Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Casimiroa (Casimiroa edulis L) Seed Kernel Meal on Growth Performances, Carcass Yield and Profitability of Broilers Chicken

Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Casimiroa (Casimiroa edulis L) Seed Kernel Meal on Growth Performances, Carcass Yield and Profitability of Broilers Chicken | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Casimiroa (Casimiroa edulis L) Seed Kernel Meal on Growth Performances, Carcass Yield and Profitability of Broilers Chicken Mohammedjuhar Musa Adame, Mengistu Urge Letta, Biazen Abrar Bedru, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6498700/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study evaluated the effects of dietary inclusion of casimiroa seed kernel (CSK) meal on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and profitability of broiler chickens for 42 days. A total of 192 Cobb-500 chicks were randomly assigned into four treatments with four replicates of 12 chicks each. Rations consisted CSK meals at 0% (T1-control), 1.5% (T2), 3% (T3), and 4.5% (T4) were formulated. The crude protein and metabolizable energy content of CSK meal were 12.48% and 3571.26 kcal/kg, respectively. During the starter phase, broilers fed T3 exhibited a significantly lower feed conversion ratio (P > 0.05) than those on T4. They achieved a better (P < 0.05) FCR than those on T4, T2, and T1 diets during the finisher phase and entire period. Furthermore, chickens fed T3 showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) body weight changes, final body weight, and average daily gain than T4. Moreover, percentages of carcass, thigh, and breasts were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for T3 than T1 and T4. Weights of the liver and heart were highest (P < 0.05) for T4 compared to T1, T2, and T3. Lung and small intestine weights were higher for T2 and T3. However, abdominal fat weight significantly decreased with increasing level of CSK. Females had significantly higher (P < 0.05) fat weights than males. Total feed cost decreased with increasing levels of CSK meal. The highest net return was recorded in T3, followed by T2 and T1. Based on evaluated production parameters, it is advisable to incorporate underutilized CSK meal up to 3% in broiler rations to boost performance and profitability. Broilers Carcass parameters Casimiroa seed kernels Growth performance 1. INTRODUCTION There is an expected significant increase in broiler chicken production in the coming decades to meet the growing global demand for poultry meat (Mottet and Tempio 2017; Zampiga et al. 2021). However, feed shortages, primarily due to reliance on expensive conventional feed resources, are anticipated to challenge the sector's expansion and profitability (Makinde et al. 2021). These challenges have prompted a number of initiatives to explore alternative feedstuffs that do not compete with food staples for human consumption (Guaiume 2007). Utilization of alternative/ unconventional feed resources, for instance, can play a critical role in spicing up feed options as well as reducing over-reliance on conventional feeding substitutes (Mammo 2012). According to the works of Abd El Hack et al. (2019) Such alternatives feedstuffs, especially agricultural and agro-industrial by-products, contribute significantly to the health of broiler chickens, improve their general growth performance, and promote the economic sustainability of this sector. Use of these feedstuffs in broiler diets enhance digestibility of nutrients, control pathogenic microorganisms and improve absorption of energy-rich nutrients (Al-Harthi 2002; El-Deek et al. 2003). About this issue many researches revealed that, agri-food wastes (e.g., peels, fruit seeds) are rich in bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, which are effective with antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, and immunostimulant properties that improve broiler chicken performance (George et al. 2020b; Corona et al. 2023; Valero and Salmeron 2003). In this context, fruit of Casimiroa (Casimiroa edulis L.) belonging to family Rutaceae has been identified as a valuable by-product. These plants are abundantly available, cheaper, and highly yielder; a single mature plant of Casimiroa edulis yields close to one ton of fruit per year (Ahlawat 2016; Genanew et al. 2022). Though the fruit pulp can be eaten, seeds kernels become waste (Satheesh 2015; Agustín et al. 2017). But these seed kernels also contain phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, and limonoids (Awaad et al. 2007; Elkady et al. 2017), together with abundant amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids (94.2%) (Ahlawat et al. 2016; Elkady et al. 2017). These are also abundant with various sugars such as galacturonic acid, arabinose, and glucose (Ibrahim et al. 2019). This general picture of nutrition reveals the potential value of these seed kernels, which otherwise were not regarded as a valuable resource. Pharmacological activity of bioactive compounds in casimiroa seed kernels (CSK) has been analyzed for antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, cardiovascular, and anti-inflammatory activity (Elkady et al. 2017) that can contribute to the health and performance of broiler chickens. For instance, Ibrahim et al. (2019) demonstrated that diabetic rats treated with 500 mg/kg of Casimiroa edulis seed protein experienced a significant reduction in blood glucose levels, from 600 to 117.28 mg/dl, along with improved weight gain, enhanced liver function, and increased antioxidant activity. Moreover, a study based on laying hens fed with nanoencapsulated meal of fruit of Casimiroa edulis at 5 g/kg for one month revealed no adverse cellular effects but promoted cell proliferation, immunity, and enhanced antioxidant activity (Corona et al. 2023). Despite several studies documenting the significant phytochemical composition and pharmacological effects of CSK meals, their impact on productive parameters of broiler chickens—such as growth performance, carcass characteristics, and economic efficiency—has been insufficiently evaluated. Therefore, determining the optimum inclusion levels of CSK meals to enhance these productive traits while minimizing overall costs remains an important area for further research. This study aims to evaluate the effects of incorporating different levels of CSK meals on the growth performance, carcass yield, and profitability of broiler chickens. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Description of study area The experiment was conducted in Haramaya University's poultry farm, located 515 km east of Addis Ababa, of Ethiopia. The site is situated at an altitude of 2006 meters above sea level, with coordinates of 9ο 41' N latitude and 42 ο 4' E longitude. The area experiences the mean annual rainfall and temperature were 790 mm and 17 o C with mean minimum and maximum temperatures of 14 and 23.4 o C, respectively (Mengesha et al. 2015). 2.2. Ingredients and Treatment Ration Preparations The diet used in the current study consisted of a variety of feed ingredients, including maize, wheat shorts, soybean meal, noug seed cake, casimiroa seed kernel (CSK) meal, and salt. Besides, the diet included essential nutrients like; vitamin and mineral premix, methionine, lysine, limestone, and dicalcium phosphate. To obtain the test ingredient, Casimiroa fruit was collected from Casimiroa trees grown in the Eastern Hararghe, specifically in Maya city of Adele woreda, Dengego kebele. Fully ripened Casimiroa fruits were selected for seed collection. The Casimiroa fruit pulp and seed kernels were carefully separated, and the seed coats were removed before soaking. The seed kernels were thoroughly washed with tap water to reduce contamination. Then, to prepare the seeds for inclusion in the diet, they were chopped using a kitchen knife and soaked in cold water for 24 hours. This soaking process helped to reduce the levels of anti-nutritional factors present in the seeds (George et al. 2020a). After soaking, the chopped seeds were sun-dried for 4 days (8–10 hours per day). Once completely dried, the seeds were ground to a particle size of 5 mm using a grinding machine, producing the final meal. To maintain its quality, the CSK meal was stored in an airtight container to prevent contamination. 2.3. Experimental House, Birds and Feeding Management. Prior to the actual experiment, the experimental house underwent thorough cleaning and disinfection. The floor was covered with teff straw to a depth of 7 cm and disinfected using hydrogen peroxide before placing the birds. Each pen was equipped with a 250-watt infrared heat bulb. A circular plastic feeder and drinker were placed in each pen one day prior to introducing the birds. A total of 192 unsexed and day-old broiler chicks (Cobb500) were purchased from Alama Farm PLC in Bishoftu, Ethiopia, and then transported to Haramaya University poultry farm. The broiler experiment was carried out for a total of 42 days. The starter phase was fed until three weeks of age, while the finisher phase started from the 4th up to the 6th week of age. Water was provided at all times, and measured quantities of the experimental ration were offered ad libitum twice a day, at 8:30 am and 5:00 pm, with the expected 20% refusal. The amount of feed refused was recorded each morning to determine feed intake. Bodyweight measurements were taken at the beginning of the experiment and at weekly intervals throughout the trial period, as well as at the end of the feeding trial, using a sensitive balance. The standard biosecurity protocol was strictly followed throughout the entire experiment. The chicks were vaccinated against Newcastle disease (HB1) on day 7, and a booster dose of Lasota was administered via eye drops on day 21. They were also vaccinated against infectious bursal (Gumboro) disease as recommended by the manufacturers. 2.4. Experimental Design and Treatments The experiment was organized using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four dietary treatments (T1, T2, T3, and T4,) indicating CSK meals inclusion levels of 0%, 1.5%, 3%, and 4.5% respectively in the concentrate mixture. All experimental birds were randomly assigned to these dietary treatments, each had four replications and each replication had 12 birds. Win feed software was used to formulate the treatment rations to be iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous to meet the nutrient requirement of broilers (NRC 1994). The starter and finisher diets were formulated separately as indicated in the Table 1 . Finally, formulated rations were processed at the Haramaya Area Union Animal Feed Processing Centre. Table 1 The proportion of ingredients (%) for starter and finisher broiler chickens ration Ingredients Starter (1–3 weeks) Finisher (4–6 weeks) T1 T2 T3 T4 T1 T2 T3 T4 Maize grain 47 46.5 46.5 45 58 57.5 56 54.5 Soybean meal 30.25 30.25 30.25 30.25 31.5 31.5 31.5 31.5 Noug seed cake 16.25 16.25 16.25 16.25 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 Wheat shorts 3.5 2.5 1 1 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 CSKM 0 1.5 3 4.5 0 1.5 3 4.5 Limestone 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Vitamin premix 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Lysine 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 Methionine 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 Dicalcium phosphate 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Salt 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 CSKM = Casimiroa Seed Kernel Meal; T1 = 0% CSKM, T2 = 1.5% CSKM, T3 = 3% CSKM, T4 = 4.5% CSKM 2.5. Data Collection 2.5.1. Feed intake, body weight changes and mortality rate Daily feed consumption was calculated by subtracting feed refusals from the feed offered. Bird weights were recorded at the start and on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 by weighing all birds in each pen before feeding. Body weight (BW) gain was determined as the difference between final and initial weights, while average daily gain (ADG) was calculated by dividing BW gain by the total experimental days. FCR was obtained by dividing daily dry matter (DM) intake by ADG (Shawle et al. 2016). The performance index was calculated by dividing BW gain by FCR and multiplied by hundred (North 1981). Mortality rate was expressed as a percentage of dead birds relative to the initial population. 2.5.4. Carcass traits and slaughter procedure At the end of feeding trial, 64 birds (16 per treatment and 4 per replication each comprising two males and two females) were selected for carcass evaluation based on body weights closest to the group average. The birds were subjected to a 12-hour fasting period to ensure their crops were emptied (Ari et al. 2013). Pre-slaughter weights were taken, and after slaughter and bleeding, de-feathering was carried out using a de-feathering machine. The dressed carcass weight was then measured after the removal of blood and feathers. Dressing percentage was calculated in accordance with the procedure outlined by FAO (2001). To determine the eviscerated carcass weight, the combined weight of non-edible offal (blood, feathers, lower legs, head, kidneys, lungs, pancreas, crop, proventriculus, small intestine, caeca, large intestine, cloaca, and urogenital tracts) were subtracted from the dressed carcass weight. Finally, the eviscerated percentage was calculated as a proportion of the slaughter weight (FAO 2001). All the eviscerated carcass (drumstick, thigh, breast, wings, back, neck meat), edible offal (heart, gizzard, and liver), and the aforementioned non-edible offal components were individually weighed using a sensitive balance. Then, their percentage was calculated relative to the pre-slaughter weight (Kekeocha 1985). The length of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) parts (small intestine, large intestine, and caeca length), were measured using a measuring tape. Finally, abdominal fat was measured by weighing the fat removed from the proventriculus to the cloaca. 