Ovicidal and Larvicidal Activity of the Impatiens rothii and Salvia officinalis extracts against Anopheles stephensi (Culicidae: Diptera) in Laboratory conditions

Ovicidal and Larvicidal Activity of the Impatiens rothii and Salvia officinalis extracts against Anopheles stephensi (Culicidae: Diptera) in Laboratory conditions | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Ovicidal and Larvicidal Activity of the Impatiens rothii and Salvia officinalis extracts against Anopheles stephensi (Culicidae: Diptera) in Laboratory conditions Teresa Beyena, Kidane Lelisa, Belayhun Mendefro This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7820847/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Archived Versions: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Malaria vector control with synthetic insecticides can cause resistance, environmental toxicity, and harm to non-target animal species. To address these challenges, it is essential to explore safe, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly botanical alternatives for mosquito control. This study investigates the effects of crude root solvent extracts from Impatiens rothii and Salvia officinalis on Anopheles stephensi eggs and larvae under controlled laboratory conditions. Methods Fresh roots of Salvia officinalis and Impatiens rothii were collected separately, air dried, ground into a powder, and sieved. The powders were extracted using ethanol and chloroform solvent, and the resulting crude extracts were concentrated to prepare test solution at defined concentrations. Aquatain (AMF) was used as the standard control, while 20 Tween was used as the negative control. Larval mortality was measured after a 24-hour recovery period in each treatment group, and the hatchability of eggs was monitored after 48 hours. Statistical analyses were performed using R Studio to check normality and group differences, followed by SPSS for ANOVA comparison and probit regressions to calculate LC50 and LC90 values. Results There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in ovicidal and larvicidal activities between the treatment, negative, and standard control groups. The chloroform extract of S. officinalis (LC50 = 83.8 ppm; LC90 = 305.4 ppm) and the ethanol extract of I. rothii (LC50 = 64.7 ppm; LC90 = 214.28 ppm) demonstrated strong ovicidal activity. Additionally, the larvae treated with the ethanol extracts of I. rothii and S. officinalis presented the lowest larval mortality values, with LC50 and LC90 values of 124.6 ppm and 350.0 ppm, respectively. Aquatain AMF achieved 100% mortality, while Tween 20 showed no ovicidal or larvicidal effect. These findings suggest that early-stage mosquito control using botanical extracts may be more effective than adult-targeted interventions. Conclusion Root extracts of I. rothii and S. officinalis show promise as natural, eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic insecticides for controlling An. stephensi. Further research is needed to isolate active compounds, understand their mechanisms of action, and evaluate their safety and efficacy in field applications. Anopheles stephensi botanical larvicidal malaria ovicidal vector control Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Archived Versions: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7820847","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2026-01-13 00:01:16","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"malaria-journal","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"malj","sideBox":"Learn more about [Malaria Journal](http://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"12936","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12936/3","title":"Malaria 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Laboratory conditions","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"malaria-journal","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"malj","sideBox":"Learn more about [Malaria Journal](http://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"12936","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12936/3","title":"Malaria Journal","twitterHandle":"@malariajournal","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Anopheles stephensi, botanical, larvicidal, malaria, ovicidal, vector control","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7820847/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7820847/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBackground\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMalaria vector control with synthetic insecticides can cause resistance, environmental toxicity, and harm to non-target animal species. To address these challenges, it is essential to explore safe, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly botanical alternatives for mosquito control. This study investigates the effects of crude root solvent extracts from Impatiens rothii and Salvia officinalis on Anopheles stephensi eggs and larvae under controlled laboratory conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethods\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFresh roots of Salvia officinalis and Impatiens rothii were collected separately, air dried, ground into a powder, and sieved. The powders were extracted using ethanol and chloroform solvent, and the resulting crude extracts were concentrated to prepare test solution at defined concentrations. Aquatain (AMF) was used as the standard control, while 20 Tween was used as the negative control. Larval mortality was measured after a 24-hour recovery period in each treatment group, and the hatchability of eggs was monitored after 48 hours. Statistical analyses were performed using R Studio to check normality and group differences, followed by SPSS for ANOVA comparison and probit regressions to calculate LC50 and LC90 values.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere were significant differences (P \u0026lt; 0.05) in ovicidal and larvicidal activities between the treatment, negative, and standard control groups. The chloroform extract of S. officinalis (LC50 = 83.8 ppm; LC90 = 305.4 ppm) and the ethanol extract of I. rothii (LC50 = 64.7 ppm; LC90 = 214.28 ppm) demonstrated strong ovicidal activity. Additionally, the larvae treated with the ethanol extracts of I. rothii and S. officinalis presented the lowest larval mortality values, with LC50 and LC90 values of 124.6 ppm and 350.0 ppm, respectively. Aquatain AMF achieved 100% mortality, while Tween 20 showed no ovicidal or larvicidal effect. These findings suggest that early-stage mosquito control using botanical extracts may be more effective than adult-targeted interventions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConclusion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoot extracts of I. rothii and S. officinalis show promise as natural, eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic insecticides for controlling An. stephensi. Further research is needed to isolate active compounds, understand their mechanisms of action, and evaluate their safety and efficacy in field applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Ovicidal and Larvicidal Activity of the Impatiens rothii and Salvia officinalis extracts against Anopheles stephensi (Culicidae: Diptera) in Laboratory conditions","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-23 07:45:18","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7820847/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-15T13:17:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-07T14:03:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"102695465733382266436878469797692095539","date":"2025-12-03T13:25:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"166528971801989733925196799721395997665","date":"2025-11-27T14:46:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"63894973941486743538104789421133863621","date":"2025-11-25T14:59:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-06T17:48:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-06T08:24:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"64401064957373999337742851309502174202","date":"2025-10-14T12:26:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"126112131318703452153660344745735902807","date":"2025-10-14T10:42:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-14T08:57:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-10T05:31:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-10T05:29:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Malaria Journal","date":"2025-10-09T20:39:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"malaria-journal","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"malj","sideBox":"Learn more about [Malaria Journal](http://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"12936","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12936/3","title":"Malaria Journal","twitterHandle":"@malariajournal","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"110ddce1-8e7c-411f-91e8-7c73ca43ba7f","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 13th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-27T16:04:02+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7820847","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-026-05916-x","journal":{"identity":"malaria-journal","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Malaria Journal"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-25 15:58:04","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 25th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-13 00:01:16","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12936-026-05916-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-026-05916-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-7820847","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7820847","identity":"rs-7820847","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}