Measuring Relatedness from Co-Occurrence Data: Item- and Context-Size Corrections in Co-Classification and Co-Location Data

Measuring Relatedness from Co-Occurrence Data: Item- and Context-Size Corrections in Co-Classification and Co-Location Data | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Measuring Relatedness from Co-Occurrence Data: Item- and Context-Size Corrections in Co-Classification and Co-Location Data Louis Knüpling This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8290364/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Measures of technological relatedness based on co-occurrence data are widely used in scientometrics and economic geography, yet raw co-occurrence counts are biased by differences in item frequency and the size of the contexts in which items appear. Despite this challenge, normalization practices often lack grounding in the underlying data-generating process (DGP), risking mismeasurement of relatedness and misinterpretation of economic dynamics. This paper argues that appropriate normalization depends on the DGP: co-classification data reflect deliberate, expert-curated assignments and therefore call for set-theoretic normalizations and eventually a correction for context-size-differences, whereas co-location data partly arise mechanically from finite contexts and thus require probabilistic normalizations that explicitly adjust for item and context size. Using patent data at the CPC 4-digit level, I compare representative normalization measures across co-classification and co-location datasets, and assess their ability to predict regional diversification patterns. Results show modest differences in sparse co-classification data but substantial performance variation in denser co-location data, where context-weighted probabilistic measures – such as a context-sensitive PMI and the Ellison–Glaeser index – outperform alternatives. The findings demonstrate that normalization is not a technical afterthought but must be aligned with the DGP, with implications for empirical studies relying on co-occurrence data across scientific and technological domains. JEL Classification: C18, R12. Technological relatedness Co-occurrence data Normalization Data-generating process Regional diversification Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8290364","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":571653575,"identity":"8058e872-8ad9-40d1-a8e9-94738bd015a7","order_by":0,"name":"Louis Knüpling","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAtElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPgY2EGXBw8DAfADEkiGohQ2iRQKohS0BxOIhWgtIsQHRWtIe8+6QkDHnX/NNmofhDlFajhvznpHgsZzxdhtQyzNitLC3SfO2SfAY3DgL0nKYJC1nnhGrhe0YRMv5HjYitTCzpUnOPQOyhc3Yco4BEVr42dvMJN7usLE3OH/44Y03FYflCGphYAZixgYgIZEAJAwIa4AAsBb+A8QqHwWjYBSMgpEGAGmdK7fZt+e+AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Utrecht University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Louis","middleName":"","lastName":"Knüpling","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-12-05 19:08:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8290364/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8290364/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":99884040,"identity":"af657ea1-2ea1-4022-a20e-d9303fd47730","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 12:02:13","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9075505,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"KnueplingMeasuringRelatedness.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/6d70b984e4aa7c00b1444290.docx"},{"id":100358605,"identity":"d8dc9155-b9fd-491c-a829-03ed0ca9baf9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:21:12","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3597,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"f8c02997b7a149c8b3b4c70fa58b3c2d.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/0241a429ee1cc396c5e39f58.json"},{"id":100358687,"identity":"2db98379-9da3-41eb-ba4d-bcb89279f234","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:21:15","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":224400,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"f8c02997b7a149c8b3b4c70fa58b3c2d1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/1ce989867a19a72150f6ad56.xml"},{"id":99884029,"identity":"12ec3219-aec6-4d65-bfa4-27f2ff27c1f7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 12:02:12","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":178532,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/8b30ecb29546c5b3d54b087a.png"},{"id":100358542,"identity":"48726a25-7ad2-4eff-bb09-3d6c1b401afe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:21:08","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":380013,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/a9cb6ff262b0ea4108445398.png"},{"id":100358055,"identity":"409c49d1-e2dc-4179-8966-5b737dee9189","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:36","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":324372,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/ab45dc346ef4ea00fe118dd8.png"},{"id":100358593,"identity":"5834d006-3976-4afb-a302-ef30708d123d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:21:11","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":409448,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/e45e398ebc20d7709d6f4a20.png"},{"id":99884034,"identity":"f1fe467c-939c-4e2b-abee-77b8846071bd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 12:02:13","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":451513,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/8ddbcd717573d99d404322e0.png"},{"id":99884045,"identity":"a3ad8f22-4441-4a26-b695-28c691d2cf6d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 12:02:13","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":254765,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/d9e13f2546ab3baab60486e6.png"},{"id":99884036,"identity":"e47f022f-b9a4-4bd6-8b5d-b1f011abfa34","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 12:02:13","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1650478,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/2f8f3140c6a05286f338494c.png"},{"id":99884049,"identity":"dee6f8eb-b656-4888-a409-e2f94c855497","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 12:02:13","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":671088,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/84c0c20342a019d2680134c2.png"},{"id":100358586,"identity":"afa56965-9d17-40a3-a7d5-6b1068bd8a6e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:21:11","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":177264,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/42ce8b6899a9f2347846c318.png"},{"id":100358059,"identity":"b10fcbee-7ddc-4238-9bc6-4b9edb876f8a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:37","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":328411,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/64d31c59ddcacbd23f6fc1ce.png"},{"id":99884038,"identity":"833ea55a-786a-4cdf-89ba-16d1a20b4dfa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 12:02:13","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":255727,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/a07681e77131b2514d3ed3ca.png"},{"id":99884051,"identity":"e072b02a-3c07-4d82-a3b2-70b67d7b0d8c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 