Associations Between Sexual Minority and Intraminority Stressors and Thinness- and Muscularity-Oriented Eating and Body Image Disturbances in Sexual Minoritized Men: Variable-Centered, Person-Centered, and Network Analyses

Associations Between Sexual Minority and Intraminority Stressors and Thinness- and Muscularity-Oriented Eating and Body Image Disturbances in Sexual Minoritized Men: Variable-Centered, Person-Centered, and Network Analyses | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Associations Between Sexual Minority and Intraminority Stressors and Thinness- and Muscularity-Oriented Eating and Body Image Disturbances in Sexual Minoritized Men: Variable-Centered, Person-Centered, and Network Analyses Kathryn Pasquariello, Urvashi Dixit, Rachel R. Henderson, Reza N. Sahlan, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9043433/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Sexual minoritized men (SMM) exhibit high rates of thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances, possibly due to sexual minority and intraminority stressors. Yet, existing research has exclusively employed variable-centered methods (e.g., correlational analysis), which limit understanding of within-group heterogeneity and symptom-to-symptom connections. We applied a three-prong analytical approach (variable-centered, person-centered, and network analysis) to examine relations among sexual minority and intraminority stressors and eating and body image disturbances among SMM ( N = 255; M age =25.79). Variable-centered analyses revealed that, after adjusting for covariates and other stressors, internalized heterosexism, heterosexist discrimination, and intraminority body stigma were uniquely and positively associated with both thinness- and muscularity-oriented disordered eating. Intraminority body stigma was uniquely associated with more thinness- and muscularity-oriented body image disturbances, whereas internalized heterosexism was a unique, positive correlate of muscularity-oriented body image disturbances. Person-centered analysis revealed three profiles: Low Sexual Minority & Intraminority Stress (70%, n = 157), High Sexual Orientation Concealment Only (15%, n = 34), and High Heterosexist Discrimination & Intraminority Stress (15%, n = 34). Participants in the latter profile reported significantly more thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances relative to other profiles. Network analyses identified body dissatisfaction and intraminority body stigma as highly central nodes. Our findings support the role of distal and proximal minority stressors in eating and body image disturbances among SMM. They also implicate several key processes in these relationships (i.e., heterosexist discrimination, intraminority body stigma, sexual orientation concealment), suggesting utility in considering various types of sexual and intraminority stressors in clinical and prevention efforts. sexual minoritized men sexual minority stress intraminority stress eating disorder body image latent profile analysis network analysis Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Eating disorders, characterized by maladaptive eating behaviors and dysfunctional schemas related to body image, are among the deadliest of all psychiatric conditions (Arcelus et al., 2011), with high rates of psychiatric comorbidity (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; Chesney et al., 2014). Research has traditionally conceptualized eating and body image disturbances in the context of thinness-oriented concerns and has predominantly done so with colloquially termed “SWAG” populations (—i.e., skinny, White, affluent, girls; Halbeisen et al., 2022). However, such disturbances may also manifest in the context of muscularity concerns (i.e., desire for increased muscularity) and can impact individuals across all sociodemographic strata (Calzo et al., 2013, 2017; Hunt et al., 2012; Smith et al., 2011). Sexual minoritized men (SMM; i.e., those belonging to a non-heterosexual identity; men who have sex with other men) are at disproportionate risk for eating and body image disturbances relative to their heterosexual counterparts (Nagata et al., 2021). These disturbances can present as both thinness-oriented and muscularity-oriented concerns (Convertino et al., 2022). Thinness-oriented concerns are linked to body fat dissatisfaction and are associated with behaviors, such as purging, excessive exercise, and food restriction in pursuit of the ‘thin ideal’ (Klimek et al., 2018; Murray et al., 2017). Muscularity-oriented concerns are linked to muscularity dissatisfaction and are associated with efforts to achieve muscular hypertrophy in pursuit of the ‘mesomorphic ideal’ (Anderson et al., 2024), via behaviors such as androgenic anabolic steroid use, overregulation of protein consumption, and eating past the point of fullness (Lavender et al., 2017). Thinness- and muscularity-oriented concerns may operate in concert in the context of eating and body image disturbances among SMM. For example, a dual emphasis on both leanness and muscularity—characteristic of the male body ideal—may yield a unique set of behavioral manifestations, such as rigid/extreme dieting coupled with the maladaptive use of performance-enhancing drugs (Lavender et al., 2017). Two theoretical backdrops for understanding eating and body image disturbances SMM are sexual minority and intraminority stress theories (for a review, see Santoniccolo & Rolle, 2024). Sexual Minority and Intraminority Stressors as Frameworks to Understand Eating and Body Image Disturbances in Sexual Minoritized Men Social and environmental stressors related to sexual identity have been consistently associated with adverse mental health among SMM, including eating and body image disturbances (Barnhart, Costello, et al., 2026; Convertino et al., 2021; Meyer, 2003; McConnell et al., 2018; Pachankis, Clark, et al., 2020; Soulliard et al., 2025). These stressors include both sexual minority and intraminority stressors. Sexual minority stressors may be distal (i.e., external events; heterosexist discrimination) or proximal (i.e., internal events; internalized heterosexism, sexual orientation concealment) (Brooks, 1981; Meyer, 2003). These stressors may separate out or relate synergistically, whereby one internalizes prejudice against any non-heterosexual form of behavior, relationship, or community, and/or actively attempts to conceal their identity as a means of self-protection against discrimination (Pachankis, Mahon, et al., 2020). Importantly, these concealment efforts are shown to have the opposite effect and are indeed associated with greater psychological distress and internalizing problems, including eating and body image disturbances (Newcomb & Mastanski, 2010; Pachankis, 2007). Alternatively, among those who do not attempt to conceal their identity, in an effort to connect with and affirm that identity, there may be increased exposure to discrimination (Kirby et al., 2024; Pachankis et al., 2021), underscoring the notion that forms of minority stress may separate out directionally in relationship to negative psychological outcomes. SMM also face stressors within their immediate community (i.e., general intraminority stress; body stigma intraminority stress), which is characterized by a hierarchy that confers social capital to those who meet culturally prescribed body image ideals, specifically ones that emphasize muscularity, masculinity, and leanness (Shepherd et al., 2023). Within-group pressures to achieve and maintain appearance ideals are suggested to be involved in the emergence of body dissatisfaction and shame when an individual experiences their body as discrepant from ideals, thus motivating behaviors aimed at weight/shape control (Barnhart, Costello, et al., 2026; Barnhart, Shepherd, et al., 2026; Parker & Harriger, 2020; Soulliard et al., 2025). Further, the first longitudinal study to examine intraminority body stigma and disordered eating in SMM found that LGBTQ+ community involvement (i.e., behavioral participation in LGBTQ+ spaces and events; Frost & Meyer, 2012) at baseline was positively associated with intraminority body stigma and body dissatisfaction at 3-month follow-up, which, in turn, was associated with more thinness-oriented disordered eating at 6-month follow-up (Barnhart, Shepherd, et al., 2026). This same study also found that when controlling intraminority body stigma, baseline LGBTQ+ community involvement was associated with reduced disordered eating 6 months later, underscoring within-community stress as a meaningful risk factor for disordered eating in SMM. Taken together, the extant literature underscores the powerful and even prospective role of sexual minority and intraminority stress in contributing to thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances among SMM. However, this research has been methodologically limited, exclusively representing variable-centered approaches (i.e., correlation- and regression-based analyses), which assume homogeneity across a population and seek to understand