2.5.5. Chemical analysis of the feed To ensure the formulated ration met nutritional requirements of broiler chickens, representative sample from each dietary treatment was taken and the chemical composition analysis was carried out in Haramaya University animal nutrition laboratory. The diets were analysed for their dry matter (DM), crude fibre (CF), ash, ether extract (EE), calcium, and phosphorus contents. Nitrogen (N) was determined according to the Kjeldahl procedure (AOAC, 2011). Then, crude protein (CP) was calculated as N × 6.25. Calcium and phosphorus were also measured by using atomic absorption spectroscopy and spectrophotometry, respectively (AOAC 2011). The metabolizable energy (ME) content of the experimental diets was calculated by adopting the equation proposed by Wiseman (1987) as follows: ME (Kcal/kg DM) = 3951 + 54.4 EE − 88.7 CF − 40.8 ash 2.5.6. Production and economic efficiency analysis The economic efficiency of feeding rations containing different levels of CSK meals was evaluated using the European Broiler Index (EBI) and the Production Efficiency Factor (PEF) (Marcu et al. 2013). $$\:\text{E}\text{B}\text{I}=\frac{\text{V}\text{i}\text{a}\text{b}\text{i}\text{l}\text{i}\text{t}\text{y}\:\left(\text{%}\right)\text{*}\:\text{D}\text{a}\text{i}\text{l}\text{y}\:\text{w}\text{e}\text{i}\text{g}\text{h}\text{t}\:\text{g}\text{a}\text{i}\text{n}\:\left(\text{g}\right)}{\text{F}\text{C}\text{R}\:(\text{k}\text{g}\:\text{f}\text{e}\text{e}\text{d}/\text{k}\text{g}\:\text{g}\text{a}\text{i}\text{n})\:\text{*}10\:}\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:$$ $$\:\text{P}\text{E}\text{F}=\frac{\text{V}\text{i}\text{a}\text{b}\text{i}\text{l}\text{i}\text{t}\text{y}\:\left(\text{%}\right)\text{*}\text{B}\text{o}\text{d}\text{y}\:\text{w}\text{e}\text{i}\text{g}\text{h}\text{t}\:\left(\text{K}\text{g}\right)}{\text{A}\text{g}\text{e}\:\text{a}\text{t}\:\text{d}\text{e}\text{p}\text{l}\text{e}\text{t}\text{e}\text{d}\:\left(\text{d}\text{a}\text{y}\text{s}\right)\text{*}\text{F}\text{C}\text{R}\:}\text{*}100$$ Where: Liveability (%) = chicks alive at the end of the period (%), Age (day) = the age of the chick at slaughter, Body weight = final body weight Partial budget analysis (PBA) was performed to evaluate the economic advantage of the different treatments by using the procedures of (Upton 1979). Hence, PBA was to evaluate the economic benefits of incorporating Casimiroa fruit seed kernel meals into broiler chicken diets. The analysis considered feed costs, assuming similar chick purchase prices, and carcass selling prices based on average live weight across treatments. Labor and vaccination costs were deemed constant for treatments (Shapiro et al. 1994). Feed cost per bird was calculated by multiplying feed consumption by cost per kilogram. Variable costs were the difference between feed expenses for each diet and live bird prices Upton 1979; Shapiro et al. 1994). Net income (NI) was determined by subtracting total variable costs (TVC) from total rate of returns (TRR): NI = TRR – TVC. Changes in net income (∆NI) were calculated as ∆NI = ∆TRR - ∆TVC, where ∆TRR and ∆TVC represent changes in returns and costs, respectively. The marginal rate of return (MRR) quantified the increase in ∆NI per unit of additional expenditure: MRR = ∆NI / ∆TVC. 2.6. Statistical Analysis Data were processed and analysed using one-way ANOVA and General Linear Model (GLM) procedures in the statistical analysis system of JMP pro. 17.2 version software program. When analysis of variance showed significance, treatment means were separated using the Tukey test. A probability level (P) of 0.05 was used to determine differences among the treatment means, which were significantly different (P < 0.05). The mean values and the standard errors of the means (SEM) were reported. Statistical models set for data analysis were as follows: Yijk = µ + Ti + Eij, where: Yijk = represents the j th observation in the i th treatment levels, µ = overall mean of a response variables, Ti = the fixed effect of i th CSK meal inclusion levels (i = 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5) in the response variables and Eij = error term. To determine effects of sex and sex-treatment interactions on carcass characteristics two-way ANOVA ware performed. 3. RESULTS 3.1. Chemical Composition of Ingredients and Experimental Ration The laboratory analysis results for the experimental diets and main feed ingredients are presented in Table 2 . As anticipated, the four treatment rations were nearly isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Among the tested ingredients, Casimiroa seed kernel (CSK) meal exhibited the highest metabolizable energy (3571.26 kcal/kg DM), surpassing wheat shorts, soybean meal, and noug seed cake, and was comparable to maize grain. Furthermore, CSK had the highest calcium content and the lowest crude fiber content relative to the other major feed ingredients. Notably, its crude protein content (12.48%) was significantly higher than that of maize grain (9.45%), indicating that CSK could serve as a cost-effective alternative to expensive energy-rich feed ingredients. Table 2 Chemical composition of the main ingredients and the ration (based on DM%) Ingredients DM% CP CF EE Ash Ca P ME (Kcal/kg DM) Maize 90.32 9.45 4.16 3.76 4.67 0.07 0.46 3595.72 Wheat shorts 90.94 15.35 9.67 3.48 4.74 0.16 0.60 3089.19 Soybean meal 93.31 39.44 8.62 4.21 5.97 0.34 0.56 3171.72 Noug seed cake 92.06 30.45 16.48 7.41 10.8 0.33 0.58 2451.46 CSKM 89.08 12.48 2.94 0.96 4.19 1.01 0.11 3571.26 Starter phase T1 89.58 21.87 8.43 4.89 7.57 0.39 0.45 3160.89 T2 89.83 22.03 8.18 4.75 8.15 0.62 0.48 3150.67 T3 89.15 21.91 7.99 4.57 8.12 0.68 0.51 3159.62 T4 88.77 21.96 7.95 4.39 8.31 0.65 0.37 3145.13 Finisher phase T1 87.64 19.67 8.03 4.38 6.60 0.47 0.31 3207.96 T2 88.74 19.74 7.98 4.28 6.54 0.34 0.38 3209.30 T3 88.31 19.92 7.99 4.53 6.91 0.73 0.31 3206.81 T4 88.54 20.01 8.05 4.59 7.02 0.81 0.42 3200.38 T1, T2, T3 and T4 = 0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 level comprise Casimiroa Seed Kernel Meal rations, respectively, ME = Metabolizable energy, Kcal = Kilocalorie, Kg = Kilogram, P = Phosphorous, Ca = Calcium, EE = Ether extract, CF = Crude fiber, CP = Crude protein, DM = Dry matter 3.2. Feed Intake, Growth and Performances Feed intake, nutrients utilization and growth performances of broiler chicken at different stages of development is presented in Table 3 . Feed intake, body weight changes, mortality rate, and performances index of the chicken during the starter phase were similar across dietary treatments with varying level of CSK meals. The most efficient feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p < 0.05) was observed in birds fed with T3, followed by T2. During the finisher phase of feeding management, and the entire period, inclusion of CSK meal significantly influenced (p < 0.05) all performance parameters except feed intake and mortality rate. Similarly, birds which fed on the T3 diet demonstrated superior final body weight, weight gain, and average daily gain compared to T4 while showing no significant differences from T2 and T1. Moreover, birds under T3 exhibited a significantly better FCR (p < 0.05) compared to other treatments and achieved the highest performance index (p < 0.05) during both the finisher and overall periods. Table 3 Performances of broilers fed on ration comprising different levels of CSK meals Parameters Treatments SEM P-Value Starter Phase (1–21 days) T1 T2 T3 T4 Initial body weight (g/bird) 42.65 41.68 43.73 42.21 0.79 0.350 Feed intake (g/bird) 1047.49 1011.42 1003.73 970.35 22.13 0.16 Final body weight (g/bird) 507.07 500.81 509.96 435.6 19.04 0.051 Body weight gain (g/bird) 464.42 459.12 466.23 393.39 18.87 0.051 Average daily gain (g/day) 22.12 21.86 22.20 18.73 0.90 0.051 Daily feed intake(g/bird) 49.88 48.16 47.79 46.21 1.05 0.161 Feed conversion ratio 2.26 ab 2.21 ab 2.16 b 2.48 a 0.072 0.040* Performance index 19.65 20.58 21.56 16.61 1.17 0.057 Mortality (%) 2.08 4.17 2.08 2.08 2.17 0.873 Finisher Phase (21–42 days) Initial body weight (g/bird) 507.07 500.81 509.96 435.6 19.04 0.051 Feed intake /Chick (g/bird) 2761.88 2800.35 2665.83 2725.2 48.26 0.288 Final body weight (g/bird) 1759 ab 1785.85 a 1903.83 a 1580.9 b 46.80 0.003* Body weight gain (g/bird) 1251.9 ab 1285.2 ab 1393.87 a 1145.3 b 34.90 0.002* Average daily gain (g/day) 59.61 ab 61.19 ab 66.37 a 54.53 b 1.66 0.002* Daily feed intake(g/bird) 131.52 133.35 126.94 129.77 2.30 0.288 Feed conversion ratio 2.21 a 2.18 a 1.91 b 2.39 a 0.06 0.001* Performance index 20.55 b 21.05 b 27.44 a 17.83 b 1.10 0.0004* Mortality (%) 6.25 2.08 4.17 2.08 2.17 0.495 Entire Period (1–42 days) Initial body weight (g/bird) 42.65 41.68 43.73 42.21 0.79 0.350 Feed intake /Chick (g/bird) 3809.36 3811.77 3669.56 3695.54 61.84 0.275 Final body weight (g/bird) 1759 ab 1785.85 a 1903.83 a 1580.8 b 46.80 0.003* Body weight gain (g/bird) 1716.4 ab 1744.17 a 1860.1 a 1538.7 b 46.67 0.003* Average daily gain (g/day) 40.87 ab 41.53 a 44.29 a 36.63 b 1.11 0.003* Daily feed intake(g/bird) 90.70 90.76 87.37 87.99 1.47 0.2753 Feed conversion ratio 2.22 a 2.19 ab 1.97 b 2.41 a 0.05 0.000* Performance index 20.30 b 20.92 b 25.73 a 17.44 b 0.87 0.0002* Mortality (%) 8.33 6.25 6.25 4.17 2.55 0.726 T1, T2, T3 and T4 = 0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 level comprise casimiroa seed kernel meal rations , respectively. a,b, c = Means within a row with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05), SEM = Standard error of mean 3.3. Carcass Parameters 3.3.1. Carcass yield Carcass yield components of broilers fed on diets containing different levels of CSK meals is shown Table 4 . There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in live weight, dressed weight, eviscerated weight, and percentages of drumstick, wings, and neck among birds under different dietary treatments. Whereas inclusion of CSK meal significantly affected carcass, thigh, and breast percentages (p 0.05) of sexes and sex-by-treatment interactions. 3.3.2. Edible offal and abdominal fat weight The total giblet, gizzard, liver, heart, skin weights, and abdominal fat (AF) percentage is presented in Table 5 . There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in weight among the total giblet, gizzard, and skin while the inclusion of CSK meal in the ration significantly (p < 0.05) affected the average weights of liver, and heart percentage (T1 = T2 = T3 < T4). Broilers which fed on T1 diet had a higher abdominal fat percentage than those in T3 and T4 diets. Sex had a significant effect (p 0.05) on the remaining edible offal parameters. 3.3.3. Non-edible offal Table 6 is shown non-edible components (ceca, crop, lung, spleen, proventriculus, small and large intestines). Except lung and small intestine (SI) weights, all other non-edible offal parameters were not significantly influenced (p > 0.05) by the inclusion of CSK meal in the broiler ration Lung weight was significantly higher (p 0.05) in non-edible offal weight with respect to sex and interaction between sex and treatment. Table 4 Carcass yield components of broilers fed ration containing different levels of CSK meals Treatments Sex T*Sex Parameters T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM P value M F P-Value P-Value Live wt (g) 1763.63 1789.5 1846.38 1632.25 55.06 0.068 1793.81 1722.06 0.205 0.812 Dressed wt (g) 1618.63 1664.9 1719.75 1504.13 55.24 0.065 1654.13 1599.56 0.333 0.817 Dressing% 91.76 92.97 93.17 92.11 0.58 0.279 92.18 92.82 0.285 0.219 Eviscerated wt (g) 1311.38 1390.5 1445.88 1259.63 44.95 0.053 1373.94 1329.75 0.335 0.989 Eviscerated % 74.44 77.80 78.29 77.17 1.06 0.072 76.58 77.27 0.525 0.365 Carcass % 63.12 b 66.15 ab 66.76 a 64.92 b 0.92 0.049* 65.04 65.43 0.675 0.475 Drumstick% 10.57 10.59 10.63 10.43 0.22 0.570 10.65 10.46 0.418 0.220 Thigh% 11.12 b 11.42 ab 12.29 a 11.03b 0.26 0.007* 11.61 11.22 0.146 0.712 Breast% 26.49 b 29.65 ab 29.74 a 27.48b 0.55 0.004* 28.13 28.55 0.450 0.832 Wings% 4.21 4.21 4.08 4.37 0.11 0.340 4.19 4.24 0.669 0.654 Back % 7.53 7.55 7.29 8.12 0.22 0.074 7.46 7.78 0.150 0.678 Neck % 3.02 3.14 3.03 3.29 0.11 0.296 3.03 3.21 0.125 0.123 a, b, c = Means within a row with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05), SEM = Standard error of the mean, T1, T2, T3 and T4 = 0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 level comprise casimiroa seed kernel meal rations, respectively. M = Male, F-Female, T*S = Treatment-sex interaction, g = gram Table 5 Edible offal and abdominal fat weight of broilers fed ration containing different levels of CSK meals Treatments Sex T*Sex Parameters T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM p-Value M F p-Value p-Value Total giblet 80.25 81.50 82.88 86.63 1.63 0.058 83.75 81.88 0.262 0.715 Gizzard (g) 32.5 32 32.88 31.63 0.92 0.786 32.44 32.06 0.688 0.566 Liver wt (g) 40.00 b 41.38 ab 41.63 ab 45.13 a 1.03 0.012* 42.56 41.50 0.310 0.604 Heart wt (g) 7.75 b 8.13 b 8.38 b 9.88 a 0.36 0.002* 8.75 8.3125 0.235 0.844 Skin wt (g) 107.88 115.75 113.88 108 6.95 0.798 111.5 111.25 0.972 0.996 AF% 1.43 a 1.23 ab 0.86 b 0.85 b 0.10 0.004* 0.98 b 1.21 a 0.024* 0.113 Edible offal (TG + skin), TG = (Gizzard + Heart + Liver) , a, b, c = Means within a row with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05), SEM = Standard error of the mean, T1, T2, T3 and T4 = 0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 level comprise casimiroa seed kernel meal rations, respectively. M = Male, F-Female, T*S = Treatment-sex interaction, g = gram, AF = abdominal fat weight Table 6 Non-edible offal weight of broilers fed ration containing different levels of CSK meals Treatments Sex T*Sex Parameters T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM P -value M F p-Value p-Value Spleen wt (g) 2.25 3.25 2.75 2.25 0.30 0.076 2.63 2.63 1.00 0.260 Kidney wt (g) 10.50 10.63 11.50 9.63 0.58 0.178 10.75 10.38 0.521 0.457 Lung wt (g) 9.00 b 11.38 ab 13.38 a 10.63 ab 0.78 0.005* 11.5 10.69 0.306 0.543 Crop wt (g) 14.38 12.00 12.00 12.38 0.79 0.129 13.25 12.13 0.167 0.999 Pro. wt (g) 9.5 10.38 10.75 9.75 0.84 0.708 10.31 9.88 0.606 0.584 SI wt (g) 76.5 b 87.25 a 90.5 a 78.5 b 3.59 0.002* 81.31 85.06 0.307 0.247 SI length (cm) 183.38 190.38 187.00 186.00 4.86 0.098 182.31 186.06 0.448 0.432 LI wt (g) 2.88 3.38 3.5 2.75 0.37 0.418 2.94 3.31 0.323 0.510 LI length(cm) 9.00 10.75 9.25 9.38 0.47 0.059 9.44 9.75 0.509 0.144 Ceca wt (g) 12.13 12.00 13.25 11.88 0.99 0.750 12.69 11.94 0.458 0.203 Ceca length(cm) 18.15 18.13 18.88 17.13 0.61 0.988 18.13 18.00 0.839 0.269 a,b,c = Means within a row with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05), SEM = Standard error of the mean, T1, T2, T3 and T4 = 0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 level comprise casimiroa seed kernel meal rations, respectively. M = Male, F-Female, T*S = Treatment-sex interaction, g = gram, cm = centimetre, Pro.