Environmental Applications of Coal Water Slurry  with Enhancing Storage Stability

Environmental Applications of Coal Water Slurry with Enhancing Storage Stability | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Environmental Applications of Coal Water Slurry with Enhancing Storage Stability Sung Min Yoon, Diyar Tokmurzin, Jung Hoon Yang, Tae-Young Mun, and 7 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3448352/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Feb, 2024 Read the published version in Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Coal Water Slurries (CWSs) are considered to be a new form of fuel that can alleviate the environmental and safety issues associated with use of bulk solid fuel. However, CWSs does not always fit into existing solid fuel supply and storage chain. In this study, we propose a novel method to control CWSs viscosity using pH responsive thickener, offering the advantages of improved storage stability and on-demand viscosity control, thus allowing CWSs to be used as a c for a variety of applications. This study investigates the effects of additives and pH on the viscosity and storage stability of CWSs. Poloxamer 407, polynaphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde (PNSF), and a copolymer containing pigment-affinic (PA) groups were used as dispersants to lower CWSs viscosity. Xanthan gum, a modified acrylic polymer (MAP), and carbomer were used as thickeners for assessing the storage stability and fluidity of CWSs based on viscosity changes. Optimal viscosity reduction was achieved by the addition of PA. A viscosity of 7,000 cP was achieved by the use of carbomer, with small amount comparable to 27.3 wt.% of MAP and 22.7 wt.% of Xanthan gum. Moreover, the carbomer-containing CWSs exhibited high storage stability in a 360-h stability test, retaining 84.3% of the original baseline coal content. pH-dependent viscosity changes were observed only in carbomer-containing samples. Coal Water Slurry storage stability fluidity dispersant thickener Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. Introduction Currently, most of the energy worldwide is produced using fossil fuels and around 38% of electricity is produced using coal. In South Korea, 33% of total installed capacity are based on coal and around 40% of electricity in 2018 was produced using coal [ 1 ]. In India the share of coal-based capacities in total installed capacities reach 55% and around 74% of electricity in 2018 was produced using coal [ 2 ]. The continuously increasing energy demand is one of the main drivers for increasing coal consumption. While in high- and mid-income countries increase in energy demand is satisfied with higher share of renewables and nuclear power, low-income countries tend to satisfy the increase in energy demand with coal. Environmental pollution by coal-fired power plants and the produced coal ash have become serious issues in highly coal-dependent Asian countries such as India, China, and even Korea, requiring more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly coal utilization methods to be established. Use of coal in the form of coal water slurry is regarded as one of the methods efficient to control emissions including PM2.5, NOx and SOx. At the same time Coal Water Slurries (CWSs), while exhibiting properties similar to those of liquid fuels, are complex, high-energy density, multiphase fuels [ 3 – 7 ]. Full-fledged development of CWSs preparation processes began during the oil shortage crises of 1973 and 1978 [ 8 ]. CWSs, being a liquefied form of coal, are generally produced by physical methods and are regarded as a viable alternative to existing fuels owing to their high solid content, convenient and low-cost hydro-transportability, and easy handling (similar to that of oil) [ 9 ]. The rheological characteristics of CWSs are similar to characteristics of heavy fuel oil making it an attractive substitute to heavy fuel oil [ 10 , 11 ]. The use of CWSs can overcome various inherent problems of coal, such as poor dispersibility, dust formation, and spontaneous ignition. Moreover, unlike coal, CWSs do not require commercial-scale processing equipment [ 12 ]. Typical CWSs comprise coal (55 ~ 70 wt.%), water, and chemical additives (1 ~ 2 wt.%), with their properties (e.g., fluidity and storage stability) being affected by factors such as coal origin and type, coal concentration, particle size and particle size distribution, type and amount of additive, and preparation method [ 12 – 15 ]. Three conditions need to be fulfilled for producing high-quality CWSs. First, high coal contents are required to achieve suitable caloric values and energy densities of CWSs. Second, sufficient fluidity and low viscosity are needed. Unfortunately, high coal contents tend to increase CWSs viscosity, which, in turn, reduces fluidity. Finally, the stability of CWSs needs to be improved. Ungrounded coal particles used for CWSs preparation are quickly sedimented, producing separate water and coal phases and rendering CWSs unusable. However, the use of chemical additives can preserve CWSs fluidity while preventing coal particle sedimentation. The stability of CWSs tends to increase with increasing viscosity, which, however, is accompanied by the problem of reduced fluidity. Consequently, various dispersants and thickeners have been studied to simultaneously improve the stability and fluidity of CWSs [ 16 – 20 ]. CWSs are fed into the furnace using hydro-transportation system, and its design is substantially influenced by numerous factors, including: particle size distribution, rank of a coal, specific gravity of a coal, hydrophobicity of a coal, final pH of the slurry, temperature, maximum settled concentration of coal in the slurry, and presence of dispersants [ 21 , 22 ]. Fitting CWSs into the coal supply and storage chain is not a trivial task. CWSs with low viscosity are preferable for hydro-transportation system, but it is difficult to store and transport over long distances through supply chain, which conventionally includes numerous operations such as conveyor transportation, preparation of marketable coal, stockpiling, railroad open top car transportation, port stockpiling, loading on ships, transportation with dry-cargo ships, and storage on Small-scale gasification plants [ 23 , 24 ]. Coal transportation on ships and railroad in many cases imply long distances reaching thousands of kilometers. Increasing the viscosity and thickening of CWSs will allow to transport, store, load-unload CWSs similarly to conventional coal. However, high viscosity CWSs are not suitable for hydro-transportation system on gasification plants. Because of these limitations CWSs are produced as close as possible to the Small-scale gasification plant and require forward annual and daily planning of CWSs supply in order to follow the load-generation curve of the Small-scale gasification plant. Overcoming these limitations will allow to increase supply-storage chain flexibility and additionally allow to increase feasibility of using non-marketable coal fractions (such as coal fines and flotation wastes) [ 25 , 26 ] from coal preparation and enrichment plants in CWSs, and increase marketability of coal-sludge-slurry by decreasing its logistics costs [ 27 , 28 ]. Xanthan gum, a bio-polysaccharide, is an effective high-performance thickener with numerous applications in industry [ 29 , 30 ]. However, it is expensive and induces a viscosity increase proportional to the amount added, which limits its general use in CWSs [ 31 , 32 ]. Saeki et al. studied the stability of CWSs using three bio-polysaccharides with different molecular structures: S-194 (rhansam gum), S-130 (welan gum), and S-60 (gellan gum) [ 18 ], while Furusawa et al. performed a stability study using electrical repulsion of sodium polystyrene sulfonate chains [ 33 ]. Dincer et al. used three dispersants, namely Dynaflow-K (polyisoprene sulfonic acid soda), AC1320 (carboxylic acid derivative), and a naphthalene sulfonate–formaldehyde (NSF) condensate with the sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) as thickeners to study CWSs stability by performing sedimentation tests and monitoring viscosity changes [ 7 ]. Umar et al. used upgraded brown coal to prepare CWSs and studied their viscosity changes in the presence of three dispersants (NSF condensate, poly-(methyl acrylate) (PMA), and poly-(styrenesulfonic acid) (PSSA)) and three thickeners (CMC, S-194 (rhansam gum), and S-60 (gellan gum) [ 34 ]. Meanwhile, Ongsirimongkol et al. used NSF as a dispersant to produce a highly loaded CWSs and examined its stability in the presence of three different thickeners (CMC-Na, guar gum, and gum arabic)[ 35 ] Wang et al compared 11 types of additives and investigated the effect of xanthan gum concentration on apparent viscosity of CWSs prepared by mixing various organic waste liquids[ 35 ] To overcome the shortcomings of common thickeners, this study proposes a novel concept, that is using a thickener for enhancing stability of CWSs during storage and long-range transportation and then decreasing the viscosity of CWSs on demand when the CWSs needs to be conveyed using hydro-transportation. This study investigates viscosity changes of the proposed thickeners according to pH changes for controlling viscosity and improving storage stability. While effect of pH on slurrying concentration and CWSs dispersants performance was tested, effect of pH on CWSs thickener performance has not been tested yet. Furthermore, we propose to use of carbomer which has not been previously reported as a thickener in CWSs. 2. Material and methods 2.1 Materials To achieve the above objective, CWSs were prepared using coal, water, and various additives. Figure 1 shows the evolution of CWSs phases upon addition of modifiers (Phase I: coal + water; Phase II: Phase I + dispersant; Phase III: Phase II + thickener; and Phase IV: Phase III + base). During Phase I CWSs was prepared by mixing coal and waster. During Phase II dispersant was added to CWSs which decreased the apparent viscosity. During Phase III thickener was added, which increased the apparent viscosity of the CWSs. During Phase IV KOH was added to decrease the apparent viscosity. Different CWSs samples were prepared by adding poloxamer 407, polynaphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde (PNSF), and PA as dispersants[ 36 ] to Indonesian coal, and their performances were compared. Subsequently, the prepared CWSs were treated with carbomer (pH-responsive thickener for viscosity control), and the resulting viscosity change and storage stability were compared to those obtained for common commercial thickeners, Xanthan gum and MAP. Furthermore, methods of preventing coal particle sedimentation were identified, and changes of CWSs fluidity accompanying pH-variation-induced lowering viscosity were determined. Bituminous coal from the Kalimantan Province of Indonesia was used for all experiments. Kalimantan coal is a representative coal used in coal-fired power plants in South Korea and classified as a highly volatile B bituminous coal according to the ASTM D388 standard. The results of corresponding proximate, ultimate, and caloric value analyses are provided in Table 1. Table 1. Proximate, ultimate, and caloric value analyses of coal Proximate analysis (air-dried basis), wt.