Urban Noise Pollution through Combined Analysis of Sound Levels

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Within this framework, the present study was developed with the purpose of characterizing environmental noise levels in the Historic Center of Lima, integrating objective measurements and citizens’ perceptions. Methodology The research adopted a quantitative approach, applied type, with a non-experimental and cross-sectional design. Measurements were carried out at thirteen strategic points along Abancay Avenue using a type I integrating sound level meter, while population perception was collected through a structured survey applied to 392 participants selected by non-probabilistic sampling. Data were processed through descriptive and comparative analysis between instrumental records and population responses. Results The findings showed that equivalent noise levels consistently exceeded environmental quality standards for commercial zones, reaching maximum values above 90 dB(A). Vehicular traffic and informal commercial activity were identified as the main noise sources, and most respondents perceived noise as intense and disturbing, especially during the evening-nighttime period. Conclusion Noise pollution in the studied area constitutes a persistent problem that affects environmental quality and the daily lives of the population. Furthermore, the need to design urban management and acoustic control strategies is recognized, aiming to reduce exposure in heritage and commercial corridors " } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1293", "name": "Urban Noise Pollution through Combined Analysis of Sound Levels" } } ] } Home Browse Urban Noise Pollution through Combined Analysis of Sound Levels ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article García-Rivero AE, Yuli-Posadas RA, Rutti-Marin J et al. Urban Noise Pollution through Combined Analysis of Sound Levels [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1293 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171617.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Urban Noise Pollution through Combined Analysis of Sound Levels [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] Alberto E. García-Rivero https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8344-9529 1 , Ricardo A. Yuli-Posadas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3545-3443 1 , José Rutti-Marin 2 , [...] Edgar Robert Tapia-Manrique 1 , Edwin Julio Cóndor-Salvatierra 3 , Antonio José Obregón-La Rosa 4 , José Fidel Jáuregui-Maldonado 1 , Flavio Augusto Ramos-Aquiño 5 , Enrique Rigoberto Camac-Ojeda 3 , Jenniffer Sobeida Moreira-Choez https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8604-3295 6 Alberto E. García-Rivero https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8344-9529 1 , Ricardo A. Yuli-Posadas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3545-3443 1 , [...] José Rutti-Marin 2 , Edgar Robert Tapia-Manrique 1 , Edwin Julio Cóndor-Salvatierra 3 , Antonio José Obregón-La Rosa 4 , José Fidel Jáuregui-Maldonado 1 , Flavio Augusto Ramos-Aquiño 5 , Enrique Rigoberto Camac-Ojeda 3 , Jenniffer Sobeida Moreira-Choez https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8604-3295 6 PUBLISHED 21 Nov 2025 Author details Author details 1 Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima District, Lima Region, 150101, Peru 2 Universidad Nacional Intercultural Juan Santos, La Merced, Junín, 120301, Peru 3 Universidad Nacional de Huancavelica, Huancavelica, Huancavelica, 090101, Peru 4 Universidad Tecnologica del Peru, Lima District, Lima Region, 150101, Peru 5 Universidad Nacional Santiago Antunez de Mayolo, Huaraz, Ancash, 020105, Peru 6 Facultad de Posgrado, Universidad Estatal de Milagro, Milagro, Guayas, 091050, Ecuador Alberto E. García-Rivero Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Ricardo A. Yuli-Posadas Roles: Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing José Rutti-Marin Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Edgar Robert Tapia-Manrique Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Edwin Julio Cóndor-Salvatierra Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Antonio José Obregón-La Rosa Roles: Investigation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing José Fidel Jáuregui-Maldonado Roles: Investigation, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Flavio Augusto Ramos-Aquiño Roles: Investigation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Enrique Rigoberto Camac-Ojeda Roles: Investigation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Jenniffer Sobeida Moreira-Choez Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract Introduction Noise pollution has become one of the most frequent urban environmental problems, with negative effects on public health, social well-being, and quality of life in high population density contexts. Within this framework, the present study was developed with the purpose of characterizing environmental noise levels in the Historic Center of Lima, integrating objective measurements and citizens’ perceptions. Methodology The research adopted a quantitative approach, applied type, with a non-experimental and cross-sectional design. Measurements were carried out at thirteen strategic points along Abancay Avenue using a type I integrating sound level meter, while population perception was collected through a structured survey applied to 392 participants selected by non-probabilistic sampling. Data were processed through descriptive and comparative analysis between instrumental records and population responses. Results The findings showed that equivalent noise levels consistently exceeded environmental quality standards for commercial zones, reaching maximum values above 