Study of The Effect Of Graphene Oxide in Flexible and Moldable Bamboo/Brine Sludge & PDMS-Based Composites for Thermal Applications

Study of The Effect Of Graphene Oxide in Flexible and Moldable Bamboo/Brine Sludge & PDMS-Based Composites for Thermal Applications | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Study of The Effect Of Graphene Oxide in Flexible and Moldable Bamboo/Brine Sludge & PDMS-Based Composites for Thermal Applications Anju Singhwane, Ayushi Jaiswal, AK Srivastava, Sarika Verma This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4167365/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The present study introduces a novel approach for developing advanced, adaptable, flexible, and moldable composite using bamboo powder derived from bamboo fiber, graphene oxide (GO), and chlor-alkali waste brine sludge embedded with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The process involves the development of a flexible composite utilizing treated bamboo fiber powder with brine sludge, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and PDMS as a polymer matrix. The study developed three sets of Graphene Oxide GO-reinforced flexible Bamboo composite named TGO 100, TGO 300 and TGO 500. The utilization of this flexible, thermally active bamboo composite holds promise as an alternative in various applications. The developed samples were characterized for their morphological, mechanical, water absorption, and thermal conductivity studies. With the increase in the concentration of graphene oxide (TG0 500 composition) the highest tensile strength is reported to be 0.197 Mpa.The thermal conductivity results demonstrate that the developed flexible material exhibits thermal conductivity properties, with the material achieving excellent values of 0.192, 0.196, and 0.203 W/m·K respectively. Consequently, the bamboo-based flexible composite material possesses outstanding thermal conductive qualities and can find diverse applications across a wide range of fields. Brine sludge PDMS Graphene Oxide Thermal conductivity Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 1. Introduction India's recent economic progress has been largely defined by its rapid industrialization, a trend that has brought about significant environmental challenges. While this boom has propelled the nation forward, the waste and toxins generated by industries have emerged as a pressing concern. Sectors such as chemical manufacturing, mining, steel production, fertilizer, paper, and pulp are major contributors to this issue, generating vast amounts of waste [ 1 , 2 ]. Improper disposal of these wastes has led to severe environmental degradation, impacting air quality, soil health, and water sources [ 3 , 4 ]. To address these challenges, it is imperative to prioritize the use and recycling of industrial waste. This approach not only promotes sustainable economic growth but also helps safeguard the environment. Previous efforts have been made to explore the potential of utilizing various industrial wastes as substitutes in different applications. However, more comprehensive strategies and policies are needed to effectively manage industrial waste and minimize its impact on the environment. Polymer nanocomposites offer enhancement in thermomechanical and physicochemical properties of polymers with the presence of a little amount of nanostructured fillers such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene [ 5 , 6 ]. Graphene oxide (GO) has emerged as a promising nanomaterial due to its exceptional thermal and mechanical properties, making it a suitable candidate for enhancing the performance of composite materials [ 7 , 8 ].The greater aspect ratio and exceptional thermal and mechanical stability of GO make it a more desirable filler than other more costly options such as CNT [ 9 , 10 ]. In this study, we focus on the development and characterization of graphene oxide-reinforced bamboo fiber flexible and moldable brine sludge polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based composites for thermal conductivity applications. A combination of graphene oxide's strong thermal conductivity and barrier qualities, the composite matrix's thermal qualities were enhanced by its integration. Due to their abundance, renewability, and biodegradability, bamboo fibres are used as natural reinforcement instead of synthetic fibres since they are more environmentally benign [ 11 – 14 ]. The brine sludge, a waste product from desalination processes, serves as a filler material, contributing to the sustainability of the composite [ 15 , 16 ]. The use of PDMS as the polymer matrix provides flexibility and mould ability to the composite, making it suitable for various applications requiring conformability to complex shapes [ 17 , 18 ]. The novelty of this research lies in the combination of these materials to create a composite with enhanced thermal conductivity properties, increased Mechanical characteristics, and decreased water absorption which could find applications in industries such as construction, automotive, and aerospace, where lightweight and efficient conductive materials are in high demand. Taking into account all of the aforementioned factors, the present investigation's goal is to present an intensely thermally active, flexible, and stretchable polymeric architecture bamboo fibre Bamboo fiber powder and brine sludge in the PDMS matrixes in various ratios as an effective thermal and mechanical active material. The paper offers a unique composition for creating a flexible bamboo powder and brine sludge material with Graphene oxide (GO). This research discusses the impact of the bamboo fibre powder and brine sludge along with GO on three different compositions of the developed material. The composition hereby is reinforcement of Graphene Oxide nanoparticles (100mg, 300mg, 500mg) with 5% treated Bamboo fiber powder. Thus this study aims to investigate the thermal conductivity, mechanical properties, and microstructure of the composite materials to understand the effect of graphene oxide, bamboo fibers, and brine sludge on the overall performance of the composites, providing valuable insights for the development of sustainable and high-performance thermal materials. 2. Experimental 2.1 Raw Materials Bamboo fiber Powder The bamboo used for the Bamboo fiber powder is Mritinga (Bambusa Tulda), a three to four-year-old native bamboo. It was obtained from Patel Timber Market, Mandi, Sehore, and Madhya Pradesh. Using a cross-cut, crusher, and knot-removing machinery, bamboo tubes are split longitudinally to produce bamboo strips. Chemical treatment has been done with 1% aqueous solution with the composition of boric acid, borax, and sodium dichromate (1:1:1). Brine sludge and Flyash Brine sludge has been procured from DCM Shriram, Bharuch, Gujarat and Flyash from Derk Company, Mandideep, MP, and India. Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles were procured from Platonic Nanotech Private Limited, Jharkhand, India. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) (Sylgard 184, Dow Corning Corporation) was procured from Kevin Electrochem, Mumbai, India. 2.2 Procedure Experimental The experimental work for the development of flexible moldable GO-reinforced bamboo-brine sludge materials has been divided into two divisions – 2. 2.1 Preparation of the treated Brine sludge Powder – The Brine sludge of 70% is mixed with 30% of Fly ash and is dry grinded in the ball mill for 1.5 hr. Further the 18% NaOH solution is prepared with water and mixed in the dry grinded powder. Then, it was left to air dry. The dried powder is repeatedly grinded in the ball mill for 1.5 hr. The resultant, treated brine sludge powder is used in the flexible composite fabrication. 2.2.2 Preparation of Bamboo fiber powder - The Bamboo strips were slitted and were passed through a set of grooved rollers to obtain separated bamboo strands which were then transferred to a chemical bath wherein 1% aqueous solution with the composition of boric acid, borax, and sodium dichromate (1:1:1) for 24 hours of treatment and further the treated bamboo strands/fibres were removed from the bath and air dried till moisture is removed and then crushed into a fine powder and is named as treated Bamboo fiber powder. 2.2.3 Development of the Graphene Oxide reinforced - bamboo fiber and brine sludge-based flexible composites - The development process further comprises weighing Polydimethylsiloxane polymer (PDMS), hardener (having SiH radical), treated brine sludge powder, Bamboo fiber powder, and Graphene Oxide respectively. 30 ml of Polydimethylsiloxane polymer (PDMS), 3.6 ml of hardener (including SiH radical), and 4 gm of tailored brine sludge powder were further well blended, poured into the Petri plate, and allowed to air dry curing for 24 hr to develop a pure flexible sample of brine sludge as shown in table 1. In the other set, the Graphene Oxide nanoparticles (GO) with varying weight % concentrations (100mg, 300mg, 500 mg) were blended with 5 wt % of treated bamboo fiber powder and 4 gm of Brine sludge. The samples were designated as (TG0 100 mg, TG0 300mg, TGO 500mg), as shown in figure 1 . Further, each composition was vigorously mixed and blended to obtain a homogeneous slurry mixture, poured into the Petri plate, and settled down to air dry for 24 hr. Table 1 :- Preparation of advanced GO reinforced, flexible, and moldable bamboo-brine sludge materials S.No Composition GO (mg) Treated Brinesludge (gm) Bamboo fiber powder ( wt %) Density of the developed sample. 1. Pure BS ----- 4 5 0.71g/cm³ 1. TGO 100 100 mg 4 5 0.73g/cm³ 2. TGO 300 300 mg 4 5 0.75g/cm³ 3. TGO 500 500 mg 4 5 0.78g/cm³ 3. Characterization 3.1 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy - By employing the Nova Nano SEM-430 of COMFEI, a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) was used to examine the structure of the developed flexible composite. FE-SEM investigated the samples to the microstructure of the GO-reinforced Bamboo – Brine sludge-based flexible composite and compared the interaction and adherence between the matrix and incorporated material. 3.2 Water Absorption - The advanced flexible and moldable GO-reinforced bamboo fiber powder–brine sludge composites underwent water absorption testing using ASTM D5229M-14, "Standard Test Method for Moisture Absorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials”. The percentage of weight growth was determined by calculating the weight difference between the dry condition and the weight after water immersion at various stages of soaking. 3.3 Thermal Conductivity Studies- The Thermal conductivity of the developed advanced flexible and moldable GO-reinforced - bamboo fiber powder–brine sludge composites was studied and conducted under the ISO 22007-2 using the model TPS 2200 Hot disk. The analysis used a guarded heat flow meter technique and a thermal conductivity meter. Thermal conductivities of all three compositions of flexible composites were tested at room temperature. 3.4 Mechanical Testing - 3.4.1 Tensile Strength test - The ability of a material to stretch without breaking is referred to as tensile strength. It is necessary to inspect the specimen to ensure that breaks occur where they should, and the requirement of those breaks relies on where they occur. The tensile strength of the flexible and moldable materials was assessed using ASTM D3039. The clamp's jaws were closed around the ends of the specimen. In other words, the action of the jaw pulls the specimen taut. The gauge length change was used to calculate this force. A UTM H25 KT testing device with a 10 KN maximum load capacity was used. 4. Results and Discussion 4.1 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy - The evaluation of a typical cross-sectional field emission scanning electron microscopy representation of pure PDMS / brine sludge is shown in Figures. 2 a, b, c, and d below. The resulting moldable and flexible material had a heterogeneous matrix and uneven morphology. As seen in figure 2 a, d the particles in the samples are of various forms, including cubic, hexagonal in form, tetragonal, spherical, and so on. Figure 2b shows bigger and smaller brine sludge particle aggregates on the PDMS matrix. It is apparent that the particles and PDMS are consistently bound is evident and similar results are also reported in the study of Zubaidah et al. [11]. The images in Figure 2 e, f, g, and h depict the morphology of samples reinforced with 100 mg of graphene oxide (GO) in a matrix. These images clearly show the presence of graphene particles embedded within the PDMS matrix. Additionally, the matrix displays numerous small and large pores and perforations, confirming the thermal properties of the material. Overall, the images reveal a heterogeneous morphology, indicating that the material is composed of different components or exhibits varying structures within its composition. When comparing the PDMS matrix reinforced with 100 mg of graphene oxide (GO) to that reinforced with 300 mg of GO, noticeable differences become apparent. In the images presented in figure 2 i, j, k, and l, the matrix reinforced with 300 mg of GO exhibits a lesser number of larger pores and perforations. This suggests that the higher concentration of GO leads to the decrease of these larger voids within the matrix. Additionally, a more homogeneous morphology is observed on the surface of the matrix reinforced with 300 mg of GO, as opposed to the more heterogeneous morphology seen in the 100 mg GO-reinforced matrix. Moreover, in the cross-sectional view, agglomeration of particles is evident in the matrix of the sample reinforced with 300 mg of GO, indicating a different distribution or clustering of these particles within the matrix compared to the sample with 100 mg of GO reinforcement. The images in Figure 2 m, n, o, and p demonstrate that an increased concentration of graphene oxide (GO) to 500 mg leads to a reduction in the size and frequency of pores and perforations within the matrix. This reduction is visible, particularly when observed at a magnification of 5000x, where small minute pores are still present but less prominent. The matrix also exhibits a more homogeneous and uniform morphology compared to lower concentrations of GO reinforcement. Additionally, the images reveal that the bamboo fiber particles are agglomerated within the matrix of the developed material. Furthermore, the reinforced GO has been blended properly into the PDMS matrix, indicating a more uniform distribution of the reinforcement throughout the material and thus increasing the thermal conductivity property. 