Individual and neighborhood determinants of depressive symptoms in ethnic minorities in the urban HELIUS sample: a multi-level network perspective

Individual and neighborhood determinants of depressive symptoms in ethnic minorities in the urban HELIUS sample: a multi-level network perspective | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Individual and neighborhood determinants of depressive symptoms in ethnic minorities in the urban HELIUS sample: a multi-level network perspective Karoline Huth, Junus van der Wal, Orestis Zavlis, Judy Luigjes, and 8 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4518516/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Ethnic minorities in Europe experience an increased risk of depressive symptomatology. This is believed to be the result of the interplay between different factors at the individual (e.g., psychological, socioeconomic, cultural) and the neighborhood level (e.g., social cohesion, resources, ethnic diversity). This study sheds light on the interplay between variables using cross-sectional data from 13,507 individuals from five ethnic minority groups from the Healthy Life in Urban Setting (HELIUS) study in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. We developed a novel multilevel network analysis to explore the conditional associations between factors of interest for the entire group, and deviations from these effects for each ethnic subgroup. Across all groups, unemployment, perceived stress, and adverse experiences were most strongly connected to depressive symptoms, while other individual factors such as perceived ethnic discrimination were connected indirectly. While individual psychological factors remain the strongest predictors of depressive symptomatology, socio-demographic and cultural determinants underly these psychological factors. Scientific community and society/Social sciences/Psychology Biological sciences/Psychology depression socio-economic position ethnicity network analysis urban multi-level HELIUS study Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4518516","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":312718673,"identity":"894914ab-b998-4db7-9afe-d4a5a6d3524d","order_by":0,"name":"Karoline Huth","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAoElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCQYeBgbGBhsI7wHRWg42pEF4CSRoOUyCFskG3mPSH3ecT9xw/ADbA6K0SDPwpUkcPHM7ccOZBHYDorTIMfCYSRxsu504syGBTYIULecSZ/Y/IFKLNETLgcR+CWJtkWzmMbY425Zs3C/xsI04LRLHewxvVLbZybbxJx+T+ECMFgZmOIuxgSgNo2AUjIJRMAqIAAAUyi+XwhpxtQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0662-1591","institution":"University of Amsterdam","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Karoline","middleName":"","lastName":"Huth","suffix":""},{"id":312718674,"identity":"b6f62193-35ab-4ee6-be55-221846251a66","order_by":1,"name":"Junus van der Wal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Amsterdam UMC, locatie AMC","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Junus","middleName":"van der","lastName":"Wal","suffix":""},{"id":312718675,"identity":"b3d15528-79cc-4b6d-9f83-517990387804","order_by":2,"name":"Orestis Zavlis","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Amsterdam UMC","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Orestis","middleName":"","lastName":"Zavlis","suffix":""},{"id":312718676,"identity":"48c33bcf-febe-44eb-82d9-d0f1311935b8","order_by":3,"name":"Judy Luigjes","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9395-9426","institution":"Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Judy","middleName":"","lastName":"Luigjes","suffix":""},{"id":312718677,"identity":"e13672be-f480-432b-9e3d-88dd42365ba6","order_by":4,"name":"Jeroen Lakerveld","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Amsterdam UMC","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jeroen","middleName":"","lastName":"Lakerveld","suffix":""},{"id":312718678,"identity":"a5f0699f-ee69-4162-be46-2582b2c2b2e2","order_by":5,"name":"Henrike Galenkamp","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Amsterdam UMC","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Henrike","middleName":"","lastName":"Galenkamp","suffix":""},{"id":312718679,"identity":"dee6d93f-fa8b-44d3-9a4d-791aca45025f","order_by":6,"name":"Anja Lok","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Amsterdam UMC","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anja","middleName":"","lastName":"Lok","suffix":""},{"id":312718680,"identity":"07612057-9c73-42f3-9f7f-ba4ebd0f4fe8","order_by":7,"name":"Karien Stronks","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Amsterdam UMC","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Karien","middleName":"","lastName":"Stronks","suffix":""},{"id":312718681,"identity":"139d39e1-2b5e-47cb-a00f-bba2630f56c6","order_by":8,"name":"Claudi Bockting","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9220-9244","institution":"Amsterdam UMC, locatie AMC","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Claudi","middleName":"","lastName":"Bockting","suffix":""},{"id":312718682,"identity":"9d3092a6-453e-496c-8272-b30c807d1286","order_by":9,"name":"Maarten Marsman","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Amsterdam","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maarten","middleName":"","lastName":"Marsman","suffix":""},{"id":312718683,"identity":"42631a07-a969-4ee0-80dc-1b95bb64123c","order_by":10,"name":"Anneke Goudriaan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Amsterdam UMC","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anneke","middleName":"","lastName":"Goudriaan","suffix":""},{"id":312718684,"identity":"afe89e8f-05ca-4d59-8a43-9c2fe2fe8724","order_by":11,"name":"Ruth van Holst","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1184-9355","institution":"Amsterdam UMC","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ruth","middleName":"van","lastName":"Holst","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-03 00:05:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4518516/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4518516/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":59923691,"identity":"b1954e79-d787-4d75-aa08-47d6fb10b115","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-09 10:54:46","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":600926,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4518516/v1_covered_e8eec98f-2154-4314-864a-0379aafbec40.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e Competing Interest.","formattedTitle":"Individual and neighborhood determinants of depressive symptoms in ethnic minorities in the urban HELIUS sample: a multi-level network perspective","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"depression, socio-economic position, ethnicity, network analysis, urban, multi-level, HELIUS study","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4518516/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4518516/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Ethnic minorities in Europe experience an increased risk of depressive symptomatology. This is believed to be the result of the interplay between different factors at the individual (e.g., psychological, socioeconomic, cultural) and the neighborhood level (e.g., social cohesion, resources, ethnic diversity). This study sheds light on the interplay between variables using cross-sectional data from 13,507 individuals from five ethnic minority groups from the Healthy Life in Urban Setting (HELIUS) study in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. We developed a novel multilevel network analysis to explore the conditional associations between factors of interest for the entire group, and deviations from these effects for each ethnic subgroup. \r\nAcross all groups, unemployment, perceived stress, and adverse experiences were most strongly connected to depressive symptoms, while other individual factors such as perceived ethnic discrimination were connected indirectly. \r\nWhile individual psychological factors remain the strongest predictors of depressive symptomatology, socio-demographic and cultural determinants underly these psychological factors.","manuscriptTitle":"Individual and neighborhood determinants of depressive symptoms in ethnic minorities in the urban HELIUS sample: a multi-level network perspective","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-11 14:49:57","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4518516/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8be416af-ffb2-4120-a73a-035ec0cf2afb","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 11th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":33056760,"name":"Scientific community and society/Social sciences/Psychology"},{"id":33056761,"name":"Biological sciences/Psychology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-09T10:46:39+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-11 14:49:57","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4518516","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4518516","identity":"rs-4518516","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}