= proventriculus, SI = small intestine, LI = large intestine 3.4. Production Efficiency and Partial budget analysis European broiler index (EBI) and production efficiency factor (PEF) among the treatment groups during starter and finisher phases of broiler feeding management are presented in Table 7 . There was no significant difference (p < 0.05) in EBI and PEF among dietary treatment groups during starter feeding management phase. Whereas EBI and PEF value during the finisher phase was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in T3 as compared with T1, T2 and T4 dietary treatments while T1, T2 and T4 exhibited similar EBI and PEF values. Throughout the entire periods, birds fed on T3 had higher (p < 0.05) EBI and PEF values compared to T4 while these values recorded under the later experimental diet, were similar with T1 and T2. The highest net profit was obtained from selling meat produced from birds fed on T3 diet with a net profit of 113.41 ETB, followed by T2 and T1 with net profits of 92.31 and 71.47 ETB respectively (Table 8 ). Whereas, the least profit was earned from the birds consumed T4 ration. High marginal rates of return were observed in T3, followed by T2, and then T1. Table 7 Production efficiency of broilers fed different levels of CSK meals Parameters Treatments Production efficiency T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM P- value Starter (1–21) EBI 95.84 95.47 101.72 75.20 7.55 0.123 PEF 104.65 104.11 111.22 83.19 7.96 0.125 Finisher (22–42) EBI 253.21 b 274.68 b 332.37 a 226.17 b 12.60 0.0005* PEF 355.92 b 381.80 ab 454.03 a 312.04 b 17.64 0.0008* Entire period (1–42) EBI 168.78 ab 178.76 ab 210.72 a 146.99 b 10.57 0.0083* PEF 172.98 ab 183.02 ab 215.68 a 151.01 b 10.75 0.0084* EBI = European broiler index, PEF = Production efficiency factor , a, b, c Means within a row with different superscripts are significantly different, T1, T2, T3 and T4 = 0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 level comprise casimiroa seed kernel meal rations, respectively, SEM = standard error of the mean Table 8 Profitability analysis for broilers fed different levels of CSK meals Parameters Treatments Cost T1 T2 T3 T4 Chicken cost (ETB) 93.00 93.00 93.00 93.00 Total feed consumed/chicken (kg) 3.809 3.812 3.670 3.696 Per unit feed cost (ETB) 42.89 42.58 42.25 41.85 Total feed cost/ chicken (ETB) 163.38 162.32 155.06 154.66 Total cost / chicken (ETB) 256.38 255.32 248.06 247.66 Income Average of eviscerated wt (kg) / chicken 1.31 1.39 1.45 1.26 Price/kg of carcass (supermarket) (ETB) 250 250 250.00 250.00 Total return / chicken (ETB) 327.85 347.63 361.47 314.91 Net return/chicken (ETB) 71.47 92.31 113.41 67.25 Marginal rate of return 0.22 0.27 0.31 0.21 T1, T2, T3 and T4 = 0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 level comprise casimiroa seed kernel meal rations, respectively, ETB = Ethiopian birr 4. DISCUSSION 4.1. Chemical composition The treatment diets contained metabolizable energy and protein levels that met the nutritional requirements for both starter and finisher broilers (NRC, 1994). Additionally, the rations provided adequate calcium and phosphorus, with concentrations aligning with recommendations: 1% Ca and 0.45% P for the starter phase, and 0.9% Ca and 0.35% P for the finisher phase (NRC, 1994) 4.2. Feed Intake and Growth Performance traits In this study, it was shown that CSK meal (T3) utilized at 3% level in the finisher phase and the entire feeding periods, significantly improves final body weight, body weight gain and average daily gain; these findings are consistent with Abu Hafsa and Ibrahim (2018). The authors reported increased final body weight, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) with no change in feed intake in broiler birds fed with diet incorporated with 20 g/kg of grape seed over 42 days. Similar to the present result, earlier findings of Ibrahim et al. (2019) reported that diabetic rats treated with 500 mg/kg of CSK meal protein gained 93 g more weight than those treated with 10 mg/kg of the standard drug glibenclamide. The existence of complex bioactive compounds like coumarins and flavonoids in CSK meal are likely responsible for these enhancements (Tun et al. 2020). These compounds are known for their pharmacological properties, including antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects (Elkady et al. 2017; Widelski et al. 2018; Nath and Aravindkumar, 2021). In addition, Duskaev et al. (2020) and Obianwuna et al. (2024) have reported that diets rich in coumarin and flavonoids have enhanced the broilers' gut health via the activation of beneficial microbes, inhibition of pathogenic ones, enhancement of the efficacy of nutrient absorption, and improvement of the general gastrointestinal system, thus leading to enhanced growth performances. In this current study, the trends of enhanced FCR observed up to 3% CSK meal inclusion level in all phases indeed agree with those of Saleem et al. (2024), who stated the better FCR towards increasing level of mango seed kernel meal from 10–30 g/kg and lower at higher level (40 g/kg) in broiler rations. The FCR improvement might be related to the flavonoids present in CSK meal, due to Nath and Aravindkumar (2021) reported flavonoids are strong antioxidants that reduce oxidative stress in broilers, which enhances growth rate and feed conversion efficiency. They argued that flavones might enhance the binding of growth hormone to hepatic growth hormone receptors and stimulate insulin-like growth factor levels to positively regulate the growth of broilers. Furthermore, Obianwuna et al. (2024) stated that flavonoids improve gut health by enhancing nutrient absorption and villi height. Tan et al. (2022) also reported the statement by adding that flavonoids induce fat metabolism via stimulating fat degradation and inhibiting adipogenesis which implicates their action in better body composition and FCR improvement. In general, the existence of significant differences in broiler growth performances at the 3% inclusion level of CSK meal (T3) during the finisher phase and entire feeding periods indicated that the optimum benefits of CSK meal are achieved at moderate levels. According to Adetunji et al. (2020), a balanced diet with a balanced fiber content enhances gut health and nutrition absorption throughout the starter and finisher stages supported current findings. However, the considerable decrease in growth performance at the highest inclusion (4.5% CSK meal) level during the finisher and the entire period may be related to the existence of certain anti- nutritional factors. According to Elkady et al. (2017), complete CSK meal contains 53.73 mg/g concentration of tannins which might have hindered the bioavailability of nutrients. In the same line, Azizi et al. (2018) observed that the body weight decreased progressively after the addition of more than 5% dried apple pomace in the diets for the broilers. In accordance with the present study, Abu Hafsa and Ibrahim (2018) reported improved growth performance and constant feed intake at moderate levels of grape seed inclusion (20 g/kg) but decreased at higher levels of grape seed over the 42-day duration. 4.3. Carcass Traits Improved carcass weight percent, including breast and thigh muscles, at 1.5 and 3% inclusion levels of CSK, might be attributed to high concentrations of valuable bioactive compounds such as unsaturated fatty acids and flavonoids, and other essential nutrients. These results are supported by Tareen et al. (2017), who found similar enhancement with a 3% inclusion level of palm kernel meal in broiler diets. In the same vein, Saleem et al. (2024) confirmed similar results when including 30 g/kg mango seed kernel meals in broiler rations. The study showed the potentials of locally available fruit seed kernels to stimulate muscle growth, augment feed efficiency, and improve general meat production in broiler chickens. Unsaturated fatty acids, accounting for nearly 94.2% of the fatty acid composition in CSK meals (Elkady et al. 2017), would likely be responsible for metabolic processes that facilitate the development of lean muscle mass. As DeLany et al. (1999) mentioned, a high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid, makes a particularly significant contribution to the enhancement of lean muscle mass and muscle development in the abdominal area. This is probably due to its role in increasing lipid metabolism and suppressing fat deposition. Also, flavonoids are another significant bioactive compound found in CSK meals at a concentration of 14.4 mg/g on a dry weight basis (Elkady et al. 2017), which is an additional benefit by acting as natural antioxidants. These are found to prevent lipid oxidation and improve the quality of meat in general. By decreasing oxidative stress, flavonoids allow for a higher proportion of lean cuts in breast and thigh muscles, which have high interest in poultry production. This agrees with the observed carcass composition improvement in the current study. In the current study, inclusion of CSK meal up to 3% in broiler diets had no adverse effects on liver or heart weights, indicating as it is optimum inclusion level. According to Bone (1979), changes in organ weights specifically liver and heart weights, usually occur due to heightened metabolic activity aimed at detoxifying the body. Absence of the weight change of these organs in this study indicated the diets were free from toxic substances or anti-nutritional factors up to 3% CSK meal inclusion (T3). At the inclusion level of 4.5% CSK meal, however, an increase in the weight of liver and heart was observed. This effect is consistent with the finding of George et al. (2020), who also noticed the same effects at high inclusion rates of avocado seed kernel meal on broiler organ weights. The increased size of the heart and liver at higher levels of CSK meal inclusion may be attributed to the presence of tannins in the seeds. This agrees with Bawa et al. (2006) and Abu and Tanimowo (2012), who attributed increased organ weights to the presence of antinutritional factors that would influence organ growth. The content of abdominal fat can be decreased as the level of CSK meals increases because casimiroa seed kernel meals contain high amounts of alpha-linolenic acid and amino acids. Elkady et al. (2017) and Ibrahim et al. (2019) revealed that the seed kernels of Casimiroa edulis are rich in the alpha-linolenic acid and essential amino acids. Chickens with diets high in alpha-linolenic acid tended to have lower deposits of abdominal fat, unlike those on diets high in saturated fatty acids (Kartikasari et al. 2018). Amino acids may also prevent visceral fat through inhibition of hepatic fatty acid synthase activity and activation of glycogenesis, thus significantly reducing fat accumulation (Loizzo et al. 2018). The abundance of abdominal fats presents in female birds indicates a higher tendency of fat deposition when compared to males due to metabolic and hormonal changes, as reported by Tumova and Teimouri (2010) and Silva (2012). In line with this, de Souza Khatlab et al. (2018) stated that females show greater amounts of gene expression in the context of fatty acids and lipid production than male. Increased lung weight observed in broiler birds fed 1.5, 3 and 4.5% inclusion levels of CSK meal probably attributed to the metabolic activity of the broilers. In their findings, Namakparvar et al. (2014) report, larger lungs improve the flow of oxygen needed for metabolic functions. On the other hand, the small intestine weight of the current study is similar with the works of Al-Marzooqi (2019) who reported increased small intestine weight in broiler chickens to achieve greater body weight. The weight of small intestine in broilers is believed to link with more efficient feed digestion and a greater surface area for nutrient absorption for enhancing overall nutrient uptake. 4.4. Production Efficiency and Profitability Analysis The Performance and economic feasibility assessment through European Broiler Index (EBI) and Production Efficiency Factor (PEF), was positively influenced by body weight change, feed conversion ratio (FCR), average daily gain (ADG), and survival rate (Marcu et al. 2013). The maximum value of EBI and PEF were obtained at the 3, 1.5 and 0% inclusion levels of CSK meal, respectively. These values of EBI and PEF obtained during the present study agreed with work of Tolmir et al. (2014). On the other hand, current values are lower when compared to those obtained by Bhamare et al. (2016). These declines are probably linked to the factors like growth performance and management conditions. In general, the EBI and PEF values in this study offer valid information about practices of broiler farm management. According to the partial budgeting of the current study, broilers that received 4.5% CSK meal registered the minimum net return of 67.25 ETB per bird compared to other inclusion levels. On the other hand, birds which fed on the 3% CSK meal attained the highest net return of 113.41 ETB per bird. Moreover, the birds which fed on 3% CSK meal diet showed the highest marginal rate of return relative to the unit cost of production. Therefore, the current study indicated that a ration containing 3% CSK meal is more profitable than higher inclusion levels under the current study’s feeding management. 5. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicated that inclusion of CSK meal up to 4.5% in Cobb 500 broiler diets had no adverse effects on the health condition of the birds. Whereas the optimum inclusion of CSK meal was 3%, in which the highest feed conversion ratio, body weight gain, carcass yields, highest net profit, and marginal rate of return were recorded. Therefore, this study recommended including CSK meal at a 3% level in Cobb 500 broiler diets to obtain maximum growth, carcass yields, and economic performance. Declarations 6.1. Funding This research received competitive-based small co-funding grants from Haramaya University’s research grant with budget code (HURG_2023_01_01_63) and the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR-31-17-056) which have been completely utilized for animals, feed ingredients, drugs, lab chemicals purchasing, and casual personnel recruitment. 6.2. Conflicts of Interest or Disclosure Statement The authors declare that there was no conflict of interest or no potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). 6.3. Data Availability Statement The data used in this study are available from the corresponding author upon request to interested. 6.4. Ethical Approval All procedures involving animal care and management were in accordance with the guidelines for the treatment of animals in behavioural research and teaching (ScienceDirect and Behavior, 2012) 6.5. Contributions of the Authors Mohamedjuhar Musa carried out conceptualization, research, formal analysis, data gathering, data analysis, writing the original draft, reviewing, and editing. Mengistu urge played roles in planning, supervision, directing, reviewing, and revising. Whereas Biazen, Sileshi, Meseret, and Misba played the conceptualization, supervision, review, and editing roles. The publishable version of the manuscript has been read and approved by all authors. 6.6. Acknowledgements The authors are pleased to thank Haramaya University and the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research for sponsoring this research work. 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American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, 15(8):1574-1583. http://dx.doi.org/10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2015.15.8.9585 Shapiro BI, Mohamed-Saleem MA, Reynolds L (1994) Socio-economic constraints to strategic sheep fattening: evidence from the Ethiopian highlands. In: Small ruminant research and development in Africa, Proceedings of the second biennial conference of the African Small Ruminant Research Network, Tanzania 7-11, December 1992, pp 9-14. Shawle K, Urge M, Animut G (2016) Effect of different levels of Lepidium sativum L. on growth performance, carcass characteristics, hematology, and serum biochemical parameters of broilers. Springer Plus , 5:1441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3118-0 Tan Z, Halter B, Liu D, Gilbert ER, Cline MA (2022). Dietary Flavonoids as Modulators of Lipid Metabolism in Poultry. Frontiers Physiology. 25(13):863860. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.863860 Tareen MH, Wagan R, Siyal FA, Babazadeh D, Bhutto ZA, Arain MA, Saeed M (2017) Effect of various levels of date palm kernel on growth performance of broilers. Veterinary World, 10(2): 227-232. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2017.227-232 Tolmir N, Milosevi N, Ceroni C, Skrbi Z, Maslovari M (2014) The effect of feeding programmes on broiler performance and production efficiency. Proceedings of the International symposium on Animal Science, 2014: 224-230. Tumova E, Teimouri A (2010) Fat deposition in the broiler chicken. review: Scientia agriculturae bohemica, 41:121–128. Tun K, Aminah N, Kristanti A, Aung H, Takaya Y (2020) Natural products isolated from Casimiroa. Open Chemistry , 18(1):778-797. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0128 Upton M (1979) Farm management in Africa: the principle of production and planning. Oxford University Press , Oxford, pp 282–298 Valero M, Salmero MC (2003) Antibacterial activity of 11 essential oils against Bacillus cereus in tyndallized carrot broth. International Journal of Food Microbiology , 85(1-2):73-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1605(02)00484-1 Widelski J, Luca SV, Skiba A, Chinou I, Marcourt L, Wolfender JL, et al (2018) Isolation and antimicrobial activity of coumarin derivatives from the fruit of Peucedanum luxurians Tamamsch. Molecules, 23(5):1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23051222 Wiseman J (1987) Feeding of non–ruminant livestock . Butterworth and Co.Ltd., London, UK. Zampiga M, Calini F, Sirri F (2021) Importance of feed efficiency for sustainable intensification of chicken meat production: implications and role for amino acids, feed enzymes and organic trace minerals. World’s Poultry Science Journal , 77(3): 639–659. https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2021.1959277 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6498700","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":452885640,"identity":"7263b156-fcb9-4782-889c-5f108e8bc621","order_by":0,"name":"Mohammedjuhar Musa Adame","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwY2MJ3ADyYLSNEi2QAiDUjRYnAAwiUMzNnbEj8X5tjkGZ9fnfjhgQGDPL/YAfxaLHuOHZaeuS2t2OzG280SQIcZzpydQMBhN9IbpHm3HU7cduPsBpCWBIPbhLTcf978G6Rl84yzm38Qp+UG2zGwLRv4e7cRZ4tlT1qaNe+2tMQZN3i3WSQYSBD2izn7MePbvNtsEvv7z26++aPCRp5fmoAWBJAAq5QgVjkI8B8gRfUoGAWjYBSMJAAAIY9HRu6PzJ8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8243-7276","institution":"Haramaya University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammedjuhar","middleName":"Musa","lastName":"Adame","suffix":""},{"id":452885641,"identity":"f2d64740-7daf-41e9-84c8-e0075ede3253","order_by":1,"name":"Mengistu Urge Letta","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Haramaya University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mengistu","middleName":"Urge","lastName":"Letta","suffix":""},{"id":452885642,"identity":"030981e9-0c87-4088-a583-3df0d48a67b6","order_by":2,"name":"Biazen Abrar Bedru","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Haramaya University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Biazen","middleName":"Abrar","lastName":"Bedru","suffix":""},{"id":452885643,"identity":"6440fed4-2c23-4d7e-a411-6b1b76f34ebe","order_by":3,"name":"Sileshi Gadisa Terfa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Haramaya University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sileshi","middleName":"Gadisa","lastName":"Terfa","suffix":""},{"id":452885644,"identity":"e515a974-070b-496c-8cf7-fa6233a7f2c7","order_by":4,"name":"Meseret Girma Abebe","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Haramaya University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Meseret","middleName":"Girma","lastName":"Abebe","suffix":""},{"id":452885645,"identity":"3d20cbc6-5849-46c5-b237-92142bf545db","order_by":5,"name":"Misbah Alewi Abdu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Misbah","middleName":"Alewi","lastName":"Abdu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-21 21:12:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6498700/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6498700/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":82465504,"identity":"bcb0b250-1f11-462b-84fd-a8fe20cd2907","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-11 16:22:02","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1677939,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6498700/v1/9abd1d4f-5f32-4be4-a4aa-b02029f99323.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Casimiroa (Casimiroa edulis L) Seed Kernel Meal on Growth Performances, Carcass Yield and Profitability of Broilers Chicken","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThere is an expected significant increase in broiler chicken production in the coming decades to meet the growing global demand for poultry meat (Mottet and Tempio 2017; Zampiga \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2021). However, feed shortages, primarily due to reliance on expensive conventional feed resources, are anticipated to challenge the sector's expansion and profitability (Makinde \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2021). These challenges have prompted a number of initiatives to explore alternative feedstuffs that do not\u0026ensp;compete with food staples for human consumption (Guaiume 2007). Utilization of alternative/ unconventional feed resources, for\u0026ensp;instance, can play a critical role in spicing up feed options as well as reducing over-reliance on conventional feeding substitutes (Mammo 2012). According to the works of Abd El Hack \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2019) Such alternatives feedstuffs, especially agricultural and agro-industrial by-products, contribute significantly to the health of broiler chickens, improve\u0026ensp;their general growth performance, and promote the economic sustainability of this sector. Use of these\u0026ensp;feedstuffs in broiler diets enhance digestibility of nutrients, control pathogenic microorganisms and improve absorption of energy-rich nutrients (Al-Harthi 2002; El-Deek \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2003). About this issue many researches revealed that, agri-food wastes (e.g., peels, fruit seeds) are rich in bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, which are effective with antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, and immunostimulant properties that improve\u0026ensp;broiler chicken performance (George \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2020b; Corona \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2023; Valero and Salmeron\u0026ensp;2003).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this context, fruit of Casimiroa (Casimiroa edulis L.) belonging to family Rutaceae has been identified as a valuable by-product. These plants are abundantly available, cheaper, and highly yielder; a single mature plant of Casimiroa edulis yields close to one ton of fruit per year (Ahlawat 2016; Genanew \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2022). Though the fruit pulp can be eaten, seeds kernels become waste (Satheesh 2015; Agust\u0026iacute;n \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2017). But these seed kernels also contain phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, and limonoids (Awaad \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2007; Elkady \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2017), together with abundant amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids (94.2%) (Ahlawat \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2016; Elkady \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2017). These are also abundant with various sugars such as galacturonic acid, arabinose, and glucose (Ibrahim \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2019). This general picture of nutrition reveals the potential value of these seed kernels, which otherwise were not regarded as a valuable resource.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePharmacological activity of bioactive compounds in casimiroa seed kernels (CSK) has been analyzed for antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, cardiovascular, and anti-inflammatory activity (Elkady \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2017) that can contribute to the health and performance of broiler chickens. For instance, Ibrahim \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2019) demonstrated that diabetic rats treated with 500 mg/kg of Casimiroa edulis seed protein experienced a significant reduction in blood glucose levels, from 600 to 117.28 mg/dl, along with improved weight gain, enhanced liver function, and increased antioxidant activity. Moreover, a study based on laying hens fed with nanoencapsulated meal of fruit of Casimiroa edulis at 5 g/kg for one month revealed no adverse cellular effects but promoted cell proliferation, immunity, and enhanced antioxidant activity (Corona \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2023).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite several studies documenting the significant phytochemical composition and pharmacological effects of CSK meals, their impact on productive parameters of broiler chickens\u0026mdash;such as growth performance, carcass characteristics, and economic efficiency\u0026mdash;has been insufficiently evaluated. Therefore, determining the optimum inclusion levels of CSK meals to enhance these productive traits while minimizing overall costs remains an important area for further research. This study aims to evaluate the effects of incorporating different levels of CSK meals on the growth performance, carcass yield, and profitability of broiler chickens.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Description of study area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiment was conducted in Haramaya University's poultry farm, located 515 km east of Addis Ababa, of Ethiopia. The site is situated at an altitude of 2006 meters above sea level, with coordinates of 9ο 41' N latitude and 42\u003csup\u003eο\u003c/sup\u003e 4' E longitude. The area experiences the mean annual rainfall and temperature were 790 mm and 17\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC with mean minimum and maximum temperatures of 14 and 23.4\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, respectively (Mengesha \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2015).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Ingredients and Treatment Ration Preparations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe diet used in the current study consisted of a variety of feed ingredients, including maize, wheat shorts, soybean meal, noug seed cake, casimiroa seed kernel (CSK) meal, and salt. Besides, the diet included essential nutrients like; vitamin and mineral premix, methionine, lysine, limestone, and dicalcium phosphate. To obtain the test ingredient, Casimiroa fruit was collected from Casimiroa trees grown in the Eastern Hararghe, specifically in Maya city of Adele woreda, Dengego kebele. Fully ripened Casimiroa fruits were selected for seed collection. The Casimiroa fruit pulp and seed kernels were carefully separated, and the seed coats were removed before soaking. The seed kernels were thoroughly washed with tap water to reduce contamination. Then, to prepare the seeds for inclusion in the diet, they were chopped using a kitchen knife and soaked in cold water for 24 hours. This soaking process helped to reduce the levels of anti-nutritional factors present in the seeds (George \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2020a). After soaking, the chopped seeds were sun-dried for 4 days (8\u0026ndash;10 hours per day). Once completely dried, the seeds were ground to a particle size of 5 mm using a grinding machine, producing the final meal. To maintain its quality, the CSK meal was stored in an airtight container to prevent contamination.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Experimental House, Birds and Feeding Management.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrior to the actual experiment, the experimental house underwent thorough cleaning and disinfection. The floor was covered with teff straw to a depth of 7 cm and disinfected using hydrogen peroxide before placing the birds. Each pen was equipped with a 250-watt infrared heat bulb. A circular plastic feeder and drinker were placed in each pen one day prior to introducing the birds. A total of 192 unsexed and day-old broiler chicks (Cobb500) were purchased from Alama Farm PLC in Bishoftu, Ethiopia, and then transported to Haramaya University poultry farm. The broiler experiment was carried out for a total of 42 days. The starter phase was fed until three weeks of age, while the finisher phase started from the 4th up to the 6th week of age. Water was provided at all times, and measured quantities of the experimental ration were offered ad libitum twice a day, at 8:30 am and 5:00 pm, with the expected 20% refusal. The amount of feed refused was recorded each morning to determine feed intake. Bodyweight measurements were taken at the beginning of the experiment and at weekly intervals throughout the trial period, as well as at the end of the feeding trial, using a sensitive balance. The standard biosecurity protocol was strictly followed throughout the entire experiment. The chicks were vaccinated against Newcastle disease (HB1) on day 7, and a booster dose of Lasota was administered via eye drops on day 21. They were also vaccinated against infectious bursal (Gumboro) disease as recommended by the manufacturers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Experimental Design and Treatments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiment was organized using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four dietary treatments (T1, T2, T3, and T4,) indicating CSK meals inclusion levels of 0%, 1.5%, 3%, and 4.5% respectively in the concentrate mixture. All experimental birds were randomly assigned to these dietary treatments, each had four replications and each replication had 12 birds. Win feed software was used to formulate the treatment rations to be iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous to meet the nutrient requirement of broilers (NRC 1994). The starter and finisher diets were formulated separately as indicated in the Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Finally, formulated rations were processed at the Haramaya Area Union Animal Feed Processing Centre.