (10 4 ·666.7m − 2 ) Number of grain per ear 1000- Grain Weight (g) XHM818 Less compact plant type 82.36 45.05 28.02 38.89 BN307 Compact plant type 67.02 40.02 36.28 39.28 1.2 Experimental and methods The experiment was conducted at the wheat breeding base in Zhong-Xiao-Ying Village, Hui-Xian County, Henan institute of Science and Technology. The soil was calcareous brown soil, and the experimental field was leveled with consistent fertilizer and water management measures. The experimental plot is arranged in an east-west direction, with 6 rows in each plot in a north-south direction. The plot is 1.33m wide, 4m long, with a row spacing of 23cm and a ridge width of 40cm. The aisle width between the plots is 100cm, and the seeding rate is 200000 · 666.7m − 2 .The code for one experimental plot of Xinhuamai818 wheat variety is H, and the code for one experimental plot of Bainong307 wheat variety is S. Three experimental plots are arranged consecutively in the field as one experimental treatment or control. Using HHH (three adjacent experimental plots of Xinhuamai818 wheat variety, the same below) as the control for high stem wheat varieties, HHS, SHH, and SHS as experimental treatments; SSS is the control for short wheat varieties, and SSH, HSS, and HSH are the experimental treatments for short wheat varieties. Take the middle experimental plot of the control or treatment as the research object, measure the changes in wheat canopy’s illumination, soil temperature, soil moisture content, and yield in the different plots. The field planting plan is shown in Fig. 1, with 3 replicates for both the experimental treatment and control. On October 13, 2019, after wheat planting, farmland climate monitoring equipment (from Xinyang Qihang Information Technology Co., Ltd.) was installed at the edge or middle row of the control and experimental communities.Install MS-10 soil temperature and humidity sensors at a depth of 20cm underground, which can monitor and record soil temperature and humidity at various points in real time. SSL10 illuminance transmitter is installed above ground, and the photosensitive detector of the transmitter is located in the upper canopy of wheat. The height of the photosensitive detector is adjusted according to the dynamic growth of wheat. After the wheat is fully tilled, the height is no longer adjusted. The farmland monitoring system collects data every 2 minutes and automatically uploads it to the computer for storage.Install MS-10 soil temperature and humidity sensors at a depth of 20cm underground, which can monitor and record soil temperature and humidity at various points. SSL10 illuminance transmitter is installed above ground, and the photosensitive detector of the transmitter is located in the upper canopy of wheat. The height of the photosensitive detector is adjusted according to the changes growth of wheat. After the wheat is fully tilled, the height of photosensitive detector is no longer adjusted. The farmland monitoring system collects data every 2 minutes and automatically uploads it to the computer for storage. W1 Middle of rows * W2 Middle of rows W3 Middle of rows * E3 Middle of rows E2 Middle of rows * E1 The grey plots in the Fig. 1. Figure 2 Position of farmland monitoring equipment in plots.Notes: * is the location of farmland monitoring equipment. W1, W2, and W3 are the first, second, and third rows from west to east in the plot,E1, E2, and E3 are the first, second, and third rows from east to west in the plot . At harvest of winter wheat, all the plots in the control or experimental treatment are harvested in rows, and the number of ears per row is counted first (converted to 666.7m 2 ears); Then harvest the wheat with a sickle attached to the ground and measure the biomass yield of each row (converted to 666.7m 2 biomass yield); measure the economic yield of each row after using a small thresher to thresh (converted to 666.7m2 economic yield), and calculate the economic yield of 666.7m2 based on the average of the sum of the yields of each row in the plot. Randomly select 1000 wheat grains per row (repeated 3 times) to measure the 1000-grain weight, and calculate the number of grains per spike based on the economic yield per unit area and the number of ears. During the early stage of wheat filling, the Handy PEA plant efficiency analyzer (Hansatech Instrument Ltd., UK) was used to measure the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of each row of wheat flag leaves. First, the flag leaves were subjected to 30 minutes of dark adaptation and each treatment was repeated 6 times. The specific measurement process was referred to ZHENG HF literature (Zheng,et al.,2019). The calculated chlorophyll fluorescence parameters mainly include: φ Po (maximum photochemical efficiency), PIabs (performance index based on absorbed light energy), ABS/RC (effective number of photochemical reaction centers), DIO/RC (energy dissipated per unit reaction center), TRO/RC (energy captured per unit reaction center for reducing QA), ETo/RC (energy captured per unit reaction center for electron transfer). Select and compare the monthly average values of soil temperature, soil moisture, and canopy light intensity from November 2019 to May 2020 in the field monitoring system from 9–11 am and 15–17 pm for statistical analysis. 1.3 Data analysis The data organization and charts were completed using WPS, and the significance statistical analysis was completed using SPSS 18.0. The formula for calculating the marginal effects of small cells is as follows (Zou et al.,2015): A1 is the corresponding indicator for treatment, and A2 is the corresponding indicator for control. 3. RESULT AND ANALYSIS 3.1 Changes in the upper wheat canopy illumination and soil temperature, and water content in the plots As shown in Figure 3-a, there was no significant difference in soil temperature between the treatments from November to April when the short wheat variety was planted adjacent to the high wheat variety plot. In May, the soil temperature in SSS was significantly higher than that in HSH, higher than that in SSH and HSS, but not significant. Figure 3-b shows that the soil moisture of HSH was highest from November to May, which was higher than other treatments. The soil moisture of HSH in November and December was significantly higher than that of SSS and HSS, and there was no significant difference with SSH. From January to May, the soil moisture of HSH was significantly higher than that of SSH and HSS. Except for April, the soil moisture of HSH was higher than that of SSS, but the difference was not significant. From Figure 3-c, it can be seen that there is no significant difference in light intensity among the treatments from November to April. In May, SSS had the highest light intensity, significantly higher than HSH, higher than SSH and HSS, but the difference was not significant.From Figure 3-c, it can be seen that there is no significant difference in canopy illumination between the treatments from