90 dB(A). Vehicular traffic and informal commercial activity were identified as the main noise sources, and most respondents perceived noise as intense and disturbing, especially during the evening-nighttime period. Conclusion Noise pollution in the studied area constitutes a persistent problem that affects environmental quality and the daily lives of the population. Furthermore, the need to design urban management and acoustic control strategies is recognized, aiming to reduce exposure in heritage and commercial corridors READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Noise pollution, environmental health, quality of life, urban environment, traffic noise. Corresponding Author(s) Jenniffer Sobeida Moreira-Choez ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Jenniffer Sobeida Moreira-Choez Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 García-Rivero AE et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: García-Rivero AE, Yuli-Posadas RA, Rutti-Marin J et al. Urban Noise Pollution through Combined Analysis of Sound Levels [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1293 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171617.1 ) First published: 21 Nov 2025, 14 :1293 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171617.1 ) Latest published: 21 Nov 2025, 14 :1293 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171617.1 ) Introduction Noise pollution has been consolidated as one of the main urban environmental risks, ranking in Europe as the second most serious environmental factor, surpassed only by air pollution ( Arregi et al., 2024 ). On a global scale, sustained exposure to environmental noise represents a critical environmental factor for public health. The World Health Organization estimates that at least one million healthy life years (DALYs) are lost annually in Europe due to traffic noise, mainly from annoyance and sleep disturbances, followed by cardiovascular impacts and cognitive effects in children. In particular, this loss includes approximately 61,000 years due to ischemic heart disease, 903,000 years due to sleep disturbance, and 587,000 years due to noise-related annoyance ( World Health Organization, 2011 ). In recent epidemiological studies, exposure to high noise levels has been linked to a 34% greater cardiovascular risk and a 12% higher mortality from cardiac causes, according to research conducted by Chen et al. (2023) . Likewise, the most recent evidence shows that high levels of noise annoyance, especially during sleep, can increase the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases up to 32.6%, compared to 25.4% in individuals without such annoyance ( Hahad et al., 2024 ). In turn, Argou-Cardozo and Zeidán-Chuliá (2018) demonstrated that noise induces biological stress responses and endothelial dysfunction, increasing the prevalence of hypertension and coronary heart disease. Despite the strong evidence, studies in Latin America are scarce and present methodological limitations. Lercher (2019) noted that exposure–response relationships derived from the European context cannot be extrapolated without adjustments to Latin American cities, due to differences in infrastructure, mobility patterns, and the absence of effective regulations. Moreover, most research in the region has been restricted to instrumental measurements, without integrating citizen perception, a key variable to understanding the social and psychological dimension of noise ( Ferraioli & Ballart, 2023 ; Jiao et al., 2025 ). Gaps in the literature are identified regarding studies that simultaneously combine objective and subjective data, particularly in historical heritage contexts such as the Historic Center of Lima. This absence limits the design of evidence-based public policies aimed at mitigating acoustic impacts on health and urban well-being. Abancay Avenue, located in the Historic Center of Lima, is a road corridor characterized by heavy traffic and continuous commercial activity, becoming one of the city’s critical points of noise pollution. The present study gains relevance because it seeks to generate localized scientific evidence through the integration of instrumental measurements and citizen perception surveys, thereby providing key inputs for the design of acoustic mitigation strategies and sustainable urban policies in a high-value heritage environment. Therefore, the following research question is formulated: How does urban noise pollution influence sound levels on Abancay Avenue in the Historic Center of Lima? To answer this question, the study proposes to analyze the influence of urban noise pollution on sound levels in Abancay Avenue, establishing the relationship between the instrumental data obtained through acoustic monitoring and the experiences reported by residents and passersby, with the purpose of providing scientific evidence to support the formulation of public policies and mitigation strategies aimed at improving environmental quality and urban well-being. Methods The study was developed under a quantitative approach, as it was based on the collection and analysis of objective data measured in decibels, complemented by subjective information obtained through structured surveys. The type of research was applied, since it aimed to generate evidence to guide decision-making in public policy and urban management. A non-experimental, cross-sectional, and descriptive-explanatory design was adopted, as the phenomena were observed in their natural context without manipulating variables, and relationships between acoustic measurements and citizen perception were analyzed. The level of research was correlational-explanatory, as it allowed the establishment of the relationship between recorded environmental noise levels and the