12:02:13","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3824490,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/f346f8bfc659d7fbd2a3702f.png"},{"id":100358499,"identity":"262036f9-1b08-4de8-b28b-ac734164a935","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:21:07","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":412216,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/25481c4529bc305f377ff36e.png"},{"id":100358759,"identity":"54037e96-20f1-456c-92b1-5aaa3b985e57","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:21:19","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":47272,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/e3acc22ec208a6252df98cdd.png"},{"id":100358775,"identity":"ed096908-6a83-44c5-81ad-a8b09d35f9e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:21:20","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":79851,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/69569bf3138e211b83a9bb02.png"},{"id":100358804,"identity":"87c6982a-401e-445e-bfd2-c4a77dcf0bdf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:21:22","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":70387,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/822a4637504c906967ad2c1c.png"},{"id":100358960,"identity":"18bac392-86de-4999-b207-7371ed364bbf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:21:36","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":136086,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/1acb878d00db5712b3b91a80.png"},{"id":99884042,"identity":"f3e0cc4d-4bb4-4e85-b42b-1ed53f8a059d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 12:02:13","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":133856,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/4d54e8566fd24195ec66c1e6.png"},{"id":99884044,"identity":"427b4a1b-c6c0-4a36-9ec2-3abb131ca99e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 12:02:13","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":51468,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/7b6209419526c89c31fa361b.png"},{"id":100358986,"identity":"da5d8334-26f2-408e-8ee1-4e5b43ec7d50","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:21:36","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":382968,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/0692eaccdc882ae4a3728812.png"},{"id":99884057,"identity":"72006feb-c212-4cb9-9d84-9b87d798a5c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 12:02:13","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":155109,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/793d82e4a377eaf6e7a98ba7.png"},{"id":100357983,"identity":"549034ef-e63c-4733-be5c-fc5029359dfe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:33","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":41796,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/3d8427e07c26a73483601956.png"},{"id":99884054,"identity":"8595a134-d9d6-456a-9311-d265c7fbafe5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 12:02:13","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":70654,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/36556280d2b06b6065e4cb1a.png"},{"id":99884052,"identity":"6177034f-2207-462a-a062-3e2cfe77e356","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 12:02:13","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":51534,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/762779da5dc54267a28dd989.png"},{"id":100357994,"identity":"a8c181f2-b411-4d75-b1ae-6538c36c9a91","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:33","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":829928,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/1094fb4925bbc93e0b9484fd.png"},{"id":100359178,"identity":"ae3d60ab-5f6b-47b6-b434-707bc2ca616d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:21:47","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":111223,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/16a9959fcf4ccacab227699d.png"},{"id":99884058,"identity":"a29118fd-c2f6-4c6f-883a-570ccb13bc0b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 12:02:13","extension":"xml","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":224635,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"f8c02997b7a149c8b3b4c70fa58b3c2d1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/5e1fa11b6ab61496f85799b5.xml"},{"id":99884059,"identity":"5e84d7a7-9e37-47ae-8130-692d6c0302ab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 12:02:13","extension":"html","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":250004,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1/122223b168513f887aa37b28.html"},{"id":100377528,"identity":"c5370bd3-78a5-40c7-96db-6124367ec55d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 08:47:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2606410,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"KnueplingMeasuringRelatedness.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290364/v1_covered_06968c1e-a105-4e86-bd94-82157d08e24f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Measuring Relatedness from Co-Occurrence Data: Item- and Context-Size Corrections in Co-Classification and Co-Location Data","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Technological relatedness, Co-occurrence data, Normalization, Data-generating process, Regional diversification","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8290364/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8290364/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eMeasures of technological relatedness based on co-occurrence data are widely used in scientometrics and economic geography, yet raw co-occurrence counts are biased by differences in item frequency and the size of the contexts in which items appear. Despite this challenge, normalization practices often lack grounding in the underlying data-generating process (DGP), risking mismeasurement of relatedness and misinterpretation of economic dynamics. This paper argues that appropriate normalization depends on the DGP: co-classification data reflect deliberate, expert-curated assignments and therefore call for set-theoretic normalizations and eventually a correction for context-size-differences, whereas co-location data partly arise mechanically from finite contexts and thus require probabilistic normalizations that explicitly adjust for item and context size. Using patent data at the CPC 4-digit level, I compare representative normalization measures across co-classification and co-location datasets, and assess their ability to predict regional diversification patterns. Results show modest differences in sparse co-classification data but substantial performance variation in denser co-location data, where context-weighted probabilistic measures – such as a context-sensitive PMI and the Ellison–Glaeser index – outperform alternatives. The findings demonstrate that normalization is not a technical afterthought but must be aligned with the DGP, with implications for empirical studies relying on co-occurrence data across scientific and technological domains.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJEL Classification: \u003c/strong\u003eC18,\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eR12.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Measuring Relatedness from Co-Occurrence Data: Item- and Context-Size Corrections in Co-Classification and Co-Location Data","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-09 12:02:03","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8290364/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"70e410fc-c7eb-467e-91d3-16309f4d1ca6","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 9th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"203824823060837332736146840778040856362","date":"2026-05-08T19:56:14+00:00","index":28,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-09T12:02:03+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-09 12:02:03","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8290364","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8290364","identity":"rs-8290364","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}