November to April compared to the control group. In May, the SSS canopy illuminance was the highest, significantly higher than HSH, higher than SSH and HSS, but the difference was not significant. From Figures 4-a and 4-b, it can be seen that there is no significant difference in soil moisture and soil temperature between the treatments from November to May compared to HHH. Figure 4-c shows that from November to March, there was no significant difference in the canopy illumination of each treatment compared to the control group. In April and May, the canopy illumination of SHS was significantly higher than that of HHH, but the difference was not significant. SHH and HHS have higher canopy illumination than HHH, but the difference is not significant. From Figures 5-a, 5-b, 5-c, 5-d, 5-d, 5-e, 5-f, it can be seen that Chlorophyll fluorescence index such as φPo, PIabs, ABS/RC, DIO/RC, TRO/RC, and ETo/RC of SHS flag leaves were all higher than HHH, but the difference was not significant. The chlorophyll fluorescence of flag leaves in the experimental plot of high stem wheat varieties showed an increasing trend compared to the control. Chlorophyll fluorescence index such as φPo, PIabs, ABS/RC, DIO/RC, TRO/RC, and ETo/RC of HSH flag leaves were all lower than SSS, and ABS/RC, TRO/RC, and ETo/RC were significantly lower than SSS. The chlorophyll fluorescence of flag leaves in the experimental plot of short wheat varieties showed a decreasing trend compared to the control group. From Figures 6-a and 6-b, it can be seen that the economic and biological yields of W1 and E1 in SSS are significantly higher than those of W3 and E3, indicating a significant positive marginal utility of side row. Although the economic production of E1 and W1 in the SSH experimental plot is significantly higher than that of E3 and E2, it is significantly lower than that of E1 in SSS, and the marginal effect is negative compared to SSS. The economic and biological production of W1 in HSS is significantly lower than that of W2 and W3, and the marginal effect is negative compared to W1 in SSS. Except for SHS’s W2 and W3, the marginal effects of economic yield in other rows are negative compared with SSS, while the marginal utility of biological yield in all rows of HSH are negative. From Figure 7-a, it can be seen that compared with SSS, the marginal effects of E1, E2, and E3 ears per unit area in SSH are all negative, while the marginal effects of W1, E3, E2, and E1 ears per unit area in HSS are all negative. The marginal effects of ear number per unit area in E1 and E3 of HSH are both negative, while the marginal effects of ear number per unit area in other rows of HSH are positive. The SSH, HSS, and HSH experimental plots have a negative effect on the number of ears per unit area in 9 rows, while the average marginal effect on the number of ears per unit area in the experimental treatment plot is negative. From Figure 7-b, it can be seen that compared with SSS, the marginal effects of W1, E3, and E2 in SSH, E2 in HSS, and W1, E2, and E1 in HSH are negative, while the other rows are all positive. The average marginal effect of grain number per ear in the three experimental treatment plots is negative. From Figure 7-c, it can be seen that compared with SSS, the marginal effects of W1, E3, and E2 1000-grain weight in SSH are positive, while the other rows are negative. The average marginal effects of 1000-grain weight in the three experimental treatments are negative. From Figures 8-a and 8-b, it can be seen that the biological and economic yields of W1 and E1 in each treatment are significantly higher than those in other rows. Compared with HHH, the economic marginal effects of E3 and E2 in SHH and HHS are negative, while the economic marginal effects in other rows are positive. The economic marginal effects in all rows of SHS are positive. Compared with HHH, the marginal effects of W1 and E1 in SHH, W1 and W3 in HHS, and W1 and E3 in SHS on biomass production are positive, while other rows have negative effects. The average marginal effect of economic production in each row of the three treatments is a positive effect, while the average marginal effect of biological production is a negative effect. From Figures 9-a, 9-b, and 9-c, it can be seen that the three factors of yield in each treatment row exhibit different patterns of change. Compared with HHH, the marginal effects of W1 in SHH, W1 and W3 in HHS, and W1 and E1 in SHS are all positive, while the marginal effects of ears per unit area in other rows are negative. Compared with HHH, the marginal effects of grain number per ear for W1 and W2 in SHH, W1, E3, E2 in HHS, and W1 and E1 in SHS are negative, while the marginal effects of grain number per ear for other rows are positive. Compared with HHH, the marginal effects of 1000-grain weight of SHH, HHS, and SHS are all positive. The average marginal effects of the number of ears per unit area, number of grains per ear, and 1000- grain weight in the three experimental treatments were all positive. 3.4 Changes in Economic Yield and Marginal Effects of Adjacent Planting High-stem and Short-stem Wheat Varieties From Figure 10, it can be seen that the economic yield of SHH, HHS, and SHS are significantly higher than HHH, with marginal effects of economic yield of 7.25%, 7.51%, and 16.07%, respectively, and an average increase of 10.28%; The economic yield of SSH, HSS, and HSH is significantly lower than that of SSS, with marginal effects of economic yield of -8.46%, -6.65%, and -9.33%, respectively, with an average economic yield reduction of 7.96%. The economic yield of SSS is significantly higher than that of HHH, and the economic yield of SHH, HHS, and SHS experimental plots is significantly higher than that of SSH, HSS, and HSH. 4. CONCLUSION In the wheat plot experiment, when high and short stem wheat varieties are planted adjacent to each other, the difference in plant height leads to changes in soil temperature, soil moisture, and canopy illumination in the experimental plot, which affects the chlorophyll fluorescence index of wheat flag leaves, resulting in changes in the economic yield, biological yield, and three yield factor of each treatment compared to the control.The final performance is that the marginal effect of economic yield for high stem wheat varieties is positive, while the marginal effect of low stem wheat varieties is negative. This study shows that the average yield increase of Xinhuamai818 SHH, HHS, and HSH treatments is 10.28%, while the average yield decrease of Bainong307 SSH, HSS, and HSH treatments is 7.96%. Therefore, when planting high stem wheat varieties adjacent to short stem wheat varieties in experimental plots, it may lead to the phenomenon of inability to objectively evaluate the economic yield of both. 5. Discussion and Suggestions Marginal effect is an objective ecological phenomenon in crop production experiments, which is divided into marginal advantage or marginal disadvantage based on the effect of