Gas Phase Lubrication Study with an Organic Friction Modifier | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Gas Phase Lubrication Study with an Organic Friction Modifier Jennifer Eickworth, Jonas Wagner, Philipp Daum, Martin Dienwiebel, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-751081/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Friction modifier additive technologies play a crucial role in controlling friction and wear of lubricated tribological systems. Novel additives are usually evaluated using formulations of varying concentrations. It can be very difficult to understand the underlying mechanisms in those laboratory tests because of the interaction of base oil with the additives. It thus can be insightful to perform model experiments in a controllable atmosphere. This can be achieved for instance by integrating a tribometer into a vacuum system comprising in-situ surface analytical methods. In this work, a nitrogen containing organic friction modifier is adsorbed from the gas phase onto a Fe2O3 surface. Different coating thicknesses are prepared by varying the duration of the vapor deposition, so that the influence of the coating thickness on the friction behavior can be investigated. The chemical composition of the coated surfaces is also analyzed by coupling to an XPS photoelectron spectrometer. Contrary to the assumption that layers are formed, this friction modifier accumulates in droplets on the Fe2O3 surface. The number of droplets as well as the radii of droplets increase with evaporation time. The chemical composition of the additive does not change as a result of the gas phase deposition. In the friction tests, the smallest friction values are found for a very low coverage of droplets. For larger droplets, friction increases due to a capillary neck of additive that forms between the sliding surfaces and is dragged along during the friction test. Using gas phase adsorption of a nitrogen containing organic friction modifier it was possible to establish a correlation between droplet morphology and the friction behavior. Mechanical Engineering laboratory tests controllable atmosphere tribometer organic friction modifier Full Text Supplementary Files SupplementaryInformationfinal.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-751081","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":43317372,"identity":"6a5ad3ea-e34c-404e-853b-2dc7bb8d1fbb","order_by":0,"name":"Jennifer Eickworth","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3206-5872","institution":"Fraunhofer IWM MikroTribologie Centrum","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jennifer","middleName":"","lastName":"Eickworth","suffix":""},{"id":43317373,"identity":"c4acba54-9f14-48a9-9f75-8bde153193f6","order_by":1,"name":"Jonas Wagner","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM: Fraunhofer-Institut fur Werkstoffmechanik IWM","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jonas","middleName":"","lastName":"Wagner","suffix":""},{"id":43317374,"identity":"5ecfb9f7-97cd-4d60-b9b6-a8380ca47602","order_by":2,"name":"Philipp Daum","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fraunhofer IWM MikroTribologie Centrum","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Philipp","middleName":"","lastName":"Daum","suffix":""},{"id":43317375,"identity":"4e8dcb0e-56d9-4f59-812a-9cc1c1766ee9","order_by":3,"name":"Martin Dienwiebel","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Karlsruher Institut für Technologie: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Martin","middleName":"","lastName":"Dienwiebel","suffix":""},{"id":43317376,"identity":"7e4507b5-c32c-4c41-836a-d2158eddc712","order_by":4,"name":"Thomas Rühle","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"BASF SE","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Thomas","middleName":"","lastName":"Rühle","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2021-07-25 11:09:59","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-751081/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-751081/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":13665168,"identity":"aa3f2dff-4eed-4e16-af3d-742cb5216c51","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 10:44:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1713097,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"20210725eic.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-751081/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":12128511,"identity":"3f0c846f-a798-4fcb-b38f-8b500701f35b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-08-04 23:23:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1709630,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"20210725eic.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-751081/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":12128500,"identity":"fb3dbac7-9473-4cf9-a353-63e575c6c2c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-08-04 23:23:21","extension":"pdf","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":2325480,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryInformationfinal.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-751081/v1/8325a988634d22ce03bcc8fc.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eGas Phase Lubrication Study with an Organic Friction Modifier\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Full Text","content":"This preprint is available for \u003ca href='/article/rs-751081/latest.pdf' target='_blank'\u003edownload as a PDF\u003c/a\u003e."}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"
[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"laboratory tests, controllable atmosphere, tribometer, organic friction modifier","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-751081/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-751081/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eFriction modifier additive technologies play a crucial role in controlling friction and wear of lubricated tribological systems. Novel additives are usually evaluated using formulations of varying concentrations. It can be very difficult to understand the underlying mechanisms in those laboratory tests because of the interaction of base oil with the additives. It thus can be insightful to perform model experiments in a controllable atmosphere. This can be achieved for instance by integrating a tribometer into a vacuum system comprising in-situ surface analytical methods.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this work, a nitrogen containing organic friction modifier is adsorbed from the gas phase onto a Fe2O3 surface. Different coating thicknesses are prepared by varying the duration of the vapor deposition, so that the influence of the coating thickness on the friction behavior can be investigated. The chemical composition of the coated surfaces is also analyzed by coupling to an XPS photoelectron spectrometer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eContrary to the assumption that layers are formed, this friction modifier accumulates in droplets on the Fe2O3 surface. The number of droplets as well as the radii of droplets increase with evaporation time. The chemical composition of the additive does not change as a result of the gas phase deposition. In the friction tests, the smallest friction values are found for a very low coverage of droplets. For larger droplets, friction increases due to a capillary neck of additive that forms between the sliding surfaces and is dragged along during the friction test.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUsing gas phase adsorption of a nitrogen containing organic friction modifier it was possible to establish a correlation between droplet morphology and the friction behavior.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Gas Phase Lubrication Study with an Organic Friction Modifier","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-08-04 23:23:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-751081/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"
[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d753cbf3-9dfa-49af-a263-b707bc6bddd4","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 4th, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":6206210,"name":"Mechanical Engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-08-29T15:33:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2021-08-04 23:23:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-751081","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-751081","identity":"rs-751081","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}
Text is read by the "Ask this paper" AI Q&A widget below.
Extraction quality varies by source — PMC NXML preserves structure
cleanly, OA-HTML may include some navigation residue, and OA-PDF can
have broken hyphenation. The publisher copy
(via DOI)
is the canonical version.