Controlling Droplet Breakup and Routing in Microfluidic T-Junctions via Wettability Contrast

Controlling Droplet Breakup and Routing in Microfluidic T-Junctions via Wettability Contrast | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Controlling Droplet Breakup and Routing in Microfluidic T-Junctions via Wettability Contrast Mohanad Radhi, Derek Tretheway This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7948382/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 02 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this study, we investigate how the asymmetric wetting conditions affect the droplet dynamics in microfluidic T-junctions using a three-dimensional multicomponent lattice Boltzmann method based on the two-component Shan--Chen model. The model has been validated against theoretical and benchmark cases, including the Young--Laplace law and classical symmetric droplet breakup. Through a series of simulations, we have explored the effects of contact angle contrast, droplet length, capillary number, channel geometry, and viscosity ratio on the margins that split breakup and non-breakup regimes. The results demonstrate that spatial wettability asymmetry significantly alters droplet evolution, which promotes controlled redirection or suppression of breakup. Increasing the upper-lower contact angle difference promotes droplet steering toward the more wettable side, whereas higher capillary numbers and longer droplets tend to experience more breakup. Additionally, geometric parameters such as aspect ratio and side-to-main channel width ratio regulate the competition between surface and hydrodynamic forces, critically influencing droplet final state. The viscosity ratio affects the droplet dynamics in two ways: impacting internal recirculation and interfacial stress resistance. This work aims to provide a physics-based framework for passive droplet control by utilizing wettability engineering and geometrical design to offer practical insights for lab-on-a-chip devices and multiphase flow systems. Future work will incorporate non-Newtonian effects and dynamic wetting to extend applicability to more complex flow regimes. Microchannel Interfacial Force Two Phase Flow Uneven Wetting Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 02 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 09 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 09 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 14 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 09 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 27 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 27 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 25 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7948382","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":544707059,"identity":"df264a63-6e3f-4b84-8f99-c6f4f4782923","order_by":0,"name":"Mohanad Radhi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHhDBbAAkGA98AIskgBFRWhgOzkggVcthHpgWfEB3Ru7BzwU11sb80w4fOGz74zADP3uOAcODMtxazG7kJUvPOJZuJnE7LeFwTsJhBsmeNwYMCefwackxkOZhO2zDcDvHAKzFACjCkNiGV4vxb55/h23kb+d/OGwB1GJPhBYzad62w2YGt3MYDjOAbJEgpOXMGzNr3r50Y8PbaQYHe9LSeSTOPCs4gNcvx3OMb/N8szacdzv54YMfNtZy/O3JGx/+wBNiGAAcTQcY2EjQAgVkaBkFo2AUjIJhCwB2KFQgr7ro0gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"University of Tikrit","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohanad","middleName":"","lastName":"Radhi","suffix":""},{"id":544707060,"identity":"6fbeaee5-1532-4cf2-ad0b-5f8b61700e74","order_by":1,"name":"Derek Tretheway","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Portland State University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Derek","middleName":"","lastName":"Tretheway","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-27 10:57:58","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7948382/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7948382/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00162-026-00779-z","type":"published","date":"2026-03-02T15:58:26+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":96220423,"identity":"4b65a3b0-cc0f-4880-9948-88cdea5ee033","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:25","extension":"json","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4493,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"7b540e4e387547c6985ffbee439e6887.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/73faab0561e4b079e1e25bb8.json"},{"id":96253372,"identity":"e8fcb61c-d149-4766-a3f1-0775b2630fa5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:42:22","extension":"xml","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":146928,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"7b540e4e387547c6985ffbee439e68871enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/a238177ce731d4d64dbfbe29.xml"},{"id":96364210,"identity":"4890d525-27f6-45f5-9543-a0a81072dc04","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 10:09:02","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":41341,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Aspectreffa.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/11dce47a1efea32f9e75c504.png"},{"id":96220425,"identity":"f8262cdd-b52f-4d7c-9853-9a56f01b5947","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:26","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":51946,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Aspectreffb.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/305fb0a403e969aa918638a8.png"},{"id":96220445,"identity":"e8cc987e-f33e-4451-ad48-356a611830c0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:29","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":49609,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Aspectreffc.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/ea0a5c8667f97f224e54a0b2.png"},{"id":96220434,"identity":"b6285481-a72c-46b8-b1b2-a2558ffd8e2f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:27","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":13265,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"CaEff.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/b3712c913b908af9dbdddfff.png"},{"id":96220526,"identity":"f10602f0-9966-4b32-9043-1c77d71a56ec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:32","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":97868,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"CaEffCa029.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/9282b17324b0de863310b1db.png"},{"id":96220567,"identity":"643ba897-4128-4f64-8e23-d9604f464262","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:34","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":97980,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"CaEffCa058.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/66259b9c552259651e7d23b0.png"},{"id":96220426,"identity":"e2179aae-7eef-4b66-b619-a3e297d65a16","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:26","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":89926,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"CaEffCa116.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/c66935fbecd15a6b2e038324.png"},{"id":96220451,"identity":"e51d593a-a975-4c5d-b1d0-69bd79d64046","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:29","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":72440,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"LaplaceYoung.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/94d4406d0a02bdb7cd2ab0d6.png"},{"id":96253072,"identity":"5ba181b3-74b8-4ffa-82cc-d60e2c5587f3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:55","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14016,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Lengtheff.