its favorable or unfavorable ecological factors(Du et al., 1998).Research by Zhang Yuping et al. has shown that some high-yielding rice varieties increase yield by 93.8% on the edge row compared to the middle row with a single cluster (Zhang et al., 2009 ); The research results of Xu Yanrong et al. showed that the yield, number of grains per ear, and 100 grain weight of corn per plant gradually decreased from row 1 to row 5 in the community experiment (Xu et al.,2010); In the experiment of prosomillet plot, the marginal maximum yield increase rate reached 207.7% with the increase of ridge width (Qu et al., 2014 ); In the wheat regional experiment, the side row economicyield accounted for 7.41–27.08% of the actually economic yield of the plot, with an average of 14.95% (Wu et al., 2003);Gong Deping's research shows that the average edge advantage of economic yield in wheat regional trials is 30.24% (Gong et al.,1995). The research of Li Xuejun, Ou Xingqi, and others has shown that different wheat varieties have different edge row advantages. It is proposed to reasonably select hybrid progeny in wheat breeding work and deduct the impact of edge row advantages on plot economic yield in plot experiments (,Liet al.,2000,Ou et al., 2019 ,Ou et al., 2018 ). Li Xuejun's research suggests that marginal effects in wheat regional trials directly affect the economic yield and the ranking of various wheat materials (Liet al.,2000). In crop production, if the height of adjacent crops is different, more significant marginal effects will be produced. The inter-cropping experiment between corn and short kidney beans showed that the yield of corn side row and secondary side row increased by 58.7% and 40.8% compared to the middle row, while the yield of short kidney beans side row and secondary side row decreased by 49.7% and 45.6%, respectively, compared to the middle row (Gao et al., 2015 ). The purpose of plant breeding is to select varieties with higher yields than the control (Eskridgeet al.,1992), while variety regional trials are the official identification of whether the variety yield is higher than the control. If the crop yield cannot be objectively evaluated in variety regional trials, it may affect the selection and promotion of new varieties. In 2021, the China Crop Variety Approval Committee released the national level rice and corn variety approval standards (revised in 2021), which pointed out that for special types of varieties, applicants can propose variety approval standards based on actual production needs, submit them to the National Crop Variety Approval Committee for approval, and conduct variety experiments on their own. Regional trials of new wheat varieties can refer to the approval standards for new rice and corn varieties, and separate experimental plots can be arranged for regional trials of special types of varieties, especially short wheat varieties, to objectively evaluate the economic yield of every wheat varieties. In addition, according to the objective phenomenon of marginal effects in agricultural production, the height of adjacent crops should be fully considered in crop production to avoid excessive marginal effects that affect crop yield and quality. How to scientifically and reasonably reduce the impact of edge row advantages on yield in wheat regional trials is a topic worthy of in-depth exploration. Declarations Ethical Compliance The author affirms that the experimental methodologies did not involve the use of any animal subjects. Conflicts of Interest the author confirms that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication. Acknowledgement: We highly appreciate the financial support of the funding from the innovation of excellent germplasm and cultivation of new varieties in short, multi-resistant and high yielding wheat（No.191110110700）,breeding of new wheat varieties with high yield, multiple-resistance and high quality（No.2022010101）and key trait gene mining and breakthrough variety selection for major crops（No.221100110300） Author Contribution Ren Xiujuan is responsible for experimental design, data statistics, and paper writing.Li Xinhua is responsible for the harvest and yield calculation of wheat in the field.Ou Xingqi is responsible for experimental design and paper revision. Wang Zijuan is responsible for the management, data organization, and chlorophyll fluorescence measurement of agricultural climate monitoring equipment. References Zhang K.H.. 1995. The significance of wheat dwarf breeding and the utilization of dwarf sources. Journal of Wheat Crops, (03): 45–46. 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Study on the yield of mid stem and high-yield winter wheat varieties in small plot experiments, including both side row yield and inner row yield Seeds, 37 (10): 106–109. Gao J.Y., Ma Z.W., Li X,Chen Q.. 2015. The effect of fertilization methods on the intercropping edge row effect of spring corn and vegetable strips. Chinese Journal of Ecological Agriculture (12), 1491–1501. Eskridge, K.M., Mumm, R.F. 1992.Choosing plant cultivars based on the probability of performing a check Theoretical Appl Genetics 84, 494–500. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 2 posted Editorial decision: Rejected 06 Feb, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 05 Feb, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 05 Feb, 2024 First submitted to journal 04 Feb, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3930254","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-06 15:29:38","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":271429071,"identity":"20167f19-a45b-46b6-82f9-d96117f264eb","order_by":0,"name":"Ren Xiujuan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAwklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZjBpwcDPzHz4ASlaJBgk29nSDEixS4LB4DyPggRRauXbeQ+/rmyTkDM+zMNgwFBjE01Qi8FhvjTLs20SxmaHeQ88YDiWlttAUAszj5lhY5tE4rbDfAkGjA2HCWuRb4Zoqd/czGMgQZQWhsM8xg+BWhKA1hGpxeAwjxljwzkJwxmHgYGcQIxf5PvPGH9sKLOR5+8/fPjBhxobIhzGwMCGiI4EIpSDAPMHIhWOglEwCkbBSAUA7zU3qjQNoWUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Henan Institute of Science and Technology， Xinxiang","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ren","middleName":"","lastName":"Xiujuan","suffix":""},{"id":271429072,"identity":"dcf3168f-c938-4a07-bb7e-982bc1cb3b52","order_by":1,"name":"Li Xinhua","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Henan Institute of Science and Technology， Xinxiang","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Li","middleName":"","lastName":"Xinhua","suffix":""},{"id":271429073,"identity":"47d04643-5a3e-4e54-983a-93f868f3961c","order_by":2,"name":"Ou Xingqi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Henan Institute of Science and Technology， Xinxiang","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ou","middleName":"","lastName":"Xingqi","suffix":""},{"id":271429074,"identity":"3099e821-70e3-490b-86f2-6b8782a47b88","order_by":3,"name":"Wang Zijuan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Xinxiang