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe proportion of ingredients (%) for starter and finisher broiler chickens ration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIngredients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStarter (1\u0026ndash;3 weeks)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinisher (4\u0026ndash;6 weeks)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaize grain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoybean meal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNoug seed cake\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWheat shorts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCSKM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimestone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitamin premix\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLysine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethionine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDicalcium phosphate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCSKM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Casimiroa Seed Kernel Meal; T1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0% CSKM, T2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.5% CSKM, T3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3% CSKM, T4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.5% CSKM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5. Data Collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.1. Feed intake, body weight changes and mortality rate\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily feed consumption was calculated by subtracting feed refusals from the feed offered. Bird weights were recorded at the start and on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 by weighing all birds in each pen before feeding. Body weight (BW) gain was determined as the difference between final and initial weights, while average daily gain (ADG) was calculated by dividing BW gain by the total experimental days. FCR was obtained by dividing daily dry matter (DM) intake by ADG (Shawle \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2016). The performance index was calculated by dividing BW gain by FCR and multiplied by hundred (North 1981). Mortality rate was expressed as a percentage of dead birds relative to the initial population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.4. Carcass traits and slaughter procedure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the end of feeding trial, 64 birds (16 per treatment and 4 per replication each comprising two males and two females) were selected for carcass evaluation based on body weights closest to the group average. The birds were subjected to a 12-hour fasting period to ensure their crops were emptied (Ari \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2013). Pre-slaughter weights were taken, and after slaughter and bleeding, de-feathering was carried out using a de-feathering machine. The dressed carcass weight was then measured after the removal of blood and feathers. Dressing percentage was calculated in accordance with the procedure outlined by FAO (2001). To determine the eviscerated carcass weight, the combined weight of non-edible offal (blood, feathers, lower legs, head, kidneys, lungs, pancreas, crop, proventriculus, small intestine, caeca, large intestine, cloaca, and urogenital tracts) were subtracted from the dressed carcass weight. Finally, the eviscerated percentage was calculated as a proportion of the slaughter weight (FAO 2001). All the eviscerated carcass (drumstick, thigh, breast, wings, back, neck meat), edible offal (heart, gizzard, and liver), and the aforementioned non-edible offal components were individually weighed using a sensitive balance. Then, their percentage was calculated relative to the pre-slaughter weight (Kekeocha 1985). The length of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) parts (small intestine, large intestine, and caeca length), were measured using a measuring tape. Finally, abdominal fat was measured by weighing the fat removed from the proventriculus to the cloaca.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.5. Chemical analysis of the feed\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo ensure the formulated ration met nutritional requirements of broiler chickens, representative sample from each dietary treatment was taken and the chemical composition analysis was carried out in Haramaya University animal nutrition laboratory. The diets were analysed for their dry matter (DM), crude fibre (CF), ash, ether extract (EE), calcium, and phosphorus contents. Nitrogen (N) was determined according to the Kjeldahl procedure (AOAC, 2011). Then, crude protein (CP) was calculated as N \u0026times; 6.25. Calcium and phosphorus were also measured by using atomic absorption spectroscopy and spectrophotometry, respectively (AOAC 2011). The metabolizable energy (ME) content of the experimental diets was calculated by adopting the equation proposed by Wiseman (1987) as follows: ME (Kcal/kg DM)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3951\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;54.4 EE \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;88.7 CF \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;40.8 ash\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.6. Production and economic efficiency analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe economic efficiency of feeding rations containing different levels of CSK meals was evaluated using the European Broiler Index (EBI) and the Production Efficiency Factor (PEF) (Marcu \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2013).\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\text{E}\\text{B}\\text{I}=\\frac{\\text{V}\\text{i}\\text{a}\\text{b}\\text{i}\\text{l}\\text{i}\\text{t}\\text{y}\\:\\left(\\text{%}\\right)\\text{*}\\:\\text{D}\\text{a}\\text{i}\\text{l}\\text{y}\\:\\text{w}\\text{e}\\text{i}\\text{g}\\text{h}\\text{t}\\:\\text{g}\\text{a}\\text{i}\\text{n}\\:\\left(\\text{g}\\right)}{\\text{F}\\text{C}\\text{R}\\:(\\text{k}\\text{g}\\:\\text{f}\\text{e}\\text{e}\\text{d}/\\text{k}\\text{g}\\:\\text{g}\\text{a}\\text{i}\\text{n})\\:\\text{*}10\\:}\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\text{P}\\text{E}\\text{F}=\\frac{\\text{V}\\text{i}\\text{a}\\text{b}\\text{i}\\text{l}\\text{i}\\text{t}\\text{y}\\:\\left(\\text{%}\\right)\\text{*}\\text{B}\\text{o}\\text{d}\\text{y}\\:\\text{w}\\text{e}\\text{i}\\text{g}\\text{h}\\text{t}\\:\\left(\\text{K}\\text{g}\\right)}{\\text{A}\\text{g}\\text{e}\\:\\text{a}\\text{t}\\:\\text{d}\\text{e}\\text{p}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\text{t}\\text{e}\\text{d}\\:\\left(\\text{d}\\text{a}\\text{y}\\text{s}\\right)\\text{*}\\text{F}\\text{C}\\text{R}\\:}\\text{*}100$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere: Liveability (%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;chicks alive at the end of the period (%), Age (day)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;the age of the chick at slaughter, Body weight\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;final body weight\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartial budget analysis (PBA) was performed to evaluate the economic advantage of the different treatments by using the procedures of (Upton 1979). Hence, PBA was to evaluate the economic benefits of incorporating Casimiroa fruit seed kernel meals into broiler chicken diets. The analysis considered feed costs, assuming similar chick purchase prices, and carcass selling prices based on average live weight across treatments. Labor and vaccination costs were deemed constant for treatments (Shapiro \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 1994). Feed cost per bird was calculated by multiplying feed consumption by cost per kilogram. Variable costs were the difference between feed expenses for each diet and live bird prices Upton 1979; Shapiro \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 1994). Net income (NI) was determined by subtracting total variable costs (TVC) from total rate of returns (TRR): NI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;TRR \u0026ndash; TVC. Changes in net income (∆NI) were calculated as ∆NI = ∆TRR - ∆TVC, where ∆TRR and ∆TVC represent changes in returns and costs, respectively. The marginal rate of return (MRR) quantified the increase in ∆NI per unit of additional expenditure: MRR = ∆NI / ∆TVC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6. Statistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were processed and analysed using one-way ANOVA and General Linear Model (GLM) procedures in the statistical analysis system of JMP pro. 17.2 version software program. When analysis of variance showed significance, treatment means were separated using the Tukey test. A probability level (P) of 0.05 was used to determine differences among the treatment means, which were significantly different (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The mean values and the standard errors of the means (SEM) were reported. Statistical models set for data analysis were as follows: Yijk\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026micro;\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Ti\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Eij, where: Yijk\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;represents the j\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e observation in the i\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e treatment levels, \u0026micro;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;overall mean of a response variables, Ti\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;the fixed effect of i\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e CSK meal inclusion levels (i\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0, 1.5, 3, 4.5) in the response variables and Eij\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;error term. To determine effects of sex and sex-treatment interactions on carcass characteristics two-way ANOVA ware performed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. RESULTS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Chemical Composition of Ingredients and Experimental Ration\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe laboratory analysis results for the experimental diets and main feed ingredients are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. As anticipated, the four treatment rations were nearly isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Among the tested ingredients, Casimiroa seed kernel (CSK) meal exhibited the highest metabolizable energy (3571.26 kcal/kg DM), surpassing wheat shorts, soybean meal, and noug seed cake, and was comparable to maize grain. Furthermore, CSK had the highest calcium content and the lowest crude fiber content relative to the other major feed ingredients. Notably, its crude protein content (12.48%) was significantly higher than that of maize grain (9.45%), indicating that CSK could serve as a cost-effective alternative to expensive energy-rich feed ingredients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical composition of the main ingredients and the ration (based on DM%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIngredients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDM%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eME (Kcal/kg DM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaize\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3595.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWheat shorts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3089.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoybean meal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3171.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNoug seed cake\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2451.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCSKM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3571.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStarter phase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3160.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3150.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3159.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3145.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinisher phase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3207.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3209.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3206.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3200.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eT1, T2, T3 and T4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 level comprise Casimiroa Seed Kernel Meal rations, respectively, ME\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Metabolizable energy, Kcal\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Kilocalorie, Kg\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Kilogram, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Phosphorous, Ca\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Calcium, EE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Ether extract, CF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Crude fiber, CP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Crude protein, DM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Dry matter\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Feed Intake, Growth and Performances\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed intake, nutrients utilization and growth performances of broiler chicken at different stages of development is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Feed intake, body weight changes, mortality rate, and performances index of the chicken during the starter phase were similar across dietary treatments with varying level of CSK meals. The most efficient feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) was observed in birds fed with T3, followed by T2. During the finisher phase of feeding management, and the entire period, inclusion of CSK meal significantly influenced (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) all performance parameters except feed intake and mortality rate. Similarly, birds which fed on the T3 diet demonstrated superior final body weight, weight gain, and average daily gain compared to T4 while showing no significant differences from T2 and T1. Moreover, birds under T3 exhibited a significantly better FCR (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) compared to other treatments and achieved the highest performance index (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) during both the finisher and overall periods.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerformances of broilers fed on ration comprising different levels of CSK meals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStarter Phase (1\u0026ndash;21 days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitial body weight (g/bird)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed intake (g/bird)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1047.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1011.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1003.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e970.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal body weight (g/bird)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e507.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e509.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e435.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody weight gain (g/bird)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e464.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e459.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e466.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e393.