4.2 Water Absorption - Assessing a material's strength and durability is contingent upon its porosity and water absorption. To test water absorption and porosity, developed samples were submerged in water for 12 to 48 hr. The water was consistently kept at its normal temperature. Figure 3 depicts, respectively, how submergence in water affects water absorption.The figures depict that water absorption rose as the submerged time increased, but it became roughly linear after 48 hours in the water and ranked TGO 100 > TGO 300 > TGO 500 > Pure BS in order of sequence. The maximum absorption is done by TG0 100 in 48 hr of time duration from 8.30 % to 12.70 %, while the least absorption is observed in 48 hr by TGO 500 from 6.80 % to 9.20 %. Thus, the increase in the percentage of Graphene oxide leads to a reduction in the water absorption characteristics of the developed samples. 4.3 Thermal Conductivity - The developed flexible samples were tested for their thermal conductivity properties. The results show discernible variations in the conductivity values of the developed advanced bamboo-Brinesludge-GO flexible sets of composite as shown in figure 4a below.The thermal conductivity value of the Pure Brine sludge sample is 0.224 W/mK. Further thermal conductivity values reported for the developed samples (TG0 100, TGO 300, TGO 500) at 20° C were 0.192, 0.196, and 0.203 W/mK, respectively, with the thermal diffusivity range of 0.130 - 0.140 m²/s figure 4b. The specific heat values were 1.430, 1.458, 1.425 Jkg⋅K respectively as shown in table 1 and figure 4c below. It can be analyzed from the produced thermal conductivity values that, an increase in the percentage of GO, tends to increase the thermal conductivity and thus decrease insulation property. The findings support the idea of employing brine sludge and graphene oxide as reinforcement in bamboo flexible composite, futuristic thermal conductivity applications Table 1:- Comparative thermal conductivity results of GO-reinforced developed flexible composites S.No Thermal Conductivity ( W/mK) Thermal Diffusivity (m²/s) Specific Heat ( Jkg⋅K) 1. Pure BS 0.224 0.130 1.665 2. TGO 100 0.192 0.130 1.430 3. TGO 300 0.196 0.130 1.458 4. TGO 500 0.203 0.140 1.425 4.4 Mechanical Testing - 4.4.1 Tensile Strength test - Different Flexible Composite Sets of GO reinforced Bamboo brine sludge composites were tested in the UTM H25 KT in accordance with ASTM D3039 to determine their tensile strength capacities. Figure 5 below, displays the composite's stress-strain curves and measures the tensile strength of the composite set. Table 2 shows the test results for Young's modulus, % elongation at break, and tensile strength. It is observed that the Tensile Stress and Strain Curve among all three composition samples TG0 500 with 0.197 Mpa obtained the highest tensile strength as depicted in the figure 5 a. The increase in quantity of GO boosts the tensile strength of the sample TGO 500, similar results can be seen in the study of Du et al.2016. Table 2 - Tensile strength comparison table of GO-reinforced developed flexible composites S. No. Sample Yield Stress (+/- 5 MPa) Ultimate tensile strength (+/- 0.5 MPa) 1. TGO 100 14.3 0.0258 2. TGO 300 26.7 0.115 3. TGO 500 34.7 0.197 5. Conclusion The work serves as a foundation for developing innovative, flexible materials produced from GO, bamboo and brine sludge that have a wide range of applications. Developed a GO-reinforced flexible Bamboo-Brinesludge composite sample with outstanding mechanical and thermal reliability. In the reported work the percentage of graphene oxide nanoparticle that had been increased in different composition. The results are the outcome of using powdered bamboo fiber and GO as a resource and tailored brine sludge powder that was obtained by dry grinding and combined with PDMS, where chemical reactions occur simultaneously and synergistically to form a thick, dense inorganic–organic blended gel-type material that can be successfully used to develop non-toxic, flexible, and thermally resistant composite materials. The produced advanced flexible material's field emission scanning electron microphotographs revealed pores in the matrix, which gives the material its thermal properties. According to the thermal analysis results, (GO 100 mg) provides the best thermal values, which are 0.192 W/m·K, respectively. Thus, the GO-reinforced flexible composite material based on bamboo that has been created has excellent thermal conductive qualities and a variety of applications across a wide range of fields. Further, with the increase in the percentage of Graphene oxide, the increase in thermal conductivity properties along with the increased tensile strength and decreased water absorption was reported. Declarations Funding: The CPRI, Bangalore, Ministry of Power Grant Number GAP-116, and FTT 4M MLP-304, CSIR-New Delhi funded this research, Acknowledgments: The authors thank Director CSIR-AMPRI Bhopal for providing the necessary institutional facilities and encouragement. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Author Contribution Anju and Ayushi conducted the literature survey and prepared the paper draft . AK Srivastava supervised and finalized the study. Sarika Verma contributed to the overall idea , supervision , original draft preparation and further finalization . References CPCB Report (2013) Review of environmental standards of caustic soda industry (membrane cell) and preparation of COINDS on caustic soda Kumar S, Das SK, Das Poddar PK (2004) Br Ceram Trans 103(4):176 S.H. Kim, E.A. Cherney, R. Hackman, IEEE Trans. Elec Insul. 27 , 610 (1992) A. Bele, G. Stiubianu, C.-D. Varganici, M. Ignat, M. Cazacu, J. Mat. Sci. 50 (20), 6822–6832 (2015) Pandey, Neema; Tewari, Chetna; Dhali, Sunil; Bohra, Bhashkar S; Rana, Sravendra; Mehta, SPS; Singhal, Shailey; Chaurasia, Alok; Sahoo, Nanda Gopal (2019). Effect of graphene oxide on the mechanical and thermal properties of graphene oxide/hytrel nanocomposites. 