generalizable patterns between variables (Howard & Hoffman, 2018). Importantly, within the SMM community, there may be nuanced ways in which sexual minority and intraminority stress and eating and body image disturbances manifest or separate out to form distinct relational patterns. There may also be unique experiences and symptoms that uphold these patterns. While variable-centered approaches are suitable for understanding the effects of one construct on another (Russell et al., 2021), they fall short of capturing person-specific processes and preclude an understanding how these processes relate dynamically to uphold psychological phenomena. Why Unique Approaches to Analysis? The omission of analytical approaches beyond variable-centered methods prevents a classification of potentially meaningful heterogeneity in associations between sexual minority and intraminority stressors and eating and body image disturbances among SMM. Furthermore, there is a dearth of research that explicitly tests both thinness- and muscularity-oriented concerns and behaviors in this population, leaving several important questions unexplored. Thus, there is a need to extend prior variable-centered research to assess how minority stressors and thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image outcomes cluster together among subgroups of individuals—i.e., person-centered analysis—and to identify which minority stressors and eating and body image disturbances are the most central to experiences unique to SMM—i.e., network analysis. A three-prong methodological application of this kind (i.e., variable-centered, person-centered, and network analysis) may provide a fine-tuned illustration of interrelations that uphold psychological phenomena among SMM, which may then inform potential clinical intervention targets (Cao et al., 2024; Levinson et al., 2022). Additionally, the application of three analytical approaches allows for the identification of convergent, or overlapping features across methods, which may signal particularly robust and clinically meaningful processes underlying eating and body image disturbances among SMM. Person-Centered Analysis Person-centered analysis identifies subgroups of individuals who share similar characteristics (von Eye & Bogat, 2006), in this case patterns between sexual and intraminority stress and eating and body image disturbances in SMM. Methods from this approach include latent profile analysis (LPA; Wang & Hanges, 2011), which groups individuals into ‘profiles’ based on patterns of interrelationships among indicator variables (Lazarsfeld & Henry, 1968). It is suggested that such an approach, because of its ability to maximize homogeneity within each class and maximize heterogeneity between classes (Vannucci et al., 2023), may be superior to variable-centered applications in yielding clinically meaningful information, given that therapeutic interventions are primarily concerned with the individual, rather than the variable (Bergman & Trost, 2006). There is a dearth of research that has applied person-centered analyses to SMM, and none that have considered sexual minority and intraminority stressors in statistical models. Still, the limited research, which has utilized combined samples of heterosexual and SMM and combined samples of sexual minoritized women and men (i.e., Calzo et al., 2015; Klimek-Johnson et al., 2023, respectively), indicates a clear presence of subgroups across thinness- and muscularity-oriented concerns, as well as elevated eating pathology among those who experience high levels of both concerns. These studies add support for the multidimensional, nuanced patterns of body image concerns and disordered eating behaviors among sexual minoritized populations, including SMM. However, considering the previously documented role of sexual minority and intraminority stressors in understanding eating and body image disturbances among SMM, there is a need to test how these constructs operate alongside each other to identify meaningfully distinct stressor-symptom profiles. Network Analysis Network analysis has garnered increased interest in the last decade, positing that psychological phenomena arise from associations among variables (Fried et al., 2017), offering a novel method for understanding these associations in a social context (Krok et al., 2024). In the case of our study, these variables—or “nodes,” from the network perspective—represent both sexual minority and intraminority stressors and eating and body image disturbances among a sample of SMM. Given the complex, nuanced social-environmental exposures that this population faces relative to their sexual majority counterparts (Soulliard et al., 2025), network analysis is particularly well-suited to model patterns of relationships that may be involved in eating and body image disturbances and lend information regarding unique symptom relationships among SMM. Moreover, neither variable-centered nor person-centered approaches allow for the opportunity to identify specifically which processes are the most central to overall patterns of relationships—information that can be gathered quantitatively (i.e., with strength centrality metrics) from network analysis and used to suggest potential intervention targets (Bosrboom & Cramer, 2013). To our knowledge, no studies to date have applied network analysis to understanding sexual minority and intraminority stressors and eating and body image disturbances among SMM, further underscoring an important gap in the literature. The Present Study The present study applied variable-centered, person-centered, and psychological network approaches to provide a more comprehensive examination of the nuanced associations between sexual minority and intraminority stress and thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances among a group of SMM. Confirmatory hypotheses were outlined for variable-centered analyses. Regarding variable-centered analyses, we expected a general pattern of positive associations between sexual minority and intraminority stressors and thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances among SMM. That said, research testing the unique contribution of each of these stressors is limited; thus, for multivariable regression models, in which we adjust for covariates (age and BMI as empirically and theoretically relevant variables to eating pathology; Bianchi et al., 2023; Kilpela et al., 2022; Warnick et al., 2022) in the first step and then simultaneously test all of the sexual minority and intraminority stressors in the second step, we did not specifically predict which sexual minority and intraminority stressors would be uniquely related to thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances in SMM. Person-centered and network analyses were exploratory because of the limited research in this area. That said, for person-centered analyses, we did expect that higher stress profiles would be more closely and positively associated with thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances relative to lower stress profiles in SMM. Methods Participants and Procedure Participants for the present study were recruited online via Prolific (Prolific, 2024) as part of a larger study examining eating and health behaviors and body image in SMM from approximately January 2024 to September 2024. This study was available to Prolific participants who indicated they were: (1) 18–30 years old; (2) self-identified as gay, bisexual, or non-heterosexual; (3) self-identified as a cisgender man; and (4) fluent in English and living in the United States. Age for participation was restricted to 18–30 years to be consistent with prior research (Convertino, Brady, et al., 2021 ), which accounts for young adults who are at increased risk for disordered eating. Participants ( N = 310) completed several self-report questionnaires and were excluded if they reported a diverse gender identity ( n = 20), a heterosexual sexual orientation ( n = 20), or an age greater than 30 years ( n = 36). Of note, participants were reminded but not required to complete the questions, resulting in complete data. Data from the remaining participant pool ( N = 225), representing the final analytic sample, were included in the present study. The present study is a secondary data analysis of baseline data from a study approved by the Institutional Review Board ( Masked for Blind Review ) at ( Masked for Blind Review ). Participants provided electronic informed consent before participation and received $ 4.00 at each time point they provided valid data (up to $ 12.00). Participants who provided valid data (e.g., passed two out of three attention checks, completed responses throughout the survey, and correct reporting on qualitative entry, e.g., “Please write three complete sentences in the box below. They can be about whatever you’d like to write about.”) were compensated for their time. Participants were paid in accordance with Prolific policy, and payment was consistent with current minimum wage requirements in the United States. Measures Sociodemographic Information