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage daily gain (g/day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily feed intake(g/bird)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.161\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed conversion ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.21 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.48 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.040*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerformance index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMortality (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.873\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinisher Phase (21\u0026ndash;42 days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitial body weight (g/bird)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e507.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e509.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e435.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed intake /Chick (g/bird)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2761.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2800.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2665.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2725.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal body weight (g/bird)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1759 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1785.85\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1903.83\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1580.9\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody weight gain (g/bird)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1251.9\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1285.2\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1393.87\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1145.3\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage daily gain (g/day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.61 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.19\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.37\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.53\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily feed intake(g/bird)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed conversion ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.21\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.18\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.91\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.39\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerformance index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.55\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.05\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.44\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.83\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0004*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMortality (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.495\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntire Period (1\u0026ndash;42 days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitial body weight (g/bird)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed intake /Chick (g/bird)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3809.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3811.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3669.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3695.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal body weight (g/bird)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1759 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1785.85\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1903.83\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1580.8\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody weight gain (g/bird)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1716.4\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1744.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1860.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1538.7\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage daily gain (g/day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.87\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.53\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.29 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.63\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily feed intake(g/bird)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2753\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed conversion ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.22 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.19 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.41\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerformance index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.30\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.92\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.73\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.44\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0002*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMortality (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.726\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eT1, T2, T3 and T4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 level comprise casimiroa seed kernel meal rations\u003c/em\u003e, respectively. \u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ea,b, c\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003e= Means within a row with different superscripts are significantly different (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), SEM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard error of mean\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Carcass Parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.1. Carcass yield\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarcass yield components of broilers fed on diets containing different levels of CSK meals is shown Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. There were no significant differences (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in live weight, dressed weight, eviscerated weight, and percentages of drumstick, wings, and neck among birds under different dietary treatments. Whereas inclusion of CSK meal significantly affected carcass, thigh, and breast percentages (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in which birds under T3 had exhibited superior performances as compared with T1 and T4. There were no significant effects (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) of sexes and sex-by-treatment interactions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.2. Edible offal and abdominal fat weight\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total giblet, gizzard, liver, heart, skin weights, and abdominal fat (AF) percentage is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. There was no significant difference (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in weight among the total giblet, gizzard, and skin while the inclusion of CSK meal in the ration significantly (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) affected the average weights of liver, and heart percentage (T1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;T2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;T3\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;T4). Broilers which fed on T1 diet had a higher abdominal fat percentage than those in T3 and T4 diets. Sex had a significant effect (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) on abdominal fat percentage, in which female birds exhibited higher AF values than males while it had no significant effect (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) on the remaining edible offal parameters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.3. Non-edible offal\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e is shown non-edible components (ceca, crop, lung, spleen, proventriculus, small and large intestines). Except lung and small intestine (SI) weights, all other non-edible offal parameters were not significantly influenced (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) by the inclusion of CSK meal in the broiler ration Lung weight was significantly higher (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in T3 while the smallest SI weight was recorded by those birds fed on T1 and T4 diet (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). There were no significant differences (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in non-edible offal weight with respect to sex and interaction between sex and treatment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarcass yield components of broilers fed ration containing different levels of CSK meals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT*Sex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLive wt (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1763.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1789.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1846.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1632.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1793.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1722.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.812\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDressed wt (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1618.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1664.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1719.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1504.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1654.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1599.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.817\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDressing%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.279\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.285\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEviscerated wt (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1311.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1390.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1445.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1259.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1373.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1329.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.335\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.989\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEviscerated %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.525\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.365\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarcass %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.12\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.15\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.76\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.92\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.049*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.675\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrumstick%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.570\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.418\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThigh%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.12\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.42\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.29\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.03b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.146\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.712\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreast%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.49\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.65 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.74\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.48b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.450\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.832\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWings%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.669\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.654\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBack %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.678\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeck %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.296\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ea, b, c\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003e= Means within a row with different superscripts are significantly different (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), SEM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard error of the mean, T1, T2, T3 and T4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 level comprise casimiroa seed kernel meal rations, respectively. M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Male, F-Female, T*S\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Treatment-sex interaction, g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;gram\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEdible offal and abdominal fat weight of broilers fed ration containing different levels of CSK meals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT*Sex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal giblet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.715\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGizzard (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.786\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.688\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.566\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiver wt (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.38\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.63\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.13\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.310\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.604\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeart wt (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.75\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.38\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.88\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.844\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin wt (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.798\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.972\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.996\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAF%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.024*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eEdible offal (TG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;skin), TG = (Gizzard\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Heart\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Liver)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ea, b, c\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003e= Means within a row with different superscripts are significantly different (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), SEM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard error of the mean, T1, T2, T3 and T4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 level comprise casimiroa seed kernel meal rations, respectively. M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Male, F-Female, T*S\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Treatment-sex interaction, g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;gram, AF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;abdominal fat weight\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-edible offal weight of broilers fed ration containing different levels of CSK meals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT*Sex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP -value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpleen wt (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKidney wt (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.521\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.457\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLung wt (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.00 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.38 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.38 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.63 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.306\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.543\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrop wt (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.999\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePro. wt (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.708\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.606\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.584\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSI wt (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.5\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.25\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.5\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.5\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.307\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSI length (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e190.