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Characterizing and patterning of PDMS-based conducting composites. ADVANCED MATERIALS-DEERFIELD BEACH THEN WEINHEIM-, 19(18), p.2682. Zubaidah, Isa; Norfatriah, Abdullah; Zatul Amali, Serbini; Zuruzi, Abu (2018). Preparation and Behavior of Bamboo Fiber-Reinforced Polydimethylsiloxane Composite Foams during Compression. Fibers, 6(4), 91–. doi:10.3390/fib6040091 Du, Sen-Sen; Li, Fei; Xiao, Hong-Mei; Li, Yuan-Qing; Hu, Ning; Fu, Shao-Yun (2016). Tensile and flexural properties of graphene oxide coated-short glass fiber reinforced polyethersulfone composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 99(), 407–415. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.06.023 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4533085,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a, b, c, d):- Developed flexible Pure PDMS / Brinesludge-based sample FESEM cross-sectional micrographs.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(e, f, and g, h):- Cross-Sectional FESEM micrographs of the developed GO (100 mg) reinforced flexible PDMS / Brinesludge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(i, j, k, l):- Cross Sectional FESEM micrographs of the developed GO (300 mg) reinforced flexible PDMS / Brinesludge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(m, n, o, and p):- Cross-Sectional FESEM micrographs of the developed GO (500 mg) reinforced flexible PDMS / Brinesludge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4167365/v1/da7f9982abcb96a66fc01252.png"},{"id":53722944,"identity":"12785ec2-8c4b-4c19-9ca6-a35bee04f9f2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 11:03:18","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":110529,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImpact of water absorption on the \u0026nbsp;developed advanced flexible GO reinforced Bamboo-Brine sludge Composite.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4167365/v1/8f715eaee0b29be3035231d5.png"},{"id":53722943,"identity":"9e712535-cbac-494f-a00c-c1510398cf07","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 11:03:18","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":106273,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ea:- Thermal conductivity of the developed advanced flexible Bamboo- Brine sludge- Graphene Oxide Composite \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eb:- Thermal diffusivity of the developed advanced flexible Bamboo - Brine sludge- Graphene Oxide Composite\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ec:- Specific Heat of the developed advanced flexible Bamboo - Brine sludge- Graphene Oxide Composite\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4167365/v1/595fc3c45d9f9730344997d4.png"},{"id":53723463,"identity":"662e9cec-5203-4be2-b59d-888626d62e97","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 11:11:26","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":164411,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a):-Tensile stress-strain behavior of GO reinforced Bamboo - Brinesludge Composite\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4167365/v1/67ec97514e6f0506f2fa4b0e.png"},{"id":54018075,"identity":"0347b547-3453-4aad-910d-f4635494e754","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-03 12:39:37","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2057926,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4167365/v1/74669947-41c3-45ee-8a51-85c8b9fe2910.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Study of The Effect Of Graphene Oxide in Flexible and Moldable Bamboo/Brine Sludge \u0026 PDMS-Based Composites for Thermal Applications","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIndia's recent economic progress has been largely defined by its rapid industrialization, a trend that has brought about significant environmental challenges. While this boom has propelled the nation forward, the waste and toxins generated by industries have emerged as a pressing concern. Sectors such as chemical manufacturing, mining, steel production, fertilizer, paper, and pulp are major contributors to this issue, generating vast amounts of waste [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Improper disposal of these wastes has led to severe environmental degradation, impacting air quality, soil health, and water sources [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo address these challenges, it is imperative to prioritize the use and recycling of industrial waste. This approach not only promotes sustainable economic growth but also helps safeguard the environment. Previous efforts have been made to explore the potential of utilizing various industrial wastes as substitutes in different applications. However, more comprehensive strategies and policies are needed to effectively manage industrial waste and minimize its impact on the environment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolymer nanocomposites offer enhancement in thermomechanical and physicochemical properties of polymers with the presence of a little amount of nanostructured fillers such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Graphene oxide (GO) has emerged as a promising nanomaterial due to its exceptional thermal and mechanical properties, making it a suitable candidate for enhancing the performance of composite materials [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].The greater aspect ratio and exceptional thermal and mechanical stability of GO make it a more desirable filler than other more costly options such as CNT [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. In this study, we focus on the development and characterization of graphene oxide-reinforced bamboo fiber flexible and moldable brine sludge polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based composites for thermal conductivity applications. A combination of graphene oxide's strong thermal conductivity and barrier qualities, the composite matrix's thermal qualities were enhanced by its integration. Due to their abundance, renewability, and biodegradability, bamboo fibres are used as natural reinforcement instead of synthetic fibres since they are more environmentally benign [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR12 CR13\" citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. The brine sludge, a waste product from desalination processes, serves as a filler material, contributing to the sustainability of the composite [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The use of PDMS as the polymer matrix provides flexibility and mould ability to the composite, making it suitable for various applications requiring conformability to complex shapes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. The novelty of this research lies in the combination of these materials to create a composite with enhanced thermal conductivity properties, increased Mechanical characteristics, and decreased water absorption which could find applications in industries such as construction, automotive, and aerospace, where lightweight and efficient conductive materials are in high demand.