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/1beec43af547741de78ddcc7.png"},{"id":96253204,"identity":"92da5467-d7c5-4621-a7b2-07d2ff014e4f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:42:08","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":81627,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"LengtheffL2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/aa5617a062c8de9d9df0d45d.png"},{"id":96253034,"identity":"f15e8f0a-7af1-413f-a934-b3fb3a77f457","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:52","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":100843,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"LengtheffL3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/4c0d1d277f3284d18b6d642a.png"},{"id":96220433,"identity":"9f827735-61e8-4f4c-b901-c4f3a4288923","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:27","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":100529,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"LengtheffL4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/4df0b34ac9cc795763bd43fe.png"},{"id":96220503,"identity":"0e01907c-1750-42a2-baf6-e109df73a70e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:31","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":34769,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Regi.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/86f1161c1cf571b21a8dddf0.png"},{"id":96253027,"identity":"436f0b8c-49e5-4041-84b1-6ab55a09c7b3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:51","extension":"pdf","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3446145,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SpringerNatureLaTeXTemplateImmiscible3.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/6839c091dec22b437ad37950.pdf"},{"id":96220446,"identity":"daf22f50-dba3-4d8f-b18f-187692f0b4a0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":348838,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"TCFDCoverLetter.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/4e850cf65f8455f0ea2757bf.pdf"},{"id":96220424,"identity":"a9191dc0-8709-44e1-a6fc-bd24387c8501","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:26","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24148,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"TchannelSchematic.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/353f67772465cfc71e01f8f7.png"},{"id":96252995,"identity":"3194c9e9-f792-4740-8a72-e61e2e634771","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:46","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":43980,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"W1byW0p5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/dc263aae6d51557e1d4c0955.png"},{"id":96220447,"identity":"daad1ce4-8b01-4460-846f-6853aeb21af7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:29","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":86165,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"W1byW1p5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/dbf661f1593df04cf850c4b8.png"},{"id":96220491,"identity":"6ad6222b-fc3f-4549-b77f-1e307f15fc65","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:30","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":48688,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"WetRegimesa.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/1f8a6cb6c829d8f5513301e8.png"},{"id":96220438,"identity":"c535d357-aae4-4e08-ba61-79170ff8090f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:28","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":48618,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"WetRegimesb.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/4c6de25721fa5bc4d2f357dc.png"},{"id":96220444,"identity":"ed26674e-b217-48bf-a62d-80a1f42e16dc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:29","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":36919,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"WetRegimesc.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/5d29190be4d9260eddc473f8.png"},{"id":96220495,"identity":"bf3b357e-844e-4a9c-b0ce-3b5844b89438","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:30","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14367,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"breakupcontour.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/4dd1d2c06fcf349f92a74c87.png"},{"id":96251081,"identity":"e223ffa5-8552-4836-b720-19caa02abdf2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:39:17","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":172085,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"breakupcontour1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/d94ca602335f15e3f23ef237.png"},{"id":96220488,"identity":"8faf204d-433b-4687-b633-41f6b4e1a0f8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:30","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":177556,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"breakupcontour2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/c8817306bdd1fd38b56be483.png"},{"id":96253278,"identity":"e155b647-b3f4-42e5-b8ca-866d7ea7b396","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:42:14","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":177176,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"breakupcontour3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/3a566c00e617d087a3e8f60b.png"},{"id":96252978,"identity":"42206bd3-44d9-4a79-96e6-805c2b56db60","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:45","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":182843,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"breakupcontour4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/c84f7ec92bcaf7a4143fe32d.png"},{"id":96220453,"identity":"9f5a8792-686f-48a3-ae8a-fd6ac48ca885","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:29","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":184872,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"breakupcontour5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/e3f478bc65ec078196a32810.png"},{"id":96220541,"identity":"a46c164f-3a95-4f99-aa0b-73f96f9becc2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:33","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":10182,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa0Gb3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/494cde1b27477176690d1848.png"},{"id":96220465,"identity":"1f4834d3-8d3f-4ad7-ae32-89453a5483f1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:30","extension":"png","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":26823,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa0Gb31.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/fcdc3057135e8539f16698cc.png"},{"id":96220509,"identity":"eaee9383-eb0c-44aa-9ede-e00778efbc0d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:31","extension":"png","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":25932,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa0Gb32.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/770ccd4e457fdfc10d83a17e.png"},{"id":96252227,"identity":"9494092c-f614-43d3-be40-fa8d73f9019d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:40:41","extension":"png","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":27757,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa0Gb33.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/9f8dfb8e99a35a97299e5b7a.png"},{"id":96252709,"identity":"09ec4c43-f9e1-4452-8a15-f1b58bc892f3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:22","extension":"png","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":25558,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa0Gb34.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/058aee3f6654f2987d4c5bae.png"},{"id":96253258,"identity":"3c4e46a8-0b15-4022-a61b-d2bd4cd18ce6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:42:13","extension":"png","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9436,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa1Gb3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/49808c85f5b358e09f30b90e.png"},{"id":96253219,"identity":"1080e9b4-bc93-4d89-bf22-266de8d009d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:42:09","extension":"png","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":26777,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa1Gb31.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/c8518fe4996637daf8e79e88.png"},{"id":96220556,"identity":"b3dc2e7c-cfab-4066-909a-67abdcae1891","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:33","extension":"png","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":23424,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa1Gb32.