Museum Knowledge Transfer Performance Based on the Input-Process-Outcome Mechanism: A Comparative Study of Museum Exhibitions in China and Korea

Museum Knowledge Transfer Performance Based on the Input-Process-Outcome Mechanism: A Comparative Study of Museum Exhibitions in China and Korea | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Museum Knowledge Transfer Performance Based on the Input-Process-Outcome Mechanism: A Comparative Study of Museum Exhibitions in China and Korea Yu-juan FENG, Jian-ying DENG, wei WANG This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5963703/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Humanities and Social Sciences Communications → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract One of the functions of museums is to realize the dissemination and inheritance of cultural knowledge, and the maximization of cultural knowledge of museums to be absorbed and utilized by visitors is influenced by a variety of factors. This study examines the influence of explicit and implicit knowledge of museums on the transfer performance of visitors and the mechanism of influence, focusing on the question of how museum knowledge can be absorbed and utilized by visitors with maximum efficiency. At the same time, the cultures of China and South Korea are both different and related, and the similarities and differences that exist between the two countries in terms of the transfer performance of museum knowledge are also a concern of this study. The purpose of this study to address the above issues is to explore the mechanism of the effect of museum knowledge on visitors' knowledge transfer performance, and to examine the differences of this mechanism in different cultural contexts, so as to provide a reference for cultural absorption and cultural exchanges. The research methodology used in this study is to take the National Central Museum of Korea and the Shandong Museum of China as research cases, conduct questionnaire surveys in both countries respectively, process the survey data using SPSS19.0 and AMOS21.0 software packages, and construct structural equation modeling. The main research conclusions obtained are: In the museum visit context, both explicit and implicit museum knowledge have a direct predictive effect on visitors' knowledge transfer performance, and the more explicit and implicit knowledge is displayed, the higher their knowledge transfer performance, and this predictive relationship applies to both China and South Korea; and Chinese visitors have a higher transfer performance for both explicit and implicit knowledge. Museum explicit knowledge and implicit knowledge realize the influence on knowledge transfer performance through the chain mediation of knowledge expression level and knowledge acceptance characteristics, thus improving the degree of knowledge transfer performance, and this chain mediation effect applies to both China and Korea. However, in the process of chain mediation, Chinese visitors rely more on explicit knowledge and the influence of mediating variables, while Korean visitors are affected by the over-expression of knowledge in the process of knowledge transfer and absorption, which may weaken the transfer performance of knowledge. Considering the common effects of the all-variable model, the conclusion that applies to both China and Korea is that visitors' knowledge acceptance characteristics are the nearest and strongest predictor variables of knowledge transfer performance, and that to promote the realization of knowledge transfer performance in museums, the most important thing to focus on is to improve the knowledge acceptance ability of the visitors, and to promote knowledge acceptance characteristics such as the willingness to visit and the degree of commitment. Social science/Cultural and media studies Social science/Psychology museum knowledge knowledge transfer performance effect mechanism structural formula model China-Korea comparison Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Introduction The most important feature of museum tourism lies in the centralized exhibition of objects containing cultural meanings, fully satisfying tourists' curiosity for history and culture and developing ordinary sightseeing-based tourism activities into one-stop high-quality cultural experience activities (Bai 2024 ). As an important part of the cultural industry, museums must maintain a highly coordinated relationship with regional and urban culture while fulfilling the role of a cultural communication medium. Based on this background, how can museums respond to rapidly escalating cultural tourism and cultural consumption, make cultural relics “live,” and meet the public's desire to “bring home” relics? The use of historical and cultural resources as economic resources, i.e., through commercialization of museum operation, has become the reality for many museums. Museums must make full use of the multiplicity of knowledge of cultural relic collections to cultivate and consolidate people's interest in museums, from both spiritual and material levels, so as to make them popular social education platforms and upgraded cultural industry centers(Francois 2017 ). There are many similar elements in the cultures of China and South Korea. With continuous progress, Korean culture has formed its own unique style on the basis of absorbing the strengths of the world's cultures. Korea and China's Shandong region have close geographic proximity, cultural lineage integration, and deep historical affinity. The Qilu culture nurtured in Shandong –along with Confucianism – is a profoundly important part of Chinese civilization and has an important influence on Korea and other Asian countries. Since 2014, the Shandong Museum has communicated actively with several museums in South Korea and signed comprehensive exchange agreements, organizing the ‘Chinese Costume Art Exhibition’ (2016), ‘Confucius and His Hometown: Shandong’ (2016) in South Korea, ‘Silk Road East Extension: Interaction between Chinese and Korean Cultures’ (2018), ‘Taking and Changing the Law: Exhibition of Qing Proto-Scripts in Shandong Museum’ (2018), ‘Year of Sino-Korean Cultural Exchanges – Lu-Korean Exchange’ (2021), ‘Korea-China Marginalization Winning Future-2024 China-Korea Theme Tourism Development Conference’ and other international exchange exhibitions. These exhibitions expand the influence of Qilu culture, enhance the friendship between the people of China and South Korea, and strengthen cultural and academic exchanges. China and South Korea share a common Confucian cultural system. South Korea is a very active cultural exporter, especially in terms of popular culture, as exemplified by the “Korean Wave” of global dissemination. China is also actively promoting cultural exchanges between China and South Korea in a variety of forms, including official translations/publications and art exhibitions, as well as private film and television drama collaborations. China and Korea have a rich cultural heritage and diverse cultural expression. Thus, by comparing the cultural communication work of museums in the two countries, we can show the world the respective cultural characteristics and historical inheritance of the two countries. More importantly, we can help the public, especially the younger generation, to understand and respect cultural diversity, and inspire them to think about cultural inheritance and innovation. Museums play an important role in the protection and inheritance of cultural heritage, and we can learn from each other through a comparison of the cultural-communication practices of museums in the two countries. In doing so, we can learn from each other to protect and pass on our respective cultural heritages more effectively. In the context of globalization, the phenomenon of cultural homogenization is becoming increasingly serious. Through effective cultural dissemination, museums in China and Korea can strengthen the independence and diversity of their respective cultures and fight against the trend of cultural homogenization. Through cultural dissemination by museums, the cultural influence of a country can be enhanced, and a nation’s soft power can be strengthened. Thus, comparing the cultural dissemination efforts of museums in China and South Korea is a worthy undertaking. By learning from each other and cooperating, the two countries can better utilize the platform of museums to promote the development and dissemination of their cultures. Accordingly, this paper aims to explore the knowledge transfer mechanism of museums' cultural heritage through case studies. Taking Shandong Museum and the National Central Museum of Korea as research cases, we investigate the actual experience of users in the process of visiting the museums and carry out a comparative analysis of their user-visit data to explore cultural heritage dissemination by museums in different countries with similar cultural backgrounds, exploring and drawing on the innovative and inspiring design contents thereof. The National Central Museum of Korea is a cultural institution located in Seoul, South Korea. It is the country’s largest and most famous museum and the world's sixth-largest museum. It is a building with one underground floor and two above-ground floors with a total area of more than 18,000 m 2 containing 18 permanent exhibition halls and two planning exhibition halls. It provides special exhibitions, digital immersive theaters, and online exhibition halls, among other services. The museum exhibits historical and cultural relics from Korea ordered according to Korean dynasties, in addition to more than 150,000 cultural relics from China, Mongolia, and other countries in Northeast Asia, with more than 4,500 items on display covering the fields of archaeology, history, and fine arts. The museum has four departments, namely Administration and Operations, Academic and Research, Education and Cultural Exchange, and Future Strategy, which are responsible for daily business operations and strategic planning. Specifically, the Administration and Operation Department provides daily exhibition layout and reception services, the Academic Research Department is responsible for the management of exhibits and cultural preservation, the Education and Cultural Exchange Department is responsible for the exhibition of cultural relics, education, cultural creation and other business development services, and the Future Strategy Department is responsible for branding and business development. Shandong, China is the birthplace of the Longshan culture. Shandong Museum is one of the top ten museums in China. Its architectural design is characterized by the concept of “the circle of heaven and earth,” the name given it by Guo Mo-ruo. It has a huge collection comprising 110,000 artifacts. There are ten treasures of the museum. The exhibitions in the museum involve natural history, social history, culture and entertainment, including the Great Migration of African Wildlife, 3D Dinosaur Animation and Dinosaur Fossil Exhibition, Shandong History and Culture Exhibition, Buddhist Statue Art Exhibition, and the Exhibition of Excellence of Unearthed Relics from the Tomb of Zhu Tan of the Ming Dynasty, which are suitable for visitors of all ages. McGrath (1964) proposed the system-theory model “Input-Process-Outcome” (IPO) (Mcgrath etal. 2000 ), which was initially used in the study of team performance. The core proposition of this theoretical model is that various input factors, including initial conditions, can influence the final outcome performance through influence on interaction processes. The model not only measures the Input-Output ratio, but also introduces interaction processes into the assessment system and comprehensively examines the influence of process factors on the outcome. The IPO model considers structural factors as the initial variables and interaction processes as the mediator, which refers to behavioral, environmental, and cognitive factors, etc. (Liu etal. 2021 ). The IPO model is applicable to museum knowledge transfer performance. There are relatively few studies on museum knowledge transfer. Some studies were limited to analyzing the influence of explicit museum knowledge on the effect of knowledge transfer, and some studies only focus on the influence of implicit museum knowledge on the effect of knowledge transfer. Furthermore, most of the studies only focused on the direct influence of input variables. A few studies refined museum knowledge into explicit and implicit knowledge and considered the mediating role of process factors and incorporated outcome evaluation into the model. Drawing on the basic structure and ideas of the IPO model, this study refines museum knowledge into explicit and implicit knowledge (I, Input), and in the process of knowledge transfer, fully considers the interactive process between the museum and visitors (P, Process), as well as the comprehensive impact of this interactive process and museum knowledge on knowledge transfer performance (O, Output). This makes the IPO theoretical model more comprehensive and effective in assessing the knowledge transfer performance of museums. Research hypotheses Direct impact of museum knowledge on knowledge transfer performance (Input-Output) Museum knowledge transfer performance refers to the process of effectively absorbing and digesting the knowledge related to the museum after the visitors have made a visit to the museum(Tang 2020 ). Knowledge can be divided into explicit and implicit knowledge(Zhou & Yang 2008 ). Museums construct a structured learning experience through the arrangement and display of objects, models, scenes, etc., together with pictures and text descriptions, which visitors can freely choose according to their own interests, and this kind of knowledge is termed explicit knowledge (Tang 2020 ). The transfer of explicit knowledge is based on the learning of “physical objects” or “objective reality.” Through participation with various senses such as observing, touching, feeling, hearing, and smelling the museum space and the objects in its collection, visitors increase their experience of real objects and encode this explicit knowledge. The coding and abstraction of this explicit knowledge forms a logical system with a cause-and-effect relationship, and how much of this logical system is formed represents the transfer performance of the museum's explicit knowledge. The objective presentation state of the museum exhibition has a significant effect on visitors' knowledge transfer performance, and accordingly, research hypothesis H1 is proposed: Explicit museum knowledge significantly predicts knowledge transfer performance. Implicit knowledge is different from explicit knowledge. It is difficult to encode, digest, and communicate, and implicit knowledge is regarded as specialized knowledge. In the museum context, implicit knowledge is the specialized knowledge hidden in the collections that needs to be displayed or presented through a certain expression system(Zhou & Yang 2008 ). Implicitness is an important feature of museum knowledge, and the purpose of museum exhibitions is not only to convey the explicit knowledge features of museum collections to visitors, but also to maximize the transfer of the implicit knowledge contained in the collections. Our scholar Tang Yuan explored the impact of implicit knowledge on knowledge transfer performance by taking implicit knowledge as the independent variable, revealing that implicit knowledge significantly and positively predicts knowledge transfer performance(Tang & Yang 2008). Therefore, this study proposes the research hypothesis H2 : Implicit museum knowledge significantly predicts knowledge transfer performance . The mediating role of knowledge expression level and knowledge acceptance characteristics between museum knowledge and visitors' knowledge transfer performance (Input-Process-Outcome) IPO theory states that process measures are important to the effectiveness of the results, both for explicit and implicit knowledge, and the way of expression can influence the visitors' experience and the degree of knowledge internalization. For example, the Shanghai Science and Technology Museum has changed explanatory text into “question packages,” which expresses the external and internal characteristics of the exhibition subject through the form of explanation, improves the “quality of dialogue” between the museum and the visitors, and strengthens the educational function of the museum. This improved text acts as a “knowledge intermediary” (Zhu & Shen 2021 ). The Nanjing Museum's human-centered knowledge display and spatial accessibility design, which enables visitors, including people with disabilities, to realize knowledge accessibility and spatial accessibility, is an important indicator for evaluating the museum's sustainable development, knowledge transfer, and dissemination performance(Han et al. 2013 ). Transfer and dissemination performance is an important indicator. Yin Jing's research found that in the process of intangible cultural heritage protection and dissemination, adopting experiential display design and creating a visiting experience that can make visitors feel a sense of pleasure achieves the purpose of disseminating cultural knowledge and triggering visitors' thinking(Yin 2017 ). Therefore, in the process of realizing knowledge transfer to visitors, museum knowledge can play an indirect role in influencing the expression of museum knowledge, leading to research hypotheses H3: The explicit knowledge of museums directly affects the level of their knowledge expression ; H4: The implicit knowledge of museums directly affects the level of their knowledge expression ; and H5: The level of knowledge expression of museums directly affects the performance of the transfer of knowledge to visitors . As the object receiving knowledge, the knowledge-receiving characteristics of visitors affect the performance of knowledge transfer. Visitors' knowledge acceptance characteristics reflect the comprehensive ability of individuals, which is influenced by visitors' personal interests, social experience, knowledge structure, willingness to visit, visit commitment, and other factors. When an individual's knowledge structure is more comprehensive, the interpretation and encoding of museum knowledge is more accurate, especially implicit knowledge (Morton 2006). When visitors experience a sense of pleasure during a visit, the duration of their visit grows, and a high-quality visit experience can meet the psychological needs of visitors and enhance their satisfaction, thus increasing the sense of reverence for the museum's knowledge, increasing the chances of revisiting the museum, and recommending it to other people (Chris 2018 ; Zhang 2011 ). Knowledge receivers need to invest a lot of time, energy, and resources in the process of receiving new knowledge, and judge whether it can be internalized and applied according to their