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaking into account all of the aforementioned factors, the present investigation's goal is to present an intensely thermally active, flexible, and stretchable polymeric architecture bamboo fibre Bamboo fiber powder and brine sludge in the PDMS matrixes in various ratios as an effective thermal and mechanical active material. The paper offers a unique composition for creating a flexible bamboo powder and brine sludge material with Graphene oxide (GO). This research discusses the impact of the bamboo fibre powder and brine sludge along with GO on three different compositions of the developed material. The composition hereby is reinforcement of Graphene Oxide nanoparticles (100mg, 300mg, 500mg) with 5% treated Bamboo fiber powder.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus this study aims to investigate the thermal conductivity, mechanical properties, and microstructure of the composite materials to understand the effect of graphene oxide, bamboo fibers, and brine sludge on the overall performance of the composites, providing valuable insights for the development of sustainable and high-performance thermal materials.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Raw Materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBamboo fiber Powder\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe bamboo used for the Bamboo fiber powder is Mritinga (Bambusa Tulda), a three to four-year-old native bamboo. It was\u0026nbsp;obtained from Patel Timber Market, Mandi, Sehore, and Madhya Pradesh.\u0026nbsp;Using a cross-cut, crusher, and knot-removing machinery, bamboo tubes are split longitudinally to produce bamboo strips. Chemical treatment has been done with 1% aqueous solution with the composition of boric acid, borax, and sodium dichromate (1:1:1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBrine sludge and Flyash\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBrine sludge has been procured from\u0026nbsp;DCM Shriram, Bharuch, Gujarat\u0026nbsp;and Flyash from Derk Company, Mandideep, MP, and India.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGraphene Oxide Nanoparticles\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGraphene Oxide Nanoparticles were procured from Platonic Nanotech Private Limited, Jharkhand, India.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) (Sylgard 184, Dow Corning Corporation) was procured from Kevin Electrochem, Mumbai, India.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2 Procedure\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperimental\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experimental work for the development of flexible moldable GO-reinforced bamboo-brine sludge materials has been divided into two divisions \u0026ndash; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Preparation of the treated Brine sludge Powder \u0026ndash;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Brine sludge of 70% is mixed with 30% of Fly ash and is dry grinded in the ball mill for 1.5 hr. Further the 18% NaOH solution is prepared with water and mixed in the dry grinded powder. Then, it was left to air dry. The dried powder is repeatedly grinded in the ball mill for 1.5 hr. The resultant, treated brine sludge powder is used in the flexible composite fabrication. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2.2 Preparation of \u0026nbsp;Bamboo fiber powder -\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Bamboo strips were slitted and were passed through a set of grooved rollers to obtain separated bamboo strands which were then transferred to a chemical bath wherein 1% aqueous solution with the composition of boric acid, borax, and sodium dichromate (1:1:1) for 24 hours of treatment and further the treated bamboo strands/fibres were removed from the bath and air dried till moisture is removed and then crushed into a fine powder and is named as treated Bamboo fiber powder. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2.3 Development of the Graphene Oxide reinforced - bamboo fiber and brine sludge-based flexible composites -\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe development process further comprises weighing Polydimethylsiloxane polymer (PDMS), hardener (having SiH radical), treated brine sludge powder, Bamboo fiber powder, and Graphene Oxide respectively. \u0026nbsp; 30 ml of Polydimethylsiloxane polymer (PDMS), 3.6 ml of hardener (including SiH radical), and 4 gm of tailored brine sludge powder were further well blended, poured into the Petri plate, and allowed to air dry curing for 24 hr to develop a pure flexible sample of brine sludge as shown in \u003cstrong\u003etable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the other set, the Graphene Oxide nanoparticles (GO) with varying weight % concentrations (100mg, 300mg, 500 mg) were blended with \u0026nbsp;5 wt % of treated bamboo fiber powder and 4 gm of Brine sludge. The samples were designated as (TG0 100 mg, TG0 300mg, TGO 500mg), as shown in \u003cstrong\u003efigure 1\u003c/strong\u003e. Further, each composition was vigorously mixed and blended to obtain a homogeneous slurry mixture, poured into the Petri plate, and settled down to air dry for 24 \u0026nbsp;hr.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1 :- Preparation of\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eadvanced GO reinforced, flexible, and moldable bamboo-brine sludge materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.507880910683012%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.No\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.162872154115586%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComposition\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.8861646234676%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGO \u0026nbsp;(mg)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.78984238178634%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreated Brinesludge (gm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.21366024518389%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBamboo fiber powder\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e( wt %)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.439579684763572%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDensity of the developed sample.