experiences reported by citizens. The study population consisted of people who circulate and carry out activities in the Historic Center of Lima, specifically along the analyzed road corridor. The sample comprised 392 participants, selected through non-probabilistic convenience sampling, and included pedestrians, formal and informal vendors, buyers, tourists, and visitors, with representation from different age and gender groups. This diversity ensured the inclusion of heterogeneous perceptions regarding environmental noise in the area. Instrumental data collection was conducted using a type I integrating sound level meter (BSWA-308), calibrated according to IEC 61672-1:2013, ANSI S1.4-1983, and ANSI S1.43-1997 standards. Thirteen monitoring points were strategically distributed along the corridor, where minimum (LAFmin), maximum (LAFmax), peak (LAPeak), and continuous equivalent A-weighted (LAeq) values were recorded. Measurements were taken in two daily sessions (7:00–9:30 h and 17:00–19:30 h) over 14 consecutive days, reaching a total of 208 records. Figure 1 shows the geographical location of the study area within the Historic Center of Lima, with emphasis on the Abancay Avenue Road corridor. The image illustrates, at the macro level, the position of Peru within the South American region; subsequently, the location of the city of Lima within the national context; and finally, the layout of the selected avenue, highlighted in red, which connects sectors of great commercial and urban transport relevance. Figure 1. Location of the study area. Avenida Abancay, Historic Center of Lima. Figure 1 presents the geographical location of the study area at different spatial levels, from Peru’s position in South America to the detail of the Historic Center of Lima, where the analyzed avenue is outlined in red. This corridor constitutes a strategic urban axis as it connects residential and commercial sectors with high vehicular traffic density and pedestrian flow, which explains its critical condition in terms of noise pollution. Furthermore, its location within a heritage zone highlights the importance of the study, as it shows how the interaction between mobility, formal and informal commerce, and social dynamics generates sound levels that exceed environmental standards, shaping a representative scenario of contemporary urban challenges in Latin American cities. Table 1 presents the characterization of the measurement points established along the analyzed road corridor, indicating the selected intersections and their geographic coordinates. The distribution of these points, spanning from Miguel Grau Avenue to Jirón Amazonas, made it possible to obtain a representative record of the spatial variability of noise levels across different sections of the roadway. Table 1. Characterization of the measurement points. Measuring point Street name Southern coordinate Western coordinate 1 Avenida Miguel Grau -12.058832 -77.029784 2 Jirón Montevideo -12.057720 -77.029910 3 Jirón Leticia -12.056580 -77.030040 4 Avenida Nicolás de Piérola -12.054480 -77.030020 5 Jirón Puno -12.052900 -77.029180 6 Jirón Cusco -12.051733 -77.028567 7 Jirón Santa Rosa -12.050755 -77.028171 8 Jirón Ucayali -12.049796 -77.027562 9 Jirón Huallaga -12.048785 -77.027057 10 Jirón Junín -12.047702 -77.026481 11 Avenida Abancay ( * ) -12.047319 -77.026245 12 Jirón Ancash -12.046574 -77.025898 13 Jirón Amazonas -12.044886 -77.024952 * In front of the Peruvian Congress, about 5 meters away, an Air Quality Monitoring Station (General Directorate of Environmental Health-Digesa), the E5-Congress, is located. In Table 1 , the location of the thirteen monitoring points is shown, which responded to technical and environmental criteria, prioritizing intersections with higher vehicular flow and the presence of formal and informal commerce, where the most intense acoustic activity is concentrated. Additionally, a strategic point was included in front of the Congress of the Republic, where an official environmental quality monitoring station is located, facilitating the validation and comparison of the data obtained. This selection ensures coverage of critical areas along the corridor and allows for the analysis of how urban dynamics influence the generation and propagation of noise. Figure 2 shows the distribution of the thirteen noise measurement points established along the study corridor. The layout of these sites was strategically defined at intersections and sections with a high concentration of vehicular traffic and commercial activity, in order to obtain representative records of noise pollution in the area. Figure 2. Distribution of the 13 noise measurement points along Avenida Abancay. In Figure 2 , the cartographic representation shows balanced coverage from the beginning of the corridor, at the intersection with Miguel Grau Avenue, to its final section near Jirón Amazonas. This distribution ensures data collection in critical areas characterized by the overlap of public transportation, formal and informal commerce, and high pedestrian flow. Likewise, the placement of points at both ends and in intermediate sectors allows for the comparison of sound pressure levels according to traffic intensity and the density of economic activities. Regarding perceptual data collection, a structured questionnaire with five closed-ended questions was applied, aimed at identifying the perception of noise levels, the frequency of disturbances, the main sound sources, and the most critical times and days. The questionnaire was validated through expert judgment and demonstrated adequate internal consistency. It was administered in person and anonymously at the monitoring points, with the collaboration of the research team. Finally, the data obtained were processed