% Ultimate analysis (dry basis), wt.% Sample Moisture Volatiles Ash Fixed carbon C H O N S Higher Heating Value (kcal/kg) Indonesian coal 14.3 36.6 4.4 44.7 71.2 4.9 16.9 1.7 0.90 6,540 Coal was ground to a particle size of ≤ 1 mm using a jaw crusher and further ground to < under 200 mesh (75 µm) using a pin mill. The size distribution of produced particles was investigated using a particle and spray size analyzer (HELOS VARIO/KF-RODOS SUCELL, Sympatec, Germany). The obtained results (Fig. 2 ) reveal that Indonesian coal particles exhibited a Sauter mean diameter of 18.86 µm and a volume mean diameter of 52.86 µm, which is considered fine size according to Singh et al [ 21 ]. Effect of three dispersant to CWSs viscosity were compared, including poloxamer 407 (Pluronic® F-127, BASF), PNSF (Sikament® NN, Sika), and PA (DISPERBYK®-2012, BYK). Effect of three thickeners on CWSs viscosity were also compared, including Xanthan gum (Sigma-Aldrich), MAP (SN thickener 641, Sannopco Korea), and carbomer (Carbopol® Ultrez 10, Lubrizol). In order to determine the storage stability of additives, effect of dispersants and thickeners on sedimentation of coal particles in CWSs were also compared. Xanthan gum is a well-known thickener, which performance is considered representative for comparison [ 29 , 30 , 37 ]. Performance of xanthan gum, MAP, and carbomer are compared in order to examine the efficiency of thickeners. Carbomer is a cross-linked polymer -bearing carboxyl groups. It is generally acidic in nature, showing a pronounced viscosity increase upon neutralization by weak bases, with the highest viscosity observed around pH 7. Thus, to maximize the storage stability of CWSs, it is needed to find the base achieving the highest viscosity. For this purpose, small amounts of organic (e.g., triethanolamine) bases were used for neutralization. pH control was achieved using KOH (98%, Samchun Pure Chemical) and aqueous HCl (35 wt.%, Samchun Pure Chemical). 2.2 CWSs sample preparation CWSs samples were obtained using a slurry preparation apparatus to ensure consistency of experimental conditions and sample concentrations. A 15-L mixing tank was used for CWSs preparation, and mixing was performed utilizing an agitator. After loading coal and water into the aforementioned apparatus, the agitator was operated for ~ 6 h at 100 rpm to produce a blank CWSs (Phase I). Subsequently, dispersants and thickeners, meeting experimental criteria, were added to the blank CWSs. The obtained samples were left to stand for 1 min, subjected to apparent viscosity measurement, and dried in a drying oven for 6 h at 109°C to determine the concentration of coal from the observed weight loss. 2.3 pH and apparent viscosity measurements CWSs apparent viscosity was measured by a rotational viscometer (TVC-5, TOKI SANGYO, Japan) using an rv-3 rotor. Carbomer allowed the viscosity to be controlled by adjustment of pH, which was measured using a pH meter (SevenGo Duo pro, METTLER TOLEDO, USA). All measurements were performed at room temperature (25°C). 2.4 Evaluation of CWSs storage stability The storage stability of CWSs was assessed by determining viscosity changes induced by addition of dispersants and thickeners and performing sedimentation tests. The sedimentation method of Dincer et al.[ 7 ] was used, involving the simultaneous preparation of a single-use sample to evaluate storage stability based on concentration changes. The sedimentation of coal particles was observed for three types of samples (Phases I, II, and III). In particular, Phase-III samples were prepared by adding three thickeners for stability evaluation. A cylindrical reservoir (diameter = 30 mm, height = 256 mm) was filled with the investigated samples to the same height, and the concentrations of coal were sampled 10 mm below the CWSs surface. These measurements were performed immediately after sample preparation and after 6, 24, 48, 72, 96, 168, 240, and 360 h, and Stability was evaluated based on the change of coal concentration with time. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Effect of dispersant and coal loading on CWSs viscosity Figure 3 shows the effect of coal(coal) loading on apparent viscosity of four samples of CWSs, without dispersant, with poloxamer, with PNSF, and with PA. Viscosity of CWSs should not exceed 3,000 cP, because pump transport and nozzle spraying are impossible at viscosities above 3,000 cP due to low fluidity. Therefore, 3000 cP was set as a reference for concentration and stability evaluation. The use of poloxamer 407, PNSF, and PA in Phase-II CWSs increased their coal contents by 6.0, 3.8, and 6.8 wt.%, respectively, relative to that of blank CWSs (Phase I). PA allowed to reach the highest value of coal loading, 61.7wt.% at 3,000 cP apparent viscosity. Based on these results, further storage stability measurements were conducted using the PA dispersant as a standard (since it achieved a maximal coal content increase), with a pH of ~ 4.5 determined for CWSs in this case. 3.2 Effect of thickener on CWSs viscosity Figure 4 shows the results of adding thickeners to Phase-II CWSs, revealing that a viscosity of 10,000 cP was achieved by using PA. The amount of thickener (relative to the amount of coal in CWSs) needed to reach the reference viscosity of 7,000 cP equaled 0.09, 0.34, and 0.41 wt.% for carbomer, MAP, and Xanthan gum, respectively, indicating the higher efficiency of carbomer. 3.3. CWSs sedimentation test for storage stability evaluation Figure 5 shows the sedimentation test results obtained for Phase-III CWSs and different thickeners. A total of five samples were tested, i.e., blank CWSs (Phase I) with a coal content of 56 wt.%, PA-containing Phase-II CWSs with a viscosity of 1000 cP, and three Phase-III CWSs containing 0.1 wt.% of three different thickeners. As shown in Fig. 5 , when measurements were made 6 h after preparing the samples, the concentration of coal in the upper layer of the Phase-II CWSs rapidly decreased by 15 wt.% (from 56 wt.% to 41 wt.%), while Phase-III CWSs containing carbomer, MAP, and Xanthan gum showed concentration decreases of ~ 1.4, 2.5, and 3.5 wt.%, respectively. The concentrations of coal in the upper layer decreased with time, being reduced by 21.6, 25.8, and 46.9 wt.% after 360 h for samples containing Xanthan gum, MAP, and carbomer thickeners, respectively, as compared to the baseline concentration (56 wt.%). Phase-II CWSs with dispersant-reduced viscosity exhibited a faster sedimentation rate than the blank CWSs. Thus, high viscosity was demonstrated to improve storage stability. Although the different thickeners used to prepare Phase-III CWSs exhibited some differences in their performance, they all prevented the sedimentation of coal particles. Phase-III CWSs containing Xanthan gum showed a viscosity of ~ 2,300 cP, which was higher than that of MAP-containing CWSs. However, the stability that prevents sedimentation of coal particles appeared to be lower at 38.99 wt.% relative to the baseline concentration. Compared to the other two thickeners, using the same amount of carbomer resulted in a concentration decrease of less than 10 wt.% to maintain 83.4 wt.% of the baseline concentration, which indicated highest storage stability. 3.3. Effect of pH on CWSs viscosity Figure 6 shows the dependence of CWSs viscosity on thickener pH (phase-III CWSs). After preparing Phase-II CWSs (containing the PA dispersant) with a viscosity of 1,000 cP, three thickeners were used to prepare Phase-III CWSs with gradually increasing viscosity (up to 7,000 cP). When KOH was added to prepare Phase-IV CWSs, a viscosity drop was detected for the carbomer-containing sample, whereas samples containing MAP or Xanthan gum thickeners showed no viscosity changes in response to pH variation. In the case of carbomer-based CWSs, the highest viscosity was observed around pH 7. When the solution was basified, the viscosity gradually decreased, exhibiting a sharp decline above pH 11 and reaching a value of ~ 1,500 cP close to pH 13, which is similar to the baseline value (Phase II). Acidification also resulted in decreased viscosity; however, the baseline (Phase II) viscosity was not reached. Figure 7 shows the mechanism of pH-dependent viscosity changes for carbomer-containing samples. In its powder form, carbomer features intertwined ring-shaped cross-linked polyacrylic acid chains. When this powder is dissolved, the cross-linked chains slightly unfold. Neutralization affords multiple negatively charged carboxyl groups, resulting in coulombic repulsion and chain unfolding. As a result, coal particles do not sediment, but rather dispersed themselves between the unfolded carbomers, achieving increased stability. In addition, upon acidification or basification, the unfolded carbomer returns to its normal state, lowering CWSs viscosity back to a level similar to that observed prior to carbomer addition. The above carbomer characteristics allow the stability of CWSs to be improved during storage or transport, while increased fluidity (for use as fuel) can be achieved by on-demand pH-controlled viscosity lowering. 4. Conclusions Herein, we examined the novel method of enhancing the storage stability and fluidity of CWSs prepared from Indonesian coal to achieve their broader applicability. Among the dispersants used to achieve fluidity, the best results were observed for PA, which achieved an increase of solid coal content of 6.8 wt.% at a loading of 1 wt.