own ability. People's ability to receive knowledge is dynamically changing; when there is a relatively strong willingness to learn new knowledge, they will take active behavior to overcome the difficulties in receiving knowledge, and will invest more time and concentration, which will directly lead to a higher degree of knowledge integration and internalization (Kalyan et al. 2016 ). Accordingly, we propose research hypotheses H6: Museum explicit knowledge directly affects visitors' knowledge acceptance characteristics ; H7: Museum implicit knowledge directly affects visitors' knowledge acceptance characteristics ; and H8: Visitors' knowledge acceptance characteristics directly affect visitors' knowledge transfer performance . Chain mediating role of knowledge expression level and knowledge acceptance characteristics between museum knowledge and visitors' knowledge transfer performance (Input-Process-Outcome) The value and utility of museum knowledge is exchanged and shared between museums and visitors, and in the process of interaction, knowledge can be transferred between the subject and the object through various forms, so that the knowledge can realize its influence on visitors. The process of knowledge transfer is a process of interactive influence that involves multi-dimensional interactions, such as object-human, human-human, human-object, etc., and the knowledge flows in time and space, effectively carrying out the chain of dissemination (5 Tang 2020 ). Therefore, the various expressions of museum knowledge interact with the knowledge-receiving characteristics of visitors, which together affect the effectiveness of knowledge transfer. The social context set by the museum, which prompts visitors to make visit choices and identity construction, will prompt visitors to generate positive visit motivation, and will further affect the audience's visit behavior and learning experience(14 Claire & Marc 2018 ). The spatial design and display of collections can promote the visitor's perceptual experience, and more systematic interactive behavior can promote the audience and exhibits, the environment, and other media of the dialogue to form the “objective feeling-behavioral process-subjective reaction and reflection” learning mode, improving the learning effect (15 Liu & Yu 2022 ). Visitors to the museum have a context of the degree of involvement, affecting the quality of the visitor's experience and subsequent intention to visit (16 Li et al. 2012 ). The museum's information-conveyance methods can stimulate the interest and pleasure of visitors and improve the subjective initiative of visitors, so as to improve the quality of the visit (Bao 2013 ). Therefore, the transfer performance of museum knowledge is affected by the interaction between the subject and the object, and the effectiveness of knowledge transfer is affected by the level of museum knowledge expression and the visitors’ characteristics of knowledge acceptance. Accordingly, research hypothesis H9 is proposed: The level of museum knowledge expression directly affects visitors' knowledge acceptance characteristics . The museum visiting situation involves the influence and interactive communication of multiple factors, and knowledge transfer performance is affected by comprehensive factors. A comprehensive model of the above hypotheses is shown in Fig. 1 . Figure 1 Schematic of the chain mediation model of knowledge transfer performance in museums. Research methods Research objects The National Central Museum of Korea and the Shandong Museum of China are the case studies. Tourists visiting these two museums were taken as the research subjects. The study was reviewed by Research Ethics Committee of Shandong University of Art & Design Technology. All methods in the study were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Respondents were clearly informed of the study purpose before answering the questionnaires and were assured that the data collected would be used for academic research only. Respondents filled in the questionnaires on a voluntary basis and could terminate the survey at any time. Incomplete questionnaires are considered invalid. Questionnaires and scales The measurement tools needed for this study were Museum Context Scale (18 Cai 2010 ), Museum Knowledge Implicit Scale (Tang 2020 ), Knowledge Expression Level Scale (Tang 2020 ), Visitor Knowledge Acceptance Capacity Scale (Tang 2020 ), and Knowledge Transfer Performance Scale (Tang 2020 ). The selected scales are well-established scales for application in China, and they have been applied by researchers in similar research with rigorous reliability and validity tests. When the measurements were conducted in China, they were directly applied in the survey research. The above scales were tested cross-culturally in accordance with psychometric procedures prior to formal testing in Korea. The scale testing procedure was as follows: Cross-cultural testing of questionnaires and scales When all the scales in the study were officially distributed in South Korea, cross-cultural testing of the scales was conducted in accordance with psychometric procedures (Zhang & Mao 2004 ). The steps were as follows: first, the scales were back-translated into Chinese and Korean, and a Chinese-Korean bilingual was selected to translate the Chinese scales into Korean; then a Chinese-Korean bilingual back-translated the Korean version into Chinese; and then a bilingual with Chinese as their native language was asked to check the back-translated Chinese version against the initial Chinese version to see if there was any change in the meaning of the Chinese version. The final Korean version was revised by the three scholars mentioned above. The samples were selected for the reliability test of the scale. The scales that passed the reliability test were formally distributed for model construction. Distribution of questionnaires and scales In China, questionnaires and scales were distributed and collected using both online and offline methods from January 2024 to June 2024. The online questionnaire utilized the Questionnaire Star platform to survey people who have had the experience of visitting in the Shandong Museum in the form of electronic questionnaires, such as sending the questionnaires to WeChat friends, student class groups, and other ways. The offline questionnaire was distributed and collected in the resting area of the hall on the first floor of the Shandong Museum during the peak period of the weekend to conduct on-site research. In total, 179 online and 166 offline questionnaires were distributed. The questionnaires were screened after recovery, and questionnaires with omitted, wrong, or biased answers (23) were excluded, leaving a total of 322 valid questionnaires recovered, constituting an effective recovery rate of 93.33%. In Korea, the questionnaires and scales were distributed and collected mainly through offline methods from January 2024 to June 2024. The main approach was through distribution and collection on site at the National Central Museum of Korea. The first batch of 120 questionnaires was distributed for cross-cultural and reliability testing, and the questionnaires were screened for omissions, incorrect answers, and biased answers after they were returned, resulting in the exclusion of 12 questionnaires, resulting in a total of 108 valid questionnaires, with an effective recovery rate of 90%. In the second batch, 200 questionnaires were distributed, and 163 valid questionnaires were collected, with an effective recovery rate of 81.5%. Statistical methods Data were processed using SPSS19.0 and AMOS21.0 software, and the statistical method used was mainly structural equation modeling, which is used to test the interrelationships between variables. Results Reliability and validity of the scale in China and Korea Initial reliability and validity of the scale in Korea(Exploratory factor analysis) The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the Museum Context Scale was factor analyzed with a KMO value of 0.825 and a KMO significant level of less than 0.001, indicating that the variable correlation matrix was significant and suitable for factor analysis (Dong & Mao 2014 ; Zhang 2012 ). On this basis, principal component analysis was used to extract one factor with a variance contribution rate of 80.160% based on the size of eigenvalues, the fragmentation diagram, and the variance contribution rate. The internal consistency reliability coefficient of the scale was α = 0.916. The Museum Knowledge Implicit Scale was subjected to factor analysis with a KMO value of 0.764 and a KMO significant level of less than 0.001, indicating that the variable correlation matrix was significant and suitable for factor analysis. On this basis, principal component analysis was used to extract one factor with a variance contribution rate of 77.189% based on the size of eigenvalues, the fragmentation diagram, and the variance contribution rate. The internal consistency reliability coefficient of the scale was α = 0.837. The Knowledge Expression Level Scale was subjected to factor analysis with a KMO value of 0.817 and a KMO significant level of less than 0.001, indicating that the variable correlation matrix was significant and suitable for factor analysis. On this basis, principal component analysis was used to extract one factor with a variance contribution rate of 75.584% based on the size of eigenvalues, the fragmentation diagram, and the variance contribution rate. The internal consistency reliability coefficient of the scale was α = 0.930. The Visitors' Knowledge Acceptance Capacity Scale was subjected to factor analysis, in which the KMO value of the Willingness to Visit subscale was 0.733, and the KMO significant level was less than 0.001, indicating that the variable correlation matrix was significant and suitable for factor analysis. On this basis, principal component analysis was used to extract one factor with a variance contribution rate of 79.858% according to the eigenvalue size, fragmentation diagram, and variance contribution rate. The internal consistency reliability coefficient of the scale was α = 0.868. The KMO value of the Visitor Acceptance subscale was 0.732, and the KMO significant level was less than 0.001. One factor was extracted, and the variance contribution rate was 82.839%. The internal consistency reliability coefficient of this scale was α = 0.931. The KMO value of the Tourist Engagement subscale was 0.783, the KMO significant level was less than 0.001, one factor was extracted, and the variance contribution rate was 73.793%. The internal consistency reliability coefficient of the scale was α = 0.816. The KMO value of the Knowledge Transfer Performance Scale was 0.805, and the KMO significant level was less than 0.001, indicating that the variable correlation matrix was significant and suitable for factor analysis. On this basis, principal component analysis was used to extract one factor with a variance contribution rate of 79.410% based on the size of eigenvalues, the fragmentation diagram, and the variance contribution rate. The internal consistency reliability coefficient of the scale was α = 0.913. Reliability and validity of formal test scales in China and Korea(Confirmatory Factor Analysis) At the time of formal testing, the internal and consistent reliability of the Museum Context Scale, Museum Knowledge implicit Scale, Knowledge Expression Level Scale, Visitor's Knowledge Acceptance Competence Scale, and Knowledge Transfer Performance Scale in Korea were: α = 0.867, α = 0.750, α = 0.860, (α = 0.806, α = 0.885, and α = 0.848), and α = 0.901. The above scales were formally tested with the results of the later validated factor analysis as their construct validity. The internal consistency reliabilities of the Museum Context Scale, Museum Knowledge Implicit Scale, Knowledge Expression Level Scale, Visitor's Knowledge Acceptance Capacity Scale, and Knowledge Transfer Performance Scale in China and South Korea at the time of formal testing were: α = 0.885, α = 0.783, α = 0.919, (α = 0.819, α = 0.893, α = 0.856), and α = 0.905. The above scales were formally tested with the results of the later validation factor analysis as their construct validity. The determination of content validity is currently based on the expert rating method (Zhang & Gong 2012). The above scales were all derived from previous research theories, developed with theoretical orientation, exploratory factor analysis, and validation factor analysis conducted before formal use, and the results were in line with the standards of psychometrics. Before the use of the above scales in this study, two PhD's in Psychology, two PhD's in Sociology, and one professor majoring in Art Management were selected to evaluate the textual expressions and content entries of the above scales. They unanimously agreed that the scales were suitable for this study. The above scale is derived from existing theories and previous studies, and it has been applied to a certain extent in the field of museum/gallery visits. Descriptive statistical results for all scales of the formal test Descriptive results for all scales of the formal test in Korea Basic sample results . A total of 163 valid data were recovered for the study (of which, 48 were from males and 115 from females). The ages of the samples spanned 14–45 years (M ± SD = 21.16 ± 4.865); about 2/3 of the samples were local Seoulites and 1/3 were foreigners; the educational level of the samples spanned from secondary school to doctoral degree; and the disciplinary background of the surveyed samples was about 2/3 for Literature and History and 1/3 for Science and Technology. Most of the samples visited with their friends, and about half of the samples visited twice or more. Control of common method bias . Since all variables in this study were measured by subjective reports, common method bias may exist, and the existence of common method bias needs to be controlled (Zhang 2012 ) to ensure the accuracy of the data in two ways: ① Control of the administration procedure: a proven scale was selected; two different methods of administration, online and offline, were chosen; the questions were answered anonymously during the administration process and recovered on the spot. ② Harman's one-way test: using the software SPSS19.0 package, a one-way, unrotated exploratory factor analysis was conducted on all questions except demographic variables, resulting in the extraction of six factors with an eigenroot greater than 1, and the explained variance of the first factor was 33.126% (< 40%), which indicated that there was no serious common method bias. The correlation coefficients, means and standard deviations, and between-subjects effects of the study variables were as follows(Table 1 ): Table 1 Correlation coefficients (r), means, and standard deviations (M ± SD) between variables in Korea (male n = 48, female n = 115; N = 163) Variables 1Explicit knowledge 2Implicit knowledge 3Knowledge expression level 4Knowledge acceptance characteristics 5Knowledge transfer performance M ± SD 1 1 18.85 ± 2.124 2 .353** 1 13.92 ± 1.614 3 .630** .449** 1 28.44 ± 2.596 4 .621** .436** .740** 1 46.56 ± 5.238 5 .653** .306** .628** .812** 1 18.74 ± 2.260 **Significantly correlated at the 0.01 level (bilaterally). The results in Table 1 show that the variables show a medium to high degree of correlation, and the correlation is significant (p < 0.01), indicating that the variables are closely related to each other and have a certain degree of independence, which makes them suitable for further testing using structural formula models. The results of testing the between-subject effects of demographic variables found that: the between-subjects effect of age on museum explicit knowledge, visitors' knowledge acceptance characteristics, and knowledge transfer performance was significant (p < 0.05); the between-subjects effect of education level and form of visit on museum explicit knowledge was significant (p < 0.05); the between-subjects effect of occupation on museum explicit knowledge, and knowledge transfer performance was significant (p < 0.05); the between-subjects effect of region on explicit knowledge was significant (p < 0.05) ; the between-subjects effect of education level and form of visit on museum implicit knowledge was significant (p < 0.05); and the between-subjects effect of region on explicit knowledge was significant (p < 0.05). 