using SPSS statistical software version 26, applying descriptive analysis to characterize sound levels and population responses, as well as comparative analysis between objective records and perceptions. This methodological strategy enabled a comprehensive characterization of noise pollution, linking technical evidence with the social dimension of the phenomenon. Informed consent statement All participants were informed about the purpose and procedures of the study prior to their inclusion. Informed consent was obtained verbally, as the research involved minimal risk and no personal identifying information was collected. The verbal procedure was selected in accordance with ethical standards for observational studies conducted in public spaces, where written consent could not be feasibly obtained without interrupting normal pedestrian or commercial activity. Participation was entirely voluntary, and respondents were assured of anonymity and confidentiality throughout data collection and analysis. Ethical considerations All individuals who took part in this research provided informed consent before their participation, in accordance with international ethical guidelines governing studies involving human subjects. They were clearly informed that participation was entirely voluntary, that they could withdraw at any stage without facing any adverse consequences, and that the confidentiality of their responses would be strictly safeguarded. To preserve anonymity, no personally identifiable information was collected, and the data were analyzed exclusively in aggregated form. The research was conducted in alignment with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and received formal approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Milagro State University, under official communication “Oficio Nro. UNEMI-VICEINVYPOSG-DP-278-2025-OF”, dated February 17, 2025. Results The results obtained in the research allow for a comprehensive characterization of noise pollution in the study area. Based on instrumental measurements, it was evidenced that sound pressure levels exceeded the values established in current environmental regulations for commercial zones, with records reaching significantly high peaks during hours of heavier vehicular traffic. At the same time, survey data revealed that most participants perceive noise as a factor that affects quality of life, identifying motorized transport and informal commercial activity as the main sources of disturbance. Figure 3 summarizes the main sources of urban noise identified in the study area, classified into six categories according to their origin: motorized transport, human movement, electromechanical sources, voice and instruments, other human activities, and natural sources. Figure 3. Urban noise source categories in the study area. Figure 3 illustrates a comprehensive systematization of the urban noise sources identified in the study area, grouped into six main categories: motorized transport, human movement, electromechanical sources, voice and instruments, other human activities, and natural sources. This typology reflects the complexity of the urban soundscape in densely populated contexts with heavy vehicular load. Motorized transport stands out as the predominant noise source, which is supported by scientific evidence. According to Miner et al. (2024) , vehicles are the primary source of noise pollution in modern urban environments. Furthermore, McAlexander et al. (2015) demonstrated that street-level noise, mainly generated by vehicular traffic, contributes significantly estimated at 4% to individuals’ annual noise exposure. The presence of advertising messages and commercial announcements, incorporated as an additional category in the diagram, highlights an emerging noise source impacting heritage and commercial areas. Recent studies in Ethiopia show that sound advertising amplifies the perception of annoyance in historic urban contexts with high commercial intensity ( Bogale et al., 2022 ). Likewise, unamplified human expressions such as conversations, singing, or laughter form part of the everyday acoustic landscape and enrich urban vitality. However, their coexistence with dominant noise sources may contribute to perceptual acoustic saturation, aggravating pedestrians’ auditory experience. Mitchell et al. (2022) found that the presence of vehicular sources within a sound environment significantly increases the perception of annoyance, especially as the complexity of the soundscape intensifies. Subsequently, Figure 4 shows the behavior of equivalent (LAeq), maximum (LAeqMax), and minimum (LAeqMin) environmental noise levels compared to the Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) for commercial zones during morning sessions across the different measurement points. The graphical representation makes it possible to identify variations between weekdays and weekends, evidencing the persistence of noise levels that exceed regulatory limits in all cases. Figure 4. Variation of noise levels with respect to the environmental standard in the morning session. Figure 4 summarizes the morning behavior (7:00–9:30 h) of equivalent (LAeq), maximum (LAeqMax), and minimum (LAeqMin) noise levels across the 13 monitoring points, compared with the environmental standard for commercial zones (EQS). On all days analyzed (Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday, and Sunday), a systematic exceedance of LAeq over the EQS was observed, with LAeqMax peaks close to or above 90 dB(A), indicating high and persistent exposure regardless of whether it was a weekday or weekend. This pattern is consistent with reports from road corridors in Latin America and Asia, where daytime LAeq values in commercial areas frequently exceed the