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.507880910683012%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.162872154115586%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePure BS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.8861646234676%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; -----\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.78984238178634%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.21366024518389%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.439579684763572%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71g/cm\u0026sup3;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.507880910683012%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.162872154115586%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTGO 100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.8861646234676%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100 mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.78984238178634%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.21366024518389%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.439579684763572%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73g/cm\u0026sup3;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.507880910683012%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.162872154115586%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTGO 300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.8861646234676%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300 mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.78984238178634%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.21366024518389%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.439579684763572%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75g/cm\u0026sup3;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.507880910683012%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.162872154115586%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTGO 500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.8861646234676%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500 mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.78984238178634%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.21366024518389%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.439579684763572%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78g/cm\u0026sup3;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Characterization","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy -\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy employing the Nova Nano SEM-430 of COMFEI, a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) was used to examine the structure of the developed flexible composite. FE-SEM investigated the samples to the microstructure of the GO-reinforced Bamboo \u0026ndash; Brine sludge-based flexible composite and compared the interaction and adherence between the matrix and incorporated material.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Water Absorption -\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe advanced flexible and moldable GO-reinforced bamboo fiber powder\u0026ndash;brine sludge composites underwent water absorption testing using ASTM D5229M-14, \"Standard Test Method for Moisture Absorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials\u0026rdquo;. The percentage of weight growth was determined by calculating the weight difference between the dry condition and the weight after water immersion at various stages of soaking.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Thermal Conductivity Studies-\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Thermal conductivity of the developed advanced flexible and moldable GO-reinforced - bamboo fiber powder\u0026ndash;brine sludge composites was studied and conducted under the ISO 22007-2 using the model TPS 2200 Hot disk. The analysis used a guarded heat flow meter technique and a thermal conductivity meter. Thermal conductivities of all three compositions of flexible composites were tested at room temperature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Mechanical Testing -\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4.1 Tensile Strength test -\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ability of a material to stretch without breaking is referred to as tensile strength. It is necessary to inspect the specimen to ensure that breaks occur where they should, and the requirement of those breaks relies on where they occur. The tensile strength of the flexible and moldable materials was assessed using ASTM D3039. The clamp's jaws were closed around the ends of the specimen. In other words, the action of the jaw pulls the specimen taut. The gauge length change was used to calculate this force. A UTM H25 KT testing device with a 10 KN maximum load capacity was used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eField Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy -\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe evaluation of a typical cross-sectional field emission scanning electron microscopy representation of pure PDMS / brine sludge is shown in Figures. 2 a, b, c, and d below. The resulting moldable and flexible material had a heterogeneous matrix and uneven morphology. As seen in figure 2 a, d the particles in the samples are of various forms, including cubic, hexagonal in form, tetragonal, spherical, and so on. Figure 2b shows bigger and smaller brine sludge particle aggregates on the PDMS matrix. It is apparent that the particles and PDMS are consistently bound is evident and similar results are also reported in the study of \u003cstrong\u003eZubaidah et al.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e[11].\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe images in Figure 2 e, f, g, and h depict the morphology of samples reinforced with 100 mg of graphene oxide (GO) in a matrix. These images clearly show the presence of graphene particles embedded within the PDMS matrix. Additionally, the matrix displays numerous small and large pores and perforations, confirming the thermal properties of the material. Overall, the images reveal a heterogeneous morphology, indicating that the material is composed of different components or exhibits varying structures within its composition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen comparing the PDMS matrix reinforced with 100 mg of graphene oxide (GO) to that reinforced with 300 mg of GO, noticeable differences become apparent. In the images presented in figure 2 i, j, k, and l, the matrix reinforced with 300 mg of GO exhibits a lesser number of larger pores and perforations. This suggests that the higher concentration of GO leads to the decrease of these larger voids within the matrix. Additionally, a more homogeneous morphology is observed on the surface of the matrix reinforced with 300 mg of GO, as opposed to the more heterogeneous morphology seen in the 100 mg GO-reinforced matrix. Moreover, in the cross-sectional view, agglomeration of particles is evident in the matrix of the sample reinforced with 300 mg of GO, indicating a different distribution or clustering of these particles within the matrix compared to the sample with 100 mg of GO reinforcement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe images in Figure 2 m, n, o, and p demonstrate that an increased concentration of graphene oxide (GO) to 500 mg leads to a reduction in the size and frequency of pores and perforations within the matrix. This reduction is visible, particularly when observed at a magnification of 5000x, where small minute pores are still present but less prominent. The matrix also exhibits a more homogeneous and uniform morphology compared to lower concentrations of GO reinforcement. Additionally, the images reveal that the bamboo fiber particles are agglomerated within the matrix of the developed material. Furthermore, the reinforced GO has been blended properly into the PDMS matrix, indicating a more uniform distribution of the reinforcement throughout the material and thus increasing the thermal conductivity property.