% (relative to the weight of coal). The effects of carbomer, MAP, and Xanthan gum thickeners on storage stability and fluidity determined from the corresponding viscosity changes showed that carbomer was able to control viscosity with small amount of 27.3 wt.% and 22.7 wt.% as compared to MAP and Xanthan gum, respectively. Stability evaluation showed that a coal concentration of 84.3% relative to the baseline concentration was observed after 360 h, indicating that carbomer imparted higher storage stability compared to other thickeners. pH-dependent viscosity changes of carbomer-containing samples allowed the storage stability to be improved by increasing viscosity at neutral pH during storage, and the advantage of basification for lowering CWSs viscosity back to the baseline level was confirmed. Thus, CWSs containing pH-responsive thickeners can be used as a fuel for a wide variety of applications, exhibiting improved storage stability and controlled on-demand viscosity decrease upon acidification or basification. Declarations Author contributions Sung Min Yoon: Conceptualization, Methodology, Visualization, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Implementation of experiments Diyar Tokmurzin : Writing - original draft, Writing - review and editing Jung Hoon Yang : Investigation, Data Curation, Visualization Tae-Young Mun : Investigation, Data Curation, Visualization Myung Won Seo : Investigation, Data Curation, Visualization Ji Hong Moon : Investigation, Data Curation, Visualization Sung Jin Park : Investigation, Data Curation, Visualization Sang Jun Yoon : Investigation, Data Curation, Visualization Jae Goo Lee : Investigation, Data Curation, Visualization, Funding acquisition Kyubock Lee : Data curation ,Writing - original draft, Writing - review and editing Ho Won Ra : Conceptualization, Methodology, Visualization, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Implementation of experiments Acknowledgement This work is supported by the Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement(KAIA) grant funded by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (Grant 21PCHG-C163217-03) and also conducted under the framework of the Research and Development Program of the Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER) (C3-2434). References S. Korea, Country Analysis Executive Summary:, n.d. U.S. EIA, Country analysis executive summary: India, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Independent Statistic & Analysis. (2021) 9. H. Zhu, X. Yan, J. Xia, Y. Li, Preparation and rheological properties of oil-water- coal triplex synfuel using petroleum sulfonate as the dispersants, Fuel Processing Technology. 88 (2007) 221–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2004.11.020 . K. Aiuchi, R. Moriyama, S. Takeda, S. Kitada, M. Onozaki, Y. Katayama, A pre-heating vaporization technology of coal-water-slurry for the gasification process, Fuel Processing Technology. 88 (2007) 325–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2004.10.010 . J. Zhu, G. Zhang, G. Liu, Q. Qu, Y. Li, Investigation on the rheological and stability characteristics of coal-water slurry with long side-chain polycarboxylate dispersant, Fuel Processing Technology. 118 (2014) 187–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.09.003 . K.K. Tiwari, S.K. Basu, K.C. Bit, S. Banerjee, K.K. Mishra, High-concentration coal slurry from Indian coals using newly developed additives, Fuel Processing Technology. 85 (2004) 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3820(03)00095-X . H. Dinçer, F. Boylu, A.A. Sirkeci, G. Ateşok, The effect of chemicals on the viscosity and stability of coal water slurries, International Journal of Mineral Processing. 70 (2003) 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-7516(02)00149-7 . R. Xu, W. Zhuang, Q. He, J. Cai, B. Hu, J. Shen, Effects of chemical structure on the properties of carboxylate-type copolymer dispersant for coal-water slurry, AIChE Journal. 55 (2009) 2461–2467. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.11838 . Z. Zhou, X. Li, J. Liang, J. Liu, J. Zhou, K. Cen, Surface coating improves coal-water slurry formation of Shangwan coal, Energy and Fuels. 25 (2011) 3590–3597. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef200529h . P. Li, D. Yang, X. Qiu, W. Feng, Study on Enhancing the Slurry Performance of coal –Water Slurry Prepared with Low-Rank coal, Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology. 36 (2015) 1247–1256. https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2014.971367 . B. Suleimenova, B. Aimbetov, D. Shah, E.J. Anthony, Y. Sarbassov, Attrition of high ash Ekibastuz coal in a bench scale fluidized bed rig under O2/N2 and O2/CO2 environments, Fuel Processing Technology. 216 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2021.106775 . N.E. and I.T.D. Organisation, CWM in Japan, 1997. K.S. M.S. Celik, G. Atesok, Preparation and combustion of coal –water slurries, in: Proceedings of coal Utilisation Conference, Vitrin, Istanbul, Didim, Turkey, 1993: pp. 137– 157. G.A. F. Boylu, Coal–Water Mixtures and their Technologies: V, in: Coal Utilisation and Technology Symposium, Lebib Yalkın, Istanbul, Ankara, Turkey, 2000: pp. 195–212. L. Li, C. Ma, S. Hu, M. He, H. Yu, Q. Wang, X. Cao, X. You, Effect of the benzene ring of the dispersant on the rheological characteristics of coal-water slurry: Experiments and theoretical calculations, International Journal of Mining Science and Technology. 31 (2021) 515–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2021.02.001 . H. Usur, Y. Sano, Thixotropy of Highly Loaded Coal-Water Mixtures, Nihon Reoroji Gakkaishi(Journal of the Society of Rheology, Japan). 14 (1986) 123–127. https://doi.org/10.1678/rheology1973.14.3_123 . P.R. Tudor, D. Atkinson, R.J. Crawford, D.E. Mainwaring, The effect of adsorbed and non-adsorbed additives on the stability of coal-water suspensions, Fuel. 75 (1996) 443–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(95)00267-7 . M.O. T. Saeki, H. Usui, Effect of molecular structure of polysaccharide on the stability of coal water mixtures, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. (1994) 773–778. Y.S. H. Usui, K. Machibara, Effect of stabilizing additives on the stability of coal water mixtures, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. (1987) 92–195. R. Xu, Q. He, J. Cai, Y. Pan, J. Shen, B. Hu, Effects of chemicals and blending petroleum coke on the properties of low-rank Indonesian coal water mixtures, Fuel Processing Technology. 89 (2008) 249–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2007.11.026 . H. Singh, S. Kumar, S.K. Mohapatra, S.B. Prasad, J. Singh, Slurryability and flowability of coal water slurry: Effect of particle size distribution, Journal of Cleaner Production. 323 (2021) 129183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129183 . J. Xiao, S. Wang, X. Duan, S. Ye, J. Wen, Z. Zhang, Rheological models for temperature and concentration dependencies of coal water slurry, International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization. 00 (2019) 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392699.2019.1696780 . Paul Baruya, Losses in coal supply chain, IEA clean coal centre, 2012. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.19769.26727 . D. Gvozdyakov, A. Zenkov, Influence of petrochemicals on jet characteristics after coal-water fuel spraying, Fuel Processing Technology. 218 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2021.106864 . V.I. Murko, V.A. Volkov, M.P. Baranova, M. V. Temlyantsev, V. V. Chaplygin, Technology of waste coal processing used for fuel production, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 548 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/548/5/052055 . I.A. Korotkiy, E.N. Neverov, V.I. Murko, O.P. Chernikova, The development of ecologically clean technology for coal use in terms of the coal-water slurry usage, Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1749 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1749/1/012044 . M. Lewitt, Opportunities for fine coal, IEA Clean Coal Centre, 2011. Y. Zhang, Z. Xu, Y. Tu, J. Wang, J. Li, Study on properties of coal -sludge-slurry prepared by sludge from coal chemical industry, Powder Technology. 366 (2020) 552–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2020.03.005 . J Natoli, R. Mahar, B. Bobsein, Polycrylate thickeners for coal water slurries: Slurry formation, stability and rheology, in: International Chemical Engineering Symposium Series, (1985): pp. 17–36. H.S. Fogler, DOE/PC/80517-T1, (1986). N. Sato, H. Ito, S. Tatsumi, Y. Kajibata, S. Takao, No Title, in: Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Coal Slurry Fuels Preparation and Utilization, (1986): pp. 55–62. R. W. Spark et al, No Title, in: Fourth International Symposium on Coal -Slurry Combustion, Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center, Orlando, Florida, (1982). K. Furusawa, M. Ueda, M. Chen, N. Tobori, A new concept for coal water mixture stabilization using a polyelectrolyte, Colloid & Polymer Science. 273 (1995) 490–495. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00656894 . D.F. Umar, H. Usui, Y. Komoda, Muta’alim, Effect of dispersing and stabilizing additives on rheological characteristics of the upgraded brown coal water mixture, Fuel Processing Technology. 90 (2009) 611–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2008.12.013 . N. Ongsirimongkol, M.H. Narasingha, Effects of Stabilizing Agents on Stability and Rheological Characteristics of the Highly-Loaded Coal-Water Slurry, International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications. 3 (2012) 49–52. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijcea.2012.v3.158 . C. Auschra, E. Eckstein, A. Mühlebach, M.O. Zink, F. Rime, Design of new pigment dispersants by controlled radical polymerization, Progress in Organic Coatings. 45 (2002) 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9440(02)00048-6 . S. Wang, J. Liu, S. V. Pisupati, D. Li, Z. Wang, J. Cheng, Dispersion mechanism of coal water slurry prepared by mixing various high-concentration organic waste liquids, Fuel. 287 (2021) 119340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119340 . Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Feb, 2024 Read the published version in Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major Revisions Needed 14 Nov, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Oct, 2023 Reviewers invited by journal 24 Oct, 2023 Editor assigned by journal 19 Oct, 2023 First submitted to journal 15 Oct, 2023 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3448352","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":242779465,"identity":"cef01852-0250-4dec-a8c9-5d506131fb67","order_by":0,"name":"Sung Min Yoon","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACZoYCBjkJZihPgjgtBgzGpGtJnAHjEdRicP504ucCA5v0me3Mxz4w7rFhkJx9gICWG7mbpWcYpOXOZmZLnsHwLI1Bmi+BkBbeDdI8Bodz5zHzGDMwHDjMIMdD0GFnN//mMfifLsfM/xmo5T8RWg7kbgPaciBBmpkHGGYHDjBIE9IieSN3m/UMg2TDmc1sxgwJB5J5JHsIaOEDOux2QYWdvMT5w48ZPhywk5M4Q0CLwgFkXgIDAyFnMTDINxBUMgpGwSgYBSMeAAAywToTVZT6wAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5090-6992","institution":"Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sung","middleName":"Min","lastName":"Yoon","suffix":""},{"id":242779466,"identity":"5a11d7d8-d43f-421f-bb2e-cfec622950eb","order_by":1,"name":"Diyar Tokmurzin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"KIER: Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Diyar","middleName":"","lastName":"Tokmurzin","suffix":""},{"id":242779467,"identity":"935cc13f-6930-4422-8503-1b31dc53c421","order_by":2,"name":"Jung Hoon Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"KIER: Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jung","middleName":"Hoon","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":242779468,"identity":"4937ce81-d6d6-421d-acbc-e92d99d92a48","order_by":3,"name":"Tae-Young Mun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"KIER: Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tae-Young","middleName":"","lastName":"Mun","suffix":""},{"id":242779469,"identity":"45e5ef77-6675-4d3d-aa3d-b788ed3157e5","order_by":4,"name":"Myung Won Seo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UOS: University of Seoul","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Myung","middleName":"Won","lastName":"Seo","suffix":""},{"id":242779470,"identity":"465ca3df-a363-4028-9865-c4249fc79d04","order_by":5,"name":"Ji Hong Moon","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"KIER: Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ji","middleName":"Hong","lastName":"Moon","suffix":""},{"id":242779471,"identity":"ea1befcc-4513-4c90-bd39-7916fcc67434","order_by":6,"name":"Sung Jin Park","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"KIER: Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sung","middleName":"Jin","lastName":"Park","suffix":""},{"id":242779472,"identity":"ba0a0236-7a25-4332-ac8e-8541108127e0","order_by":7,"name":"Sang Jun Yoon","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"KIER: Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sang","middleName":"Jun","lastName":"Yoon","suffix":""},{"id":242779473,"identity":"86807cbe-17b4-40e5-9f61-39de97887aa7","order_by":8,"name":"Jae Goo Lee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"KIER: Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jae","middleName":"Goo","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""},{"id":242779474,"identity":"c0d4e3be-9fee-4589-89b3-7f4fb7ee62b3","order_by":9,"name":"Kyubock Lee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chungnam National University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kyubock","middleName":"","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""},{"id":242779475,"identity":"5bf126be-1762-440a-9189-f885f3e9d8c1","order_by":10,"name":"Ho Won Ra","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-7100","institution":"KIER: Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ho","middleName":"Won","lastName":"Ra","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-10-15 11:19:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3448352/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3448352/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-024-00020-9","type":"published","date":"2024-02-14T15:00:59+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":45386145,"identity":"fa30698f-1243-4e10-b58c-026339da780c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-29 01:04:54","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":164470,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCWSs phase evolution upon addition of various additives.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3448352/v1/c5743db681a2275a3f3a8672.png"},{"id":45386143,"identity":"8ec56cd7-b229-4cf3-85d3-cd2c619dac63","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-29 01:04:54","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":21254,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eParticle size distribution of Indonesian coal.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3448352/v1/77e45df737d986607f550ef5.png"},{"id":45386520,"identity":"7b745b9b-63ec-43ed-986e-a7dd884a2530","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-29 01:12:54","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":37421,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCWSs viscosity changes induced by various dispersants.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3448352/v1/323ebd8f26f0fef0dc811282.png"},{"id":45386142,"identity":"6c0dc5d7-9ccd-4bd1-8760-a06eb117fbfe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-29 01:04:54","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":35384,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation of CWSs viscosity with the type of used thickener and\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eits concentration.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3448352/v1/da5a8caca603317dfd8bbdac.png"},{"id":45386148,"identity":"a9206f62-e852-4831-ab42-d4da09fa9cf0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-29 01:04:54","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":184146,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResults of coal particle sedimentation test.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3448352/v1/6d0749938b6ade0cf6280724.png"},{"id":45386521,"identity":"8ee83433-900c-4dae-9bf6-33fcbc1965ee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-29 01:12:54","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34425,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCWSs viscosity changes in response to pH variation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3448352/v1/c7a6ac2c1ba65cee8c6566f6.png"},{"id":45387182,"identity":"90bc3e79-cfb2-47eb-a70b-b4eec11dd26c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-29 01:20:54","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":71010,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges of carbomer physical properties induced by pH variation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3448352/v1/069b9ff85bb8a4d0dd9f5c8c.png"},{"id":51323072,"identity":"a6c713cb-31f6-45fb-92f4-9d2eb8b68b68","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-19 15:14:46","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1088964,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3448352/v1/1116eea6-c2bd-41d1-bbf9-94d5da51b997.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Environmental Applications of Coal Water Slurry with Enhancing Storage Stability","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCurrently, most of the energy worldwide is produced using fossil fuels and around 38% of electricity is produced using coal. In South Korea, 33% of total installed capacity are based on coal and around 40% of electricity in 2018 was produced using coal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. In India the share of coal-based capacities in total installed capacities reach 55% and around 74% of electricity in 2018 was produced using coal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The continuously increasing energy demand is one of the main drivers for increasing coal consumption. While in high- and mid-income countries increase in energy demand is satisfied with higher share of renewables and nuclear power, low-income countries tend to satisfy the increase in energy demand with coal.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental pollution by coal-fired power plants and the produced coal ash have become serious issues in highly coal-dependent Asian countries such as India, China, and even Korea, requiring more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly coal utilization methods to be established. Use of coal in the form of coal water slurry is regarded as one of the methods efficient to control emissions including PM2.5, NOx and SOx. At the same time Coal Water Slurries (CWSs), while exhibiting properties similar to those of liquid fuels, are complex, high-energy density, multiphase fuels [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4 CR5 CR6\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFull-fledged development of CWSs preparation processes began during the oil shortage crises of 1973 and 1978 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. CWSs, being a liquefied form of coal, are generally produced by physical methods and are regarded as a viable alternative to existing fuels owing to their high solid content, convenient and low-cost hydro-transportability, and easy handling (similar to that of oil) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. The rheological characteristics of CWSs are similar to characteristics of heavy fuel oil making it an attractive substitute to heavy fuel oil [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. The use of CWSs can overcome various inherent problems of coal, such as poor dispersibility, dust formation, and spontaneous ignition. Moreover, unlike coal, CWSs do not require commercial-scale processing equipment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Typical CWSs comprise coal (55\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;70 wt.%), water, and chemical additives (1\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;2 wt.