thresholds recommended for health protection ( Huang et al., 2021 ; Puyana-Romero et al., 2022 ). In spatial terms, variability among points suggests the influence of intersections, bus stops, and traffic congestion hotspots; at the micro-urban level, these conditions explain abrupt increases in LAeqMax and the elevation of the baseline (LAeq). Street-level exposure studies demonstrate that traffic intensity and proximity to vehicular flows account for much of personal noise load, and they document expected differences between weekdays and weekends, consistent with the slight modulation observed in panels c–d ( McAlexander et al., 2015 ). From the perspective of social response, the persistence of equivalent levels above the standard favors high annoyance and the risk of conflicts in road “hot-spots”; community assessments in Quito show that sections with elevated LAeq concentrate higher probabilities of annoyance and are prioritized for control. This finding supports that, even with hourly variations, corridors of high commercial activity sustain acoustic pressures capable of affecting perceived well-being ( Puyana-Romero et al., 2022 ). The public health relevance of these exceedances is consistent with robust epidemiological evidence: chronic exposure to transportation noise is associated with increased cardiovascular risk through mechanisms of oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and autonomic activation; moreover, several observational studies and meta-analyses have linked traffic noise to higher prevalence of hypertension. The magnitude and continuity of the levels observed in the figure fall within the range of concern described by these reviews, reinforcing the need for mitigation measures ( Babisch et al., 2014 ; Münzel et al., 2014 ). Figure 5 shows the variation of environmental noise levels during the evening-night session (5:00–7:30 p.m.) at the thirteen monitoring points, considering equivalent (LAeq), maximum (LAeqMax), and minimum (LAeqMin) values in comparison with the environmental quality standard for commercial zones (EQS). The graphical representation highlights the persistence of elevated levels on both weekdays and weekends, with peaks that significantly exceed regulatory values. Figure 5. Variation of noise levels in the evening-night session with respect to the environmental standard. Figure 5 presents the evening-night variation of environmental noise (5:00–7:30 p.m.) at the thirteen measured points, showing average (LAeq), maximum (LAeqMax), and minimum (LAeqMin) values compared with the Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) for commercial zones. On all days, equivalent levels fluctuated above the regulatory limit, while maximum peaks reached values close to or exceeding 95 dB(A), indicating persistent and elevated exposure. This behavior is consistent with international records showing that equivalent noise levels during the late afternoon and evening in dense urban environments with high commercial and vehicular activity exceed recommended thresholds, even in the absence of heavy traffic ( Quader et al., 2024 ), underscoring the importance of also addressing the effects of noise pollution outside typical working hours. Furthermore, the literature establishes that nighttime noise levels below regulatory standards can still impact health, particularly by interfering with sleep and rest. Studies recommend nighttime limits of 40–55 dB(A), well below the observed records, noting that levels above 55 dB(A) are associated with a significant increase in the incidence of sleep disorders and chronic stress ( Halonen et al., 2012 ; Nadine Nascimento, 2024 ). From a health perspective, the non-auditory effects of environmental noise include not only sleep disturbances but also increases in blood pressure, cognitive decline, and emotional disorders. Chronic exposure to noise outside working hours is associated with a higher disease burden and reduced overall well-being ( Mucci et al., 2020 ). Figure 6 shows the comparison of equivalent environmental noise levels (LAeq) recorded at the thirteen monitoring points during the morning (7:00–9:30 a.m.) and evening-night (5:00–7:30 p.m.) sessions, differentiated by day of the week. The graphical representation makes it possible to observe daily and hourly fluctuations, as well as the persistence of elevated values in both periods, evidencing the continuity of acoustic pressure in the study area. Figure 6. Hourly and daily variation of equivalent noise levels. Figure 6 shows the hourly and daily variation of equivalent noise levels (LAeq) at the monitoring points during the morning (7:00–9:30 a.m.) and evening-night (5:00–7:30 p.m.) sessions. The results reveal that, although fluctuations between days are observed, the levels remain persistently above the values recommended by environmental standards, indicating chronic exposure to urban noise in the study area. The persistence of these levels is consistent with the findings of Thompson et al. (2022) , who demonstrated that daily exposure to urban noise is associated with cognitive decline and a higher risk of psychological stress, even when daily averages do not exceed critical limits. From a cardiovascular perspective, D’Souza et al. (2021) confirmed in a cohort study that prolonged exposure to environmental noise is related to increased blood pressure and higher prevalence of resistant hypertension, reinforcing the importance of analyzing the temporal variability of noise and not only its peak values. Additionally, a recent meta-analysis by Chan et al. (2024) showed that personal exposure to noise at different times of the day directly affects sleep quality and increases the prevalence of fatigue, demonstrating that the accumulation of daily exposures