Participants responded to a demographic questionnaire by reporting their age, race and ethnicity, gender identity, sexual orientation, disability status, and weight status (e.g., self- reported weight in pounds and height in inches). BMI was calculated using the provided height and weight values. Participant sociodemographic information is reported elsewhere ( Masked for Blind Review ). Sexual Minority Stress Internalized Heterosexism. Internalized heterosexism was assessed using the 5-item Internalized Homophobia Scale-Revised (IHP-R; Herek et al., 2009 ). Participants rated their agreement with items reflecting the degree to which they have internalized heterosexist ideals (e.g., I wish I weren’t gay/bisexual ) using a five-point Likert scale (1 = disagree strongly ; 5 = agree strongly ). A total score reflecting overall levels of internalized heterosexism was calculated, with higher scores indicating greater levels of internalized heterosexism. Prior research supports the internal consistency reliability of the IHP-R in SMM (Herek et al., 2009 ). In the present study, McDonald’s omega indicated adequate internal consistency in internalized heterosexism scores (McDonald’s omega = .89). Heterosexist Discrimination. Heterosexist discrimination was assessed using the 14-item Heterosexist Harassment, Rejection, and Discrimination Scale (HHRDS; Szymanski, 2006 ). Participants rated the frequency with which they experienced various forms of heterosexist discrimination (e.g., the number of times they were treated unfairly by their employer, boss, or supervisors because they are a SMM) over the past year using a 6-point Likert scale (1 = the event has never happened to you ; 6 = the event happened almost all the time [more than 70% of the time] ). A total score reflecting overall levels of heterosexist discrimination was calculated, with higher scores indicating more frequent experiences of heterosexist discrimination. Prior research supports the internal consistency reliability of the HHRDS in SMM (Szymanski, 2006 ). McDonald’s omega indicated adequate internal consistency in heterosexist discrimination scores in the present study (McDonald’s omega = .93). Sexual Orientation Concealment. Sexual orientation concealment was assessed using the 6-item Sexual Orientation Concealment Scale (SOCS; Jackson & Mohr, 2016 ). Participants rated the frequency of sexual orientation concealment experiences (e.g., “ In the last 2 weeks, I have remained silent while witnessing anti-gay remarks, jokes, or activities because I did not want to be labeled as LGB [Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual] by those involved” ) over the last two weeks on a five-point Likert scale (1 = not at all ; 5 = all the time ). A total score reflecting overall levels of sexual orientation concealment was calculated, with higher scores indicating greater levels of sexual orientation concealment. Prior research supports the internal consistency reliability of the SOCS in SMM (Jackson & Mohr, 2016 ). In the present study, McDonald’s omega indicated adequate internal consistency in sexual orientation concealment scores (McDonald’s omega = .87). Intraminority Stress Body Stigma Intraminority Stress. The 3-item body stigma intraminority stress subscale, as part of a larger measure of intraminority stress, was developed to assess body stigma specific to experiences of intraminority stress, or negative comments, discrimination, or judgment about one’s body from SMM in the community (Shepherd et al., 2023 ). Participants rated items on a five-point Likert scale (1 = never ; 5 = very frequently ). An example item includes: “ I have been criticized for my body’s level of muscularity (too little or too much muscle) .” A total score is used in this study, and higher scores indicate higher levels of body stigma intraminority stress. Previous research supported the internal consistency reliability of the body stigma subscale in SMM (Shepherd et al., 2023 ). In the present study, McDonald’s omega of body stigma intraminority stress scores was .86. General Intraminority Stress. The 8-item abbreviated Gay Community Stress Scale (GCSS; Maiolatesi et al., 2023 ; Pachankis, Clark, et al., 2020 ) was used to assess general intraminority stress. The GCSS includes items assessing intraminority stressors in the domains of sex, social competition, status, and discrimination/exclusion of diversity. Participants rated items on a five-point Likert scale (1 = not at all ; 5 = extremely ). An example item includes: “ The mainstream gay community values sex over meaningful relationships .” A total score was used in this study, and higher scores indicate higher levels of general intraminority stress. Previous research supports the internal consistency reliability of the 8-item GCSS in SMM (Maiolatesi et al., 2023 ). In the present study, McDonald’s omega of general intraminority stress scores was .88. Thinness-Oriented Eating and Body Image Disturbances Eating Disturbances. The 12-item Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire short form (EDE-QS; Gideon et al., 2016 ) was used to assess thinness-oriented eating disturbances over the past three weeks. Participants responded on a four-point Likert scale (Items 1–10; 1 = 0 days, 4 = 6–7 days , Items 11–12; 1 = not at all, 4 = markedly ); a sample question item is “Have you had a sense of having lost control over your eating (at the time that you were eating)?”. Responses were summed to yield a total score, with higher scores indicating greater thinness-oriented disordered eating. Previous research has established the internal consistency reliability of the EDE-QS among SMM (e.g., Barnhart et al., 2022 ). In this study, adequate internal consistency reliability was identified for thinness-oriented disordered eating scores (McDonald’s omega = .88). Body Image Disturbances. The 9-item Body Dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI-BD; Garner et al., 1983 ) was administered to assess thinness-oriented body image disturbances. Participants rated items on a six-point Likert scale ( 1 = always; 6 = never ), with five items reverse-scored. An example item includes: “I think that my stomach is too big.” Higher scores indicate greater thinness-oriented body image disturbances. Previous research established the internal consistency reliability of the EDI-BD in SMM (Barnhart et al., 2022 ). In the present study, McDonald’s omega was .88 for thinness-oriented body image disturbance scores. Muscularity-Oriented Eating and Body Image Disturbances Eating Disturbances. The 15-item, unidimensional Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET; Murray et al., 2019 ) was used to assess muscularity-oriented disordered eating. Participants responded on a five-point Likert scale ( 0 = never true to 4 = always true ), and one sample question item included “I have been deliberately trying to limit the overall volume of some foods, so that my muscles look more defined.” Participants’ responses to each item were summed to compute the total MOET score, such that a higher score indicated greater muscularity-oriented disordered eating. The MOET has been validated across diverse populations (e.g., Hanss et al., 2025 ; He et al., 2021 ) and has demonstrated criterion validity, with positive associations with clinical impairment and psychological distress (Anderson et al., 2024 ; Zhu et al., 2025 ). In the present study, the MOET has illustrated adequate internal consistency (McDonald’s omega = .92). Body Image Disturbances. The seven-item Muscularity-Oriented Body Image subscale (i.e., attitudes; MBI; McCreary et al., 2004 ) within the bidimensional Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS; McCreary & Sasse, 2000 ) was utilized to evaluate muscularity-oriented body image disturbances. Using a six-point Likert scale from 1 (never) to 6 (always), participants rated their attitudes on question items such as “I wish that I were more muscular” and “I think that I would look better if I gained 10 pounds in bulk.” We summed the item scores to calculate the total MBI score, such that a higher MBI score reflected greater muscularity-oriented body dissatisfaction. The two-factor DMS has been validated among sexual minority men (DeBlaere & Brewster, 2017 ), and the MBI subscale has supported its criterion validity through a positive association with muscularity-oriented disordered eating among SMM (Tie et al., 2023). In the present study, the MBI has demonstrated sufficient internal consistency (McDonald’s omega = .91). Analytical Plan Variable-Centered Analyses Variable-centered analyses were conducted in SPSS v25.0 (IBM Corp, 2022 ). First, descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations, and normality estimates (e.g., skewness and kurtosis), were examined for the primary study variables. Cut-off values for skewness and kurtosis (e.g., < ± 2 and < ± 7, respectively; Kim, 2013 ) were estimated to suggest normality of these data and suitability for variable-centered analyses. Multicollinearity was assessed with collinearity diagnostics, namely tolerance (e.g., > .20; Kim, 2019 ) and variance inflation factor (e.g., < 10; Hair et al., 2006 ; Schroeder et al., 1990 ) values. Next, bivariate correlations were then estimated to identify patterns of associations between sexual minority and intraminority stressors and thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances in SMM. Bivariate correlations of .10, .30, and .50 reflected small, medium, and large effects, respectively (Cohen, 1988 ). Finally, multivariable regression analyses were examined. Age and BMI were entered first as covariates. Then, all sexual minority and intraminority stressors were entered into the multiple regression models. In total, four models were examined explaining variance in the four outcome variables: 1) thinness-oriented body image disturbances; 2) thinness-oriented disordered eating; 3) muscularity-oriented body image disturbances; and 4) muscularity-oriented disordered eating. Person-Centered Analyses Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was conducted using Mplus version 8.11(Muthén & Muthén, 1998–2017) with the Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLR). Profiles were generated using the three sexual minority stress measures: internalized heterosexism , heterosexist discrimination , and sexual orientation concealment , and the two intraminority stress measures: body stigma intraminority stress and general intraminority stress , which were all standardized to z-scores prior to performing LPA. The best profile solution was selected based on model fit indices including Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), Sample-Size Adjusted Bayesian Information Criterion (SABIC), Lo-Mendell-Rubin Likelihood Ratio Test (LMRT), Bootstrap Likelihood Ratio Test (BLRT), and Entropy. Lower AIC, BIC, and SABIC, whereas higher Entropy values (> .80) demonstrate stronger model fit. Further, a significant p- value ( p < .05) for LMRT and BLRT suggests that the model with k profiles is significantly better than the model with k-1 profiles. After identifying the best profile solution, the 3-step method or the Bolck-Croon-Hagenaars method (BCH; Bolck, Croon, & Hagenaars, 2004 ), was used. Within the BCH method, multinomial regression analysis was performed to examine demographic predictors of class membership (i.e., age, BMI) and to compare the profiles across four outcome variables (i.e., thinness-oriented disordered eating, thinness-oriented body image disturbances, muscularity-oriented disordered eating, muscularity-oriented body image disturbances), based on odds ratios. Network Analyses Item Selection. It would be infeasible to include all items assessed by our study measures in the network (Fried & Cramer, 2016); as such, we employed a theory- and data-driven approach to determine which nodes to include in our analyses, which is in line with past research and statistical recommendations in this area (Levinson et al., 2018 ). First, given that we were interested in examining the role of sexual minority and intraminority stressors, rather than protective factors, in eating and body image disturbances among SMM, we removed items from the LGBTQ+ Community Involvement scale. Of the sexual minority and intraminority stressors that were retained, we made the decision to represent these items according to their well-established sum scores (i.e., 1 node representing each sexual minority and intraminority stress scale), as we were interested in looking at the broader construct being measured and there is, to our knowledge, no prior network research to inform a more specific item selection procedure. Regarding our eating and body image disturbance measures, we chose to represent these using the individual items, to prioritize an assessment of symptom-level granularity. The decision to use a combination of sum scores and item-level scores was made to balance theoretical relevance and statistical power; there is previous research which has estimated networks in this way (e.g., Carpi et al., 2025 ; Chen et al., 2022 ; Lian et al., 2025 ). After defining the theoretically relevant constructs and items that we were interested in examining, we applied the goldbricker function in R (Jones, 2017 )—which determines redundant or overlapping items—to further reduce the items for our network. This resulted in a final set of 38 items for our network, including 5 nodes representing sexual minority and intraminority stressors, and 33 nodes representing eating and body image disturbances. Network Estimation. We constructed a cross-sectional regularized partial correlation network model using the graphical least absolute shrinkage and selection operator ( glasso ; Friedman et al., 2008) and the Extended Bayesian Information Criterion (EBIC; Chen & Chen, 2008 ) model selection (Foygel & Drton, 2010 ) with the full sample ( N = 225). Our model was constructed and analyzed in RStudio (version 4.3.2; R Core Team, 2020 ) using the qgraph package (Epskamp et al., 2012 ). The glasso begins by estimating partial correlations, which represent the associations between pairs of symptoms after conditioning on all other symptoms in the model (McNally, 2016 ). Next, the glasso uses an L1 penalty to shrink the partial correlation coefficients so that small and potentially spurious coefficients are estimated to be exactly zero (e.g., edges are removed from the network; Hastie, Tibshirani, & Friedman, 2017 ; Golino & Epskamp, 2017 ). A tuning parameter λ (lambda) is used to control the influence of the penalty. As λ increases, the penalty receives more weight and more regression coefficients are estimated to be zero (e.g., more edges are removed from the network; Boehmke et al., 2020 ; Epskamp & Fried, 2018). As such, the value of the tuning parameter must be carefully selected to create a parsimonious network that simultaneously minimizes the number of spurious edges and maximizes the number of true edges (Epskamp & Fried, 2018). In the present study, the tuning parameter was chosen by minimizing the EBIC (Epskamp & Fried, 2018). Note that the EBIC uses a hyperparameter (gamma) to regulate the criterion’s preference for simpler models (i.e., models with fewer edges; Chen & Chen, 2008 ; Foyget & Drton, 2010). As suggested by Foygel and Drton ( 2010 ), gamma was set to 0.5 to indicate that more parsimonious models with fewer edges are preferred (e.g., models with higher specificity; Epskamp & Fried, 2018). We used Spearman correlations as prior research has shown that Spearman correlations provide more stable networks than polychoric correlations (Burger et al., 2022; Epskamp & Fried, 2018). Within psychometric networks, each node depicts a symptom, and each edge depicts a regularized partial correlation between two symptom nodes (Epskamp & Fried, 2018). Line thickness reflects the strength of the association; whereby thicker edges represent stronger associations. The following R packages were used: EGAnet (Golino & Christensen, 2024), networktools (Jones, 2017 ), igraph (Csardi and Nepusz, 2006), and qgraph (Epskamp et al., 2012 ). Network Centrality. We calculated node expected influence (EI), bridge strength centrality, bridge closeness, bridge betweenness, and bridge EI (BEI; one- and two-step) for our estimated network using the centrality and bridge functions in the R package qgraph (Epskamp et al., 2018). EI represents the centrality of a given node when considering both negative and positive edge weights (i.e., links between nodes) in the system (Robinaugh et al., 2016 ). Prior research suggests that EI may be superior to other centrality metrics (i.e., strength centrality) in its ability to predict how changes in one symptom are associated with changes in other symptoms, within a given network (Spiller et al., 2020; Papini et al., 2020). Similarly, bridge strength centrality represents a node’s total connectivity with other communities, while BEI represents the sum of connectivity, accounting for both positive and negative edges. As such, bridge symptoms are hypothesized to play a key role in the connection between two symptom clusters (Jones et al., 2021 ). In psychopathology networks including multiple symptom clusters or co-occurring conditions, it is thought that symptoms with high bridge values promote and maintain comorbidity by spreading the activation of psychopathology from one syndromic cluster to another (Fried et al., 2017 ). We report all centrality indices as standardized z -scores, whereby higher values indicate greater centrality of a given node in the network. Centrality difference tests were also applied to the estimated network using the bootnet package (Epskamp et al., 2018) to determine whether the strength indices of nodes are significantly different from each other (Epskamp et al., 2018). Network Stability. Network stability was estimated using the bootnet package in R (Epskamp et al., 2017). We assessed edge weight accuracy using bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals (CIs; 1,000 bootstrap samples). We also calculated correlation stability coefficients (CS coefficients) to assess the stability of each centrality index. A CS-coefficient reflects the maximum number of cases that can be dropped to maintain correlations of .70 or higher between original centrality indices and those from subsamples (Epskamp et al., 2018). It is recommended that a CS-coefficient not be below 0.25 to accurately interpret networks (Epskamp et al., 2018), although this recommendation is provisional until further analyses are conducted to establish more formal guidelines. Results Descriptive Statistics and Participant Sociodemographics Table 1 shows the descriptive analyses of sexual minority and intraminority stressors and thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances. Skewness and kurtosis values fell within acceptable ranges, suggesting the data were relatively normal and suitable for variable-centered analyses. Furthermore, no concerns of multicollinearity were identified. On average, SMM were approximately 26 years of age (range, 19–30), in the “overweight” BMI category (BMI mean = 27.7; range, 8.1–72.9), and identified as white ( n = 150) and bisexual ( n = 143). More information about participant sociodemographics is reported and published elsewhere ( Masked for Blind Review ). Table 1 Descriptive Statistics and Pearson Correlation Analyses. 