%), with their properties (e.g., fluidity and storage stability) being affected by factors such as coal origin and type, coal concentration, particle size and particle size distribution, type and amount of additive, and preparation method [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13 CR14\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree conditions need to be fulfilled for producing high-quality CWSs. First, high coal contents are required to achieve suitable caloric values and energy densities of CWSs. Second, sufficient fluidity and low viscosity are needed. Unfortunately, high coal contents tend to increase CWSs viscosity, which, in turn, reduces fluidity. Finally, the stability of CWSs needs to be improved. Ungrounded coal particles used for CWSs preparation are quickly sedimented, producing separate water and coal phases and rendering CWSs unusable. However, the use of chemical additives can preserve CWSs fluidity while preventing coal particle sedimentation. The stability of CWSs tends to increase with increasing viscosity, which, however, is accompanied by the problem of reduced fluidity. Consequently, various dispersants and thickeners have been studied to simultaneously improve the stability and fluidity of CWSs [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17 CR18 CR19\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. CWSs are fed into the furnace using hydro-transportation system, and its design is substantially influenced by numerous factors, including: particle size distribution, rank of a coal, specific gravity of a coal, hydrophobicity of a coal, final pH of the slurry, temperature, maximum settled concentration of coal in the slurry, and presence of dispersants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFitting CWSs into the coal supply and storage chain is not a trivial task. CWSs with low viscosity are preferable for hydro-transportation system, but it is difficult to store and transport over long distances through supply chain, which conventionally includes numerous operations such as conveyor transportation, preparation of marketable coal, stockpiling, railroad open top car transportation, port stockpiling, loading on ships, transportation with dry-cargo ships, and storage on Small-scale gasification plants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Coal transportation on ships and railroad in many cases imply long distances reaching thousands of kilometers. Increasing the viscosity and thickening of CWSs will allow to transport, store, load-unload CWSs similarly to conventional coal. However, high viscosity CWSs are not suitable for hydro-transportation system on gasification plants. Because of these limitations CWSs are produced as close as possible to the Small-scale gasification plant and require forward annual and daily planning of CWSs supply in order to follow the load-generation curve of the Small-scale gasification plant. Overcoming these limitations will allow to increase supply-storage chain flexibility and additionally allow to increase feasibility of using non-marketable coal fractions (such as coal fines and flotation wastes) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] from coal preparation and enrichment plants in CWSs, and increase marketability of coal-sludge-slurry by decreasing its logistics costs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eXanthan gum, a bio-polysaccharide, is an effective high-performance thickener with numerous applications in industry [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. However, it is expensive and induces a viscosity increase proportional to the amount added, which limits its general use in CWSs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Saeki et al. studied the stability of CWSs using three bio-polysaccharides with different molecular structures: S-194 (rhansam gum), S-130 (welan gum), and S-60 (gellan gum) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], while Furusawa et al. performed a stability study using electrical repulsion of sodium polystyrene sulfonate chains [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Dincer et al. used three dispersants, namely Dynaflow-K (polyisoprene sulfonic acid soda), AC1320 (carboxylic acid derivative), and a naphthalene sulfonate\u0026ndash;formaldehyde (NSF) condensate with the sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) as thickeners to study CWSs stability by performing sedimentation tests and monitoring viscosity changes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Umar et al. used upgraded brown coal to prepare CWSs and studied their viscosity changes in the presence of three dispersants (NSF condensate, poly-(methyl acrylate) (PMA), and poly-(styrenesulfonic acid) (PSSA)) and three thickeners (CMC, S-194 (rhansam gum), and S-60 (gellan gum) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. Meanwhile, Ongsirimongkol et al. used NSF as a dispersant to produce a highly loaded CWSs and examined its stability in the presence of three different thickeners (CMC-Na, guar gum, and gum arabic)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e] Wang et al compared 11 types of additives and investigated the effect of xanthan gum concentration on apparent viscosity of CWSs prepared by mixing various organic waste liquids[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo overcome the shortcomings of common thickeners, this study proposes a novel concept, that is using a thickener for enhancing stability of CWSs during storage and long-range transportation and then decreasing the viscosity of CWSs on demand when the CWSs needs to be conveyed using hydro-transportation. This study investigates viscosity changes of the proposed thickeners according to pH changes for controlling viscosity and improving storage stability. While effect of pH on slurrying concentration and CWSs dispersants performance was tested, effect of pH on CWSs thickener performance has not been tested yet. Furthermore, we propose to use of carbomer which has not been previously reported as a thickener in CWSs.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Material and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Materials\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo achieve the above objective, CWSs were prepared using coal, water, and various additives. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the evolution of CWSs phases upon addition of modifiers (Phase I: coal\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;water; Phase II: Phase I\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;dispersant; Phase III: Phase II\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;thickener; and Phase IV: Phase III\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;base). During Phase I CWSs was prepared by mixing coal and waster. During Phase II dispersant was added to CWSs which decreased the apparent viscosity. During Phase III thickener was added, which increased the apparent viscosity of the CWSs. During Phase IV KOH was added to decrease the apparent viscosity.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifferent CWSs samples were prepared by adding poloxamer 407, polynaphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde (PNSF), and PA as dispersants[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e] to Indonesian coal, and their performances were compared. Subsequently, the prepared CWSs were treated with carbomer (pH-responsive thickener for viscosity control), and the resulting viscosity change and storage stability were compared to those obtained for common commercial thickeners, Xanthan gum and MAP. Furthermore, methods of preventing coal particle sedimentation were identified, and changes of CWSs fluidity accompanying pH-variation-induced lowering viscosity were determined.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBituminous coal from the Kalimantan Province of Indonesia was used for all experiments. Kalimantan coal is a representative coal used in coal-fired power plants in South Korea and classified as a highly volatile B bituminous coal according to the ASTM D388 standard. The results of corresponding proximate, ultimate, and caloric value analyses are provided in Table\u0026nbsp;1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 1. Proximate, ultimate, and caloric value analyses of coal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"101%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" style=\"width: 8.7121%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69387755102041%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 19.8593%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProximate analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(air-dried basis), wt.%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69387755102041%\" colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 18.6147%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUltimate analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(dry basis), wt.%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" style=\"width: 8.0628%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.217391304347826%\" style=\"width: 8.7121%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" style=\"width: 4.9784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoisture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\" style=\"width: 3.7338%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolatiles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" style=\"width: 4.9784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.869565217391305%\" style=\"width: 6.2229%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFixed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecarbon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\" style=\"width: 3.7338%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\" style=\"width: 3.7338%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\" style=\"width: 3.7338%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\" style=\"width: 3.7338%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\" style=\"width: 3.7338%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.130434782608695%\" style=\"width: 8.0628%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher Heating Value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(kcal/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.217391304347826%\" style=\"width: 8.7121%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndonesian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecoal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" style=\"width: 4.9784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\" style=\"width: 