3.2.2 Descriptive results for all scales of the Chinese formal test Basic sample results . The study recovered a total of 322 valid data (among them, 127 males and 195 females). The ages of the samples spanned from 6 to 60 years old (M ± SD = 27.85 ± 10.120); Shandong locals accounted for about 2/3, and outsiders accounted for about 1/3. The educational level of the samples spanned from secondary school to doctoral degree. The disciplinary backgrounds of the surveyed samples were about 1/2 Literature and History, and 1/2 Science and Technology. The form of visit was diversified, i.e., in a group, collectively, or alone. The majority of the samples visited on their own and listened to the lecturer's explanation, and there are several ways of renting equipment and scanning codes for information. About half of the samples were visiting the museum for the first time. Control for common method bias . A one-way, unrotated, exploratory factor analysis of all question items except demographic variables was conducted using the SPSS 19.0 package, resulting in the extraction of four factors with eigenroots greater than 1 and an explained variance of 31.926% (< 40%) for the first factor, indicating that there was no serious common method bias. The correlation coefficients, means, and standard deviations, and between-subjects effects of the study variables were as follows(Table 2 ): Table 2 Correlation coefficients ( r ), means, and standard deviations (M ± SD) between variables in china (male n = 127, female n = 195; N = 322) Variables 1Explicit knowledge 2Implicit knowledge 3Knowledge expression level 4Knowledge acceptance characteristics 5Knowledge transfer performance M ± SD 1 1 18.30 ± 2.363 2 .526** 1 13.36 ± 1.938 3 .725** .583** 1 22.72 ± 3.161 4 .671** .547** .766** 1 44.57 ± 6.096 5 .625** .426** .687** .803** 1 18.17 ± 2.497 **Significantly correlated at the 0.01 level (bilaterally). Table 2 shows that the variables show a medium to high degree of correlation, and the correlation is significant (p < 0.01), indicating that the variables are closely related to each other and have a certain degree of independence, which makes them suitable for further testing using structural formula models. A test of the between-subjects effect of demographic variables found that: gender had a significant between-subjects effect on museum implicit knowledge (p < 0.05); age had a significant between-subjects effect on explicit knowledge, implicit knowledge, level of knowledge expression, and knowledge acceptance characteristics (p < 0.05); education level had a significant between-subjects effect on museum implicit knowledge (p < 0.05); occupation had a significant between-subjects effect on museum explicit knowledge, knowledge expression level, and knowledge acceptance characteristics of the between-subjects effect was significant (p < 0.05); the between-subjects effect of visit mode on both knowledge acceptance characteristics and knowledge transfer performance was significant (p < 0.05); and the between-subjects effect of visit form museum explicit knowledge, museum implicit knowledge, and knowledge expression level was significant (p < 0.05). Comparison of descriptive data results between China and Korea As far as the sample of the research study is concerned, in view of the practical difficulties of conducting research studies in Korea, the sample size collected in Korea is relatively small; the sample is mainly people in the Seoul area; the main body of the visitors are young and middle-aged; their demographic characteristics reflect that their educational backgrounds are mainly concentrated in high school and university; their professional backgrounds are mainly in the fields of Literature and History; and they mostly travel in groups with multiple visits. In contrast, for the study conducted in China, the ages of the visitors range from 6 to 60 years old, and they have rich social stratification, diverse educational backgrounds ranging from elementary school to doctoral degree; their professional backgrounds are basically balanced, and Group tours and independent travel are predominant. The samples of the above two countries are representative of the existing state of museum visits in China and South Korea, as the data were collected in a randomized situation. The correlation coefficients between the research variables show a moderate to high level of significance in both countries, indicating that the research variables selected for this study are closely and independently related to the research proposition, 'factors affecting the performance of knowledge transfer in museums'. As far as the subjective effects on demographic variables are concerned, they reflect differences between China and Korea, such as: gender embodies a significant intersubjective effect on implicit knowledge in China, whereas the subjective physical examination effect of gender is not significant in Korea; age has a significant intersubjective effect on implicit knowledge and on the level of knowledge expression in addition to a significant intersubjective effect on explicit knowledge and knowledge acceptance characteristics in China. Differences in the between-subjects effects on demographic variables between the two countries may lead to differences in the degree of prediction in the hypothetical model of knowledge transfer performance between the two countries. Results of direct prediction of museum knowledge on knowledge transfer performance Direct predictive results of museum knowledge on knowledge transfer performance for the Korean samples The relationships between the research variables were modelled using AMOS 21.0 to construct a structural formula, and the results of the direct prediction of museum knowledge on knowledge transfer performance are shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 . Figure 2 Direct prediction path of explicit knowledge on knowledge transfer performance in the National Central Museum of Korea The results in Fig. 2 show that the explicit knowledge of the National Central Museum of Korea significantly predicts visitors' knowledge transfer performance with a predictive path coefficient of 0.73, and the model explains 54% of the variance in knowledge transfer performance. The model fit metrics are: x 2 /df = 2.852, p < 0.05, RMSEA = 0.091, NFI = 0.944, RFI = 0.913, IFI = 0.963, TLI = 0.942, CFI = 0.963. The model metrics are acceptable, and the results support H1 . Figure 3 Direct predictive path of implicit knowledge on knowledge transfer performance in the National Central Museum of Korea The results in Fig. 3 show that the National Central Museum of Korea's implicit knowledge significantly predicts visitors' knowledge transfer performance, with a predictive path coefficient of 0.38, and the model explains 14% of the variance in knowledge transfer performance. The model fit metrics are: x 2 /df = 3.623, p < 0.05, RMSEA = 0.093, NFI = 0.951, RFI = 0.915, IFI = 0.971, TLI = 0.949, CFI = 0.971. The model metrics are acceptable, and the results support H2 . 3.3.2 Results of direct prediction of museum knowledge on knowledge transfer performance for the Chinese samples The results of the direct prediction of museum knowledge on knowledge transfer performance in the survey data for Shandong Museum in China are shown in Figs. 4 and 5 . Figure 4 Direct predictive path of explicit knowledge on knowledge transfer performance in Shandong Museum of China. The results in Fig. 4 show that Shandong Museum explicit knowledge can significantly predict visitors' knowledge transfer performance with a predictive path coefficient of 0.7, and the model explains 49% of the variance in knowledge transfer performance. The model fitting indexes are: x 2 /df = 3.585, p < 0.05, RMSEA = 0.09, NFI = 0.961, RFI = 0.943, IFI = 0.972, TLI = 0.958, CFI = 0.972. The model indexes are acceptable, and the results support H1 . Figure 5 Direct predictive path of explicit knowledge on knowledge transfer performance in Shandong Museum of China. The results in Fig. 5 indicate that museum implicit knowledge significantly predicts knowledge transfer performance, with a predictive path coefficient of 0.53, and the model explains 29% of the variance in knowledge transfer performance. The model fit metrics are: x 2 /df = 3.425, p < 0.05, RMSEA = 0.087, NFI = 0.967, RFI = 0.942, IFI = 0.976, TLI = 0.958, CFI = 0.976. The model metrics are acceptable, and the results only support H2 . Comparison of the results of direct prediction of knowledge transfer performance by museum knowledge in China and Korea In terms of the results of direct prediction of museum explicit knowledge on knowledge transfer performance, the results of the National Central Museum of Korea and the Shandong Museum of China show that the path coefficients of direct prediction are all significant (p < 0.05), the gap between the path coefficient values (0.73, 0.70) and the predictive power of the dependent variable knowledge transfer performance are not large (0.54, 0.49), and the models are all well fitted. As for the direct prediction of knowledge transfer performance by the museum's implicit knowledge, the results of the models for both countries show that the direct prediction path coefficients are significant (p < 0.05), but the gap between the path coefficient values (0.38, 0.53) and the predictive power of the knowledge transfer performance on the dependent variable are large (0.14, 0.29) The results of the data model for both China and South Korea show that there is a small gap between the direct predictive effect of the museum's explicit knowledge on knowledge transfer performance for visitors from both countries, but in the case of implicit knowledge, there is a larger gap between the direct predictive results, suggesting that the degree of knowledge transfer performance for Chinese visitors is more sensitive to the museum's implicit knowledge, i.e., the more adequately the museum demonstrates its implicit knowledge, the better its knowledge transfer performance is. All-variables modelling Museum exhibition environments often contain a variety of variables, such as explicit knowledge and implicit knowledge, which are not independent but closely related. Furthermore, different museums have different levels of knowledge expression and expression, and different visitors have different knowledge acceptance characteristics, etc. The transfer performance of visitors to museum knowledge is affected by these factors, so it is necessary to explore the all-variable model in order to examine the knowledge transfer performance for visitors under the influence of all variables(Zhang 2012 ). Korean all-variable chain mediation model The Korean sample all-variable model is shown in Fig. 6 . Figure 6 All-variables chain mediation model for the National Central Museum of Korea. The results in Fig. 6 show that the total explanatory power of the full-variable chain mediation model for the Korean sample for the dependent variable knowledge transfer performance is 85%, the chain mediation effect of the knowledge expression level of the museum side and the knowledge acceptance characteristics of the visitors is significant, and after the complex effect of all the variables, some of the predictive paths are not significant, but the prediction of the knowledge transfer performance still reaches 85%. The model fit metrics are: x 2 /df = 2.638, p < 0.05, RMSEA = 0.089, NFI = 0.906, RFI = 0.901, IFI = 0.900, TLI = 0.903, CFI = 0.900. The model is acceptable. China all-variable chained intermediation model The Chinese sample all-variable model is shown in Fig. 7 . Figure 7 All-variable chain mediation model for Shandong Museum. The results in Fig. 7 show that the total explanatory power of the full-variable chained mediation model for the Chinese sample on the dependent variable knowledge transfer performance is 87%, the chained mediation effects of the knowledge expression level of the museum and the knowledge acceptance characteristics of the visitors are significant, and after the complex effect of all the variables, some of the predictive paths are not significant, but the degree of prediction of the knowledge transfer performance still reaches 87%. The model fit metrics are: x 2 /df = 2.586, p < 0.05, RMSEA = 0.70, NFI = 0.918, RFI = 0.902, IFI = 0.948, TLI = 0.938, CFI = 0.947. The model is well fitted. Comparison of the results of the all-variable chain mediation model between China and Korea The differences between the predictive results of the all-variable models in China and Korea are not significant (85% and 87%), indicating that the overall effects of museum knowledge, the level of museum expression of knowledge, and the knowledge acceptance characteristics of visitors on the knowledge transfer performance of visitors in China and Korea are consistent, and both achieve high explanatory power. However, there are some differences in the specific prediction paths of the Chinese and Korean omnivariate prediction models. Compared with the Chinese sample model, the Korean omnivariate model showed that the level of museum expression of knowledge and visitors‘ knowledge acceptance characteristics acted as fully mediating variables (see Fig. 6 ), while the Chinese omnivariate model showed that the level of museum expression of knowledge and visitors’ knowledge acceptance characteristics acted as partial mediators between explicit knowledge and knowledge transfer performance (see Fig. 7 ). The results suggest that for Korean visitors, the most important way to maximize the conversion of both museum implicit and explicit knowledge into their own knowledge in the complex holistic environment of museum exhibitions is through the mediation of the museum's level of expression of knowledge and visitors' receptive characteristics of knowledge, whereas the absorption of knowledge by Chinese visitors partly requires the direct influence of the museum's explicit knowledge. It is worth noting that there are two paths in the Korean sample model that need special attention: the prediction of museum implicit knowledge on the receptive properties of knowledge and the prediction of museum expression of knowledge on the performance of knowledge transfer, which are not significant but predicted in the opposite direction of expectation and have relatively high predictive values (-0.18, -0.25), indicating that in the Korean sample all-variable model, for the total of dependent variables, there may be a significant effect of the mediator variable on the total prediction of knowledge. There may be a degree of masking effect of the mediating variable(Wang et al. 2021 ). Discussion In terms of the direct prediction of museum knowledge for knowledge transfer performance and explicit and implicit knowledge for knowledge transfer performance, both Chinese and Korean models supported H1 and H2 . Museum resources include explicit knowledge resources and implicit knowledge resources. Explicit knowledge resources are ‘visible and touchable’, embodied in the material form of the collection of artefacts and basic displays with the characteristics of the figurative. Implicit knowledge is indirect, difficult to perceive or describe, but the real existence of the knowledge, depends on the collection of abstract characteristics of the cultural connotations of the collection and the cultural value of the elements. On the one hand, explicit knowledge resources have ‘hidden’ characteristics, so the museum's basic regular display and the thematic exhibition of staged displays need to be transformed into ‘cultural products’ needed by the audience for the activation of information and externalization of connotation. On the other hand, the hidden knowledge resources of museums have ‘explicit’ characteristics. Any cultural value and cultural connotation must rely on the existence of a certain material carrier, the value carried by the hidden knowledge resources attached to the cultural precipitation, only through a certain ‘material manifestation’, in order to give play to its social value, so as to have true meaning to the public. The learning of cultural heritage knowledge in museums has a certain degree of difficulty, and explicit knowledge and implicit knowledge are interdependent and inseparable. There are current studies by Chinese and Korean scholars that support the proposition that museums‘ explicit and implicit knowledge contribute to visitors’ knowledge transfer performance. Korean scholar Kim Hye-won studied the mural collections of Central Asian cultures in the collection of the National Central Museum of Korea, and the discussion of explicit knowledge resources such as the approximate number of these mural collections, their regional distribution, the land of origin, and the themes of the paintings, which are able to provide a solution to various problems in archaeology, geography, geology, and meteorology, as well as solving many questions about Buddhism for the visitors, suggests that appropriate expression of explicit knowledge facilitates the interpretation of implicit knowledge, and thus facilitates the absorption and use of knowledge by the visitors (Jin & Tian 2019 ). Expression is conducive to the interpretation of implicit knowledge, thus facilitating the visitors' absorption and use of knowledge. Chinese scholar Wang Xinjie argues that the visualization of museum information is conducive to improving visitors' experiences of museum visits and making them think more deeply, and that improving the visualization of information can also enhance the expression of implicit knowledge of the museum's cultural heritage, thus improving the transfer and absorption of knowledge by visitors (Wang 2024 ). Guo Jushan, a Chinese scholar, analyzes the practical effects of new technologies in exhibition design from the perspective of the innovative design of museum exhibitions and endeavors to create a good spatial environment for exhibitions, which greatly improves the audience's efficiency in viewing exhibitions (Guo 2018 ). The research of Chinese scholar Cai Xiangjun shows that targeted design of museum exhibition modes and visiting situations helps the audience accept new knowledge faster(Cai 2010 ). Chinese scholar Tang Yuan's study concluded that museums' implicit knowledge can directly predict the effectiveness of knowledge transfer, but in the museum context, the implicit knowledge is hidden in the collections and is difficult to capture or access, and it needs to be made explicit through a certain interpretation or display system in order to achieve the purpose of being understood or accepted by the receivers (Tang 2020 ). Museum scenarios are combined influence scenarios in which multiple factors coexist, and often the influence of one factor cannot be considered independently; therefore, the inclusion of all the variables in a single model, which examines the influence of all variables on the dependent variable, enables a combined influence to be obtained. The results of the all-variable model (see Figs. 6 and 7 ) show that several hypothetical paths did not support the research hypotheses, possibly due to interactions between variables. In the knowledge input (Input) stage, museum explicit knowledge and implicit knowledge are closely related, and both are indispensable for the expression of knowledge; in the knowledge transfer process stage (Process), the level of knowledge expression and knowledge acceptance characteristics play the influence of chain mediation; in the knowledge output stage (Output), the variable that has the strongest and most direct influence on the performance of knowledge transfer is the knowledge transfer characteristics. From the all-variable model, it can be seen that the key core of knowledge transfer performance lies in the knowledge acceptance characteristics of visitors, followed by how the museum's implicit knowledge is expressed. Thus, improving the knowledge transfer performance of museums should be centered on these two aspects. One point worth noting is that there is not much difference between China and South Korea in the prediction of the dependent variable in the total model, but there are two paths in the South Korean sample model whose prediction direction is not consistent with the original prediction direction (implicit knowledge-knowledge acceptance characteristics, knowledge expression level-knowledge transfer performance) and have path coefficients that are not significant but worth noting, which indicates that in the process of knowledge transfer (especially the influence of museum implicit knowledge on visitors' knowledge acceptance characteristics and the influence of museum knowledge expression level on knowledge transfer performance), there is a masking effect of mediating variables, because of which the direct influence of these two paths is weakened, which illustrates the simple truth of “too much is not enough”(Wen & Ye 2014 ). Implicit knowledge in museums often contains historical, social, or cultural knowledge, which may be partially masked by excessive packaging, advanced technology, and high expectations of visitors. The expression of knowledge should also focus on avoiding the weakening of knowledge transfer performance by over-packaging to ensure the ecological balance of knowledge transfer (Zou 2020 ). In addition, the results of the between-subjects effect tests on demographic variables show that both China and South Korea have significant between-subjects effects of varying degrees on gender, education, occupation, income, and other group variables on individual dependent variables. This indicates that the cultural and cognitive differences of different groups should be taken into account in the process of dissemination and the transfer of museum knowledge to construct audience identity. All aspects of the characteristics of the object of museum services are different, and the learning styles presented are also different. How museums display the exhibits physically to different types of audiences is decisive for improving the growth of audience knowledge of museums, the level of art appreciation, and accepting more cultural inculcation and aesthetic enjoyment. To provide an in-depth interpretation of the findings, interviews with randomly selected visitors at the later stages of the study also supported the results of this study. For example, during on-site interviews with visitors at the Shandong Museum, visitor C1 stated, ‘We are very interested in some exhibitions in the museum, such as the exhibition of artefacts unearthed from the tomb of Zhu Tan in the Ming Dynasty, because we have some knowledge of the Ming Dynasty, and we feel that the costumes of the princes of the Ming Dynasty are particularly interesting, and we are very involved in our visit, especially the hats, which are very different from those in the TV series, and we have gained a lot. We will bring our children back again.’ During interviews with visitors to the Buddhist statue art exhibition, visitor C2 stated: “The appearance of these statues looks exquisite, but can't read them, and can't understand those introductions, which require professional knowledge.” These interview results support the findings of this study, i.e., that explicit knowledge information provided by museums is influenced by visitors' knowledge acceptance characteristics, which affects knowledge transfer performance; however, implicit knowledge that is too esoteric, obscure, or cold is not predictive of knowledge acceptance characteristics. When interviewing visitors at the site of the National Central Museum of Korea, Korean visitor K1 stated: ‘There are too many artefacts in the collection, and it's good to use VR equipment to understand the information about the artefacts, and these VR equipments bring me into a specific historical situation and help me to better understand the history and culture of our country’; visitor K2 stated: ‘Incorporating lighting effects on the cultural relics will not affect the preservation of the relics, but also add punch points for the visitors, I like this classical plus fashionable fusion very much’. The content of these interviews provides realistic interpretations with the findings of this study. Conclusion In the museum visit context, both explicit and implicit knowledge have a direct predictive effect on visitors‘ knowledge transfer performance, and the more explicit and implicit knowledge is displayed, the higher their knowledge transfer performance is. This predictive relationship applies in both China and Korea; but more so for Chinese visitors. The chain mediation effect of explicit and implicit knowledge in museums through the chain mediation of knowledge expression level and knowledge acceptance characteristics realizes the influence on knowledge transfer performance, thus increasing the degree of knowledge transfer performance, and this chain mediation effect is applicable in both China and Korea. However, in the process of chain mediation, Chinese visitors rely more on explicit knowledge and the influence of mediating variables, while Korean visitors are affected by the over-expression of knowledge in the process of knowledge transfer and absorption, which may weaken the knowledge transfer performance. Considering the joint effects of the omnivariate model, the conclusion applicable to both China and Korea is that visitors' knowledge acceptance characteristics are the nearest and strongest predictor of knowledge transfer performance, and that to promote the realization of knowledge transfer performance in museums, the most important thing to focus on is to improve the knowledge acceptance characteristics such as knowledge acceptance ability, willingness to visit, and engagement of visitors. limitations and future study The shortcomings of this study are that the relatively small number of questionnaires returned in Korea may limit the interpretation of the findings due to the language and communication barriers associated with on-site surveys. Data are mostly obtained by self-reporting, although the common method deviation in this study is not serious by statistical tests, more methods can be considered to verify the fndings in future studies, for example, observation, case law, etc. Future studys should conduct more practical studies based on theoretical models to explore effective communication channels affecting the cultural heritage of museums in different cultural contexts. Declarations Author contributions ： FENG：methodology, formal analysis, writing-original draft preparation, writing-review and editing, supervision. DENG: translation, writing-original draft preparation, writing-review and editing, supervision. WANG: idea design, investigation, data duration writing-original draft preparation, writing-review and editing. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approval This study was reviewed by the Ethics Committee of Scientific Research Department of Shandong University of Art and Design (20240117). Informed consent Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study. Data availability WANG is corresponding author. The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to WANG Wei. References Bai O (2024) Multi-dimensional Thinking of Contemporary Museum Exhibition Design (above). Natural Science Museum Research 9 (03): 5-14 Bao X-Q Research on Learning Design in Museum Scenarios. East China Normal University, Shanghai China. (2013) Cai X-J Research on Museum Visitor Behaviour Based on Symbolic Compilation and Knowledge Learning. Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing China. (2010) Chris C (2018) Managing tourism knowledge: a review. 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Humanities and Social Sciences Communications → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 26 Feb, 2025 Reviews received at journal 21 Feb, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Feb, 2025 Reviews received at journal 16 Feb, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Feb, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Feb, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Feb, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Feb, 2025 Editor invited by journal 14 Feb, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 14 Feb, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 14 Feb, 2025 First submitted to journal 05 Feb, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5963703","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":416431496,"identity":"55a026d9-5f40-4347-9d56-1e93d04f63fb","order_by":0,"name":"Yu-juan FENG","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shandong University of Art and Design","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yu-juan","middleName":"","lastName":"FENG","suffix":""},{"id":416431497,"identity":"5b170040-cd94-4ce4-93b5-8ae1d3a4232d","order_by":1,"name":"Jian-ying DENG","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shandong University of Art and 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China.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure4DirectpredictivepathofexplicitknowledgeonknowledgetransferperformanceinShandongMuseumofChina..png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5963703/v1/cc0706e7b73a027abe86b0bf.png"},{"id":76576173,"identity":"58ade5b9-77f9-4328-bad3-b0d47205c8f1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-18 14:15:17","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":48350,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDirect predictive path of explicit knowledge on knowledge transfer performance in Shandong Museum of China.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure5PredictivemodelofShandongMuseumsimplicitknowledgeonknowledgetransferperformance..png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5963703/v1/cf786044ee51fb7be9b3ed84.png"},{"id":76578036,"identity":"27185210-dd9e-4e47-a205-da1db8237458","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-18 14:31:17","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":98203,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAll-variables chain mediation model for the National Central Museum of Korea.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure6AllvariableschainmediationmodelfortheNationalCentralMuseumofKorea..png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5963703/v1/cea4741dd4c2226e53e092ce.png"},{"id":76576167,"identity":"9a06ecea-5c08-4483-8e40-f4a457aaaff6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-18 14:15:17","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":94802,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAll-variable chain mediation model for Shandong Museum.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure7AllvariablechainmediationmodelforShandongMuseum..png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5963703/v1/6c8055bc4c7e30603e8dc373.png"},{"id":107928188,"identity":"e8306be2-6cf1-40f3-9572-c563786213bd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-27 16:09:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":928049,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5963703/v1/4bb4d0d1-579d-4e81-9936-f175a37a5b8d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Museum Knowledge Transfer Performance Based on the Input-Process-Outcome Mechanism: A Comparative Study of Museum Exhibitions in China and Korea","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe most important feature of museum tourism lies in the centralized exhibition of objects containing cultural meanings, fully satisfying tourists' curiosity for history and culture and developing ordinary sightseeing-based tourism activities into one-stop high-quality cultural experience activities (Bai \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). As an important part of the cultural industry, museums must maintain a highly coordinated relationship with regional and urban culture while fulfilling the role of a cultural communication medium. Based on this background, how can museums respond to rapidly escalating cultural tourism and cultural consumption, make cultural relics \u0026ldquo;live,\u0026rdquo; and meet the public's desire to \u0026ldquo;bring home\u0026rdquo; relics?\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe use of historical and cultural resources as economic resources, i.e., through commercialization of museum operation, has become the reality for many museums. Museums must make full use of the multiplicity of knowledge of cultural relic collections to cultivate and consolidate people's interest in museums, from both spiritual and material levels, so as to make them popular social education platforms and upgraded cultural industry centers(Francois \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are many similar elements in the cultures of China and South Korea. With continuous progress, Korean culture has formed its own unique style on the basis of absorbing the strengths of the world's cultures. Korea and China's Shandong region have close geographic proximity, cultural lineage integration, and deep historical affinity. The Qilu culture nurtured in Shandong \u0026ndash;along with Confucianism \u0026ndash; is a profoundly important part of Chinese civilization and has an important influence on Korea and other Asian countries.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince 2014, the Shandong Museum has communicated actively with several museums in South Korea and signed comprehensive exchange agreements, organizing the \u0026lsquo;Chinese Costume Art Exhibition\u0026rsquo; (2016), \u0026lsquo;Confucius and His Hometown: Shandong\u0026rsquo; (2016) in South Korea, \u0026lsquo;Silk Road East Extension: Interaction between Chinese and Korean Cultures\u0026rsquo; (2018), \u0026lsquo;Taking and Changing the Law: Exhibition of Qing Proto-Scripts in Shandong Museum\u0026rsquo; (2018), \u0026lsquo;Year of Sino-Korean Cultural Exchanges \u0026ndash; Lu-Korean Exchange\u0026rsquo; (2021), \u0026lsquo;Korea-China Marginalization Winning Future-2024 China-Korea Theme Tourism Development Conference\u0026rsquo; and other international exchange exhibitions. These exhibitions expand the influence of Qilu culture, enhance the friendship between the people of China and South Korea, and strengthen cultural and academic exchanges.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina and South Korea share a common Confucian cultural system. South Korea is a very active cultural exporter, especially in terms of popular culture, as exemplified by the \u0026ldquo;Korean Wave\u0026rdquo; of global dissemination. China is also actively promoting cultural exchanges between China and South Korea in a variety of forms, including official translations/publications and art exhibitions, as well as private film and television drama collaborations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina and Korea have a rich cultural heritage and diverse cultural expression. Thus, by comparing the cultural communication work of museums in the two countries, we can show the world the respective cultural characteristics and historical inheritance of the two countries. More importantly, we can help the public, especially the younger generation, to understand and respect cultural diversity, and inspire them to think about cultural inheritance and innovation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuseums play an important role in the protection and inheritance of cultural heritage, and we can learn from each other through a comparison of the cultural-communication practices of museums in the two countries. In doing so, we can learn from each other to protect and pass on our respective cultural heritages more effectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the context of globalization, the phenomenon of cultural homogenization is becoming increasingly serious. Through effective cultural dissemination, museums in China and Korea can strengthen the independence and diversity of their respective cultures and fight against the trend of cultural homogenization. Through cultural dissemination by museums, the cultural influence of a country can be enhanced, and a nation\u0026rsquo;s soft power can be strengthened.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, comparing the cultural dissemination efforts of museums in China and South Korea is a worthy undertaking. By learning from each other and cooperating, the two countries can better utilize the platform of museums to promote the development and dissemination of their cultures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccordingly, this paper aims to explore the knowledge transfer mechanism of museums' cultural heritage through case studies. Taking Shandong Museum and the National Central Museum of Korea as research cases, we investigate the actual experience of users in the process of visiting the museums and carry out a comparative analysis of their user-visit data to explore cultural heritage dissemination by museums in different countries with similar cultural backgrounds, exploring and drawing on the innovative and inspiring design contents thereof.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe National Central Museum of Korea is a cultural institution located in Seoul, South Korea. It is the country\u0026rsquo;s largest and most famous museum and the world's sixth-largest museum. It is a building with one underground floor and two above-ground floors with a total area of more than 18,000 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e containing 18 permanent exhibition halls and two planning exhibition halls. It provides special exhibitions, digital immersive theaters, and online exhibition halls, among other services. The museum exhibits historical and cultural relics from Korea ordered according to Korean dynasties, in addition to more than 150,000 cultural relics from China, Mongolia, and other countries in Northeast Asia, with more than 4,500 items on display covering the fields of archaeology, history, and fine arts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe museum has four departments, namely Administration and Operations, Academic and Research, Education and Cultural Exchange, and Future Strategy, which are responsible for daily business operations and strategic planning. Specifically, the Administration and Operation Department provides daily exhibition layout and reception services, the Academic Research Department is responsible for the management of exhibits and cultural preservation, the Education and Cultural Exchange Department is responsible for the exhibition of cultural relics, education, cultural creation and other business development services, and the Future Strategy Department is responsible for branding and business development.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShandong, China is the birthplace of the Longshan culture. Shandong Museum is one of the top ten museums in China. Its architectural design is characterized by the concept of \u0026ldquo;the circle of heaven and earth,\u0026rdquo; the name given it by Guo Mo-ruo. It has a huge collection comprising 110,000 artifacts. There are ten treasures of the museum. The exhibitions in the museum involve natural history, social history, culture and entertainment, including the Great Migration of African Wildlife, 3D Dinosaur Animation and Dinosaur Fossil Exhibition, Shandong History and Culture Exhibition, Buddhist Statue Art Exhibition, and the Exhibition of Excellence of Unearthed Relics from the Tomb of Zhu Tan of the Ming Dynasty, which are suitable for visitors of all ages.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMcGrath (1964) proposed the system-theory model \u0026ldquo;Input-Process-Outcome\u0026rdquo; (IPO) (Mcgrath etal. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e), which was initially used in the study of team performance. The core proposition of this theoretical model is that various input factors, including initial conditions, can influence the final outcome performance through influence on interaction processes. The model not only measures the Input-Output ratio, but also introduces interaction processes into the assessment system and comprehensively examines the influence of process factors on the outcome. The IPO model considers structural factors as the initial variables and interaction processes as the mediator, which refers to behavioral, environmental, and cognitive factors, etc. (Liu etal. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe IPO model is applicable to museum knowledge transfer performance. There are relatively few studies on museum knowledge transfer. Some studies were limited to analyzing the influence of explicit museum knowledge on the effect of knowledge transfer, and some studies only focus on the influence of implicit museum knowledge on the effect of knowledge transfer. Furthermore, most of the studies only focused on the direct influence of input variables. A few studies refined museum knowledge into explicit and implicit knowledge and considered the mediating role of process factors and incorporated outcome evaluation into the model.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrawing on the basic structure and ideas of the IPO model, this study refines museum knowledge into explicit and implicit knowledge (I, Input), and in the process of knowledge transfer, fully considers the interactive process between the museum and visitors (P, Process), as well as the comprehensive impact of this interactive process and museum knowledge on knowledge transfer performance (O, Output). This makes the IPO theoretical model more comprehensive and effective in assessing the knowledge transfer performance of museums.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch hypotheses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDirect impact of museum knowledge on knowledge transfer performance (Input-Output)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuseum knowledge transfer performance refers to the process of effectively absorbing and digesting the knowledge related to the museum after the visitors have made a visit to the museum(Tang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge can be divided into explicit and implicit knowledge(Zhou \u0026amp; Yang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Museums construct a structured learning experience through the arrangement and display of objects, models, scenes, etc., together with pictures and text descriptions, which visitors can freely choose according to their own interests, and this kind of knowledge is termed explicit knowledge (Tang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The transfer of explicit knowledge is based on the learning of \u0026ldquo;physical objects\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;objective reality.\u0026rdquo; Through participation with various senses such as observing, touching, feeling, hearing, and smelling the museum space and the objects in its collection, visitors increase their experience of real objects and encode this explicit knowledge. The coding and abstraction of this explicit knowledge forms a logical system with a cause-and-effect relationship, and how much of this logical system is formed represents the transfer performance of the museum's explicit knowledge. The objective presentation state of the museum exhibition has a significant effect on visitors' knowledge transfer performance, and accordingly, research hypothesis \u003cb\u003eH1\u003c/b\u003e is proposed: \u003cb\u003eExplicit museum knowledge significantly predicts knowledge transfer performance.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplicit knowledge is different from explicit knowledge. It is difficult to encode, digest, and communicate, and implicit knowledge is regarded as specialized knowledge. In the museum context, implicit knowledge is the specialized knowledge hidden in the collections that needs to be displayed or presented through a certain expression system(Zhou \u0026amp; Yang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Implicitness is an important feature of museum knowledge, and the purpose of museum exhibitions is not only to convey the explicit knowledge features of museum collections to visitors, but also to maximize the transfer of the implicit knowledge contained in the collections. Our scholar Tang Yuan explored the impact of implicit knowledge on knowledge transfer performance by taking implicit knowledge as the independent variable, revealing that implicit knowledge significantly and positively predicts knowledge transfer performance(Tang \u0026amp; Yang 2008). Therefore, this study proposes the research hypothesis \u003cb\u003eH2\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cb\u003eImplicit museum knowledge significantly predicts knowledge transfer performance\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe mediating role of knowledge expression level and knowledge acceptance characteristics between museum knowledge and visitors' knowledge transfer performance (Input-Process-Outcome)\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIPO theory states that process measures are important to the effectiveness of the results, both for explicit and implicit knowledge, and the way of expression can influence the visitors' experience and the degree of knowledge internalization. For example, the Shanghai Science and Technology Museum has changed explanatory text into \u0026ldquo;question packages,\u0026rdquo; which expresses the external and internal characteristics of the exhibition subject through the form of explanation, improves the \u0026ldquo;quality of dialogue\u0026rdquo; between the museum and the visitors, and strengthens the educational function of the museum. This improved text acts as a \u0026ldquo;knowledge intermediary\u0026rdquo; (Zhu \u0026amp; Shen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The Nanjing Museum's human-centered knowledge display and spatial accessibility design, which enables visitors, including people with disabilities, to realize knowledge accessibility and spatial accessibility, is an important indicator for evaluating the museum's sustainable development, knowledge transfer, and dissemination performance(Han et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransfer and dissemination performance is an important indicator. Yin Jing's research found that in the process of intangible cultural heritage protection and dissemination, adopting experiential display design and creating a visiting experience that can make visitors feel a sense of pleasure achieves the purpose of disseminating cultural knowledge and triggering visitors' thinking(Yin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, in the process of realizing knowledge transfer to visitors, museum knowledge can play an indirect role in influencing the expression of museum knowledge, leading to research hypotheses \u003cb\u003eH3: The explicit knowledge of museums directly affects the level of their knowledge expression\u003c/b\u003e; \u003cb\u003eH4: The implicit knowledge of museums directly affects the level of their knowledge expression\u003c/b\u003e; and \u003cb\u003eH5: The level of knowledge expression of museums directly affects the performance of the transfer of knowledge to visitors\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs the object receiving knowledge, the knowledge-receiving characteristics of visitors affect the performance of knowledge transfer. Visitors' knowledge acceptance characteristics reflect the comprehensive ability of individuals, which is influenced by visitors' personal interests, social experience, knowledge structure, willingness to visit, visit commitment, and other factors. When an individual's knowledge structure is more comprehensive, the interpretation and encoding of museum knowledge is more accurate, especially implicit knowledge (Morton 2006). When visitors experience a sense of pleasure during a visit, the duration of their visit grows, and a high-quality visit experience can meet the psychological needs of visitors and enhance their satisfaction, thus increasing the sense of reverence for the museum's knowledge, increasing the chances of revisiting the museum, and recommending it to other people (Chris \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Knowledge receivers need to invest a lot of time, energy, and resources in the process of receiving new knowledge, and judge whether it can be internalized and applied according to their own ability. People's ability to receive knowledge is dynamically changing; when there is a relatively strong willingness to learn new knowledge, they will take active behavior to overcome the difficulties in receiving knowledge, and will invest more time and concentration, which will directly lead to a higher degree of knowledge integration and internalization (Kalyan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Accordingly, we propose research hypotheses \u003cb\u003eH6: Museum explicit knowledge directly affects visitors' knowledge acceptance characteristics\u003c/b\u003e; \u003cb\u003eH7: Museum implicit knowledge directly affects visitors' knowledge acceptance characteristics\u003c/b\u003e; and \u003cb\u003eH8: Visitors' knowledge acceptance characteristics directly affect visitors' knowledge transfer performance\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eChain mediating role of knowledge expression level and knowledge acceptance characteristics between museum knowledge and visitors' knowledge transfer performance (Input-Process-Outcome)\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe value and utility of museum knowledge is exchanged and shared between museums and visitors, and in the process of interaction, knowledge can be transferred between the subject and the object through various forms, so that the knowledge can realize its influence on visitors. The process of knowledge transfer is a process of interactive influence that involves multi-dimensional interactions, such as object-human, human-human, human-object, etc., and the knowledge flows in time and space, effectively carrying out the chain of dissemination (5 Tang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the various expressions of museum knowledge interact with the knowledge-receiving characteristics of visitors, which together affect the effectiveness of knowledge transfer. The social context set by the museum, which prompts visitors to make visit choices and identity construction, will prompt visitors to generate positive visit motivation, and will further affect the audience's visit behavior and learning experience(14 Claire \u0026amp; Marc \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The spatial design and display of collections can promote the visitor's perceptual experience, and more systematic interactive behavior can promote the audience and exhibits, the environment, and other media of the dialogue to form the \u0026ldquo;objective feeling-behavioral process-subjective reaction and reflection\u0026rdquo; learning mode, improving the learning effect (15 Liu \u0026amp; Yu \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Visitors to the museum have a context of the degree of involvement, affecting the quality of the visitor's experience and subsequent intention to visit (16 Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The museum's information-conveyance methods can stimulate the interest and pleasure of visitors and improve the subjective initiative of visitors, so as to improve the quality of the visit (Bao \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the transfer performance of museum knowledge is affected by the interaction between the subject and the object, and the effectiveness of knowledge transfer is affected by the level of museum knowledge expression and the visitors\u0026rsquo; characteristics of knowledge acceptance. Accordingly, research hypothesis \u003cb\u003eH9\u003c/b\u003e is proposed: \u003cb\u003eThe level of museum knowledge expression directly affects visitors' knowledge acceptance characteristics\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe museum visiting situation involves the influence and interactive communication of multiple factors, and knowledge transfer performance is affected by comprehensive factors. A comprehensive model of the above hypotheses is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e Schematic of the chain mediation model of knowledge transfer performance in museums.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Research methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch objects\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe National Central Museum of Korea and the Shandong Museum of China are the case studies. Tourists visiting these two museums were taken as the research subjects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was reviewed by Research Ethics Committee of Shandong University of Art \u0026amp; Design Technology. All methods in the study were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Respondents were clearly informed of the study purpose before answering the questionnaires and were assured that the data collected would be used for academic research only. Respondents filled in the questionnaires on a voluntary basis and could terminate the survey at any time. Incomplete questionnaires are considered invalid.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eQuestionnaires and scales\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe measurement tools needed for this study were Museum Context Scale (18 Cai \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), Museum Knowledge Implicit Scale (Tang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), Knowledge Expression Level Scale (Tang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), Visitor Knowledge Acceptance Capacity Scale (Tang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), and Knowledge Transfer Performance Scale (Tang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The selected scales are well-established scales for application in China, and they have been applied by researchers in similar research with rigorous reliability and validity tests. When the measurements were conducted in China, they were directly applied in the survey research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe above scales were tested cross-culturally in accordance with psychometric procedures prior to formal testing in Korea. The scale testing procedure was as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCross-cultural testing of questionnaires and scales\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen all the scales in the study were officially distributed in South Korea, cross-cultural testing of the scales was conducted in accordance with psychometric procedures (Zhang \u0026amp; Mao \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). The steps were as follows: first, the scales were back-translated into Chinese and Korean, and a Chinese-Korean bilingual was selected to translate the Chinese scales into Korean; then a Chinese-Korean bilingual back-translated the Korean version into Chinese; and then a bilingual with Chinese as their native language was asked to check the back-translated Chinese version against the initial Chinese version to see if there was any change in the meaning of the Chinese version. The final Korean version was revised by the three scholars mentioned above. The samples were selected for the reliability test of the scale. The scales that passed the reliability test were formally distributed for model construction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDistribution of questionnaires and scales\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn China, questionnaires and scales were distributed and collected using both online and offline methods from January 2024 to June 2024. The online questionnaire utilized the Questionnaire Star platform to survey people who have had the experience of visitting in the Shandong Museum in the form of electronic questionnaires, such as sending the questionnaires to WeChat friends, student class groups, and other ways. The offline questionnaire was distributed and collected in the resting area of the hall on the first floor of the Shandong Museum during the peak period of the weekend to conduct on-site research. In total, 179 online and 166 offline questionnaires were distributed. The questionnaires were screened after recovery, and questionnaires with omitted, wrong, or biased answers (23) were excluded, leaving a total of 322 valid questionnaires recovered, constituting an effective recovery rate of 93.33%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Korea, the questionnaires and scales were distributed and collected mainly through offline methods from January 2024 to June 2024. The main approach was through distribution and collection on site at the National Central Museum of Korea. The first batch of 120 questionnaires was distributed for cross-cultural and reliability testing, and the questionnaires were screened for omissions, incorrect answers, and biased answers after they were returned, resulting in the exclusion of 12 questionnaires, resulting in a total of 108 valid questionnaires, with an effective recovery rate of 90%. In the second batch, 200 questionnaires were distributed, and 163 valid questionnaires were collected, with an effective recovery rate of 81.5%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStatistical methods\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were processed using SPSS19.0 and AMOS21.0 software, and the statistical method used was mainly structural equation modeling, which is used to test the interrelationships between variables.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eReliability and validity of the scale in China and Korea\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInitial reliability and validity of the scale in Korea(Exploratory factor analysis)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the Museum Context Scale was factor analyzed with a KMO value of 0.825 and a KMO significant level of less than 0.001, indicating that the variable correlation matrix was significant and suitable for factor analysis (Dong \u0026amp; Mao \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). On this basis, principal component analysis was used to extract one factor with a variance contribution rate of 80.160% based on the size of eigenvalues, the fragmentation diagram, and the variance contribution rate. The internal consistency reliability coefficient of the scale was α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.916.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Museum Knowledge Implicit Scale was subjected to factor analysis with a KMO value of 0.764 and a KMO significant level of less than 0.001, indicating that the variable correlation matrix was significant and suitable for factor analysis. On this basis, principal component analysis was used to extract one factor with a variance contribution rate of 77.189% based on the size of eigenvalues, the fragmentation diagram, and the variance contribution rate. The internal consistency reliability coefficient of the scale was α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.837.