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e187.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e186.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e186.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.448\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.432\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLI wt (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.418\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.323\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.510\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLI length(cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.509\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCeca wt (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.750\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.458\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.203\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCeca length(cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.988\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.839\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.269\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ea,b,c\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003e= Means within a row with different superscripts are significantly different (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), SEM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard error of the mean, T1, T2, T3 and T4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 level comprise casimiroa seed kernel meal rations, respectively. M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Male, F-Female, T*S\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Treatment-sex interaction, g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;gram, cm\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;centimetre, Pro.= proventriculus, SI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;small intestine, LI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;large intestine\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Production Efficiency and Partial budget analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean broiler index (EBI) and production efficiency factor (PEF) among the treatment groups during starter and finisher phases of broiler feeding management are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. There was no significant difference (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in EBI and PEF among dietary treatment groups during starter feeding management phase. Whereas EBI and PEF value during the finisher phase was significantly higher (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in T3 as compared with T1, T2 and T4 dietary treatments while T1, T2 and T4 exhibited similar EBI and PEF values. Throughout the entire periods, birds fed on T3 had higher (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) EBI and PEF values compared to T4 while these values recorded under the later experimental diet, were similar with T1 and T2. The highest net profit was obtained from selling meat produced from birds fed on T3 diet with a net profit of 113.41 ETB, followed by T2 and T1 with net profits of 92.31 and 71.47 ETB respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). Whereas, the least profit was earned from the birds consumed T4 ration. High marginal rates of return were observed in T3, followed by T2, and then T1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction efficiency of broilers fed different levels of CSK meals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction efficiency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP- value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStarter (1\u0026ndash;21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEBI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePEF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinisher (22\u0026ndash;42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEBI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e253.21\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e274.68\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e332.37\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e226.17\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0005*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePEF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e355.92\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e381.80 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e454.03 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312.04 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0008*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntire period (1\u0026ndash;42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEBI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168.78\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178.76\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210.72\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146.99\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0083*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePEF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172.98\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183.02\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e215.68\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0084*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eEBI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;European broiler index, PEF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Production efficiency factor\u003c/em\u003e, \u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ea, b, c\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003eMeans within a row with different superscripts are significantly different, T1, T2, T3 and T4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 level comprise casimiroa seed kernel meal rations, respectively, SEM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;standard error of the mean\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfitability analysis for broilers fed different levels of CSK meals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCost\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChicken cost (ETB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal feed consumed/chicken (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.809\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.812\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.670\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.696\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePer unit feed cost (ETB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal feed cost/ chicken (ETB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e163.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal cost / chicken (ETB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e255.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e248.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e247.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncome\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage of eviscerated wt (kg) / chicken\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrice/kg of carcass (supermarket) (ETB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal return / chicken (ETB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e327.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e347.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e361.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e314.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet return/chicken (ETB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarginal rate of return\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eT1, T2, T3 and T4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 level comprise casimiroa seed kernel meal rations, respectively, ETB\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Ethiopian birr\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1. Chemical composition\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe treatment diets contained metabolizable energy and protein levels that met the nutritional requirements for both starter and finisher broilers (NRC, 1994). Additionally, the rations provided adequate calcium and phosphorus, with concentrations aligning with recommendations: 1% Ca and 0.45% P for the starter phase, and 0.9% Ca and 0.35% P for the finisher phase (NRC, 1994)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2. Feed Intake and Growth Performance traits\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, it was shown that CSK meal (T3) utilized at 3% level in the finisher phase and the entire feeding periods, significantly improves final body weight, body weight gain and average daily gain; these\u0026ensp;findings are consistent with Abu Hafsa and Ibrahim (2018). The authors reported\u0026ensp;increased final body weight, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) with no change in feed intake in broiler birds fed with diet incorporated with 20 g/kg of grape seed over 42 days. Similar to the present result, earlier findings of Ibrahim \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2019) reported that diabetic rats treated with 500 mg/kg of CSK meal protein gained 93 g more weight than those treated with 10 mg/kg of the standard drug glibenclamide. The existence of complex bioactive compounds like coumarins and flavonoids in CSK meal are likely responsible for these enhancements (Tun \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2020). These compounds are known for their pharmacological properties, including antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects (Elkady \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2017; Widelski \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2018; Nath and Aravindkumar, 2021). In addition, Duskaev \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2020) and Obianwuna \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2024) have reported that diets rich in coumarin and flavonoids have enhanced the broilers' gut health via the activation of beneficial microbes, inhibition of pathogenic ones, enhancement of the efficacy of nutrient absorption, and improvement of the general gastrointestinal system, thus leading to enhanced growth performances.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this current study, the trends of enhanced FCR observed up to 3% CSK meal inclusion level in all phases indeed agree with those of Saleem \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2024), who stated the better FCR towards increasing level of mango seed kernel meal from 10\u0026ndash;30 g/kg and lower at higher level (40 g/kg) in broiler rations. The FCR improvement might be related to the flavonoids present in CSK meal, due to Nath and Aravindkumar (2021) reported flavonoids are strong antioxidants that reduce oxidative stress in broilers, which enhances growth rate and feed conversion efficiency. They argued that flavones might enhance the binding of growth hormone to hepatic growth hormone receptors and stimulate insulin-like growth factor levels to positively regulate the growth of broilers. Furthermore, Obianwuna \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2024) stated that flavonoids improve gut health by enhancing nutrient absorption and villi height. Tan \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2022) also reported the statement by adding that flavonoids induce fat metabolism via stimulating fat degradation and inhibiting adipogenesis which implicates their action in better body composition and FCR improvement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn general, the existence of significant differences in broiler growth performances at the 3% inclusion level of CSK meal (T3) during the finisher phase and entire feeding periods indicated that the optimum benefits of CSK meal are achieved at moderate levels. According to Adetunji \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2020), a balanced diet with a balanced fiber content enhances gut health and nutrition absorption throughout the starter and finisher stages supported current findings. However, the considerable decrease in growth performance at the highest inclusion (4.5% CSK meal) level during the finisher and the entire period may be related to the existence of certain anti- nutritional factors. According to Elkady \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2017), complete CSK meal contains 53.73 mg/g concentration of tannins which might have hindered the bioavailability of nutrients. In the same line, Azizi \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2018) observed that the body weight decreased progressively after the addition of more than 5% dried apple pomace in the diets for the broilers. In accordance with the present study, Abu Hafsa and Ibrahim (2018) reported improved growth performance and constant