Earth-Abundant Metal Catalysts for Sustainable CO₂ Reduction: A Review of Strategies and Progress

The urgent imperative to mitigate climate change has accelerated the development of carbon dioxide (CO₂) reduction technologies. This chapter examines the role of earth-abundant metals as catalysts in CO₂ reduction, emphasizing the benefits of utilizing metals such as copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), and molybdenum (Mo), which are both widely available and cost-effective compared to precious metals. It provides an overview of CO₂ reduction technologies, detailing the catalytic mechanisms and reaction pathways mediated by these metals. Particular focus is given to their catalytic efficiency, product selectivity, and operational stability in converting CO₂ into value-added chemicals and fuels. The chapter also reviews recent advancements in catalyst design, including single-atom catalysts, dual-atom systems such as alloys, and composite materials that enhance catalytic performance. Furthermore, it addresses the remaining challenges in optimizing these systems for large-scale and industrial applications. By integrating innovative strategies and interdisciplinary insights, this chapter aims to deliver a comprehensive understanding of the potential of earth-abundant metal catalysts in sustainable CO₂ conversion and their broader role in advancing a circular carbon economy.