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/897afa760e003c73575e4349.png"},{"id":96253158,"identity":"ace97995-52e2-4f33-95e1-d3fd129c10b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:42:02","extension":"png","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24119,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa1Gb33.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/12ecd6ae6e5176b2690a4728.png"},{"id":96220428,"identity":"45b75e74-ca54-4c48-ad73-d49d5ae62f49","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:27","extension":"png","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21940,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa1Gb34.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/9b021a21ef85e65fc8692194.png"},{"id":96220457,"identity":"327a148b-9369-477c-89a3-6ee7f9c1b87f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:30","extension":"png","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9504,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa2Gb3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/ebe7115359a5664f2ca8dba4.png"},{"id":96253168,"identity":"25326a5a-b4bb-4be2-952d-d2840eb06106","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:42:03","extension":"png","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":26018,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa2Gb31.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/01cf591352e95414409b91f5.png"},{"id":96220448,"identity":"c1889f41-ea57-49c6-b9b1-8d36f2177933","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:29","extension":"png","order_by":41,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":23816,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa2Gb32.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/a19f25cc97aedb4b00d4b17d.png"},{"id":96220427,"identity":"0bbcf00e-da67-49df-ad4d-eae20b377413","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:27","extension":"png","order_by":42,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":23782,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa2Gb33.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/a27ed2f668b8db79751c283e.png"},{"id":96252687,"identity":"ce218975-eaea-4471-9e27-db3430760937","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:21","extension":"png","order_by":43,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":20933,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa2Gb34.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/50bbfa063a4f19aca4e5c85b.png"},{"id":96220440,"identity":"96a563b7-e628-4027-9f37-753ff6298c1c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:28","extension":"png","order_by":44,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":10217,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa3Gb0p5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/9c6bce84e05ebf66e5d18f0e.png"},{"id":96253033,"identity":"d0131ebc-d070-4ae5-90b2-c82a8bc24a54","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:52","extension":"png","order_by":45,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":28154,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa3Gb0p51.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/6af12f8f59e75b7dfa0786d9.png"},{"id":96220528,"identity":"23aa1af6-feab-4402-8d7f-e49a53609c49","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:32","extension":"png","order_by":46,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":26540,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa3Gb0p52.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/12c326f089a1655e4ddacc19.png"},{"id":96220460,"identity":"6502a03e-1a58-49c1-9484-d4e3d81a30bd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:30","extension":"png","order_by":47,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30181,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa3Gb0p53.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/5847d3a8df244eb1ca020155.png"},{"id":96220525,"identity":"9e8e9910-8d25-4ebf-ab37-d0e764cf8433","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:32","extension":"png","order_by":48,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":28080,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa3Gb0p54.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/2d09b35278539921e2a089bf.png"},{"id":96252717,"identity":"33fcc3e0-3e8d-4fc1-80c2-5fc095bcd80f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:22","extension":"png","order_by":49,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":10362,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa3Gb1p5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/ecaf7375fd35422446bb788c.png"},{"id":96220561,"identity":"5dbdb89e-52e8-4cf0-847a-8709b56e5dbf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:34","extension":"png","order_by":50,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":27847,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa3Gb1p51.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/fdc4b3d8b572fa8a677f80ab.png"},{"id":96220439,"identity":"79799d09-fbbd-4bc0-93fc-b32e572b8997","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:28","extension":"png","order_by":51,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":26344,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa3Gb1p52.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/6b094fba0cd020f3efde5ed5.png"},{"id":96220501,"identity":"c46878cb-b596-47fe-aec6-59d39ecf9286","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:31","extension":"png","order_by":52,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":28186,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa3Gb1p53.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/3d0162933d4d079d12a72c21.png"},{"id":96220571,"identity":"60414277-95e3-4f83-8487-8c86b0f34c5e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:34","extension":"png","order_by":53,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":26957,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa3Gb1p54.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/8b98bfb9ba0c644e29b4fc04.png"},{"id":96220511,"identity":"1029b494-fe14-4397-bf1c-2ac1a50295af","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:31","extension":"gif","order_by":54,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":81215,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa3Gb1p5animation.gif","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/13a0dc3ed1ebf064a30b6e59.gif"},{"id":96220430,"identity":"8464ab05-1384-4fcd-8cd9-e498a4089602","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:27","extension":"png","order_by":55,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9874,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa3Gb2p5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/6344b6824e2c23b25f76d249.png"},{"id":96220435,"identity":"d815e0dc-b0b5-41e4-bf2e-7b0fb057b043","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:27","extension":"png","order_by":56,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":27522,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa3Gb2p51.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/c9ff222e67f95a2368601f95.png"},{"id":96220502,"identity":"fbedaada-efef-4425-9097-0b22a4fb8223","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:31","extension":"png","order_by":57,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":25017,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa3Gb2p52.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/ea16a28bd038fc69204c46e3.png"},{"id":96220566,"identity":"37cf7fe6-aeac-495a-8e2d-e8692f12a663","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:34","extension":"png","order_by":58,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":25029,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa3Gb2p53.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/9c7e876334a920b5b347cc95.png"},{"id":96220455,"identity":"9074a68a-7660-4c88-b64b-21007d29a926","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:29","extension":"png","order_by":59,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":22580,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa3Gb2p54.