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Knowledge Expression Level Scale was subjected to factor analysis with a KMO value of 0.817 and a KMO significant level of less than 0.001, indicating that the variable correlation matrix was significant and suitable for factor analysis. On this basis, principal component analysis was used to extract one factor with a variance contribution rate of 75.584% based on the size of eigenvalues, the fragmentation diagram, and the variance contribution rate. The internal consistency reliability coefficient of the scale was α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.930.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Visitors' Knowledge Acceptance Capacity Scale was subjected to factor analysis, in which the KMO value of the Willingness to Visit subscale was 0.733, and the KMO significant level was less than 0.001, indicating that the variable correlation matrix was significant and suitable for factor analysis. On this basis, principal component analysis was used to extract one factor with a variance contribution rate of 79.858% according to the eigenvalue size, fragmentation diagram, and variance contribution rate. The internal consistency reliability coefficient of the scale was α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.868. The KMO value of the Visitor Acceptance subscale was 0.732, and the KMO significant level was less than 0.001. One factor was extracted, and the variance contribution rate was 82.839%. The internal consistency reliability coefficient of this scale was α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.931. The KMO value of the Tourist Engagement subscale was 0.783, the KMO significant level was less than 0.001, one factor was extracted, and the variance contribution rate was 73.793%. The internal consistency reliability coefficient of the scale was α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.816.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe KMO value of the Knowledge Transfer Performance Scale was 0.805, and the KMO significant level was less than 0.001, indicating that the variable correlation matrix was significant and suitable for factor analysis. On this basis, principal component analysis was used to extract one factor with a variance contribution rate of 79.410% based on the size of eigenvalues, the fragmentation diagram, and the variance contribution rate. The internal consistency reliability coefficient of the scale was α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.913.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eReliability and validity of formal test scales in China and Korea(Confirmatory Factor Analysis)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the time of formal testing, the internal and consistent reliability of the Museum Context Scale, Museum Knowledge implicit Scale, Knowledge Expression Level Scale, Visitor's Knowledge Acceptance Competence Scale, and Knowledge Transfer Performance Scale in Korea were: α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.867, α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.750, α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.860, (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.806, α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.885, and α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.848), and α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.901. The above scales were formally tested with the results of the later validated factor analysis as their construct validity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe internal consistency reliabilities of the Museum Context Scale, Museum Knowledge Implicit Scale, Knowledge Expression Level Scale, Visitor's Knowledge Acceptance Capacity Scale, and Knowledge Transfer Performance Scale in China and South Korea at the time of formal testing were: α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.885, α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.783, α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.919, (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.819, α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.893, α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.856), and α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.905. The above scales were formally tested with the results of the later validation factor analysis as their construct validity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe determination of content validity is currently based on the expert rating method (Zhang \u0026amp; Gong 2012). The above scales were all derived from previous research theories, developed with theoretical orientation, exploratory factor analysis, and validation factor analysis conducted before formal use, and the results were in line with the standards of psychometrics. Before the use of the above scales in this study, two PhD's in Psychology, two PhD's in Sociology, and one professor majoring in Art Management were selected to evaluate the textual expressions and content entries of the above scales. They unanimously agreed that the scales were suitable for this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe above scale is derived from existing theories and previous studies, and it has been applied to a certain extent in the field of museum/gallery visits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDescriptive statistical results for all scales of the formal test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDescriptive results for all scales of the formal test in Korea\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eBasic sample results\u003c/b\u003e. A total of 163 valid data were recovered for the study (of which, 48 were from males and 115 from females). The ages of the samples spanned 14\u0026ndash;45 years (M\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.865); about 2/3 of the samples were local Seoulites and 1/3 were foreigners; the educational level of the samples spanned from secondary school to doctoral degree; and the disciplinary background of the surveyed samples was about 2/3 for Literature and History and 1/3 for Science and Technology. Most of the samples visited with their friends, and about half of the samples visited twice or more.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eControl of common method bias\u003c/b\u003e. Since all variables in this study were measured by subjective reports, common method bias may exist, and the existence of common method bias needs to be controlled (Zhang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) to ensure the accuracy of the data in two ways: ① Control of the administration procedure: a proven scale was selected; two different methods of administration, online and offline, were chosen; the questions were answered anonymously during the administration process and recovered on the spot. ② Harman's one-way test: using the software SPSS19.0 package, a one-way, unrotated exploratory factor analysis was conducted on all questions except demographic variables, resulting in the extraction of six factors with an eigenroot greater than 1, and the explained variance of the first factor was 33.126% (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;40%), which indicated that there was no serious common method bias.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation coefficients, means and standard deviations, and between-subjects effects of the study variables were as follows(Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation coefficients (r), means, and standard deviations (M\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD) between variables in Korea (male n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;48, female n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;115; N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;163)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1Explicit knowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2Implicit knowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3Knowledge expression level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4Knowledge acceptance characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5Knowledge transfer performance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.353**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.614\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.630**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.449**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.596\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.621**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.436**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.740**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.238\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.653**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.306**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.628**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.812**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e**Significantly correlated at the 0.01 level (bilaterally).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e show that the variables show a medium to high degree of correlation, and the correlation is significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), indicating that the variables are closely related to each other and have a certain degree of independence, which makes them suitable for further testing using structural formula models.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of testing the between-subject effects of demographic variables found that: the between-subjects effect of age on museum explicit knowledge, visitors' knowledge acceptance characteristics, and knowledge transfer performance was significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); the between-subjects effect of education level and form of visit on museum explicit knowledge was significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); the between-subjects effect of occupation on museum explicit knowledge, and knowledge transfer performance was significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); the between-subjects effect of region on explicit knowledge was significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) ; the between-subjects effect of education level and form of visit on museum implicit knowledge was significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); and the between-subjects effect of region on explicit knowledge was significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.2 Descriptive results for all scales of the Chinese formal test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eBasic sample results\u003c/b\u003e. The study recovered a total of 322 valid data (among them, 127 males and 195 females). The ages of the samples spanned from 6 to 60 years old (M\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.120); Shandong locals accounted for about 2/3, and outsiders accounted for about 1/3. The educational level of the samples spanned from secondary school to doctoral degree. The disciplinary backgrounds of the surveyed samples were about 1/2 Literature and History, and 1/2 Science and Technology. The form of visit was diversified, i.e., in a group, collectively, or alone. The majority of the samples visited on their own and listened to the lecturer's explanation, and there are several ways of renting equipment and scanning codes for information. About half of the samples were visiting the museum for the first time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eControl for common method bias\u003c/b\u003e. A one-way, unrotated, exploratory factor analysis of all question items except demographic variables was conducted using the SPSS 19.0 package, resulting in the extraction of four factors with eigenroots greater than 1 and an explained variance of 31.926% (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;40%) for the first factor, indicating that there was no serious common method bias.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation coefficients, means, and standard deviations, and between-subjects effects of the study variables were as follows(Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation coefficients (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e), means, and standard deviations (M\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD) between variables in china (male n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;127, female n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;195; N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;322)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1Explicit knowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2Implicit knowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3Knowledge expression level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4Knowledge acceptance characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5Knowledge transfer performance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.363\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.526**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.938\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.725**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.583**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.161\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.671**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.547**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.766**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.096\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.625**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.426**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.687**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.803**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.497\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e**Significantly correlated at the 0.01 level (bilaterally).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows that the variables show a medium to high degree of correlation, and the correlation is significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), indicating that the variables are closely related to each other and have a certain degree of independence, which makes them suitable for further testing using structural formula models.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA test of the between-subjects effect of demographic variables found that: gender had a significant between-subjects effect on museum implicit knowledge (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); age had a significant between-subjects effect on explicit knowledge, implicit knowledge, level of knowledge expression, and knowledge acceptance characteristics (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); education level had a significant between-subjects effect on museum implicit knowledge (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); occupation had a significant between-subjects effect on museum explicit knowledge, knowledge expression level, and knowledge acceptance characteristics of the between-subjects effect was significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); the between-subjects effect of visit mode on both knowledge acceptance characteristics and knowledge transfer performance was significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); and the between-subjects effect of visit form museum explicit knowledge, museum implicit knowledge, and knowledge expression level was significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eComparison of descriptive data results between China and Korea\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs far as the sample of the research study is concerned, in view of the practical difficulties of conducting research studies in Korea, the sample size collected in Korea is relatively small; the sample is mainly people in the Seoul area; the main body of the visitors are young and middle-aged; their demographic characteristics reflect that their educational backgrounds are mainly concentrated in high school and university; their professional backgrounds are mainly in the fields of Literature and History; and they mostly travel in groups with multiple visits. In contrast, for the study conducted in China, the ages of the visitors range from 6 to 60 years old, and they have rich social stratification, diverse educational backgrounds ranging from elementary school to doctoral degree; their professional backgrounds are basically balanced, and Group tours and independent travel are predominant. The samples of the above two countries are representative of the existing state of museum visits in China and South Korea, as the data were collected in a randomized situation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation coefficients between the research variables show a moderate to high level of significance in both countries, indicating that the research variables selected for this study are closely and independently related to the research proposition, 'factors affecting the performance of knowledge transfer in museums'.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs far as the subjective effects on demographic variables are concerned, they reflect differences between China and Korea, such as: gender embodies a significant intersubjective effect on implicit knowledge in China, whereas the subjective physical examination effect of gender is not significant in Korea; age has a significant intersubjective effect on implicit knowledge and on the level of knowledge expression in addition to a significant intersubjective effect on explicit knowledge and knowledge acceptance characteristics in China. Differences in the between-subjects effects on demographic variables between the two countries may lead to differences in the degree of prediction in the hypothetical model of knowledge transfer performance between the two countries.