Nongle Seed Industry Co.,Ltd","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wang","middleName":"","lastName":"Zijuan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-05 07:05:49","currentVersionCode":2,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3930254/v2","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3930254/v2","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":50771979,"identity":"520fbbd0-6d3d-4338-b5e1-ad1b69970747","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-07 04:58:16","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":5692,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLegend not included with this version\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"placeholderimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3930254/v2/67ad49d4df676fb5040e312b.png"},{"id":50771978,"identity":"ddebb4c1-3c9b-40b3-a5b0-21c2b0d27483","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-07 04:58:16","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":5692,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePosition of farmland monitoring equipment in plots.Notes: * is the location of farmland monitoring equipment. W1, W2, and W3 are the first, second, and third rows from west to east in the plot,E1, E2, and E3 are the first, second, and third rows from east to west in the plot .\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"placeholderimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3930254/v2/4e029d181a72182b26ca132d.png"},{"id":50771982,"identity":"e4e25f2b-7c1d-43e9-8165-13708121cf54","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-07 04:58:17","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":94733,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges in soil temperature, soil moisture, and canopy illumination in the plots of short wheat varieties. Note: Different letters represent significant differences at the 0.05 level, the same below.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3930254/v2/aecadcdcf4c256247cc49ff4.jpg"},{"id":50771987,"identity":"844da90f-9b43-4149-b64b-48073d0ebacc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-07 04:58:17","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":96855,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges in soil temperature, soil moisture, and canopy illumination in the experimental plot of high stem wheat varieties.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3930254/v2/a2a3b91eefb5975b7f1b889c.jpg"},{"id":50771980,"identity":"e836aed8-fbb9-4f92-a5af-7e50aa6040aa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-07 04:58:16","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":84591,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of flag leaves during the early stage of grouting in experimental communities.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3930254/v2/0ec520fc7eabca62a95ede0c.jpg"},{"id":50771981,"identity":"cd8f13d9-37ce-4592-8b19-a2219953556a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-07 04:58:16","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":108425,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges in economic and biological yield of each row in the experimental plot of short wheat varieties.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3930254/v2/04ce847a6ac91b97950a665f.jpg"},{"id":50772641,"identity":"7d3fd28a-d93f-41d6-a3c8-642821e5d1bc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-07 05:06:17","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":128921,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges in the three economic yield factors of each row in the experimental plot of short-stem wheat varieties.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3930254/v2/dedb1102cf1e68b6637eaa18.jpg"},{"id":50771986,"identity":"917cc5fa-97f0-4d5d-ba49-88ec36af762a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-07 04:58:17","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":101901,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges in economic and biological yield of each row in the experimental plot of high-stem wheat varieties.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3930254/v2/d20cd252a64be19b827e0a17.jpg"},{"id":50771985,"identity":"b2064393-42d0-4bb5-be96-ed0820b716cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-07 04:58:17","extension":"jpg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":135418,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges in the three yield factors of each row in the high-stem wheat variety plot.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3930254/v2/e597060d5345626672e6023b.jpg"},{"id":50771988,"identity":"405d1bd7-d446-41ce-bc7c-11361320676a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-07 04:58:17","extension":"jpg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":35641,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEconomic yield changes in different plots of adjacent planting high-stem and short-stem wheat varieties.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3930254/v2/c3c0f8a9145c1cf8530f118a.jpg"},{"id":50772882,"identity":"baf15c6b-7e43-484c-ae09-1aa03161391b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-07 05:14:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":829600,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3930254/v2/5d1d5363-4d69-46e0-8b56-c7a47b7dc483.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Environmental Effects and Their impact on Yield in Adjacent Experimental Plots of High and Short Stem Wheat Varieties","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1995, China recognized the important significance of wheat dwarf breeding for the transformation of wheat to high-yield production (Zhang et al.,1995).The plant height of the main cultivated wheat varieties in China has decreased from 121.4cm to 81.3cm from 1950 to 2000 (Li et al.2008).The plant height of newly approved wheat varieties in Hubei, Shandong, Qinghai, and Henan provinces of China from 2001 to 2020 was 71.60-102.60cm, and the plant height of newly approved wheat varieties showed an overall decreasing trend( Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e,Song et al.,2013,Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e,Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).The regulations for regional wheat trials in China stipulate that wheat trial plots are randomly arranged, with a plot area of 13.33m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e and a 40cm walkway between plots. The harvest and yield of the entire plot are calculated(China.NY/T 1301\u0026ndash;2007).The Wheat Genetic Improvement Research Center of Henan Institute of Science and Technology has undertaken the experimental task of the regional trial of wheat in the South of Huang-Huai-Hai region of China. During the arrangement of regional trials and yield measurement, it was found that the planting of short wheat varieties and high wheat varieties adjacent to each other would be affected by adjacent plots, making it difficult to objectively evaluate their economic yield. In order to explore the impact of adjacent experimental plots of tall and short stem wheat varieties on the yield evaluation of the tested wheat varieties, field experiments were conducted from 2019 to 2020, in order to provide some reference for the yield evaluation of regional wheat variety trials.