1. Internalized Heterosexism Mean ( SD ) Skewness (SE) Kurtosis (SE) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9.10 (4.46) 1.24 (.16) 1.39 (.32) 2. Heterosexist Discrimination 23.76 (10.36) 1.78 (.16) 3.68 (.32) 0.29** 3. Sexual Orientation Concealment 11.79 (6.09) 1.05 (.16) .18 (.32) 0.34** 0.31** 4. Intraminority Body Stigma 6.23 (3.13) .83 (.16) − .17 (.32) 0.25** 0.50** 0.21** 5. General Intraminority Stress 23.71 (7.81) − .27 (.16) − .51 (.32) 0.13* 0.34** 0.20** 0.44** 6. Thinness-Oriented ED 21.55 (7.80) .70 (.16) − .42 (.32) 0.25** 0.35** 0.26** 0.48** 0.29** 7. Thinness-Oriented BID 20.90 (10.90) .26 (.16) − .34 (.32) 0.12 0.10 0.16* 0.32** 0.23** 0.60** - 8. Muscularity-Oriented ED 26.51 (11.88) 1.31 (.16) .99 (.32) 0.28** 0.46** 0.22** 0.46** 0.31** 0.67** 0.29** - 9. Muscularity-Oriented BID 40.11 (16.05) .45 (.16) − .20 (.32) 0.33** 0.25** 0.24** 0.47** 0.30** 0.26** 0.09 0.44** Note . SD , standard deviation. SE, standard error. ED, eating disturbances. BID, body image disturbances. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001. Variable-Centered Analyses Bivariate Correlations Bivariate correlations, in general, suggested that higher levels of sexual minority stress (e.g., internalized heterosexism, sexual orientation concealment, and heterosexist discrimination) were positively associated with thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating ( r s = .22-.46, small to medium effects) disturbances and muscularity-oriented body image ( r s = .24-.33; small to medium effects) disturbances. Sexual minority stressors were largely unrelated to thinness-oriented body image disturbances, except for a small, positive association with sexual orientation concealment ( r = .16; small effect). Higher levels of intraminority stress (e.g., body stigma intraminority stress and general intraminority stress) were positively associated with thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating ( r s = .29-.48; small to medium effects) and body image ( r s = .23-.47; small to medium effects) disturbances. See Table 1 . Multiple Regressions Thinness-Oriented Eating and Body Image Disturbances. As shown in Table 2 , after controlling for age, BMI, and other sources of sexual minority and intraminority stressors, greater internalized heterosexism ( B = .14, p = .02), greater heterosexist discrimination ( B = .16, p = .02), and greater within-community body stigma ( B = .30, p < .001) were uniquely associated with greater thinness-oriented eating disturbances. After controlling for age, BMI, and other sources of sexual minority and intraminority stressors, greater within-community body stigma ( B = .23, p < .001) was uniquely associated with greater thinness-oriented body image disturbances. Table 2 Multivariable Regressions Examining Variance in Thinness- and Muscularity-Oriented Eating and Body Image Disturbances. Thinness-Oriented Eating Disturbances Muscularity-Oriented Eating Disturbances β t p β t p Step 1 Age 0.13 0.20 0.84 0.02 0.24 0.81 BMI 0.30 4.62 < .001*** 0.04 0.57 0.57 Step 2 Age 0.01 0.18 0.86 -0.003 -0.06 0.96 BMI 0.36 6.46 < .001*** 0.12 1.96 0.05 Internalized Heterosexism 0.14 2.41 0.02* 0.14 2.19 0.03* Heterosexist Discrimination 0.16 2.43 0.02* 0.28 4.04 < .001*** Sexual Orientation Concealment 0.11 1.90 0.06 0.02 0.40 0.69 Intraminority Body Stigma 0.30 4.55 < .001*** 0.24 3.34 0.001** General Intraminority Stress 0.07 1.24 0.22 0.09 1.44 0.15 Thinness-Oriented Body Image Disturbances Muscularity-Oriented Body Image Disturbances β t p β t p Step 1 Age 0.05 0.81 0.42 0.05 0.68 0.50 BMI 0.47 7.29 < .001*** -0.19 -2.88 0.004** Step 2 Age 0.06 0.98 0.33 0.08 1.33 0.19 BMI 0.49 8.63 < .001*** -0.18 -3.12 0.002** Internalized Heterosexism 0.10 1.70 0.09 0.18 2.95 0.004** Heterosexist Discrimination -0.03 -0.44 0.66 -0.12 -1.67 0.10 Sexual Orientation Concealment 0.10 1.70 0.09 0.08 1.32 0.18 Intraminority Body Stigma 0.23 3.37 < .001*** 0.44 6.16 < .001*** General Intraminority Stress 0.12 1.91 0.06 0.10 1.56 0.12 Note . BMI, body mass index. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001. Bolded = significant. Muscularity-Oriented Eating and Body Image Disturbances. As shown in Table 2 , after controlling for age, BMI, and other sources of sexual minority and intraminority stressors, greater internalized heterosexism ( B = .14, p = .03), greater heterosexist discrimination ( B = .28, p < .001), and greater within-community body stigma ( B = .24, p = .001) were uniquely associated with greater muscularity-oriented eating disturbances. After controlling for age, BMI, and other sources of sexual minority and intraminority stressors, greater internalized heterosexism ( B = .18, p = .004) and greater within-community body stigma ( B = .44, p < .001) were uniquely associated with greater muscularity-oriented body image disturbances. Person-Centered Analyses Latent Profile Analysis The fit indices utilized for LPA model selection are presented in Table 3 . Initially, the 5-profile solution was considered, given its lower AIC, BIC, and SABIC, and significant LRT and BLRT. However, its Entropy value (0.84) was lower than that of the 4-profile solution (0.92) and, importantly, one of its profiles represented < 5% of the sample, which may be a spurious rather than meaningful group (He & Fan, 2019 ). The 4-profile solution was considered next, and though it had significant LRT and BLRT, lower AIC, BIC, and SABIC, and higher Entropy, compared to the 5-profile solution, this solution also had a profile that included < 5% of the sample, and was thus not chosen. Ultimately, the 3-profile solution was selected as it satisfied the requirements for all fit indices, especially profiles representing meaningful proportions (> 5% of the sample). Table 3 Fit Indices and Profile Proportions for the Models with 1 to 5 Profiles. Profiles LL AIC BIC SABIC LRT p -value BLRT p -value Entropy Mixing Ratio 1 -1593.80 3207.60 3241.76 3210.07 - - - - 2 -1503.07 3038.15 3092.80 3042.10 .011 < .001 .90 .83/.17 3 -1460.02 2964.04 3039.19 2969.47 .027 < .001 .90 .70/.15/.15 4 -1425.44 2906.88 3002.53 2913.80 .013 < .001 .92 .67/.14/.15/.04 5 -1400.50 2869.00 2985.15 2877.40 .038 < .001 .84 .27/.13/.43/.04/.13 Notes : LL = the Log Likelihood; AIC = the Akaike Information Criterion; BIC = the Bayesian Information Criterion; SABIC = the Sample-Size Adjusted BIC; LMRT = the Lo-Mendell-Rubin Adjusted Likelihood Ratio Test. Characteristics of Latent Profiles The graphical representation of the three profiles can be seen in Fig. 1 . The first profile was labelled “ Low Sexual Minority and Intraminority Stress ” and it accounted for 70% ( n = 157) of the sample. This profile was characterized by low probabilities on all three indexes of sexual minority stress, internalized heterosexism, heterosexist discrimination, and sexual orientation concealment, as well as the two indexes of intraminority stress, body stigma intraminority stress and general intraminority stress. The second profile was labelled “ High Sexual Orientation Concealment Only ” and it accounted for 15% ( n = 34) of the sample. This profile was characterized by high probabilities of endorsing sexual orientation concealment, but lower probabilities of endorsing all other types of sexual minority and intraminority stresses. The third profile was labelled “ High Heterosexist Discrimination and Intraminority Stress ” and it accounted for 15% ( n = 34) of the sample. This profile was characterized by a high probability of endorsing heterosexist discrimination and high probabilities of endorsing both body stigma intraminority stress and general intraminority stress. Demographic Correlates of Latent Profiles The results of multinomial regressions that assessed demographic predictors of latent profile membership suggested that neither age nor BMI emerged as significant predictors of