3.7338%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" style=\"width: 4.9784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.869565217391305%\" style=\"width: 6.2229%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\" style=\"width: 3.7338%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\" style=\"width: 3.7338%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\" style=\"width: 3.7338%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\" style=\"width: 3.7338%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\" style=\"width: 3.7338%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.130434782608695%\" style=\"width: 8.0628%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,540\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoal was ground to a particle size of \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;1 mm using a jaw crusher and further ground to \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;under 200 mesh (75 \u0026micro;m) using a pin mill. The size distribution of produced particles was investigated using a particle and spray size analyzer (HELOS VARIO/KF-RODOS SUCELL, Sympatec, Germany). The obtained results (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) reveal that Indonesian coal particles exhibited a Sauter mean diameter of 18.86 \u0026micro;m and a volume mean diameter of 52.86 \u0026micro;m, which is considered fine size according to Singh et al [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffect of three dispersant to CWSs viscosity were compared, including poloxamer 407 (Pluronic\u0026reg; F-127, BASF), PNSF (Sikament\u0026reg; NN, Sika), and PA (DISPERBYK\u0026reg;-2012, BYK). Effect of three thickeners on CWSs viscosity were also compared, including Xanthan gum (Sigma-Aldrich), MAP (SN thickener 641, Sannopco Korea), and carbomer (Carbopol\u0026reg; Ultrez 10, Lubrizol). In order to determine the storage stability of additives, effect of dispersants and thickeners on sedimentation of coal particles in CWSs were also compared.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eXanthan gum is a well-known thickener, which performance is considered representative for comparison [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. Performance of xanthan gum, MAP, and carbomer are compared in order to examine the efficiency of thickeners. Carbomer is a cross-linked polymer -bearing carboxyl groups. It is generally acidic in nature, showing a pronounced viscosity increase upon neutralization by weak bases, with the highest viscosity observed around pH 7. Thus, to maximize the storage stability of CWSs, it is needed to find the base achieving the highest viscosity. For this purpose, small amounts of organic (e.g., triethanolamine) bases were used for neutralization. pH control was achieved using KOH (98%, Samchun Pure Chemical) and aqueous HCl (35 wt.%, Samchun Pure Chemical).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2 CWSs sample preparation\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCWSs samples were obtained using a slurry preparation apparatus to ensure consistency of experimental conditions and sample concentrations. A 15-L mixing tank was used for CWSs preparation, and mixing was performed utilizing an agitator. After loading coal and water into the aforementioned apparatus, the agitator was operated for ~\u0026thinsp;6 h at 100 rpm to produce a blank CWSs (Phase I).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubsequently, dispersants and thickeners, meeting experimental criteria, were added to the blank CWSs. The obtained samples were left to stand for 1 min, subjected to apparent viscosity measurement, and dried in a drying oven for 6 h at 109\u0026deg;C to determine the concentration of coal from the observed weight loss.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3 pH and apparent viscosity measurements\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCWSs apparent viscosity was measured by a rotational viscometer (TVC-5, TOKI SANGYO, Japan) using an rv-3 rotor. Carbomer allowed the viscosity to be controlled by adjustment of pH, which was measured using a pH meter (SevenGo Duo pro, METTLER TOLEDO, USA). All measurements were performed at room temperature (25\u0026deg;C).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Evaluation of CWSs storage stability\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe storage stability of CWSs was assessed by determining viscosity changes induced by addition of dispersants and thickeners and performing sedimentation tests. The sedimentation method of Dincer et al.[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] was used, involving the simultaneous preparation of a single-use sample to evaluate storage stability based on concentration changes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe sedimentation of coal particles was observed for three types of samples (Phases I, II, and III). In particular, Phase-III samples were prepared by adding three thickeners for stability evaluation. A cylindrical reservoir (diameter\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30 mm, height\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;256 mm) was filled with the investigated samples to the same height, and the concentrations of coal were sampled 10 mm below the CWSs surface. These measurements were performed immediately after sample preparation and after 6, 24, 48, 72, 96, 168, 240, and 360 h, and Stability was evaluated based on the change of coal concentration with time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Effect of dispersant and coal loading on CWSs viscosity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the effect of coal(coal) loading on apparent viscosity of four samples of CWSs, without dispersant, with poloxamer, with PNSF, and with PA. Viscosity of CWSs should not exceed 3,000 cP, because pump transport and nozzle spraying are impossible at viscosities above 3,000 cP due to low fluidity. Therefore, 3000 cP was set as a reference for concentration and stability evaluation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe use of poloxamer 407, PNSF, and PA in Phase-II CWSs increased their coal contents by 6.0, 3.8, and 6.8 wt.%, respectively, relative to that of blank CWSs (Phase I). PA allowed to reach the highest value of coal loading, 61.7wt.% at 3,000 cP apparent viscosity. Based on these results, further storage stability measurements were conducted using the PA dispersant as a standard (since it achieved a maximal coal content increase), with a pH of ~\u0026thinsp;4.5 determined for CWSs in this case.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Effect of thickener on CWSs viscosity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the results of adding thickeners to Phase-II CWSs, revealing that a viscosity of 10,000 cP was achieved by using PA. The amount of thickener (relative to the amount of coal in CWSs) needed to reach the reference viscosity of 7,000 cP equaled 0.09, 0.34, and 0.41 wt.% for carbomer, MAP, and Xanthan gum, respectively, indicating the higher efficiency of carbomer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. CWSs sedimentation test for storage stability evaluation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the sedimentation test results obtained for Phase-III CWSs and different thickeners. A total of five samples were tested, i.e., blank CWSs (Phase I) with a coal content of 56 wt.%, PA-containing Phase-II CWSs with a viscosity of 1000 cP, and three Phase-III CWSs containing 0.1 wt.% of three different thickeners. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, when measurements were made 6 h after preparing the samples, the concentration of coal in the upper layer of the Phase-II CWSs rapidly decreased by 15 wt.% (from 56 wt.% to 41 wt.%), while Phase-III CWSs containing carbomer, MAP, and Xanthan gum showed concentration decreases of ~\u0026thinsp;1.4, 2.5, and 3.5 wt.%, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe concentrations of coal in the upper layer decreased with time, being reduced by 21.6, 25.8, and 46.9 wt.% after 360 h for samples containing Xanthan gum, MAP, and carbomer thickeners, respectively, as compared to the baseline concentration (56 wt.%). Phase-II CWSs with dispersant-reduced viscosity exhibited a faster sedimentation rate than the blank CWSs. Thus, high viscosity was demonstrated to improve storage stability. Although the different thickeners used to prepare Phase-III CWSs exhibited some differences in their performance, they all prevented the sedimentation of coal particles. Phase-III CWSs containing Xanthan gum showed a viscosity of ~\u0026thinsp;2,300 cP, which was higher than that of MAP-containing CWSs. However, the stability that prevents sedimentation of coal particles appeared to be lower at 38.99 wt.% relative to the baseline concentration. Compared to the other two thickeners, using the same amount of carbomer resulted in a concentration decrease of less than 10 wt.% to maintain 83.4 wt.% of the baseline concentration, which indicated highest storage stability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Effect of pH on CWSs viscosity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e shows the dependence of CWSs viscosity on thickener pH (phase-III CWSs). After preparing Phase-II CWSs (containing the PA dispersant) with a viscosity of 1,000 cP, three thickeners were used to prepare Phase-III CWSs with gradually increasing viscosity (up to 7,000 cP). When KOH was added to prepare Phase-IV CWSs, a viscosity drop was detected for the carbomer-containing sample, whereas samples containing MAP or Xanthan gum thickeners showed no viscosity changes in response to pH variation. In the case of carbomer-based CWSs, the highest viscosity was observed around pH 7. When the solution was basified, the viscosity gradually decreased, exhibiting a sharp decline above pH 11 and reaching a value of ~\u0026thinsp;1,500 cP close to pH 13, which is similar to the baseline value (Phase II). Acidification also resulted in decreased viscosity; however, the baseline (Phase II) viscosity was not reached.