The developmental cycle ofDictyostelium discoideumensures curing of a mycobacterial infection at both cell-autonomous level and by collaborative exclusion

ABSTRACT During its life cycle, the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum alternates between a predatory amoeba and a facultative multicellular form. The single-celled amoeba is a well-established model system to study cell-autonomous mechanisms of phagocytosis and defence against intracellular bacterial pathogens, whereas the multicellular forms are arising as models to study the emergence of innate immune defence strategies. Importantly, during evolution, prokaryotes have also evolved their own strategies to resist predation. Considering these complex ecological relationships, we wondered whether D. discoideum cells infected with intracellular pathogenic mycobacteria would be able to undergo their developmental cycle and what would be the fate of the infection. We show that the combination of cell-autonomous mechanisms and the organisation into a multicellular organism leads to the efficient multistep-curing of a mycobacteria-infected population, thereby ensuring germ-free spores and progeny. Specifically, using a microfluidic device to trap single infected cells, we revealed that in the first curing phase, individual cells rely on three mechanisms to release intracellular bacteria: exocytic release, ejection and lytic release. The second phase occurs at the collective level, when remaining infected cells are excluded from the forming cell aggregates.