profile membership (all p s > .05). Profile Comparisons on Thinness- and Muscularity-Oriented Eating and Body Image Disturbances Significant group differences emerged in scores on thinness-oriented eating disturbances ( χ 2 = 27.27, p < .001), thinness-oriented body image disturbances ( χ 2 = 8.05, p = .018), muscularity-oriented eating disturbances ( χ 2 = 27.73, p < .001), and muscularity-oriented body image disturbances ( χ 2 = 36.63, p < .001). Compared to participants in the other profiles, participants in the High Heterosexist Discrimination and Intraminority Stress profile had the highest mean scores on all outcome variables: thinness-oriented eating disturbances ( M = 28.84, SE = 1.66), muscularity-oriented eating disturbances ( M = 39.12, SE = 2.78), thinness-oriented body image disturbances ( M = 35.18, SE = 1.70), and muscularity-oriented body image disturbances ( M = 52.47, SE = 2.51). Conversely, compared to participants in the other two profiles, participants in the Low Sexual Minority and Intraminority Stress profile had the lowest mean scores on all outcome variables: thinness-oriented eating disturbances ( M = 19.84, SE = 0.57), muscularity-oriented eating disturbances ( M = 23.89, SE = 0.81), thinness-oriented body image disturbances ( M = 19.73, SE = 0.94), and muscularity-oriented body image disturbances ( M = 36.33, SE = 1.25). Participants in the High Sexual Orientation Concealment Only profile had mean scores between those of the other two profiles. See Table 4 . Table 4 Differences in Thinness- and Muscularity-Oriented Eating and Body Image Disturbances Across Profiles. Thinness-oriented disordered eating Low Sexual Minority & Intraminority Stress (70.0%) Mean (SE) High Sexual Orientation Concealment Only (15.0%) Mean (SE) High Heterosexist Discrimination & Intraminority Stress (15.0%) Mean (SE) Approximate Chi-Square 19.84 (0.57) a 22.29 (1.25) a 28.84 (1.66) b 27.27 *** Muscularity-oriented disordered eating 23.89 (0.81) a 26.03 (1.96) a 39.12 (2.78) b 27.73 *** Thinness-oriented body image disturbance 29.73 (0.94) a 32.12 (1.63) a,b 35.18 (1.70) b 8.05 * Muscularity-oriented body image disturbance 36.33 (1.25) a 45.57 (2.94) b 52.47 (2.51) c 36.63 *** Notes : * p < .05, *** p < .001. Cells in the same row with different subscripts (a, b, c) have statistically significant pairwise differences between the profiles on the measures of interest. Network Analyses Network Stability and Accuracy Figure 2 depicts the structure of our network. The stability of the node EI in our network was 0.36 (1,000 bootstraps), which is adequate. BEI also had adequate stability in our network (BEI stability = 0.36). Node bridge betweenness and closeness centralities were unstable in our network, which is often the case for psychological networks (e.g., Beard et al., 2016), and were therefore not interpreted further (< .25 CS-coefficients). Centrality and Bridge Symptoms Standardized node EI values were calculated for our network (Fig. 3 ) and are reported in Table 5 . The symptoms that emerged with the highest EI were: thinness-oriented body dissatisfaction (EDE_QS_12; “How dissatisfied have you been with your weight or shape”; EI = 1.25), preoccupation with weight/shape (EDE_QS_4; “Has thinking about your weight or shape made it very difficult to concentrate on things you are interested in [such as working, following a conversation or reading]”; EI = 1.24 ); and anxiety when running out of protein-based supplements (MOET_10; “I have felt anxious when I run out of protein-based supplements”; EI = 1.16). Table 5 Node Centrality and Bridge Indices of the Network. Node EI Bridge EI IH 0.45 0.45 IntraStress 0.65 0.65 BodyStigma 1.06 1.06 HD 0.77 0.77 Conceal 0.55 0.55 EDE_QS_1 0.85 0.12 EDE_QS_2 0.90 0.37 EDE_QS_3 0.92 0.30 EDE_QS_4 1.24 0.43 EDE_QS_6 1.03 0.36 EDE_QS_7 0.42 0.14 EDE_QS_8 0.83 0.34 EDE_QS_9 1.05 0.20 EDE_QS_10 0.80 0.13 EDE_QS_11 1.12 0.54 EDE_QS_12 1.25 0.68 MOET_2 0.81 0.25 MOET_3 0.80 0.59 MOET_5 0.97 0.36 MOET_6 0.93 0.27 MOET_7 0.75 0.36 MOET_9 0.98 0.40 MOET_10 1.16 0.08 MOET_11 0.91 0.27 MOET_13 1.14 0.28 MOET_15 1.03 0.20 EDI_BD_1 1.00 0.51 EDI_BD_2 1.01 0.14 EDI_BD_3 1.07 0.25 EDI_BD_4 0.69 0.06 EDI_BD_5 0.49 -0.22 EDI_BD_6 1.10 0.30 EDI_BD_7 0.65 -0.01 EDI_BD_8 0.91 -0.04 EDI_BD_9 0.97 0.01 DMS_9 0.43 0.02 DMS_11 0.86 0.16 DMS_13 0.89 0.29 Standardized BEI values were calculated for our network (Fig. 4 ) and are reported in Table 5 . The symptoms that emerged with the highest BEI were: body stigma intraminority stress (BEI = 1.06), heterosexist discrimination (BEI = 0.77), and thinness-oriented body dissatisfaction (EDE_QS_12; “How dissatisfied have you been with your weight or shape”; BEI = 0.68). Table 6 summarizes the full measure item associated with each node in our network. Table 6 Node Index. Node Item IntraStress Intraminority stress total score HD Heterosexist discrimination total score Conceal BodyStigma IH Sexual orientation concealment total score Body stigma intraminority stress total score Internalized heterosexism total score EDE_QS_1 Have you been deliberately trying to limit the amount of food you eat to influence your weight or shape (whether or not you have succeeded)? EDE_QS_2 Have you gone for long periods of time (e.g., 8 or more waking hours) without eating anything at all in order to influence your weight or shape? EDE_QS_3 Has thinking about food, eating or calories made it very difficult to concentrate on things you are interested in (such as working, following a conversation or reading)? EDE_QS_4 Has thinking about your weight or shape made it very difficult to concentrate on things you are interested in (such as working, following a conversation or reading)? EDE_QS_6 Have you had a strong desire to lose weight? EDE_QS_7 Have you tried to control your weight or shape by making yourself sick (vomit) or taking laxatives? EDE_QS_8 Have you exercised in a driven or compulsive way as a means of controlling your weight, shape or body fat, or to burn of calories? EDE_QS_9 Have you had a sense of having lost control over your eating (at the time that you were eating)? EDE_QS_10 On how many of these days (i.e., days on which you had a sense of having lost control over your eating) did you eat what other people would regard as an unusually large amount of food in one go? EDE_QS_11 Has your weight or shape influenced how you think about (judge) yourself as a person? EDE_QS_12 How dissatisfied have you been with your weight or shape? MOET_2 I have used meal replacement supplements when I felt full. MOET_3 What I ate has influenced how I think about myself as a person. MOET_5 I have felt less anxious about eating out if I knew the macro-nutritional content of the food at the restaurant. MOET_6 I have taken my own food out with me to social events in case the food on offer is inconsistent with my diet plan. MOET_7 I cannot achieve my ideal body unless I exert complete control over everything I eat. MOET_9 I have continued eating despite feeling full in an attempt to influence my muscularity. MOET_10 I have felt anxious when I run out of protein-based supplements. MOET_11 I have been deliberately trying to limit the overall volume of some foods, so that my muscles look more defined. MOET_13 I have felt anxious about others knowing the rules I have around what I eat. MOET_15 Ensuring proper adherence to my dietary ideals is more important to me than adhering to a work schedule. EDI_BD_1 I think that my stomach is too big. EDI_BD_2 I think that my thighs are too large. EDI_BD_3 I think my hips are too big. EDI_BD_4 I think my buttocks are too large. EDI_BD_5 I think that my stomach is just the right size. EDI_BD_6 I feel satisfied with the shape of my body. EDI_BD_7 I like the shape of my buttocks. EDI_BD_8 I think that my thighs are just the right size. EDI_BD_9 I think that my hips are just the right size DMS_9 I think that I would look better if I gained 10 pounds in bulk. DMS_11 I think that I would feel stronger if I gained a little more muscle mass. DMS_13 I think that my arms are not muscular enough. Discussion To our knowledge, the present study is the first to use a three-pronged (i.e., variable-centered, person-centered, psychological network) approach to examine the relationships between sexual minority and intraminority stressors and eating and body image disturbances among sexual minority men (SMM). By applying three distinct analytical methods to understanding these phenomena, the present study elucidates individual-level processes while also shedding light on shared relational patterns and identifying key symptom players involved in these patterns. An empirical examination of this kind carries implications for future directions and potential clinical interventions for SMM. In line with our expectations, while analyses revealed some consistent patterns of associations between sexual minority and intraminority stressors and thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances among SMM, they also highlighted several important nuances regarding their interrelationships. Variable-Centered Analyses To explore the relationships