generates a significant adverse effect on physical and mental well-being. Figure 7 presents the comparison of equivalent environmental noise levels (LAeq) obtained during the morning (7:00–9:30 a.m.) and evening-night (5:00–7:30 p.m.) sessions across the thirteen monitoring points. The graph includes the linear regression adjustment for each period, allowing the identification of differentiated trends in the magnitude and distribution of sound pressure between both timeframes, evidencing that noise exposure is persistent and varies according to the urban dynamics of the day. Figure 7. Comparison of equivalent noise levels between morning and evening-night sessions. Figure 7 compares the equivalent noise levels (LAeq) between the morning and evening-night sessions across the 13 measurement points. Both series show a decreasing trend in sound levels along the route (approximate slopes of −0.20 dB per point), although evening-night values generally remain above morning values, revealing persistent exposure during hours of greater commercial activity and traffic. Evening-night dispersion is wider, with local minima (e.g., point 11) consistent with micro-environments of lower congestion or localized traffic control effects. This temporal pattern is consistent with high-impact evidence linking chronic exposure to transport noise with cardiovascular events and highlighting the critical role of the evening-night period due to its interference with rest and autonomic homeostasis. Large cohort studies show that road traffic noise is associated with a higher incidence of acute myocardial infarction and heart failure, even after adjusting for air pollutants, suggesting that noise acts as an independent risk factor in dense urban environments ( Bai et al., 2020 ). Likewise, a national cohort study in healthcare professionals documented that long-term exposure to road traffic noise is associated with incident heart failure, reinforcing the relevance of sustained exposures such as those observed in the evening-night curve ( Lim et al., 2021 ). In terms of mechanisms, environmental noise, especially in the late afternoon and night, is described as triggering sympathetic activation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and sleep disruption—plausible pathways linking continued exposure to hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and cerebrovascular events. The systematic difference between the two sessions in the figure is consistent with such time-of-day–dependent mechanisms ( Münzel et al., 2014 ). Complementarily, longitudinal meta-analyses estimating cardiovascular risk increases per dB increment in traffic noise emphasize the need for targeted mitigation during periods of higher exposure ( Münzel et al., 2024 ). Furthermore, studies conducted around airports confirm that areas with high noise levels present higher hospitalization and mortality rates from cardiovascular disease, supporting a preventive approach in urban corridors with elevated acoustic loads ( Hansell et al., 2013 ). Figure 8 summarizes the results of the survey applied to the population regarding the perception of environmental noise on the avenue studied. It represents men’s and women’s responses concerning the perceived intensity of noise, the frequency of annoyance, the main identified sources, and the times of greatest impact, allowing the variability of perceptions according to gender and exposure experience to be evidenced. Figure 8. Population perception of environmental noise on the avenue. Figure 8 reveals detailed patterns of noise perception among respondents, segmented by gender and key themes: noise intensity (from mild to extremely strong), frequency of annoyance, recognition of noise sources, and the most impactful time periods. A notable proportion of the population—more evident among women described noise as “very intense” or “extremely strong” and reported a high frequency of annoyance (“sometimes” or “always”), particularly due to the presence of motorized traffic as the dominant source. This finding aligns with high-impact studies: research anticipates that circadian rhythms and gender-related emotional regulation influence noise perception. Beheshti et al. (2019) documented that personality traits and gender affect intolerance to environmental noise, with women reporting greater annoyance at comparable auditory stimuli, especially when these interfere with sleep or low-arousal activities. In addition, the elevated perception of annoyance suggests that noise exerts not only a physical burden but also a psychophysiological one. A study by Paiva Vianna et al. (2015) , highly recognized in the field, found that environments with multiple urban noise sources generate high levels of annoyance and greater deterioration of well-being among the exposed population; traffic and commercial activity were the main drivers of this perception. From an occupational perspective, gender differences are also reinforced: according to Liu et al. (2025) , occupational noise exposure is increasing for women in upper-middle-income regions, many of whom are entering traditionally male-dominated roles with higher environmental noise, which may intensify perceived annoyance and accumulated auditory burden. Finally, the explicit recognition of traffic as the primary source of annoyance is supported by epidemiological studies that directly link residential vehicular noise with higher levels of self-reported annoyance, especially among women, as well as with adverse effects on quality of life. Banerjee (2013) reported that, in a population in India, annoyance levels increased significantly among women exposed to residential noise above 65 dB(A), with an odds ratio higher for women than for men. Conclusions The study