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/e74e8b6370c031c3d5aeb4ea.png"},{"id":96220544,"identity":"64209b36-e5d7-4f39-9ec5-e7b636c2534e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:33","extension":"png","order_by":60,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9703,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa3Gb3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/eb787f4e3f2099d242b08649.png"},{"id":96220499,"identity":"b971edd7-d31d-49b1-8a44-d985209d8c0b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:31","extension":"png","order_by":61,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":27195,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa3Gb31.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/f770213050f460528458857e.png"},{"id":96220504,"identity":"b8be6b6e-a6b2-492c-93cf-4577dcc65cfe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:31","extension":"png","order_by":62,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24712,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa3Gb32.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/563295bafcb959002275a933.png"},{"id":96220537,"identity":"3e88f9c3-a52f-4105-8133-1e0079d51abf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:33","extension":"png","order_by":63,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24786,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa3Gb33.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/318c194d6c61f4606e8d3e67.png"},{"id":96220545,"identity":"1bf7b34b-4278-43e2-8962-3a88a6ef11a1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:33","extension":"png","order_by":64,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":22411,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"denGa3Gb34.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/a8d55bcfb2097d5f23c6b9df.png"},{"id":96252134,"identity":"d7782016-6a91-4985-a186-61a961e65ce5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:40:29","extension":"png","order_by":65,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":38891,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"densityL3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/91317ba2c8b65df5a085ec70.png"},{"id":96220478,"identity":"b0d166f4-cd01-4b24-9130-65efffa8a574","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:30","extension":"eps","order_by":66,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2890,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"empty.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/6904783b06c768db7933fa11.eps"},{"id":96252837,"identity":"1b26860c-5422-49d8-9bce-6f23f6a0cce7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:30","extension":"eps","order_by":67,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":91593,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"fig.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/e3a7624d87d1cc0e74d4a42d.eps"},{"id":96253173,"identity":"2546095a-8992-4d91-937f-99577c7e3ede","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:42:03","extension":"eps","order_by":68,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":20046,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"figurename.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/409bc345346df7b8d288bc5e.eps"},{"id":96220454,"identity":"eca7c8a8-e3e2-4348-aa05-790c74e13d0e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:29","extension":"png","order_by":69,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":48662,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"regimes.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/16d195e2c6b94489486351f5.png"},{"id":96252352,"identity":"ae1f2946-7c8e-4926-af9d-4598999bb816","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:40:50","extension":"png","order_by":70,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9934,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"regimesGa3Gb0.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/505b7af24476806e8dc667d2.png"},{"id":96253318,"identity":"6e7a071c-6b33-4c87-971b-ecb652a70a10","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:42:18","extension":"png","order_by":71,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":49938,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"regimesviscra.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/da33a91ed59178622a33f25f.png"},{"id":96251102,"identity":"465a2c5d-5685-4497-aad0-f45de497eba6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:39:19","extension":"png","order_by":72,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":50075,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"regimesviscrb.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/868b39e7b9bdb4859f693c24.png"},{"id":96220524,"identity":"779f8693-6895-4440-954e-1d4bc5b3fbbd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:32","extension":"png","order_by":73,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":90348,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"regimesviscrc.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/dab0a4a645f2ddcc4f79206c.png"},{"id":96253212,"identity":"3db759c1-af48-49b9-bbf6-e5872ee7a480","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:42:09","extension":"bst","order_by":74,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":147148,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"snapacite.bst","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/94882c3efc3b34c2f788689e.bst"},{"id":96220590,"identity":"b2bcb5c6-9857-4fa3-8dfb-9ad232fe4fa9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:35","extension":"bst","order_by":75,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30423,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"snaps.bst","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/7d5b863f9dd48071c69df08e.bst"},{"id":96220437,"identity":"e19581f0-8fee-400b-9b39-2cc0a0db019c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:28","extension":"pdf","order_by":76,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":390370,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"snarticle.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/31d7351622d346bec57d0090.pdf"},{"id":96220548,"identity":"2e9effcb-4b2e-415c-be21-bc52515c4274","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:33","extension":"bst","order_by":77,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":35733,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"snbasic.bst","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/e4c1ee7ee3163c0399aaf86e.bst"},{"id":96220531,"identity":"479397ef-cb3a-4407-a6d4-2a3589ed8860","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:32","extension":"bst","order_by":78,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":40398,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"snchicago.bst","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/f82b3b1b70bea0049ef0cd3e.bst"},{"id":96220595,"identity":"5b35ef74-0001-4504-bf76-a8d2bf935058","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:35","extension":"cls","order_by":79,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":55331,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"snjnl.cls","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/2d85a131c47e3880ee37eb22.cls"},{"id":96252745,"identity":"948326a9-6300-409e-97c1-7a00b31ec787","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:25","extension":"bst","order_by":80,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":64140,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"snmathphysay.bst","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/0ffca7f23a00f5bc5dfed354.bst"},{"id":96253090,"identity":"64a5e0ec-6390-4965-b2dc-26ada12c695e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:57","extension":"bst","order_by":81,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":64141,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"snmathphysnum.bst","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/465d5367e30cc2da3c32b74b.bst"},{"id":96220576,"identity":"5d44b675-c4de-4bc3-b096-4bf4ec8e568e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:34","extension":"bst","order_by":82,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":38349,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"snnature.bst","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/718fe98e643b893f8661f4fc.bst"},{"id":96220553,"identity":"4157a539-fcbd-4639-83b4-3c8639ac1b1e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:33","extension":"bst","order_by":83,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":41304,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"snvancouver.bst","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/b8d933d77006105c4facba80.bst"},{"id":96220461,"identity":"a4e91f5a-7513-47f1-b6b0-4badc1bbb79b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:30","extension":"png","order_by":84,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":124798,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"untitled.