feed intake at moderate levels of grape seed inclusion (20 g/kg) but decreased at higher levels of grape seed over the 42-day duration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3. Carcass Traits\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved carcass weight percent, including breast and thigh muscles, at 1.5 and 3% inclusion levels of CSK, might be attributed to high concentrations of valuable bioactive compounds such as unsaturated fatty acids and flavonoids, and other essential nutrients. These results are supported by Tareen \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2017), who found similar enhancement with a 3% inclusion level of palm kernel meal in broiler diets. In the same vein, Saleem \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2024) confirmed similar results when including 30 g/kg mango seed kernel meals in broiler rations. The study showed the potentials of locally available fruit seed kernels to stimulate muscle growth, augment feed efficiency, and improve general meat production in broiler chickens. Unsaturated fatty acids, accounting for nearly 94.2% of the fatty acid composition in CSK meals (Elkady \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2017), would likely be responsible for metabolic processes that facilitate the development of lean muscle mass. As DeLany \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (1999) mentioned, a high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid, makes a particularly significant contribution to the enhancement of lean muscle mass and muscle development in the abdominal area. This is probably due to its role in increasing lipid metabolism and suppressing fat deposition. Also, flavonoids are another significant bioactive compound found in CSK meals at a concentration of 14.4 mg/g on a dry weight basis (Elkady \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2017), which is an additional benefit by acting as natural antioxidants. These are found to prevent lipid oxidation and improve the quality of meat in general. By decreasing oxidative stress, flavonoids allow for a higher proportion of lean cuts in breast and thigh muscles, which have high interest in poultry production. This agrees with the observed carcass composition improvement in the current study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the current study, inclusion of CSK meal up to 3% in broiler diets had no adverse effects on liver or heart weights, indicating as it is optimum inclusion level. According to Bone (1979), changes in organ weights specifically liver and heart weights, usually occur due to heightened metabolic activity aimed at detoxifying the body. Absence of the weight change of these organs in this study indicated the diets were free from toxic substances or anti-nutritional factors up to 3% CSK meal inclusion (T3). At the inclusion level of 4.5% CSK meal, however, an increase in the weight of liver and heart was observed. This effect is consistent with the finding of George \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2020), who also noticed the same effects at high inclusion rates of avocado seed kernel meal on broiler organ weights. The increased size of the heart and liver at higher levels of CSK meal inclusion may be attributed to the presence of tannins in the seeds. This agrees with Bawa \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2006) and Abu and Tanimowo (2012), who attributed increased organ weights to the presence of antinutritional factors that would influence organ growth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe content of abdominal fat can be decreased as the level of CSK meals increases because casimiroa seed kernel meals contain high amounts of alpha-linolenic acid and amino acids. Elkady \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2017) and Ibrahim \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2019) revealed that the seed kernels of Casimiroa edulis are rich in the alpha-linolenic acid and essential amino acids. Chickens with diets high in alpha-linolenic acid tended to have lower deposits of abdominal fat, unlike those on diets high in saturated fatty acids (Kartikasari \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2018). Amino acids may also prevent visceral fat through inhibition of hepatic fatty acid synthase activity and activation of glycogenesis, thus significantly reducing fat accumulation (Loizzo \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2018). The abundance of abdominal fats presents in female birds indicates a higher tendency of fat deposition when compared to males due to metabolic and hormonal changes, as reported by Tumova and Teimouri (2010) and Silva (2012). In line with this, de Souza Khatlab \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2018) stated that females show greater amounts of gene expression in the context of fatty acids and lipid production than male.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncreased lung weight observed in broiler birds fed 1.5, 3 and 4.5% inclusion levels of CSK meal probably attributed to the metabolic activity of the broilers. In their findings, Namakparvar \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2014) report, larger lungs improve the flow of oxygen needed for metabolic functions. On the other hand, the small intestine weight of the current study is similar with the works of Al-Marzooqi (2019) who reported increased small intestine weight in broiler chickens to achieve greater body weight. The weight of small intestine in broilers is believed to link with more efficient feed digestion and a greater surface area for nutrient absorption for enhancing overall nutrient uptake.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4. Production Efficiency and Profitability Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Performance and economic feasibility assessment through European Broiler Index (EBI) and Production Efficiency Factor (PEF), was positively influenced by body weight change, feed conversion ratio (FCR), average daily gain (ADG), and survival rate (Marcu \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2013). The maximum value of EBI and PEF were obtained at the 3, 1.5 and 0% inclusion levels of CSK meal, respectively. These values of EBI and PEF obtained during the present study agreed with work of Tolmir \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2014). On the other hand, current values are lower when compared to those obtained by Bhamare \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2016). These declines are probably linked to the factors like growth performance and management conditions. In general, the EBI and PEF values in this study offer valid information about practices of broiler farm management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the partial budgeting of the current study, broilers that received 4.5% CSK meal registered the minimum net return of 67.25 ETB per bird compared to other inclusion levels. On the other hand, birds which fed on the 3% CSK meal attained the highest net return of 113.41 ETB per bird. Moreover, the birds which fed on 3% CSK meal diet showed the highest marginal rate of return relative to the unit cost of production. Therefore, the current study indicated that a ration containing 3% CSK meal is more profitable than higher inclusion levels under the current study\u0026rsquo;s feeding management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study indicated that inclusion of CSK meal up to 4.5% in Cobb 500 broiler diets had no adverse effects on the health condition of the birds. Whereas the optimum inclusion of CSK meal was 3%, in which the highest feed conversion ratio, body weight gain, carcass yields, highest net profit, and marginal rate of return were recorded. Therefore, this study recommended including CSK meal at a 3% level in Cobb 500 broiler diets to obtain maximum growth, carcass yields, and economic performance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.1. Funding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received competitive-based small co-funding grants from Haramaya University’s research grant with budget code (HURG_2023_01_01_63) and the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research\u0026nbsp;(EIAR-31-17-056) which have been completely utilized for animals, feed ingredients, drugs, lab chemicals purchasing, and casual\u0026nbsp;personnel recruitment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.2. Conflicts of Interest or Disclosure Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there was no conflict of interest or no potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.3. Data Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data used in this study are available from the corresponding author upon request to interested.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.4. Ethical Approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll procedures involving animal care and management were in accordance with the guidelines for the treatment of animals in behavioural research and teaching (ScienceDirect and Behavior, 2012)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.5. Contributions of the Authors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMohamedjuhar Musa carried out conceptualization, research, formal analysis, data gathering, data analysis, writing the original draft, reviewing, and editing. Mengistu urge played roles in planning, supervision, directing, reviewing, and revising. Whereas Biazen, Sileshi, Meseret, and Misba played the conceptualization, supervision, review, and editing roles. The publishable version of the manuscript has been read and approved by all authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.6. Acknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are pleased to thank Haramaya University and the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research for sponsoring this research work.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbd El Hack ME, Alagawany M, Patra A, Abdel-Latif M, Ashour EA, Arif M, Dhama K (2019) Use of brewers dried grains as an unconventional feed ingredient in the diets of broiler chickens. \u003cem\u003eAdvances in Animal and Veterinary Science\u003c/em\u003e, 7(3): 218-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2019/7.3.218.224 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbu AO, Tanimowo DA (2012) Effect of b- mannase supplementaion and feed presentation on carcass characteristics and macro-mineral Digestibility of growing rabbits fed palm kernel cake-based diets. \u003cem\u003eNigerian Journal of Animal Production\u003c/em\u003e, 39(2): 83-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v39i2.723 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbu Hafsa S, Ibrahim S (2018) Effect of dietary polyphenol-rich grape seed on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and ileal microflora in broiler chicks. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition\u003c/em\u003e 102:268\u0026ndash;275. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12688 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdetunji MA, Adegbenro M, Ojambati OG, Aletor VA (2020) Growth performance and cost implication of broiler chickens fed fortified composite cassava stump meal-based diets. \u003cem\u003eAnimal Research International, \u003c/em\u003e17(2): 3631\u0026ndash;3639. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ari/article/view/199321\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAgustin JA, Soto M, Famiani F, Cruz-Castillo JG (2017) In Situ Characterization of Fruits and Seeds of a Number of White Sapote (\u003cem\u003eCasimiroa edulis Llave and Lex\u003c/em\u003e.) 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Butterworth and Co.Ltd., London, UK.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZampiga M, Calini F, Sirri F (2021) Importance of feed efficiency for sustainable intensification of chicken meat production: implications and role for amino acids, feed enzymes and organic trace minerals. \u003cem\u003eWorld\u0026rsquo;s Poultry Science Journal\u003c/em\u003e, 77(3): 639\u0026ndash;659. https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2021.1959277\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Broilers, Carcass parameters, Casimiroa seed kernels, Growth performance","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6498700/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6498700/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study evaluated the effects of dietary inclusion of casimiroa seed kernel (CSK) meal on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and profitability of broiler chickens for 42 days. A total of 192 Cobb-500 chicks were randomly assigned into four treatments with four replicates of 12 chicks each. Rations consisted CSK meals at 0% (T1-control), 1.5% (T2), 3% (T3), and 4.5% (T4) were formulated. The crude protein and metabolizable energy content of CSK meal were 12.48% and 3571.26 kcal/kg, respectively. During the starter phase, broilers fed T3 exhibited a significantly lower feed conversion ratio (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) than those on T4. They achieved a better (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) FCR than those on T4, T2, and T1 diets during the finisher phase and entire period. Furthermore, chickens fed T3 showed significantly higher (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) body weight changes, final body weight, and average daily gain than T4. Moreover, percentages of carcass, thigh, and breasts were significantly higher (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) for T3 than T1 and T4. Weights of the liver and heart were highest (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) for T4 compared to T1, T2, and T3. Lung and small intestine weights were higher for T2 and T3. However, abdominal fat weight significantly decreased with increasing level of CSK. Females had significantly higher (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) fat weights than males. Total feed cost decreased with increasing levels of CSK meal. The highest net return was recorded in T3, followed by T2 and T1. Based on evaluated production parameters, it is advisable to incorporate underutilized CSK meal up to 3% in broiler rations to boost performance and profitability.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Casimiroa (Casimiroa edulis L) Seed Kernel Meal on Growth Performances, Carcass Yield and Profitability of Broilers Chicken","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-11 16:05:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6498700/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8da45051-36f1-49b7-b063-62ec11deb095","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 11th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-11T16:05:56+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-11 16:05:53","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6498700","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6498700","identity":"rs-6498700","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}