fulfilled its objective of characterizing noise pollution on Abancay Avenue by integrating instrumental measurements and citizen perception. The results directly address the research question, demonstrating that noise levels systematically exceed the environmental standards established for commercial zones, both in the morning and in the evening-night sessions, and that the exposed population perceives this phenomenon as a nuisance factor that affects their quality of life. Among the main findings, vehicular traffic and informal commercial activity were identified as the predominant sources of noise, with intensities reaching critical values during peak hours. Likewise, it was evidenced that population perception aligns with instrumental records, indicating greater impact during afternoons and evenings, and recognizing noise as an element that interferes with social interaction and urban well-being. However, the research presented limitations associated with the temporal restriction of monitoring and the non-probabilistic selection of the population sample, which may limit the generalization of results to other sectors of the city. In addition, the lack of a longitudinal assessment prevented the analysis of the phenomenon’s evolution over longer periods and its cumulative impact on population health. Based on these considerations, it is recommended that future research incorporate long-term measurements, personal exposure analyses using portable devices, and epidemiological studies that allow for more precise links between noise pollution and public health. Likewise, a future line of work is proposed through the application of predictive models that integrate urban, social, and environmental variables to guide mitigation strategies adapted to heritage and high-density urban contexts. Data availability Figshare: Data from the article titled Urban noise pollution through combined analysis of sound levels https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30450761 ( García-Rivero et al., 2025 ) The project contains the following underlying data: • Data from the article titled Urban noise pollution through combined analysis of sound levels. xlsx The data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that appropriate credit is given to the original authors and source. 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PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text World Health Organization: Burden of disease from environmental noise: quantification of healthy life years lost in Europe. Regional Office for Europe, editor. World Health Organization; 2011. World Health Organization. Reference Source Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 21 Nov 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima District, Lima Region, 150101, Peru 2 Universidad Nacional Intercultural Juan Santos, La Merced, Junín, 120301, Peru 3 Universidad Nacional de Huancavelica, Huancavelica, Huancavelica, 090101, Peru 4 Universidad Tecnologica del Peru, Lima District, Lima Region, 150101, Peru 5 Universidad Nacional Santiago Antunez de Mayolo, Huaraz, Ancash, 020105, Peru 6 Facultad de Posgrado, Universidad Estatal de Milagro, Milagro, Guayas, 091050, Ecuador Alberto E. García-Rivero Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Ricardo A. Yuli-Posadas Roles: Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing José Rutti-Marin Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Edgar Robert Tapia-Manrique Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Edwin Julio Cóndor-Salvatierra Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Antonio José Obregón-La Rosa Roles: Investigation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing José Fidel Jáuregui-Maldonado Roles: Investigation, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Flavio Augusto Ramos-Aquiño Roles: Investigation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Enrique Rigoberto Camac-Ojeda Roles: Investigation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Jenniffer Sobeida Moreira-Choez Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 21 Nov 2025, 14:1293 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171617.1 Copyright © 2025 García-Rivero AE et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article García-Rivero AE, Yuli-Posadas RA, Rutti-Marin J et al. Urban Noise Pollution through Combined Analysis of Sound Levels [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1293 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171617.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 21 Nov 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Sabando-García ÁR. Reviewer Report For: Urban Noise Pollution through Combined Analysis of Sound Levels [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1293 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189241.r436890 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1293/v1#referee-response-436890 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 30 Dec 2025 Ángel Ramón Sabando-García , Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189241.r436890 The study is well-suited to the f1000research journal. It presents an empirical contribution focused on urban noise pollution through the combined analysis of sound levels, emphasizing the use of modern equipment such as sound level meters and ... Continue reading READ ALL The study is well-suited to the f1000research journal. It presents an empirical contribution focused on urban noise pollution through the combined analysis of sound levels, emphasizing the use of modern equipment such as sound level meters and sensors, with the aim of improving quality of life, public health, and the residential environment. From a study design perspective, the abstract is initially