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.2 \u0026nbsp; Water Absorption -\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAssessing a material\u0026apos;s strength and durability is contingent upon its porosity and water absorption. To test water absorption and porosity, developed samples were submerged in water for 12 to 48 hr. The water was consistently kept at its normal temperature. Figure 3 depicts, respectively, how submergence in water affects water absorption.The figures depict that water absorption rose as the submerged time increased, but it became roughly linear after 48 hours in the water and ranked TGO 100 \u0026gt; TGO 300 \u0026gt; TGO 500 \u0026gt; Pure BS in order of sequence. The maximum absorption is done by TG0 100 in 48 hr of time duration from 8.30 % to 12.70 %, while the least absorption is observed in 48 hr by TGO 500 from 6.80 % to 9.20 %. Thus, the increase in the percentage of Graphene oxide leads to a reduction in the water absorption characteristics of the developed samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.3 Thermal Conductivity -\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe developed flexible samples were tested for their thermal conductivity properties. The results show discernible variations in the conductivity values of the developed advanced bamboo-Brinesludge-GO flexible sets of composite as shown in figure 4a\u0026nbsp;below.The thermal conductivity value of the Pure Brine sludge sample is 0.224 W/mK. Further thermal conductivity values reported for the developed samples \u0026nbsp;(TG0 100, TGO 300, TGO 500) \u0026nbsp; at 20\u0026deg; C were 0.192, 0.196, and 0.203 W/mK, respectively, with the thermal diffusivity range of 0.130 - 0.140\u0026nbsp;m\u0026sup2;/s\u0026nbsp;figure 4b. The specific heat values were 1.430, 1.458, 1.425\u0026nbsp;Jkg\u0026sdot;K respectively as shown in\u0026nbsp;table 1 and figure 4c\u0026nbsp;below.\u0026nbsp;It can be analyzed from the produced thermal conductivity values that, an increase in the percentage of GO, tends to increase the thermal conductivity and thus decrease insulation property. The findings support the idea of employing brine sludge and graphene oxide as reinforcement in bamboo flexible composite, \u0026nbsp;futuristic thermal conductivity applications \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1:- Comparative thermal conductivity results of\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGO-reinforced developed flexible composites\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.34375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.No\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.125%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThermal Conductivity (\u003c/strong\u003eW/mK)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.15625%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThermal Diffusivity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(m\u0026sup2;/s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.875%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecific Heat\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eJkg\u0026sdot;K)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.34375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePure BS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.125%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.15625%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.875%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.665\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.34375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTGO 100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.125%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.15625%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.875%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.430\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.34375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTGO 300\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.125%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.196\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.15625%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.875%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.458\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.34375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTGO 500\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.125%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.203\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.15625%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.875%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.425\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMechanical Testing -\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.4.1 Tensile Strength test -\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifferent Flexible Composite Sets of GO reinforced Bamboo brine sludge composites were tested in the UTM H25 KT in accordance with ASTM D3039 to determine their tensile strength capacities. Figure 5 below, displays the composite\u0026apos;s stress-strain curves and measures the tensile strength of the composite set. Table 2 shows the test results for Young\u0026apos;s modulus, % elongation at break, and tensile strength. It is observed that the Tensile Stress and Strain Curve among all three composition samples TG0 500 with \u0026nbsp;0.197 Mpa obtained the highest tensile strength as depicted in the figure 5 a. The increase in quantity of GO boosts the tensile strength of the sample TGO 500, similar results can be seen in the study of \u003cstrong\u003eDu et al.2016.\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 - Tensile strength comparison table of GO-reinforced developed flexible composites\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.310344827586206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS. No.