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIAL AND METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Test Varieties and Their Basic Agronomic Traits\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe tested wheat varieties are Xinhuamai818 and Bainong607, and some basic agronomic traits of the two wheat varieties are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The height of Xinhuamai818 plants is 15.08cm higher than that of Bainong307, with a less compact plant type and certain lodging resistance. Bainong307 has a compact plant type and an average plant height of 67.2cm in the field. It is one of the dwarf wheat varieties promoted in the Huang-Huai-Hai wheat region in recent years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic agronomic characters of two wheat varieties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWheat variety\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant height\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of ears\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026middot;666.7m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of grain\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eper ear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000- Grain Weight\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXHM818\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess compact plant type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBN307\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompact plant type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.2 Experimental and methods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiment was conducted at the wheat breeding base in Zhong-Xiao-Ying Village, Hui-Xian County, Henan institute of Science and Technology. The soil was calcareous brown soil, and the experimental field was leveled with consistent fertilizer and water management measures. The experimental plot is arranged in an east-west direction, with 6 rows in each plot in a north-south direction. The plot is 1.33m wide, 4m long, with a row spacing of 23cm and a ridge width of 40cm. The aisle width between the plots is 100cm, and the seeding rate is 200000 \u0026middot; 666.7m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e.The code for one experimental plot of Xinhuamai818 wheat variety is H, and the code for one experimental plot of Bainong307 wheat variety is S. Three experimental plots are arranged consecutively in the field as one experimental treatment or control. Using HHH (three adjacent experimental plots of Xinhuamai818 wheat variety, the same below) as the control for high stem wheat varieties, HHS, SHH, and SHS as experimental treatments; SSS is the control for short wheat varieties, and SSH, HSS, and HSH are the experimental treatments for short wheat varieties. Take the middle experimental plot of the control or treatment as the research object, measure the changes in wheat canopy\u0026rsquo;s illumination, soil temperature, soil moisture content, and yield in the different plots. The field planting plan is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;1, with 3 replicates for both the experimental treatment and control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn October 13, 2019, after wheat planting, farmland climate monitoring equipment (from Xinyang Qihang Information Technology Co., Ltd.) was installed at the edge or middle row of the control and experimental communities.Install MS-10 soil temperature and humidity sensors at a depth of 20cm underground, which can monitor and record soil temperature and humidity at various points in real time. SSL10 illuminance transmitter is installed above ground, and the photosensitive detector of the transmitter is located in the upper canopy of wheat. The height of the photosensitive detector is adjusted according to the dynamic growth of wheat. After the wheat is fully tilled, the height is no longer adjusted. The farmland monitoring system collects data every 2 minutes and automatically uploads it to the computer for storage.Install MS-10 soil temperature and humidity sensors at a depth of 20cm underground, which can monitor and record soil temperature and humidity at various points. SSL10 illuminance transmitter is installed above ground, and the photosensitive detector of the transmitter is located in the upper canopy of wheat. The height of the photosensitive detector is adjusted according to the changes growth of wheat. After the wheat is fully tilled, the height of photosensitive detector is no longer adjusted. The farmland monitoring system collects data every 2 minutes and automatically uploads it to the computer for storage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle of rows\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle of rows\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle of rows\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle of rows\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle of rows\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe grey plots in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;2 Position of farmland monitoring equipment in plots.Notes: * is the location of farmland monitoring equipment. W1, W2, and W3 are the first, second, and third rows from west to east in the plot,E1, E2, and E3 are the first, second, and third rows from east to west in the plot .\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt harvest of winter wheat, all the plots in the control or experimental treatment are harvested in rows, and the number of ears per row is counted first (converted to 666.7m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e ears); Then harvest the wheat with a sickle attached to the ground and measure the biomass yield of each row (converted to 666.7m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e biomass yield); measure the economic yield of each row after using a small thresher to thresh (converted to 666.7m2 economic yield), and calculate the economic yield of 666.7m2 based on the average of the sum of the yields of each row in the plot. Randomly select 1000 wheat grains per row (repeated 3 times) to measure the 1000-grain weight, and calculate the number of grains per spike based on the economic yield per unit area and the number of ears.