Nanodrug impact on female reproductive health and fetal development: From translation approaches to long-term safety concern

Biomaterials for drug delivery offer significant advantages over conventional medications, including enhanced cellular uptake, improved drug stability, targeted delivery, and controlled drug release. Cutting-edge nanodrugs delivery approaches such as drugs formulations, hydrogels, films, and vaccines have been developed for diverse applications, including hormonal therapies, immunotherapy, infectious diseases, and gestational health. Tailored biomaterial systems can administer drugs for conditions such as vaginal infections, endometriosis, pregnancy disorders, reproductive cancers, and inherent messes during gestation. Designing delivery technologies for female health requires addressing unique barriers and challenges specific to the female body. Advancements in delivery technologies in other disease contexts can inform innovations in female health treatments. Delivering biomaterials and medications at the time of pregnancy may have adverse developmental consequences for the fetus, necessitating an understanding of how nanomaterials interact with reproductive systems and activate signal transduction pathways. Ensuring safety and minimizing toxicity are critical considerations, alongside developing appropriate and accessible preclinical models to facilitate clinical translation. Omics-based techniques can aid in the sustainable risk assessment and safety evaluation of nanomaterials by identifying biomolecules involved in nanotoxicity. Taking these events or exposures together with their toxicity on the female reproductive system and offspring outcomes, thus further study is required to explore, the way that nanoparticles compromise fertility and growth of embryos in humans. Long-term studies are crucial for assessing the safety of nanodrugs in pregnant female, especially concerning chronic effects from prenatal exposure. Effective development and translation of nano-drug delivery technologies for female health require collaboration among biomaterials researchers, patients, clinicians, and regulatory agencies.