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows the mechanism of pH-dependent viscosity changes for carbomer-containing samples. In its powder form, carbomer features intertwined ring-shaped cross-linked polyacrylic acid chains. When this powder is dissolved, the cross-linked chains slightly unfold. Neutralization affords multiple negatively charged carboxyl groups, resulting in coulombic repulsion and chain unfolding. As a result, coal particles do not sediment, but rather dispersed themselves between the unfolded carbomers, achieving increased stability. In addition, upon acidification or basification, the unfolded carbomer returns to its normal state, lowering CWSs viscosity back to a level similar to that observed prior to carbomer addition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe above carbomer characteristics allow the stability of CWSs to be improved during storage or transport, while increased fluidity (for use as fuel) can be achieved by on-demand pH-controlled viscosity lowering.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eHerein, we examined the novel method of enhancing the storage stability and fluidity of CWSs prepared from Indonesian coal to achieve their broader applicability. Among the dispersants used to achieve fluidity, the best results were observed for PA, which achieved an increase of solid coal content of 6.8 wt.% at a loading of 1 wt.% (relative to the weight of coal). The effects of carbomer, MAP, and Xanthan gum thickeners on storage stability and fluidity determined from the corresponding viscosity changes showed that carbomer was able to control viscosity with small amount of 27.3 wt.% and 22.7 wt.% as compared to MAP and Xanthan gum, respectively. Stability evaluation showed that a coal concentration of 84.3% relative to the baseline concentration was observed after 360 h, indicating that carbomer imparted higher storage stability compared to other thickeners. pH-dependent viscosity changes of carbomer-containing samples allowed the storage stability to be improved by increasing viscosity at neutral pH during storage, and the advantage of basification for lowering CWSs viscosity back to the baseline level was confirmed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, CWSs containing pH-responsive thickeners can be used as a fuel for a wide variety of applications, exhibiting improved storage stability and controlled on-demand viscosity decrease upon acidification or basification.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSung Min Yoon:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, Methodology, Visualization, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Implementation of experiments\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiyar Tokmurzin\u003c/strong\u003e: Writing - original draft, Writing - review and editing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJung Hoon Yang\u003c/strong\u003e: Investigation, Data Curation, Visualization\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTae-Young Mun\u003c/strong\u003e: Investigation, Data Curation, Visualization\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMyung Won Seo\u003c/strong\u003e: Investigation, Data Curation, Visualization\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJi Hong Moon\u003c/strong\u003e: Investigation, Data Curation, Visualization\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSung Jin Park\u003c/strong\u003e: Investigation, Data Curation, Visualization\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSang Jun Yoon\u003c/strong\u003e: Investigation, Data Curation, Visualization\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJae Goo Lee\u003c/strong\u003e: Investigation, Data Curation, Visualization, Funding acquisition\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKyubock Lee\u003c/strong\u003e : Data curation ,Writing - original draft, Writing - review and editing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHo Won Ra\u003c/strong\u003e: Conceptualization, Methodology, Visualization, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Implementation of experiments\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work is supported by the Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement(KAIA) grant funded by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (Grant 21PCHG-C163217-03) and also conducted under the framework of the Research and Development Program of the Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER) (C3-2434).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eS. Korea, Country Analysis Executive Summary:, n.d.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eU.S. EIA, Country analysis executive summary: India, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Independent Statistic \u0026amp; Analysis. (2021) 9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eH. Zhu, X. Yan, J. Xia, Y. Li, Preparation and rheological properties of oil-water- coal triplex synfuel using petroleum sulfonate as the dispersants, Fuel Processing Technology. 88 (2007) 221\u0026ndash;225. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2004.11.020\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.fuproc.2004.11.020\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eK. Aiuchi, R. Moriyama, S. Takeda, S. Kitada, M. Onozaki, Y. Katayama, A pre-heating vaporization technology of coal-water-slurry for the gasification process, Fuel Processing Technology. 88 (2007) 325\u0026ndash;331. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2004.10.010\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.fuproc.2004.10.010\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJ. Zhu, G. Zhang, G. Liu, Q. Qu, Y. Li, Investigation on the rheological and stability characteristics of coal-water slurry with long side-chain polycarboxylate dispersant, Fuel Processing Technology. 118 (2014) 187\u0026ndash;191. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.09.003\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.09.003\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eK.K. Tiwari, S.K. Basu, K.C. Bit, S. Banerjee, K.K. Mishra, High-concentration coal slurry from Indian coals using newly developed additives, Fuel Processing Technology. 85 (2004) 31\u0026ndash;42. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3820(03)00095-X\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/S0378-3820(03)00095-X\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eH. Din\u0026ccedil;er, F. Boylu, A.A. Sirkeci, G. Ateşok, The effect of chemicals on the viscosity and stability of coal water slurries, International Journal of Mineral Processing. 70 (2003) 41\u0026ndash;51. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-7516(02)00149-7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/S0301-7516(02)00149-7\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eR. Xu, W. Zhuang, Q. He, J. Cai, B. Hu, J. Shen, Effects of chemical structure on the properties of carboxylate-type copolymer dispersant for coal-water slurry, AIChE Journal. 55 (2009) 2461\u0026ndash;2467. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1002/aic.11838\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1002/aic.11838\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZ. Zhou, X. Li, J. Liang, J. Liu, J. Zhou, K. Cen, Surface coating improves coal-water slurry formation of Shangwan coal, Energy and Fuels. 25 (2011) 3590\u0026ndash;3597. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1021/ef200529h\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1021/ef200529h\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eP. Li, D. Yang, X. Qiu, W. Feng, Study on Enhancing the Slurry Performance of coal \u0026ndash;Water Slurry Prepared with Low-Rank coal, Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology. 36 (2015) 1247\u0026ndash;1256. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2014.971367\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/01932691.2014.971367\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eB. Suleimenova, B. Aimbetov, D. Shah, E.J. Anthony, Y. Sarbassov, Attrition of high ash Ekibastuz coal in a bench scale fluidized bed rig under O2/N2 and O2/CO2 environments, Fuel Processing Technology. 216 (2021). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2021.106775\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.fuproc.2021.106775\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eN.E. and I.T.D. Organisation, CWM in Japan, 1997.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eK.S. M.S. Celik, G. Atesok, Preparation and combustion of coal \u0026ndash;water slurries, in: Proceedings of coal Utilisation Conference, Vitrin, Istanbul, Didim, Turkey, 1993: pp.\u0026nbsp;137\u0026ndash; 157.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eG.A. F. Boylu, Coal\u0026ndash;Water Mixtures and their Technologies: V, in: Coal Utilisation and Technology Symposium, Lebib Yalkın, Istanbul, Ankara, Turkey, 2000: pp.\u0026nbsp;195\u0026ndash;212.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eL. Li, C. Ma, S. Hu, M. He, H. Yu, Q. Wang, X. Cao, X. You, Effect of the benzene ring of the dispersant on the rheological characteristics of coal-water slurry: Experiments and theoretical calculations, International Journal of Mining Science and Technology. 31 (2021) 515\u0026ndash;521. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2021.02.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.ijmst.2021.02.001\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eH. Usur, Y. Sano, Thixotropy of Highly Loaded Coal-Water Mixtures, Nihon Reoroji Gakkaishi(Journal of the Society of Rheology, Japan). 14 (1986) 123\u0026ndash;127. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1678/rheology1973.14.3_123\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1678/rheology1973.14.3_123\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eP.R. Tudor, D. Atkinson, R.J. Crawford, D.E. Mainwaring, The effect of adsorbed and non-adsorbed additives on the stability of coal-water suspensions, Fuel. 75 (1996) 443\u0026ndash;452. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(95)00267-7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/0016-2361(95)00267-7\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eM.O. T. Saeki, H. Usui, Effect of molecular structure of polysaccharide on the stability of coal water mixtures, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. (1994) 773\u0026ndash;778.