between sexual minority and intraminority stressors and eating and body image disturbances, we ran four regression models in which thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances were entered as the outcome variables. Results of these analyses revealed that higher levels of both distal and proximal stressors (i.e., heterosexist discrimination and internalized heterosexism/within-community body stigma, respectively) were unique, positive correlates of higher levels of thinness- and muscularity disordered eating. However, only within-community body stigma was a significant, positive correlate of thinness- and muscularity-oriented body image disturbances, while internalized heterosexism was uniquely and positively correlated with muscularity-oriented, but not thinness-oriented, body image disturbances. Our finding that heterosexist discrimination was related to disordered eating among SMM is in line with prior literature consistently demonstrating that sexual minority stressors are associated with worse eating disorder outcomes among sexual minority individuals (O’Flynn et al., 2023 ; Nowicki et al., 2022 ; Parker & Harriger, 2020 ). Importantly, among SMM, these outcomes may manifest as maladaptive eating behaviors oriented towards achieving both thinness and muscularity, as demonstrated in our models, thereby supporting the existence of dual body image pathways among this population (Convertino et al., 2021 ; Tylka & Andorka, 2012 ). Interestingly, while distal stressors such as heterosexist discrimination were only associated with disordered eating, but not body image outcomes, proximal stressors, namely within-community body stigma (i.e., negative feedback toward one’s body weight/shape and muscularity; Shepherd et al., 2023 ), was significantly associated with both thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances, after controlling for age, BMI, and other sources of sexual minority and intraminority stressors. This finding is in line with prior literature suggesting that appearance-related pressures present in the SMM context play a particularly salient role in self-evaluation of body size and shape (Foster-Gimbel et al., 2020 ; Shepherd et al., 2023 ) and emerging literature that directly implicates the unique role of intraminority body stigma as a prospective correlate of thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances among SMM (Barnhart, Shepherd, et al., 2026 ). Of note, there may be SMM for whom experiences of intraminority body stigma are especially potent, including those who identify as higher-weight, less masculine, less wealthy, younger, or a person of color (Austen et al., 2022; Elbe et al., 2024 ; Shepherd et al., 2023 ). Given our findings on the relationship between intraminority stressors and eating and body image outcomes, it would be useful for clinicians to consider perceived status and sexual capital, as well as sociodemographic background, in identifying and treating high-risk individuals (Elbe et al., 2024 ; Shepherd et al., 2024 ). Person-Centered Analyses We employed LPA to reveal distinct patterns of sexual minority and intraminority stressors (e.g., high stress vs. low stress) that may be uniquely associated with eating and body image disturbances among SMM. While our LPA was largely exploratory in nature, our findings are consistent with our expectations: higher stress profiles were more closely and positively associated with thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances than lower stress profiles. Our model fit indices suggested that the best fit was a three-profile solution, with the following profiles emerging: Low Sexual Minority and Intraminority Stress , High Sexual Orientation Concealment Only , and High Heterosexist Discrimination and Intraminority Stress. We found that participants in the High Heterosexist Discrimination and Intraminority Stress profile, which comprised 15% of our sample, scored the highest on measures of thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances, while participants in the Low Sexual Minority and Intraminority Stress profile, which comprised 70% of our sample, scored the lowest on these outcomes. Consistent with minority stress (Meyer, 1995, 2003 ; Frost & Meyer, 2023 ) and intraminority stress (Pachankis, Clark, et al., 2020 ) theories, we found that individuals who experienced high levels of sexual minority and intraminority stress reported the most severe eating and body image disturbances across both muscularity and thinness concerns. The emergence of a profile marked by both distal (i.e., heterosexist discrimination) and proximal (i.e., pressures within the SMM community) stressors provides support for the idea that these stressors operate as interlocking systems, rather than as distinct constructs, in association with eating and body image disturbances. For example, as documented in prior variable-centered research (Harper et al., 2024; Soulliard et al., 2024 ), SMM may face external stigma (e.g., discrimination), which then, in the context of within-community stigma (i.e., general intraminority stress and intraminority body stigma), may contribute to elevated eating and body image disturbances as a means of coping with the burden of these unique, identity-specific stressors. Still, longitudinal research is needed to test the directionality of these putative temporal relationships. Our person-centered analyses also revealed a distinct profile that was characterized by high sexual orientation concealment only and accounted for 15% of the sample. This profile was associated with modest levels of eating and body image disturbances, relative to the low-stress profile, but statistically lower than those of participants in the high-stress profile. Concealment is considered a proximal form of minority stress, whereby individuals attempt to ‘hide’ their sexual minority status, possibly as a means of coping with the psychological distress that results from anticipated stressors (both distal and proximal) associated with their sexual identity (Pachankis, 2007 ; Csoti et al., 2025). Concealment behaviors have often been used to understand psychopathology (e.g., Pachankis, Mahon, et al., 2020 ), including eating and body image disturbances (e.g., Barnhart et al., 2022 )—although no studies to date have explored how these behaviors cluster together relative to other proximal and distal minority stressors via a person-centered approach. Considering that our High Sexual Orientation Concealment Only profile was not characterized by other sexual minority or intraminority stressors, concealing one’s sexual identity may operate as a distinct process that exerts psychological strain and prevents integration with protective factors, such as LGBTQ+ community connectedness, which may otherwise buffer against the deleterious effects of identity-based stressors (e.g., Soulliard et al., 2025 ). It is also worthwhile to consider how sexual orientation concealment, while certainly a maladaptive process, may nonetheless remove and/or “protect” SMM from situations of identity-based victimization both outside and within the community (Pachankis, Clark, et al., 2020 ), and thus may correspond with lower levels of self-reported heterosexist discrimination and within-community stress. Network Analyses While our variable- and person-centered approaches provided the opportunity to test how broader constructs of sexual minority and intraminority stress and eating and body image disturbances are related and how they separate out across persons, our network approach provided a more granular examination of these processes. Regarding network analyses, several sexual minority and intraminority stressors and thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbance symptoms emerged with high node strength and bridge centrality. The symptom that emerged with the highest EI was thinness-oriented body dissatisfaction, followed by preoccupation with weight/shape, which taps into cognitive concerns around body image. Previous research has implicated a central role of both body dissatisfaction and preoccupation with weight/shape in the development and maintenance of eating pathology (Stice & Shaw, 2002) and prior network analyses have supported their role as key components involved eating disorder pathology at the group and individual level (Calugi et al., 2021 ; Dubois et al., 2017 ; Forbush et al., 2016 ; Forrest et al., 2018 ; Levinson et al., 2021 ). While there is research to support elevated rates of these concerns among SMM (e.g., Bhambhani et al., 2019 ; Calzo et al., 2013 ), we replicate and extend this work to demonstrate how body image concerns operate in this population from a psychological network perspective. Further, the finding that feeling anxious when running out of protein-based supplements ( MOET_10 ) emerged in the top 3 items supports the notion that SMM face unique pressures to achieve the mesomorphic ideal (e.g., Lev Arey et al., 2025 ; Nowicki et al., 2022 ), suggesting that the overconsumption of protein may not only be relevant to achieving such ideals, but