easy to follow. The English is very well written, and references to relevant works are included. Overall, the article is well-written, the methodology is sound, and the conclusions are consistent. The structure is logical and develops coherently from the introduction to the conclusions. Relevant details of the methods and empirical data analysis are provided using an updated instrument relevant to the subject of study. The quantitative statistical analysis is appropriate for studying the behavior of these variables with respect to the subject of study. The statistical tables and figures include the coefficients for each statistical test, demonstrating the robustness and reliability of the empirical analysis and guaranteeing its replication in other urban contexts. In this sense, the conclusions and limitations support the findings of this research. Furthermore, the study is ethically sound and adheres to the standards of integrity in research. However, some suggestions for improvement are described: Introduction: The first line of the narrative is similar to the abstract; this should be changed. Methods: The research methodology was applied, as its objective was to generate evidence to guide decision-making in public policy and urban management. This section is unclear, especially at the beginning. The first paragraph uses the word "(since)" excessively; a different connector should be used. It is important to state the start and end dates of data collection—for 14 consecutive days, reaching a total of 208 records. Conclusions: This should be stated in future lines of research. Application of supervised and unsupervised predictive models with machine learning, integrating urban, social and environmental variables to guide mitigation strategies adapted to heritage and high-density urban contexts. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Statistics applied to scientific research, and I have contributed to a high-impact journal article (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4) related to the object of study. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Sabando-García ÁR. Reviewer Report For: Urban Noise Pollution through Combined Analysis of Sound Levels [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1293 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189241.r436890 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1293/v1#referee-response-436890 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 21 Nov 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 Version 1 21 Nov 25 read Ángel Ramón Sabando-García , Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Sabando-García Á. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 30 Dec 2025 | for Version 1 Ángel Ramón Sabando-García , Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador 0 Views copyright © 2026 Sabando-García Á. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The study is well-suited to the f1000research journal. It presents an empirical contribution focused on urban noise pollution through the combined analysis of sound levels, emphasizing the use of modern equipment such as sound level meters and sensors, with the aim of improving quality of life, public health, and the residential environment. From a study design perspective, the abstract is initially easy to follow. The English is very well written, and references to relevant works are included. Overall, the article is well-written, the methodology is sound, and the conclusions are consistent. The structure is logical and develops coherently from the introduction to the conclusions. Relevant details of the methods and empirical data analysis are provided using an updated instrument relevant to the subject of study. The quantitative statistical analysis is appropriate for studying the behavior of these variables with respect to the subject of study. The statistical tables and figures include the coefficients for each statistical test, demonstrating the robustness and reliability of the empirical analysis and guaranteeing its replication in other urban contexts. In this sense, the conclusions and limitations support the findings of this research. Furthermore, the study is ethically sound and adheres to the standards of integrity in research. However, some suggestions for improvement are described: Introduction: The first line of the narrative is similar to the abstract; this should be changed. Methods: The research methodology was applied, as its objective was to generate evidence to guide decision-making in public policy and urban management. This section is unclear, especially at the beginning. The first paragraph uses the word "(since)" excessively; a different connector should be used. It is important to state the start and end dates of data collection—for 14 consecutive days, reaching a total of 208 records. Conclusions: This should be stated in future lines of research. Application of supervised and unsupervised predictive models with machine learning, integrating urban, social and environmental variables to guide mitigation strategies adapted to heritage and high-density urban contexts. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Statistics applied to scientific research, and I have contributed to a high-impact journal article (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4) related to the object of study. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Sabando-García ÁR. Peer Review Report For: Urban Noise Pollution through Combined Analysis of Sound Levels [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1293 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189241.r436890) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. 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