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the early stage of wheat filling, the Handy PEA plant efficiency analyzer (Hansatech Instrument Ltd., UK) was used to measure the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of each row of wheat flag leaves. First, the flag leaves were subjected to 30 minutes of dark adaptation and each treatment was repeated 6 times. The specific measurement process was referred to ZHENG HF literature (Zheng,et al.,2019). The calculated chlorophyll fluorescence parameters mainly include: φ Po (maximum photochemical efficiency), PIabs (performance index based on absorbed light energy), ABS/RC (effective number of photochemical reaction centers), DIO/RC (energy dissipated per unit reaction center), TRO/RC (energy captured per unit reaction center for reducing QA), ETo/RC (energy captured per unit reaction center for electron transfer).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelect and compare the monthly average values of soil temperature, soil moisture, and canopy light intensity from November 2019 to May 2020 in the field monitoring system from 9\u0026ndash;11 am and 15\u0026ndash;17 pm for statistical analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.3 Data analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data organization and charts were completed using WPS, and the significance statistical analysis was completed using SPSS 18.0. The formula for calculating the marginal effects of small cells is as follows (Zou et al.,2015): A1 is the corresponding indicator for treatment, and A2 is the corresponding indicator for control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. RESULT AND ANALYSIS","content":"\u003cp\u003e3.1 Changes in the upper wheat canopy illumination and soil temperature, and water content in the plots\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Figure 3-a, there was no significant difference in soil temperature between the treatments from November to April when the short wheat variety was planted adjacent to the high wheat variety plot. In May, the soil temperature in SSS was significantly higher than that in HSH, higher than that in SSH and HSS, but not significant. Figure 3-b shows that the soil moisture of HSH was highest from November to May, which was higher than other treatments. The soil moisture of HSH in November and December was significantly higher than that of SSS and HSS, and there was no significant difference with SSH. From January to May, the soil moisture of HSH was significantly higher than that of SSH and HSS. Except for April, the soil moisture of HSH was higher than that of SSS, but the difference was not significant. From Figure 3-c, it can be seen that there is no significant difference in light intensity among the treatments from November to April. In May, SSS had the highest light intensity, significantly higher than HSH, higher than SSH and HSS, but the difference was not significant.From Figure 3-c, it can be seen that there is no significant difference in canopy illumination between the treatments from November to April compared to the control group. In May, the SSS canopy illuminance was the highest, significantly higher than HSH, higher than SSH and HSS, but the difference was not significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom Figures 4-a and 4-b, it can be seen that there is no significant difference in soil moisture and soil temperature between the treatments from November to May compared to HHH. Figure 4-c shows that from November to March, there was no significant difference in the canopy illumination of each treatment compared to the control group. In April and May, the canopy illumination of SHS was significantly higher than that of HHH, but the difference was not significant. SHH and HHS have higher canopy illumination than HHH, but the difference is not significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom Figures 5-a, 5-b, 5-c, 5-d, 5-d, 5-e, 5-f, it can be seen that Chlorophyll fluorescence index such as \u0026phi;Po, PIabs, ABS/RC, DIO/RC, TRO/RC, and ETo/RC of SHS flag leaves were all higher than HHH, but the difference was not significant. The chlorophyll fluorescence of flag leaves in the experimental plot of high stem wheat varieties showed an increasing trend compared to the control.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChlorophyll fluorescence index such as \u0026phi;Po, PIabs, ABS/RC, DIO/RC, TRO/RC, and ETo/RC of HSH flag leaves were all lower than SSS, and ABS/RC, TRO/RC, and ETo/RC were significantly lower than SSS. The chlorophyll fluorescence of flag leaves in the experimental plot of short wheat varieties showed a decreasing trend compared to the control group.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom Figures 6-a and 6-b, it can be seen that the economic and biological yields of W1 and E1 in SSS are significantly higher than those of W3 and E3, indicating a significant positive marginal utility of side row. Although the economic production of E1 and W1 in the SSH experimental plot is significantly higher than that of E3 and E2, it is significantly lower than that of E1 in SSS, and the marginal effect is negative compared to SSS. The economic and biological production of W1 in HSS is significantly lower than that of W2 and W3, and the marginal effect is negative compared to W1 in SSS. Except for SHS\u0026rsquo;s W2 and W3, the marginal effects of economic yield in other rows are negative compared with SSS, while the marginal utility of biological yield in all rows of HSH are negative.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom Figure 7-a, it can be seen that compared with SSS, the marginal effects of E1, E2, and E3 ears per unit area in SSH are all negative, while the marginal effects of W1, E3, E2, and E1 ears per unit area in HSS are all negative. The marginal effects of ear number per unit area in E1 and E3 of HSH are both negative, while the marginal effects of ear number per unit area in other rows of HSH are positive. The SSH, HSS, and HSH experimental plots have a negative effect on the number of ears per unit area in 9 rows, while the average marginal effect on the number of ears per unit area in the experimental treatment plot is negative.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom Figure 7-b, it can be seen that compared with SSS, the marginal effects of W1, E3, and E2 in SSH, E2 in HSS, and W1, E2, and E1 in HSH are negative, while the other rows are all positive. The average marginal effect of grain number per ear in the three experimental treatment plots is negative.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom Figure 7-c, it can be seen that compared with SSS, the marginal effects of W1, E3, and E2 1000-grain weight in SSH are positive, while the other rows are negative. The average marginal effects of 1000-grain weight in the three experimental treatments are negative.