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.896551724137932%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.482758620689655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYield Stress\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(+/- 5 MPa)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.310344827586206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUltimate tensile strength (+/- 0.5 MPa)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.310344827586206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.896551724137932%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTGO 100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.482758620689655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.310344827586206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.310344827586206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.896551724137932%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTGO 300\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.482758620689655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.310344827586206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.310344827586206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.896551724137932%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTGO 500\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.482758620689655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.310344827586206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe work serves as a foundation for developing innovative, flexible materials produced from GO, bamboo and brine sludge that have a wide range of applications. Developed a GO-reinforced flexible Bamboo-Brinesludge composite sample with outstanding mechanical and thermal reliability. In the reported work the percentage of graphene oxide nanoparticle that had been increased in different composition. The results are the outcome of using powdered bamboo fiber and GO as a resource and tailored brine sludge powder that was obtained by dry grinding and combined with PDMS, where chemical reactions occur simultaneously and synergistically to form a thick, dense inorganic\u0026ndash;organic blended gel-type material that can be successfully used to develop non-toxic, flexible, and thermally resistant composite materials. The produced advanced flexible material's field emission scanning electron microphotographs revealed pores in the matrix, which gives the material its thermal properties. According to the thermal analysis results, (GO 100 mg) provides the best thermal values, which are 0.192 W/m\u0026middot;K, respectively. Thus, the GO-reinforced flexible composite material based on bamboo that has been created has excellent thermal conductive qualities and a variety of applications across a wide range of fields. Further, with the increase in the percentage of Graphene oxide, the increase in thermal conductivity properties along with the increased tensile strength and decreased water absorption was reported.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe CPRI, Bangalore, Ministry of Power Grant Number GAP-116, and FTT 4M MLP-304, CSIR-New Delhi funded this research,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors thank Director CSIR-AMPRI Bhopal for providing the necessary institutional facilities and encouragement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnju and Ayushi conducted the literature survey and prepared the paper draft . AK Srivastava supervised and finalized the study. Sarika Verma contributed to the overall idea , supervision , original draft preparation and further finalization .\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCPCB Report (2013) Review of environmental standards of caustic soda industry (membrane cell) and preparation of COINDS on caustic soda\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKumar S, Das SK, Das Poddar PK (2004) Br Ceram Trans 103(4):176\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eS.H. Kim, E.A. Cherney, R. Hackman, IEEE Trans. Elec Insul. \u003cstrong\u003e27\u003c/strong\u003e, 610 (1992)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eA. Bele, G. Stiubianu, C.-D. Varganici, M. Ignat, M. Cazacu, J. Mat. Sci. \u003cstrong\u003e50\u003c/strong\u003e(20), 6822\u0026ndash;6832 (2015)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePandey, Neema; Tewari, Chetna; Dhali, Sunil; Bohra, Bhashkar S; Rana, Sravendra; Mehta, SPS; Singhal, Shailey; Chaurasia, Alok; Sahoo, Nanda Gopal (2019). 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Tensile and flexural properties of graphene oxide coated-short glass fiber reinforced polyethersulfone composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 99(), 407\u0026ndash;415. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.06.023\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Brine sludge, PDMS, Graphene Oxide, Thermal conductivity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4167365/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4167365/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study introduces a novel approach for developing advanced, adaptable, flexible, and moldable composite using bamboo powder derived from bamboo fiber, graphene oxide (GO), and chlor-alkali waste brine sludge embedded with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The process involves the development of a flexible composite utilizing treated bamboo fiber powder with brine sludge, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and PDMS as a polymer matrix. The study developed three sets of Graphene Oxide GO-reinforced flexible Bamboo composite named TGO 100, TGO 300 and TGO 500. The utilization of this flexible, thermally active bamboo composite holds promise as an alternative in various applications. The developed samples were characterized for their morphological, mechanical, water absorption, and thermal conductivity studies. With the increase in the concentration of graphene oxide (TG0 500 composition) the highest tensile strength is reported to be 0.197 Mpa.The thermal conductivity results demonstrate that the developed flexible material exhibits thermal conductivity properties, with the material achieving excellent values of 0.192, 0.196, and 0.203 W/m·K respectively. Consequently, the bamboo-based flexible composite material possesses outstanding thermal conductive qualities and can find diverse applications across a wide range of fields.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Study of The Effect Of Graphene Oxide in Flexible and Moldable Bamboo/Brine Sludge \u0026amp; PDMS-Based Composites for Thermal Applications","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-29 11:03:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4167365/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"43206380-bce0-47b4-afa3-ebb0c37849df","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 29th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-03T12:31:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-29 11:03:14","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4167365","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4167365","identity":"rs-4167365","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}