Dynamic Spectrum Allocation in the C-Band: An Overview

The rapid growth of wireless communication demands has led to heightened 1 competition for limited spectrum resources, with traditional allocation methods proving 2 insufficient to meet evolving needs. In response, DSA has emerged as a promising strategy, 3 allowing secondary users to access underutilized portions of the spectrum, particularly 4 in bands primarily allocated for satellite communication, such as the 3.4–4.2 GHz range. 5 DSA offers a flexible solution by enabling secondary use of underutilized spectrum while 6 protecting primary users like terrestrial FSS/SS. This paper surveys state-of-the-art DSA 7 techniques and introduces the concept of DSUE to quantify real-time spectrum reuse 8 effectiveness under coexistence constraints. Emphasis is placed on integrating FSS ground 9 station parameters—such as location, antenna orientation, and sensitivity—into intelligent 10 spectrum management frameworks. The review also evaluates ML/AI-driven resource 11 allocation and interference mitigation approaches that enhance coexistence performance. 12 By structuring a DSUE-aware environment, this study provides technical direction for 13 harmonizing terrestrial wireless mobile broadband and satellite systems, enabling more 14 efficient, adaptive, and interference-aware spectrum sharing.