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom Figures 8-a and 8-b, it can be seen that the biological and economic yields of W1 and E1 in each treatment are significantly higher than those in other rows. Compared with HHH, the economic marginal effects of E3 and E2 in SHH and HHS are negative, while the economic marginal effects in other rows are positive. The economic marginal effects in all rows of SHS are positive. Compared with HHH, the marginal effects of W1 and E1 in SHH, W1 and W3 in HHS, and W1 and E3 in SHS on biomass production are positive, while other rows have negative effects. The average marginal effect of economic production in each row of the three treatments is a positive effect, while the average marginal effect of biological production is a negative effect.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom Figures 9-a, 9-b, and 9-c, it can be seen that the three factors of yield in each treatment row exhibit different patterns of change. Compared with HHH, the marginal effects of W1 in SHH, W1 and W3 in HHS, and W1 and E1 in SHS are all positive, while the marginal effects of ears per unit area in other rows are negative. Compared with HHH, the marginal effects of grain number per ear for W1 and W2 in SHH, W1, E3, E2 in HHS, and W1 and E1 in SHS are negative, while the marginal effects of grain number per ear for other rows are positive. Compared with HHH, the marginal effects of 1000-grain weight of SHH, HHS, and SHS are all positive. The average marginal effects of the number of ears per unit area, number of grains per ear, and 1000- grain weight in the three experimental treatments were all positive.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.4 Changes in Economic Yield and Marginal Effects of Adjacent Planting High-stem and Short-stem Wheat Varieties\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom Figure 10, it can be seen that the economic yield of SHH, HHS, and SHS are significantly higher than HHH, with marginal effects of economic yield of 7.25%, 7.51%, and 16.07%, respectively, and an average increase of 10.28%; The economic yield of SSH, HSS, and HSH is significantly lower than that of SSS, with marginal effects of economic yield of -8.46%, -6.65%, and -9.33%, respectively, with an average economic yield reduction of 7.96%. The economic yield of SSS is significantly higher than that of HHH, and the economic yield of SHH, HHS, and SHS experimental plots is significantly higher than that of SSH, HSS, and HSH.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the wheat plot experiment, when high and short stem wheat varieties are planted adjacent to each other, the difference in plant height leads to changes in soil temperature, soil moisture, and canopy illumination in the experimental plot, which affects the chlorophyll fluorescence index of wheat flag leaves, resulting in changes in the economic yield, biological yield, and three yield factor of each treatment compared to the control.The final performance is that the marginal effect of economic yield for high stem wheat varieties is positive, while the marginal effect of low stem wheat varieties is negative. This study shows that the average yield increase of Xinhuamai818 SHH, HHS, and HSH treatments is 10.28%, while the average yield decrease of Bainong307 SSH, HSS, and HSH treatments is 7.96%. Therefore, when planting high stem wheat varieties adjacent to short stem wheat varieties in experimental plots, it may lead to the phenomenon of inability to objectively evaluate the economic yield of both.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Discussion and Suggestions","content":"\u003cp\u003eMarginal effect is an objective ecological phenomenon in crop production experiments, which is divided into marginal advantage or marginal disadvantage based on the effect of its favorable or unfavorable ecological factors(Du et al., 1998).Research by Zhang Yuping et al. has shown that some high-yielding rice varieties increase yield by 93.8% on the edge row compared to the middle row with a single cluster (Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e); The research results of Xu Yanrong et al. showed that the yield, number of grains per ear, and 100 grain weight of corn per plant gradually decreased from row 1 to row 5 in the community experiment (Xu et al.,2010); In the experiment of prosomillet plot, the marginal maximum yield increase rate reached 207.7% with the increase of ridge width (Qu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e); In the wheat regional experiment, the side row economicyield accounted for 7.41\u0026ndash;27.08% of the actually economic yield of the plot, with an average of 14.95% (Wu et al., 2003);Gong Deping's research shows that the average edge advantage of economic yield in wheat regional trials is 30.24% (Gong et al.,1995). The research of Li Xuejun, Ou Xingqi, and others has shown that different wheat varieties have different edge row advantages. It is proposed to reasonably select hybrid progeny in wheat breeding work and deduct the impact of edge row advantages on plot economic yield in plot experiments (,Liet al.,2000,Ou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e,Ou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Li Xuejun's research suggests that marginal effects in wheat regional trials directly affect the economic yield and the ranking of various wheat materials (Liet al.,2000). In crop production, if the height of adjacent crops is different, more significant marginal effects will be produced. The inter-cropping experiment between corn and short kidney beans showed that the yield of corn side row and secondary side row increased by 58.7% and 40.8% compared to the middle row, while the yield of short kidney beans side row and secondary side row decreased by 49.7% and 45.6%, respectively, compared to the middle row (Gao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe purpose of plant breeding is to select varieties with higher yields than the control (Eskridgeet al.,1992), while variety regional trials are the official identification of whether the variety yield is higher than the control. If the crop yield cannot be objectively evaluated in variety regional trials, it may affect the selection and promotion of new varieties. In 2021, the China Crop Variety Approval Committee released the national level rice and corn variety approval standards (revised in 2021), which pointed out that for special types of varieties, applicants can propose variety approval standards based on actual production needs, submit them to the National Crop Variety Approval Committee for approval, and conduct variety experiments on their own. Regional trials of new wheat varieties can refer to the approval standards for new rice and corn varieties, and separate experimental plots can be arranged for regional trials of special types of varieties, especially short wheat varieties, to objectively evaluate the economic yield of every wheat varieties. In addition, according to the objective phenomenon of marginal effects in agricultural production, the height of adjacent crops should be fully considered in crop production to avoid excessive marginal effects that affect crop yield and quality. How to scientifically and reasonably reduce the impact of edge row advantages on yield in wheat regional trials is a topic worthy of in-depth exploration.