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/43f3d82b48ca2806fec33241.png"},{"id":96220498,"identity":"752bf9c9-a679-45b4-ab32-68816a772318","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":85,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":415247,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"usermanual.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/15bc859df43652f2c6bd58f4.pdf"},{"id":96220540,"identity":"f2a24d51-0c95-40bb-bf65-cabd2829f4ab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:33","extension":"eps","order_by":86,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":744175,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"warmcoldcontour.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/cfc0e36c7f98f91bf08a8965.eps"},{"id":96220568,"identity":"75b85acd-50f8-478f-9c27-73e6134e0f0b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:34","extension":"png","order_by":87,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8241,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"wettability.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/4e1434f291de718128a100f7.png"},{"id":96220508,"identity":"63067afe-ec28-47ee-b7ed-6d0ebba048cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:31","extension":"png","order_by":88,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":55613,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineAspectreffa.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/dd255a0435f668896b115fbd.png"},{"id":96251215,"identity":"fbb056a7-29f1-404b-a5f5-211b77a512f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:39:31","extension":"png","order_by":89,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":63114,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineAspectreffb.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/805210d3aa5e616bf29ab5d7.png"},{"id":96220546,"identity":"5da56598-9412-47ac-b70c-db1936d2456b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:33","extension":"png","order_by":90,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":62146,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineAspectreffc.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/e2b06812635585f07dde906e.png"},{"id":96220517,"identity":"a9dd47b4-55c8-4071-9961-e49098b76a0e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:32","extension":"png","order_by":91,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":12515,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineCaEff.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/9151b1477b8829a98c51598a.png"},{"id":96253134,"identity":"056f9a4c-9121-4678-a951-ebd6cb64d7c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:42:01","extension":"png","order_by":92,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":87075,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineCaEffCa029.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/6484c004773f8c83c91befca.png"},{"id":96252987,"identity":"f1f54a5d-a8ba-4853-9c0a-3ee02cd7d3ef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:46","extension":"png","order_by":93,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":84807,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineCaEffCa058.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/cbd53128523bb5d1e9d977f4.png"},{"id":96220552,"identity":"df96f131-4eb3-4c31-b50e-555e0e5a99e9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:33","extension":"png","order_by":94,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":79538,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineCaEffCa116.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/98cb1da712d98f4899e3f92d.png"},{"id":96252848,"identity":"463c250f-0ffd-481c-bf6f-34a839b09599","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:31","extension":"png","order_by":95,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":57410,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineLaplaceYoung.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/8d43c964391b94838ab9b512.png"},{"id":96253225,"identity":"edb2c36a-86cf-4b4d-af8e-41041d058d50","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:42:11","extension":"png","order_by":96,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":11963,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineLengtheff.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/31c5c4293bcc4f0335a298c8.png"},{"id":96253181,"identity":"16b64eb1-d066-4da4-9293-1b3e08a947cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:42:04","extension":"png","order_by":97,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":72820,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineLengtheffL2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/2a9551e05de62fe5fda6f645.png"},{"id":96220584,"identity":"5f067e7d-4c22-4cdd-b27b-576838e854ac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:35","extension":"png","order_by":98,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":90062,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineLengtheffL3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/98b4601c72caa16ee3e729ac.png"},{"id":96220489,"identity":"17a865c1-2ca4-45ce-9829-19d8131f6e9b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:30","extension":"png","order_by":99,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":90160,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineLengtheffL4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/a2aec9ef516cecdfcdcf9115.png"},{"id":96252998,"identity":"f798f9a4-1f48-405f-b1f8-8d77f0135090","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:46","extension":"png","order_by":100,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":42636,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineRegi.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/a72c6b4cd6479fc4fcfd463f.png"},{"id":96252077,"identity":"c383c85d-c647-4102-abd3-af86b1d2da6e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:40:25","extension":"png","order_by":101,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":23917,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineTchannelSchematic.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/62b9bcfc7a40b211125dc9d2.png"},{"id":96220559,"identity":"0622d0c5-9f3c-45f6-9dcf-c01f80f67264","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:33","extension":"png","order_by":102,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":48230,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineW1byW0p5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/6257e4b9adeb8c958b083f98.png"},{"id":96220441,"identity":"60fc6d2e-fede-47a8-b046-e7ac45dd7e9c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:28","extension":"png","order_by":103,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":60229,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineW1byW1p5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/511987467a22dead3bafae12.png"},{"id":96220581,"identity":"108041b1-90f6-402a-9e82-5e160a72a32e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:34","extension":"png","order_by":104,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":59485,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineWetRegimesa.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/fc956e36162d4c89d862e96b.png"},{"id":96220601,"identity":"4049d652-a2c3-4353-89be-0f00f031e42c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:36","extension":"png","order_by":105,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":61342,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineWetRegimesb.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/1217b83ea8e133a8333a2514.png"},{"id":96220514,"identity":"05cd59fc-7ad3-475a-b4c1-34876fdfffaf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:31","extension":"png","order_by":106,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":44725,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineWetRegimesc.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/799b1e0de781902d4a816275.png"},{"id":96253196,"identity":"883a3b97-62af-4410-81b8-7d513323d87e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:42:06","extension":"png","order_by":107,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":13771,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinebreakupcontour.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/b80d6c8228ef76f58a28528d.png"},{"id":96220516,"identity":"7d36b9bf-94c8-4975-8e34-7ea2ff02006a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:32","extension":"png","order_by":108,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":171372,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinebreakupcontour1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/45c16fc2c25bf8f08add1e71.png"},{"id":96220492,"identity":"16a23bb6-3620-4029-b9f0-99e361f98478","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:30","extension":"png","order_by":109,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":176343,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinebreakupcontour2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/4bacae979e4b1cef132c872c.png"},{"id":96220510,"identity":"882ba465-5f0d-4914-9c9c-8966f0aac9ff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:31","extension":"png","order_by":110,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":175865,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinebreakupcontour3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/540fd08071781e3ae69be3a4.png"},{"id":96220463,"identity":"887cf0ba-85ef-4415-8152-1e812ae42b86","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:30","extension":"png","order_by":111,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":181141,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinebreakupcontour4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/d4d94e289343b4b660d99cc9.png"},{"id":96220586,"identity":"2e53cf6d-1ccd-4016-84d2-aabad7bb31b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:35","extension":"png","order_by":112,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":183216,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinebreakupcontour5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/eccb4a2cc181c58ae400ba6d.png"},{"id":96220542,"identity":"cd0451e0-2c35-407b-8f95-5f9dec4908d0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:33","extension":"png","order_by":113,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9226,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa0Gb3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/6fbec6e46ef705dcbe207410.png"},{"id":96220560,"identity":"a822cfae-28b8-46a5-b094-dbd9050ffb55","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:34","extension":"png","order_by":114,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24991,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa0Gb31.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/26abfb0941668a5d099c1f84.png"},{"id":96251053,"identity":"db2f5429-3a7a-403b-bbcd-21829bb20b06","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:39:16","extension":"png","order_by":115,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24114,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa0Gb32.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/cef21f64b9bc1a9b8a7b3bb5.png"},{"id":96220579,"identity":"90bec4fb-e4dc-4680-bf53-e88875ddb8dd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:34","extension":"png","order_by":116,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":25748,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa0Gb33.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/1492af4bb90322dd47d07061.png"},{"id":96220513,"identity":"541be03a-c3cd-4bc4-a7e1-ea470cfc7c7c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:31","extension":"png","order_by":117,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":23753,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa0Gb34.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/6736f31c181970d86b52f09c.png"},{"id":96220582,"identity":"c5df1cb6-36e4-4622-8033-fa72f34478de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:34","extension":"png","order_by":118,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8407,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa1Gb3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/e1df05311079271ef73cb958.png"},{"id":96220521,"identity":"6320dd08-13f0-49e1-9064-4ec9e810f830","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:32","extension":"png","order_by":119,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24919,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa1Gb31.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/3b8b5ba10ede092b2b202bd4.png"},{"id":96220462,"identity":"15256f13-a1c0-41fc-983b-182a5781add8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:30","extension":"png","order_by":120,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21332,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa1Gb32.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/ef46f490db0583f3464cf844.png"},{"id":96252919,"identity":"9236bbda-043b-47d8-85e0-0760e9eb332a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:40","extension":"png","order_by":121,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":22059,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa1Gb33.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/27da758550d402062f85ddfa.png"},{"id":96220522,"identity":"25eff67f-b0a1-4959-8334-2d7c6d83a219","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:32","extension":"png","order_by":122,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":19853,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa1Gb34.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/a4b209ac300931aa9929f247.png"},{"id":96253006,"identity":"73f38a0a-e53c-4acb-ae59-f1c58d945c4a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:47","extension":"png","order_by":123,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8424,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa2Gb3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/c54d4421d12c9bb2803abe5f.png"},{"id":96220564,"identity":"4ffd2604-47d7-4bc9-94e3-c9c93a5dd068","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:34","extension":"png","order_by":124,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24173,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa2Gb31.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/9a488d6c58a90683a0b9f392.png"},{"id":96220533,"identity":"7c1650c4-9b54-4ef1-8283-e017a9e9806f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:32","extension":"png","order_by":125,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21756,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa2Gb32.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/1bb598d7152eebe9203f1f27.png"},{"id":96220599,"identity":"15607467-603d-45d2-a3e8-3bc5d6bbcd54","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:35","extension":"png","order_by":126,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21673,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa2Gb33.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/8c9cfa63cfa1bf13de89ff85.png"},{"id":96220459,"identity":"370d80ed-cc43-4eea-a3cb-e2e0b9ba0476","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:30","extension":"png","order_by":127,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18868,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa2Gb34.