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResults of direct prediction of museum knowledge on knowledge transfer performance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDirect predictive results of museum knowledge on knowledge transfer performance for the Korean samples\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe relationships between the research variables were modelled using AMOS 21.0 to construct a structural formula, and the results of the direct prediction of museum knowledge on knowledge transfer performance are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e Direct prediction path of explicit knowledge on knowledge transfer performance in the National Central Museum of Korea\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e show that the explicit knowledge of the National Central Museum of Korea significantly predicts visitors' knowledge transfer performance with a predictive path coefficient of 0.73, and the model explains 54% of the variance in knowledge transfer performance. The model fit metrics are:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.852, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.091, NFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.944, RFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.913, IFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.963, TLI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.942, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.963. The model metrics are acceptable, and the results support \u003cb\u003eH1\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e Direct predictive path of implicit knowledge on knowledge transfer performance in the National Central Museum of Korea\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e show that the National Central Museum of Korea's implicit knowledge significantly predicts visitors' knowledge transfer performance, with a predictive path coefficient of 0.38, and the model explains 14% of the variance in knowledge transfer performance. The model fit metrics are:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.623, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.093, NFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.951, RFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.915, IFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.971, TLI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.949, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.971. The model metrics are acceptable, and the results support \u003cb\u003eH2\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e3.3.2 Results of direct prediction of museum knowledge on knowledge transfer performance for the Chinese samples\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the direct prediction of museum knowledge on knowledge transfer performance in the survey data for Shandong Museum in China are shown in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e Direct predictive path of explicit knowledge on knowledge transfer performance in Shandong Museum of China.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e show that Shandong Museum explicit knowledge can significantly predict visitors' knowledge transfer performance with a predictive path coefficient of 0.7, and the model explains 49% of the variance in knowledge transfer performance. The model fitting indexes are:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.585, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.09, NFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.961, RFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.943, IFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.972, TLI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.958, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.972. The model indexes are acceptable, and the results support \u003cb\u003eH1\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e Direct predictive path of explicit knowledge on knowledge transfer performance\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ein Shandong Museum of China.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e indicate that museum implicit knowledge significantly predicts knowledge transfer performance, with a predictive path coefficient of 0.53, and the model explains 29% of the variance in knowledge transfer performance. The model fit metrics are:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.425, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.087, NFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.967, RFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.942, IFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.976, TLI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.958, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.976. The model metrics are acceptable, and the results only support \u003cb\u003eH2\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eComparison of the results of direct prediction of knowledge transfer performance by museum knowledge in China and Korea\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn terms of the results of direct prediction of museum explicit knowledge on knowledge transfer performance, the results of the National Central Museum of Korea and the Shandong Museum of China show that the path coefficients of direct prediction are all significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), the gap between the path coefficient values (0.73, 0.70) and the predictive power of the dependent variable knowledge transfer performance are not large (0.54, 0.49), and the models are all well fitted.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs for the direct prediction of knowledge transfer performance by the museum's implicit knowledge, the results of the models for both countries show that the direct prediction path coefficients are significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), but the gap between the path coefficient values (0.38, 0.53) and the predictive power of the knowledge transfer performance on the dependent variable are large (0.14, 0.29)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the data model for both China and South Korea show that there is a small gap between the direct predictive effect of the museum's explicit knowledge on knowledge transfer performance for visitors from both countries, but in the case of implicit knowledge, there is a larger gap between the direct predictive results, suggesting that the degree of knowledge transfer performance for Chinese visitors is more sensitive to the museum's implicit knowledge, i.e., the more adequately the museum demonstrates its implicit knowledge, the better its knowledge transfer performance is.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAll-variables modelling\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuseum exhibition environments often contain a variety of variables, such as explicit knowledge and implicit knowledge, which are not independent but closely related. Furthermore, different museums have different levels of knowledge expression and expression, and different visitors have different knowledge acceptance characteristics, etc. The transfer performance of visitors to museum knowledge is affected by these factors, so it is necessary to explore the all-variable model in order to examine the knowledge transfer performance for visitors under the influence of all variables(Zhang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKorean all-variable chain mediation model\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Korean sample all-variable model is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e All-variables chain mediation model for the National Central Museum of Korea.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e show that the total explanatory power of the full-variable chain mediation model for the Korean sample for the dependent variable knowledge transfer performance is 85%, the chain mediation effect of the knowledge expression level of the museum side and the knowledge acceptance characteristics of the visitors is significant, and after the complex effect of all the variables, some of the predictive paths are not significant, but the prediction of the knowledge transfer performance still reaches 85%. The model fit metrics are:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.638, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.089, NFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.906, RFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.901, IFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.900, TLI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.903, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.900. The model is acceptable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eChina all-variable chained intermediation model\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Chinese sample all-variable model is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e All-variable chain mediation model for Shandong Museum.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e show that the total explanatory power of the full-variable chained mediation model for the Chinese sample on the dependent variable knowledge transfer performance is 87%, the chained mediation effects of the knowledge expression level of the museum and the knowledge acceptance characteristics of the visitors are significant, and after the complex effect of all the variables, some of the predictive paths are not significant, but the degree of prediction of the knowledge transfer performance still reaches 87%. The model fit metrics are:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.586, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.70, NFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.918, RFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.902, IFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.948, TLI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.938, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.947. The model is well fitted.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eComparison of the results of the all-variable chain mediation model between China and Korea\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe differences between the predictive results of the all-variable models in China and Korea are not significant (85% and 87%), indicating that the overall effects of museum knowledge, the level of museum expression of knowledge, and the knowledge acceptance characteristics of visitors on the knowledge transfer performance of visitors in China and Korea are consistent, and both achieve high explanatory power.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, there are some differences in the specific prediction paths of the Chinese and Korean omnivariate prediction models. Compared with the Chinese sample model, the Korean omnivariate model showed that the level of museum expression of knowledge and visitors\u0026lsquo; knowledge acceptance characteristics acted as fully mediating variables (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e), while the Chinese omnivariate model showed that the level of museum expression of knowledge and visitors\u0026rsquo; knowledge acceptance characteristics acted as partial mediators between explicit knowledge and knowledge transfer performance (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The results suggest that for Korean visitors, the most important way to maximize the conversion of both museum implicit and explicit knowledge into their own knowledge in the complex holistic environment of museum exhibitions is through the mediation of the museum's level of expression of knowledge and visitors' receptive characteristics of knowledge, whereas the absorption of knowledge by Chinese visitors partly requires the direct influence of the museum's explicit knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is worth noting that there are two paths in the Korean sample model that need special attention: the prediction of museum implicit knowledge on the receptive properties of knowledge and the prediction of museum expression of knowledge on the performance of knowledge transfer, which are not significant but predicted in the opposite direction of expectation and have relatively high predictive values (-0.18, -0.25), indicating that in the Korean sample all-variable model, for the total of dependent variables, there may be a significant effect of the mediator variable on the total prediction of knowledge. There may be a degree of masking effect of the mediating variable(Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn terms of the direct prediction of museum knowledge for knowledge transfer performance and explicit and implicit knowledge for knowledge transfer performance, both Chinese and Korean models supported \u003cb\u003eH1\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003eH2\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuseum resources include explicit knowledge resources and implicit knowledge resources. Explicit knowledge resources are \u0026lsquo;visible and touchable\u0026rsquo;, embodied in the material form of the collection of artefacts and basic displays with the characteristics of the figurative. Implicit knowledge is indirect, difficult to perceive or describe, but the real existence of the knowledge, depends on the collection of abstract characteristics of the cultural connotations of the collection and the cultural value of the elements. On the one hand, explicit knowledge resources have \u0026lsquo;hidden\u0026rsquo; characteristics, so the museum's basic regular display and the thematic exhibition of staged displays need to be transformed into \u0026lsquo;cultural products\u0026rsquo; needed by the audience for the activation of information and externalization of connotation. On the other hand, the hidden knowledge resources of museums have \u0026lsquo;explicit\u0026rsquo; characteristics. Any cultural value and cultural connotation must rely on the existence of a certain material carrier, the value carried by the hidden knowledge resources attached to the cultural precipitation, only through a certain \u0026lsquo;material manifestation\u0026rsquo;, in order to give play to its social value, so as to have true meaning to the public. The learning of cultural heritage knowledge in museums has a certain degree of difficulty, and explicit knowledge and implicit knowledge are interdependent and inseparable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are current studies by Chinese and Korean scholars that support the proposition that museums\u0026lsquo; explicit and implicit knowledge contribute to visitors\u0026rsquo; knowledge transfer performance. Korean scholar Kim Hye-won studied the mural collections of Central Asian cultures in the collection of the National Central Museum of Korea, and the discussion of explicit knowledge resources such as the approximate number of these mural collections, their regional distribution, the land of origin, and the themes of the paintings, which are able to provide a solution to various problems in archaeology, geography, geology, and meteorology, as well as solving many questions about Buddhism for the visitors, suggests that appropriate expression of explicit knowledge facilitates the interpretation of implicit knowledge, and thus facilitates the absorption and use of knowledge by the visitors (Jin \u0026amp; Tian \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Expression is conducive to the interpretation of implicit knowledge, thus facilitating the visitors' absorption and use of knowledge. Chinese scholar Wang Xinjie argues that the visualization of museum information is conducive to improving visitors' experiences of museum visits and making them think more deeply, and that improving the visualization of information can also enhance the expression of implicit knowledge of the museum's cultural heritage, thus improving the transfer and absorption of knowledge by visitors (Wang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Guo Jushan, a Chinese scholar, analyzes the practical effects of new technologies in exhibition design from the perspective of the innovative design of museum exhibitions and endeavors to create a good spatial environment for exhibitions, which greatly improves the audience's efficiency in viewing exhibitions (Guo \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The research of Chinese scholar Cai Xiangjun shows that targeted design of museum exhibition modes and visiting situations helps the audience accept new knowledge faster(Cai \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Chinese scholar Tang Yuan's study concluded that museums' implicit knowledge can directly predict the effectiveness of knowledge transfer, but in the museum context, the implicit knowledge is hidden in the collections and is difficult to capture or access, and it needs to be made explicit through a certain interpretation or display system in order to achieve the purpose of being understood or accepted by the receivers (Tang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Museum scenarios are combined influence scenarios in which multiple factors coexist, and often the influence of one factor cannot be considered independently; therefore, the inclusion of all the variables in a single model, which examines the influence of all variables on the dependent variable, enables a combined influence to be obtained. The results of the all-variable model (see Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e) show that several hypothetical paths did not support the research hypotheses, possibly due to interactions between variables. In the knowledge input (Input) stage, museum explicit knowledge and implicit knowledge are closely related, and both are indispensable for the expression of knowledge; in the knowledge transfer process stage (Process), the level of knowledge expression and knowledge acceptance characteristics play the influence of chain mediation; in the knowledge output stage (Output), the variable that has the strongest and most direct influence on the performance of knowledge transfer is the knowledge transfer characteristics. From the all-variable model, it can be seen that the key core of knowledge transfer performance lies in the knowledge acceptance characteristics of visitors, followed by how the museum's implicit knowledge is expressed. Thus, improving the knowledge transfer performance of museums should be centered on these two aspects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne point worth noting is that there is not much difference between China and South Korea in the prediction of the dependent variable in the total model, but there are two paths in the South Korean sample model whose prediction direction is not consistent with the original prediction direction (implicit knowledge-knowledge acceptance characteristics, knowledge expression level-knowledge transfer performance) and have path coefficients that are not significant but worth noting, which indicates that in the process of knowledge transfer (especially the influence of museum implicit knowledge on visitors' knowledge acceptance characteristics and the influence of museum knowledge expression level on knowledge transfer performance), there is a masking effect of mediating variables, because of which the direct influence of these two paths is weakened, which illustrates the simple truth of \u0026ldquo;too much is not enough\u0026rdquo;(Wen \u0026amp; Ye \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e ).