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Compliance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author affirms that the experimental methodologies did not involve the use of any animal subjects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ethe author confirms that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement:\u003c/strong\u003eWe highly appreciate the financial support of the funding from the innovation of excellent germplasm and cultivation of new varieties in short, multi-resistant and high yielding wheat（No.191110110700）,breeding of new wheat varieties with high yield, multiple-resistance and high quality（No.2022010101）and key trait gene mining and breakthrough variety selection for major crops（No.221100110300）\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRen Xiujuan is responsible for experimental design, data statistics, and paper writing.Li Xinhua is responsible for the harvest and yield calculation of wheat in the field.Ou Xingqi is responsible for experimental design and paper revision. Wang Zijuan is responsible for the management, data organization, and chlorophyll fluorescence measurement of agricultural climate monitoring equipment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang K.H.. 1995. The significance of wheat dwarf breeding and the utilization of dwarf sources. Journal of Wheat Crops, (03): 45\u0026ndash;46.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi W., Li W.X., Shi A.Y.,\u0026amp;Li X.Z.. 2008. 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Chinese Journal of Ecological Agriculture (12), 1491\u0026ndash;1501.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEskridge, K.M., Mumm, R.F. 1992.Choosing plant cultivars based on the probability of performing a check Theoretical Appl Genetics 84, 494\u0026ndash;500.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"Henan Institute of Science and Technology","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"euphytica","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"euph","sideBox":"Learn more about [Euphytica](https://www.springer.com/journal/10681)","snPcode":"10681","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/10681/3","title":"Euphytica","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Regional trials, Wheat, Marginal effects","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3930254/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3930254/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eUsing Xinhuamai818 as the experimental material for high stem wheat varieties, HHH as the control plot for high stem wheat varieties（One letter represents an experimental community, and three letters represent a continuous arrangement of three communities, with the middle community as the research object, the same below.）, and SHH, HHS, and SHS as the experimental plots. Bainong307 is a dwarf wheat variety, and SSS is the control plot for the short wheat variety. There are three experimental plots: SSH, HSS, and HSH.The research results indicate that in the wheat regional experiment, when high stem wheat varieties and short stem wheat varieties are planted adjacent, there is no significant change in soil temperature and humidity in the high stem wheat variety experimental plot from November to May compared to the control plot, while the soil humidity in the short stem wheat variety experimental plot is higher than that in the control plot.The soil temperature in the experimental plot of dwarf wheat varieties in May was significantly lower than that of the control.There are a significant difference in the illumination of the upper part of the wheat canopy in the experimental plots between April and May. The illumination of the wheat canopy in the high stem wheat variety experimental plot shows a significant positive effect, while the illumination of the wheat canopy in the short stem wheat variety experimental plot shows a negative effect.Chlorophyll fluorescence index of flag leaves in high stem wheat variety experimental plot: φPo, PIabs, ABS/RC, DIO/RC, TRO/RC, ETo/RC showed an overall increasing trend, while the chlorophyll fluorescence index of flag leaves in the experimental plot of short wheat varieties showed a decreasing trend.The analysis results of the economic yield, biological yield, and yield factors in each experimental plot show that the marginal effects of economic yield and thousand grain weight in the experimental plot are particularly significant, manifested as positive effects in the high stem wheat variety experimental plot and negative effects in the low stem wheat variety experimental plot.The economic yield of the high stem wheat variety experimental plot is significantly higher than that of the control plot, while the economic yield of the short stem wheat variety experimental plot is significantly lower than that of the control plot, and the economic yield of the high stem experimental plot is significantly higher than that of the short stem experimental plot. When the control plot of high stem wheat varieties is compared to the control plot of short stem wheat varieties, the yield of the control plot of short stem wheat varieties is significantly higher than that of the control plot of high stem wheat varieties.In the wheat regional experiment, the experimental arrangement of adjacent planting in the experimental plot of high and short stem wheat varieties cannot objectively evaluate the economic yield of the tested wheat varieties.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Environmental Effects and Their impact on Yield in Adjacent Experimental Plots of High and Short Stem Wheat Varieties","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2024-02-07 04:58:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3930254/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Rejected","date":"2024-02-06T20:39:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-02-05T10:15:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-02-05T10:15:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Euphytica","date":"2024-02-04T11:10:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"euphytica","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"euph","sideBox":"Learn more about [Euphytica](https://www.springer.com/journal/10681)","snPcode":"10681","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/10681/3","title":"Euphytica","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a18df714-ac97-48af-9c2c-d7f38f48e81e","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 7th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-02-23T10:14:24+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-07 04:58:12","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-3930254","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3930254","identity":"rs-3930254","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}