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/cece3ee57180a806443778fa.png"},{"id":96220429,"identity":"8b737d3b-a6fa-476b-a349-1619b67ed49a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:27","extension":"png","order_by":128,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9199,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa3Gb0p5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/9e3bc6e578a9fdd446d06318.png"},{"id":96220452,"identity":"54fb73f0-3d02-4573-9fbc-2359673d4c6f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:29","extension":"png","order_by":129,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":26129,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa3Gb0p51.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/6012ec4fa9342285cdd6280a.png"},{"id":96251172,"identity":"30ea3442-954b-4ceb-b368-0513ab8af3c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:39:27","extension":"png","order_by":130,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24523,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa3Gb0p52.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/1da30acb011016fbc88856ec.png"},{"id":96220507,"identity":"a3a0063d-d86d-4f46-87af-421b4ebabb2f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:31","extension":"png","order_by":131,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":28147,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa3Gb0p53.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/d0f832b0aa48eb10cf037c97.png"},{"id":96220594,"identity":"51277237-e4e1-43bb-973c-3624b5786d60","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:35","extension":"png","order_by":132,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":25994,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa3Gb0p54.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/196542ba2b3c01007e4606c5.png"},{"id":96220583,"identity":"f900f576-c0fb-42f3-867e-1f8081ffc76a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:35","extension":"png","order_by":133,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9331,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa3Gb1p5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/70bf966a909a266728c22d44.png"},{"id":96251020,"identity":"44714f24-e334-4b83-b196-80f88a3780e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:39:13","extension":"png","order_by":134,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":25827,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa3Gb1p51.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/fe48f463c655c1901b0661c6.png"},{"id":96220602,"identity":"61e3ed86-51af-48a4-a0f1-b657ea3f274d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:36","extension":"png","order_by":135,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24336,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa3Gb1p52.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/03d4610e83c4743b54a31a25.png"},{"id":96220529,"identity":"c32cfe20-c8bc-43cf-b872-81d5c52e804a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:32","extension":"png","order_by":136,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":26142,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa3Gb1p53.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/3cdbf051a1ee411fd4e074ed.png"},{"id":96253136,"identity":"57f626b3-0691-424e-9f6d-bc6ac938b5cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:42:01","extension":"png","order_by":137,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24891,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa3Gb1p54.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/7caea8ca89e02bbde7e2cf9a.png"},{"id":96220589,"identity":"1a4fdb99-ae96-4557-b9e2-32704b7646a2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:35","extension":"png","order_by":138,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4446,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa3Gb1p5animation.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/4ddbf5c825a719fc741575e7.png"},{"id":96220520,"identity":"7aa5eccc-7a73-48b1-91a3-134b5d3fe549","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:32","extension":"png","order_by":139,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8833,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa3Gb2p5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/002c376b8e0aa50d1f3276d1.png"},{"id":96220603,"identity":"844bfb87-5f42-4061-9f64-ddd2a2f9236f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:36","extension":"png","order_by":140,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":25497,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa3Gb2p51.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/0a1ea2233a9a9b9883e4ac23.png"},{"id":96220574,"identity":"c2448cd3-32fd-40d3-a7b4-728d41735c57","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:34","extension":"png","order_by":141,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":23092,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa3Gb2p52.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/7afa96a6ea86a7bda8362ff8.png"},{"id":96220558,"identity":"007cba81-83c4-4410-8ee2-1520b964da34","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:33","extension":"png","order_by":142,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":23087,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa3Gb2p53.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/ef91fd3bc0f52b825eb110df.png"},{"id":96220597,"identity":"8d3b2cbc-8ab0-49cc-8e0a-82ef0e543c6c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:35","extension":"png","order_by":143,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":20483,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa3Gb2p54.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/04c20472989362e8e13f175a.png"},{"id":96252803,"identity":"4d6fc097-e353-404a-a28e-5db6981eae80","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:29","extension":"png","order_by":144,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8715,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa3Gb3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/1afe96de202aaa381917bd7f.png"},{"id":96220493,"identity":"2a24af1c-6f57-4fe3-ac6c-32796867b5b9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:30","extension":"png","order_by":145,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":25194,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa3Gb31.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/62fa1006ed3d86e9b454bf87.png"},{"id":96253300,"identity":"b6f422a4-0dd2-477e-9fdd-d23561f217ca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:42:17","extension":"png","order_by":146,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":22753,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa3Gb32.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/3e1646a577f36dff05da7f4c.png"},{"id":96253290,"identity":"8f994664-ad20-49c3-897a-c7e12d941642","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:42:16","extension":"png","order_by":147,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":22767,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa3Gb33.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/3c9723a9d3462e7947517444.png"},{"id":96220588,"identity":"3024ea09-7d42-41fe-8f29-2b8470dff782","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:35","extension":"png","order_by":148,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":20265,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedenGa3Gb34.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/bce48f9f69625823a21fb869.png"},{"id":96220535,"identity":"709e4f0f-6549-4c75-a179-604c050e483f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:32","extension":"png","order_by":149,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":35932,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlinedensityL3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/0628b4d7dd8eb5efde9492e8.png"},{"id":96252272,"identity":"4e4c48be-90c2-4650-b247-840e49288f50","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:40:44","extension":"png","order_by":150,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":64056,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineregimes.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/8a12a3411b315ae5d31bc3f8.png"},{"id":96220436,"identity":"0a73b5c5-e0b3-4739-936b-4f93dad5bad7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:28","extension":"png","order_by":151,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7918,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineregimesGa3Gb0.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/12eb540c28bd19147da447a8.png"},{"id":96220565,"identity":"00bdc605-685e-4c25-8e60-ea8b1b478736","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:34","extension":"png","order_by":152,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":61329,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineregimesviscra.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/d293cc7822a5d3ebce88d4b1.png"},{"id":96220598,"identity":"5c9096cb-fa4c-43e9-b485-44c874a79499","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:35","extension":"png","order_by":153,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":61070,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineregimesviscrb.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/f6874a6b30a0ab544cccc170.png"},{"id":96220580,"identity":"263ddb9f-a078-48dd-8bf7-bec72c84096a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:34","extension":"png","order_by":154,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":63085,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineregimesviscrc.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/81e4abc850f5358176e40361.png"},{"id":96220551,"identity":"f83c243d-f406-4d7e-b50c-b16f1d6be018","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:33","extension":"png","order_by":155,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":123336,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineuntitled.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/d2fa816db470d2070cef2aee.png"},{"id":96220600,"identity":"2e3792db-92e2-4a38-bf23-16632c4168e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 23:08:35","extension":"png","order_by":156,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6796,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinewettability.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/4fcbb6bdb49c8e717aadc1e6.png"},{"id":96252942,"identity":"37017368-8185-4f49-8ebe-fc2a64d3abdf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:41","extension":"xml","order_by":157,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":163038,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"7b540e4e387547c6985ffbee439e68871structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/81b77ba6cd12cf21f34bcc96.xml"},{"id":96253045,"identity":"2b4a3eb4-f4d8-4b9a-9741-1a5d1ec8aa49","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:53","extension":"html","order_by":158,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":204363,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1/186ee59cac80f2de7070c723.html"},{"id":104250841,"identity":"a770fa57-9409-411e-8c11-6d534d39d08b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-09 16:09:51","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3888561,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SpringerNatureLaTeXTemplateImmiscible3.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7948382/v1_covered_f2dbd2ed-0ee9-4c4d-9dc9-5245c22059da.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Controlling Droplet Breakup and Routing in Microfluidic T-Junctions via Wettability Contrast","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"theoretical-and-computational-fluid-dynamics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"tcfd","sideBox":"Learn more about [Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics](http://link.springer.com/journal/162)","snPcode":"162","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/162/3","title":"Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Microchannel, Interfacial Force, Two Phase Flow, Uneven Wetting","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7948382/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7948382/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we investigate how the asymmetric wetting conditions affect the droplet dynamics in microfluidic T-junctions using a three-dimensional multicomponent lattice Boltzmann method based on the two-component Shan--Chen model. The model has been validated against theoretical and benchmark cases, including the Young--Laplace law and classical symmetric droplet breakup. Through a series of simulations, we have explored the effects of contact angle contrast, droplet length, capillary number, channel geometry, and viscosity ratio on the margins that split breakup and non-breakup regimes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results demonstrate that spatial wettability asymmetry significantly alters droplet evolution, which promotes controlled redirection or suppression of breakup. Increasing the upper-lower contact angle difference promotes droplet steering toward the more wettable side, whereas higher capillary numbers and longer droplets tend to experience more breakup. Additionally, geometric parameters such as aspect ratio and side-to-main channel width ratio regulate the competition between surface and hydrodynamic forces, critically influencing droplet final state. The viscosity ratio affects the droplet dynamics in two ways: impacting internal recirculation and interfacial stress resistance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work aims to provide a physics-based framework for passive droplet control by utilizing wettability engineering and geometrical design to offer practical insights for lab-on-a-chip devices and multiphase flow systems. Future work will incorporate non-Newtonian effects and dynamic wetting to extend applicability to more complex flow regimes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Controlling Droplet Breakup and Routing in Microfluidic T-Junctions via Wettability Contrast","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-18 23:08:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7948382/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-09T13:41:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-09T07:41:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-14T20:15:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"194941151384552096916648335904410586291","date":"2025-12-11T03:15:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"95228512940714550418400176487892422332","date":"2025-11-13T18:36:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-09T11:40:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-28T02:36:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-28T02:35:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics","date":"2025-10-25T20:45:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"theoretical-and-computational-fluid-dynamics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"tcfd","sideBox":"Learn more about [Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics](http://link.springer.com/journal/162)","snPcode":"162","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/162/3","title":"Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4cbee731-abb0-4cbf-b6ea-97cd15844322","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-09T16:05:09+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7948382","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00162-026-00779-z","journal":{"identity":"theoretical-and-computational-fluid-dynamics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-02 15:58:26","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 2nd, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-18 23:08:16","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00162-026-00779-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00162-026-00779-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7948382","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7948382","identity":"rs-7948382","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}