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eY.S. H. Usui, K. Machibara, Effect of stabilizing additives on the stability of coal water mixtures, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. (1987) 92\u0026ndash;195.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eR. Xu, Q. He, J. Cai, Y. Pan, J. Shen, B. Hu, Effects of chemicals and blending petroleum coke on the properties of low-rank Indonesian coal water mixtures, Fuel Processing Technology. 89 (2008) 249\u0026ndash;253. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2007.11.026\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.fuproc.2007.11.026\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eH. Singh, S. Kumar, S.K. Mohapatra, S.B. Prasad, J. Singh, Slurryability and flowability of coal water slurry: Effect of particle size distribution, Journal of Cleaner Production. 323 (2021) 129183. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129183\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129183\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJ. Xiao, S. Wang, X. Duan, S. Ye, J. Wen, Z. Zhang, Rheological models for temperature and concentration dependencies of coal water slurry, International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization. 00 (2019) 1\u0026ndash;19. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/19392699.2019.1696780\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/19392699.2019.1696780\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePaul Baruya, Losses in coal supply chain, IEA clean coal centre, 2012. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.19769.26727\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.13140/RG.2.2.19769.26727\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eD. Gvozdyakov, A. Zenkov, Influence of petrochemicals on jet characteristics after coal-water fuel spraying, Fuel Processing Technology. 218 (2021). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2021.106864\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.fuproc.2021.106864\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eV.I. Murko, V.A. Volkov, M.P. Baranova, M. V. Temlyantsev, V. V. Chaplygin, Technology of waste coal processing used for fuel production, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 548 (2020). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/548/5/052055\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1088/1755-1315/548/5/052055\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eI.A. Korotkiy, E.N. Neverov, V.I. Murko, O.P. Chernikova, The development of ecologically clean technology for coal use in terms of the coal-water slurry usage, Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1749 (2021). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1749/1/012044\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1088/1742-6596/1749/1/012044\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eM. Lewitt, Opportunities for fine coal, IEA Clean Coal Centre, 2011.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eY. Zhang, Z. Xu, Y. Tu, J. Wang, J. Li, Study on properties of coal -sludge-slurry prepared by sludge from coal chemical industry, Powder Technology. 366 (2020) 552\u0026ndash;559. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2020.03.005\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.powtec.2020.03.005\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJ Natoli, R. Mahar, B. Bobsein, Polycrylate thickeners for coal water slurries: Slurry formation, stability and rheology, in: International Chemical Engineering Symposium Series, (1985): pp.\u0026nbsp;17\u0026ndash;36.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eH.S. Fogler, DOE/PC/80517-T1, (1986).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eN. Sato, H. Ito, S. Tatsumi, Y. Kajibata, S. Takao, No Title, in: Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Coal Slurry Fuels Preparation and Utilization, (1986): pp.\u0026nbsp;55\u0026ndash;62.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eR. W. Spark et al, No Title, in: Fourth International Symposium on Coal -Slurry Combustion, Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center, Orlando, Florida, (1982).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eK. Furusawa, M. Ueda, M. Chen, N. Tobori, A new concept for coal water mixture stabilization using a polyelectrolyte, Colloid \u0026amp; Polymer Science. 273 (1995) 490\u0026ndash;495. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/BF00656894\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/BF00656894\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eD.F. Umar, H. Usui, Y. Komoda, Muta\u0026rsquo;alim, Effect of dispersing and stabilizing additives on rheological characteristics of the upgraded brown coal water mixture, Fuel Processing Technology. 90 (2009) 611\u0026ndash;615. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2008.12.013\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.fuproc.2008.12.013\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eN. Ongsirimongkol, M.H. Narasingha, Effects of Stabilizing Agents on Stability and Rheological Characteristics of the Highly-Loaded Coal-Water Slurry, International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications. 3 (2012) 49\u0026ndash;52. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.7763/ijcea.2012.v3.158\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.7763/ijcea.2012.v3.158\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eC. Auschra, E. Eckstein, A. M\u0026uuml;hlebach, M.O. Zink, F. Rime, Design of new pigment dispersants by controlled radical polymerization, Progress in Organic Coatings. 45 (2002) 83\u0026ndash;93. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9440(02)00048-6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/S0300-9440(02)00048-6\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eS. Wang, J. Liu, S. V. Pisupati, D. Li, Z. Wang, J. Cheng, Dispersion mechanism of coal water slurry prepared by mixing various high-concentration organic waste liquids, Fuel. 287 (2021) 119340. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119340\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119340\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"korean-journal-of-chemical-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"kjce","sideBox":"Learn more about [Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering](http://link.springer.com/journal/11814)","snPcode":"11814","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/kjce/default2.aspx","title":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Subscription","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Coal Water Slurry, storage stability, fluidity, dispersant, thickener","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3448352/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3448352/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eCoal Water Slurries (CWSs) are considered to be a new form of fuel that can alleviate the environmental and safety issues associated with use of bulk solid fuel. However, CWSs does not always fit into existing solid fuel supply and storage chain. In this study, we propose a novel method to control CWSs viscosity using pH responsive thickener, offering the advantages of improved storage stability and on-demand viscosity control, thus allowing CWSs to be used as a c for a variety of applications. This study investigates the effects of additives and pH on the viscosity and storage stability of CWSs. Poloxamer 407, polynaphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde (PNSF), and a copolymer containing pigment-affinic (PA) groups were used as dispersants to lower CWSs viscosity. Xanthan gum, a modified acrylic polymer (MAP), and carbomer were used as thickeners for assessing the storage stability and fluidity of CWSs based on viscosity changes. Optimal viscosity reduction was achieved by the addition of PA. A viscosity of 7,000 cP was achieved by the use of carbomer, with small amount comparable to 27.3 wt.% of MAP and 22.7 wt.% of Xanthan gum. Moreover, the carbomer-containing CWSs exhibited high storage stability in a 360-h stability test, retaining 84.3% of the original baseline coal content. pH-dependent viscosity changes were observed only in carbomer-containing samples.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Environmental Applications of Coal Water Slurry with Enhancing Storage Stability","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-10-29 01:04:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3448352/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major Revisions Needed","date":"2023-11-14T20:11:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2023-10-24T11:54:39+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2023-10-24T11:51:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2023-10-20T03:09:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","date":"2023-10-15T07:19:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"korean-journal-of-chemical-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"kjce","sideBox":"Learn more about [Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering](http://link.springer.com/journal/11814)","snPcode":"11814","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/kjce/default2.aspx","title":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Subscription","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5e2e596f-5b5e-46f9-b1fd-bc475899e57b","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 29th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-02-19T15:09:34+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3448352","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-024-00020-9","journal":{"identity":"korean-journal-of-chemical-engineering","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering"},"publishedOn":"2024-02-14 15:00:59","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 14th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2023-10-29 01:04:49","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11814-024-00020-9","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-024-00020-9","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3448352","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3448352","identity":"rs-3448352","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"rHA-KDH7Qsr4HCuvH75dn","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}