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplicit knowledge in museums often contains historical, social, or cultural knowledge, which may be partially masked by excessive packaging, advanced technology, and high expectations of visitors. The expression of knowledge should also focus on avoiding the weakening of knowledge transfer performance by over-packaging to ensure the ecological balance of knowledge transfer (Zou \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, the results of the between-subjects effect tests on demographic variables show that both China and South Korea have significant between-subjects effects of varying degrees on gender, education, occupation, income, and other group variables on individual dependent variables. This indicates that the cultural and cognitive differences of different groups should be taken into account in the process of dissemination and the transfer of museum knowledge to construct audience identity. All aspects of the characteristics of the object of museum services are different, and the learning styles presented are also different. How museums display the exhibits physically to different types of audiences is decisive for improving the growth of audience knowledge of museums, the level of art appreciation, and accepting more cultural inculcation and aesthetic enjoyment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo provide an in-depth interpretation of the findings, interviews with randomly selected visitors at the later stages of the study also supported the results of this study. For example, during on-site interviews with visitors at the Shandong Museum, visitor C1 stated, \u0026lsquo;We are very interested in some exhibitions in the museum, such as the exhibition of artefacts unearthed from the tomb of Zhu Tan in the Ming Dynasty, because we have some knowledge of the Ming Dynasty, and we feel that the costumes of the princes of the Ming Dynasty are particularly interesting, and we are very involved in our visit, especially the hats, which are very different from those in the TV series, and we have gained a lot. We will bring our children back again.\u0026rsquo; During interviews with visitors to the Buddhist statue art exhibition, visitor C2 stated: \u0026ldquo;The appearance of these statues looks exquisite, but can't read them, and can't understand those introductions, which require professional knowledge.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese interview results support the findings of this study, i.e., that explicit knowledge information provided by museums is influenced by visitors' knowledge acceptance characteristics, which affects knowledge transfer performance; however, implicit knowledge that is too esoteric, obscure, or cold is not predictive of knowledge acceptance characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen interviewing visitors at the site of the National Central Museum of Korea, Korean visitor K1 stated: \u0026lsquo;There are too many artefacts in the collection, and it's good to use VR equipment to understand the information about the artefacts, and these VR equipments bring me into a specific historical situation and help me to better understand the history and culture of our country\u0026rsquo;; visitor K2 stated: \u0026lsquo;Incorporating lighting effects on the cultural relics will not affect the preservation of the relics, but also add punch points for the visitors, I like this classical plus fashionable fusion very much\u0026rsquo;. The content of these interviews provides realistic interpretations with the findings of this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the museum visit context, both explicit and implicit knowledge have a direct predictive effect on visitors\u0026lsquo; knowledge transfer performance, and the more explicit and implicit knowledge is displayed, the higher their knowledge transfer performance is. This predictive relationship applies in both China and Korea; but more so for Chinese visitors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chain mediation effect of explicit and implicit knowledge in museums through the chain mediation of knowledge expression level and knowledge acceptance characteristics realizes the influence on knowledge transfer performance, thus increasing the degree of knowledge transfer performance, and this chain mediation effect is applicable in both China and Korea. However, in the process of chain mediation, Chinese visitors rely more on explicit knowledge and the influence of mediating variables, while Korean visitors are affected by the over-expression of knowledge in the process of knowledge transfer and absorption, which may weaken the knowledge transfer performance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering the joint effects of the omnivariate model, the conclusion applicable to both China and Korea is that visitors' knowledge acceptance characteristics are the nearest and strongest predictor of knowledge transfer performance, and that to promote the realization of knowledge transfer performance in museums, the most important thing to focus on is to improve the knowledge acceptance characteristics such as knowledge acceptance ability, willingness to visit, and engagement of visitors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003elimitations and future study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe shortcomings of this study are that the relatively small number of questionnaires returned in Korea may limit the interpretation of the findings due to the language and communication barriers associated with on-site surveys. Data are mostly obtained by self-reporting, although the common method deviation in this study is not serious by statistical tests, more methods can be considered to verify the fndings in future studies, for example, observation, case law, etc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture studys should conduct more practical studies based on theoretical models to explore effective communication channels affecting the cultural heritage of museums in different cultural contexts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e：\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFENG：methodology, formal analysis, writing-original draft preparation, writing-review and editing, supervision. DENG: translation, writing-original draft preparation, writing-review and editing, supervision. WANG: idea design, investigation, data duration writing-original draft preparation, writing-review and editing.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was reviewed by the Ethics Committee of Scientific Research Department of Shandong University of Art and Design (20240117).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed consent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWANG is corresponding author. The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to WANG Wei.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBai O (2024) Multi-dimensional Thinking of Contemporary Museum Exhibition Design (above). Natural Science Museum Research 9 (03): 5-14\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBao X-Q Research on Learning Design in Museum Scenarios. East China Normal University, Shanghai China. (2013)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCai X-J Research on Museum Visitor Behaviour Based on Symbolic Compilation and Knowledge Learning. Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing China. (2010)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChris C (2018) Managing tourism knowledge: a review. Emerald Publishing Limited 73(4)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eClaire R, Marc F (2018) Revisiting the museum experience. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal (4): 567-587.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDong W-B, Mao Z-X (2014) Development of the Stages of Exercise Scale for Adolescents - Based on the Health Behaviour Process Theory HAPA. Journal of Tianjin Sports Institute (01): 42-46. doi:10.13297/j.cnki.issn1005-0000.2014.01.013.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFrancois M (2017) Objectives and problems of museum definition. Museum (06): 6-11\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGuo J-S (2018) The Innovative Road of Museum Exhibition Design in the New Media Era. Journal of Tianjin Academy of Fine Arts (10): 87-88\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHan Y, Wang Y, Wang Q (2013) Evaluation of Indoor Accessible Flows in Museum Buildings. Architecture and Culture (10): 81-83\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJin H-Y, Tian J (2019) Central Asian Religious Paintings in the Collection of the National Central Museum of Korea - Collection Background, Research History and Current Status . Dunhuang Research (02): 85-93 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKalyan B, Chris C, Lisa R (2016) Climate change knowledge and organizational adaptation: a destination management organization case study. Routledge 41(1) \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi H-Y, Long J-Z, Cheng S-S (2012) The influence of museum-based tourism involvement on tourists\u0026apos; post-trip behavioural intention - A study of the mediating role of tourism experience quality. Journal of Beijing Second Institute of Foreign Languages 34(03): 54-63+53\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu W, Li L-L, Fu, G-Y (2021) Research on the Evaluation Indicator System of Interface Usability of Combat Command Software Based on IPO Model. Journal of China Academy of Electronic Science (10):1060-1066.\\\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu M-J, Yu X (2022) Perception and Interaction: The Enhancement of Interactive Experience in Museums. Furniture \u0026amp; Interiors 29(03): 61-65\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMcgrath J-E, Arrow H, Berdahl J-L (2000) The study of groups: Past, present, and future. Personality \u0026amp;Social Psychology Review 4(1): 95-105\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMorton SC, Brookes NJ, Dainty ARJ, Backhouse CJ, Burns ND (2006) The Role of Social Relationships in Improving Product Development Decision Making. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture (6): 1017-1024 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTang Y Research on the influence mechanism of museums on visitors\u0026apos; knowledge transfer. Beijing University of Transportation and Communications (2020)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang J-Y,Yang F, Wang W-F, Tang Y-Z, Sun X-J, Sun H (2021) The Influence of College Students\u0026rsquo; Occupational Expectations on Career Anxiety: The Masking Effect of Mental Resilience. Advances in Psychology 11(5):1247-1255\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang X-J (2024) Exploring the Explanatory Role of Information Visualisation on Museum Information Positioning Exhibitions--Taking Hunan People: Three Xiang Historical and Cultural Displays as an Example. Shanghai Arts and Crafts (01): 106-109\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWen Z-L, Ye B-J (2014) Mediation effects analysis: Methodological and modelling developments. Advances in Psychological Science 22(05): 731-745\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYin J Research on Museum Experiential Display Design in the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage. Zhejiang University of Technology (2017)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang B-Y (2011) An analysis of the factors influencing knowledge transfer in university libraries based on knowledge audiences. Research in Librarianship (03): 73-76\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang L-W, Mao Z-X Manual for the evaluation of commonly used psychological scales in sports science. Beijing Sports University Press. (2004)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang L-W Research Methods in Sports Science. Higher Education Press. (2012)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang H-C, Gong Y-X Psychometrics. Zhejiang Education Press. (2012)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhou S, Yang L-X (2008) The dynamic interface hypothesis of episodic and implicit knowledge. Journal of Central South Forestry University of Science and Technology (Social Science Edition) (05): 115-118\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhu W, Shen Y (2021) From \u0026lsquo;Speech\u0026rsquo; to \u0026lsquo;Question Kit\u0026rsquo;-The Evolution of Museum Lectures. Museum of China (01): 75-81+128\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZou M-Q A Critique of Excessive Design under the Perspective of Design Ethics. Changchun University of Technology, Changchun China. (2020)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"humanities-and-social-sciences-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"palcomms","sideBox":"Learn more about [Humanities \u0026 Social Sciences Communications](http://www.nature.com/palcomms/)","snPcode":"41599","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41599/3","title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"museum knowledge, knowledge transfer performance, effect mechanism, structural formula model, China-Korea comparison","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5963703/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5963703/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the functions of museums is to realize the dissemination and inheritance of cultural knowledge, and the maximization of cultural knowledge of museums to be absorbed and utilized by visitors is influenced by a variety of factors. This study examines the influence of explicit and implicit knowledge of museums on the transfer performance of visitors and the mechanism of influence, focusing on the question of how museum knowledge can be absorbed and utilized by visitors with maximum efficiency. At the same time, the cultures of China and South Korea are both different and related, and the similarities and differences that exist between the two countries in terms of the transfer performance of museum knowledge are also a concern of this study. The purpose of this study to address the above issues is to explore the mechanism of the effect of museum knowledge on visitors' knowledge transfer performance, and to examine the differences of this mechanism in different cultural contexts, so as to provide a reference for cultural absorption and cultural exchanges.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe research methodology used in this study is to take the National Central Museum of Korea and the Shandong Museum of China as research cases, conduct questionnaire surveys in both countries respectively, process the survey data using SPSS19.0 and AMOS21.0 software packages, and construct structural equation modeling. The main research conclusions obtained are:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the museum visit context, both explicit and implicit museum knowledge have a direct predictive effect on visitors' knowledge transfer performance, and the more explicit and implicit knowledge is displayed, the higher their knowledge transfer performance, and this predictive relationship applies to both China and South Korea; and Chinese visitors have a higher transfer performance for both explicit and implicit knowledge. Museum explicit knowledge and implicit knowledge realize the influence on knowledge transfer performance through the chain mediation of knowledge expression level and knowledge acceptance characteristics, thus improving the degree of knowledge transfer performance, and this chain mediation effect applies to both China and Korea. However, in the process of chain mediation, Chinese visitors rely more on explicit knowledge and the influence of mediating variables, while Korean visitors are affected by the over-expression of knowledge in the process of knowledge transfer and absorption, which may weaken the transfer performance of knowledge. Considering the common effects of the all-variable model, the conclusion that applies to both China and Korea is that visitors' knowledge acceptance characteristics are the nearest and strongest predictor variables of knowledge transfer performance, and that to promote the realization of knowledge transfer performance in museums, the most important thing to focus on is to improve the knowledge acceptance ability of the visitors, and to promote knowledge acceptance characteristics such as the willingness to visit and the degree of commitment.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Museum Knowledge Transfer Performance Based on the Input-Process-Outcome Mechanism: A Comparative Study of Museum Exhibitions in China and Korea","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-02-18 14:15:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5963703/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-02-26T09:02:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-02-21T05:31:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"241886608779956018963994399608188353662","date":"2025-02-17T09:22:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-02-17T03:36:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"179013882350928127124248635094109078940","date":"2025-02-16T12:45:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"197690962431972662401847921368496309889","date":"2025-02-16T00:53:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"115453322129662991448366219327672640429","date":"2025-02-15T01:30:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-02-14T11:43:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-02-14T10:38:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-02-14T10:30:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-02-14T10:30:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","date":"2025-02-05T08:17:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"humanities-and-social-sciences-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"palcomms","sideBox":"Learn more about [Humanities \u0026 Social Sciences Communications](http://www.nature.com/palcomms/)","snPcode":"41599","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41599/3","title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"dc62ea97-3044-4dd2-8abd-685329d7570f","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":44403021,"name":"Social science/Cultural and media studies"},{"id":44403022,"name":"Social science/Psychology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-27T16:06:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5963703","link":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-026-07219-7","journal":{"identity":"humanities-and-social-sciences-communications","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-23 15:59:31","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 23rd, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-02-18 14:15:12","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1057/s41599-026-07219-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-026-07219-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5963703","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5963703","identity":"rs-5963703","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}