also represents a source of psychological distress that is linked to eating and body image disturbances. Prior research suggests that disparities in eating and body image disturbances among SMM likely stem from intraminority cultural appearance ideals and distal sexual minority-stressors (Convertino et al., 2021 ; Simone et al., 2022 ). Our finding that discriminatory pressures based on body size/shape within the SMM community (i.e., body stigma intraminority stress) and discrimination outside of the SMM community (i.e., heterosexist discrimination) emerged with high bridge influence in our network provides important and preliminary insights on how such proximal and distal stressors may act as ‘conduits’ between clusters of eating and body image disturbances. Gay community stress theory (Pachankis, Clark, et al., 2020 ) posits that SMM are faced with unique pressures within their community that are informed by social and sexual relationships with other men. To this end, prior research indicates that SMM perceive their community as strongly adherent to rigid, status-based constructs, including masculinity, attractiveness, and wealth, and that sexual and social capital derive from the extent to which one possesses these qualities (Blashill, 2011 ; Frederick & Essayli, 2016 ; Green, 2008 ; Pachankis, Clark, et al., 2020 ). While eating and body image disturbances were highly central to stressor-symptom associations in our network, our results suggest that proximal and distal experiences of stigma and discrimination among SMM may indeed bridge these aggregations. As such, it may be important to consider ways in which within-community cycles of comparison and competition can be intervened upon in clinical settings. For example, providing psychoeducation on the role of intraminority stressors in eating and body image disturbances may help to create space for a client to explore how their sexual identity and pressures from their community, such as those focused on body-ideals, are tied to maladaptive behaviors, thus providing an opportunity to expand their self-view and build cognitive flexibility related to fears of negative evaluation from other SMM. Past research has implicated heterosexist discrimination in mental health sequelae among SMM (e.g., Dellers et al., 2025 ). This research posits that heterosexist discrimination predisposes SMM to internal stress experiences and identity concealment efforts, and suggests that these stressors are interrelated (Meyer, 2003 ; Dellers et al., 2025 ). However, our study is the first to directly test these interrelationships via a psychological network approach, illustrating the deleterious role of sexual minority stress in relation to eating and body image disturbances among SMM, as well as its close relationship to sexual orientation concealment and other forms of sexual minority and intraminority stress. Taken together, these findings highlight that eating and body image disturbances among SMM are embedded within a system of negative attitudes, biases, and discrimination on the basis of sexual identity and body-image ideals, underscoring the clinical utility of interventions that acknowledge forms of minority stress as pathways that may uphold eating and body image disturbances among SMM. It is worth noting items that shared high node centrality and bridge influence. Namely, thinness-oriented body dissatisfaction ( EDE_QS_12 ) had among the highest node EI and emerged with high bridge influence. It is suggested that an item which is high in node centrality and bridge centrality indices is of particular relevance, as it exerts a strong impact on the global connectivity of a network, and therefore if targeted in intervention, may be most effective at ‘deactivating’ the entire network (Castro et al., 2019 ; Haslbeck & Fried, 2017 ; Jones et al., 2021 ; Robinaugh et al., 2016 ). In line with this, body dissatisfaction may represent a particularly salient intervention target for SMM, especially when situated in the broader context of sexual minority stress, stigma, and community-specific appearance pressures. Still, future longitudinal and experimental network research is needed to determine the temporal influence of these experiences and identify the mechanisms through which eating and body image disturbances are ‘activated’ over time in the context of sociocultural exposures. Together, our person-centered and psychological network findings complement prior variable-centered research in this area, which outlines the unique pressures faced by SMM to achieve both leanness and physical prowess (Drummond, 2005 ; Lev Arey et al., 2025 ), and emphasizes intraminority body stigma as a distinct contributor to eating and body image disturbances among SMM (e.g., Barnhart, Shepherd, et al., 2026 ; Shepherd et al., 2023 ; Soulliard et al., 2025 ). Through the application of network analysis, however, we extend this prior research by characterizing these processes as a system of interconnected components, rather than effects of a single latent cause, and highlighting key mechanisms involved in associations between sexual minority and intraminority stress and eating and body image disturbances among SMM. Areas of Overlap and Distinction In implementing a three-prong analytic approach to understanding relationships between sexual minority and intraminority stressors and eating and body image disturbances, there is an opportunity to explore points of convergence and divergence in our results. For example, across all three methodological approaches, distal minority stress, including heterosexist discrimination, consistently emerged as a salient positive correlate or central feature of thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances among SMM. Additionally, more proximal, intraminority stressors emerged with meaningful implications for eating and body image disturbances across each methodological approach, specifically intraminority body stigma. However, to fully understand how these pathways unfold over time, we need to replicate our analyses using longitudinal and naturalistic data collection methods. Notably, while our variable- and network-centered approaches demonstrated unique contributions of and interconnections between sexual minority and intraminority stressors and eating and body image disturbances, our person-centered analyses revealed how these stressors may coalesce across individuals in our sample, underscoring the presence of a high-risk profile characterized by high sexual minority and intraminority stress exposures. Our profile analyses also illustrated latent subgroups of individuals and proximal minority stress processes that were not necessarily captured by our variable and network approaches, including high levels of sexual orientation concealment and elevated eating and body image disturbances. Taken together, the overlap and distinctions that emerged across our three analytical approaches highlight the need to consider both distal (i.e., heterosexist discrimination) and proximal (i.e., within-community stigma) stressors as meaningful correlates of eating and body image disturbances among SMM. Moreover, while research in the eating disorder area has traditionally conceptualized thinness-oriented attitudes and behaviors, our findings align with the growing body of literature suggesting that eating and body image disturbances manifest uniquely among SMM, including both thinness- and muscularity-oriented concerns (e.g., Convertino et al. 2021 ). Strengths, Limitations, & Future Directions The strengths of the present study include the use of three distinct analytical approaches, which together provide a comprehensive understanding of the patterns of associations between sexual minority and intraminority stressors and eating and body image disturbances in SMM. Furthermore, the inclusion of thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances is a strength, given that both thinness and muscularity concerns reflect eating disorder symptomatology in SMM (Convertino et al., 2022 ). In addition to these strengths are limitations, which may inform future research directions. First, our data are cross-sectional, which precludes inferences about how the three models we present may change over time. As such, longitudinal studies are needed that incorporate similar analytic approaches to test associations between our constructs of interest across time points. Second, while self-report measures are valid and reliable tools for assessing constructs of interest, they introduce potential threats to validity in the form of retrospective reporting and social desirability. Future research can address these concerns by capturing data in real time using experience-sampling methods to provide information on the dynamic interplay between identity-specific stress and eating and body image disturbances in SMM. Third, measures used to capture thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances broadly capture scores on these constructs, omitting distinct behaviors that may exhibit unique associations with identity-specific stressors (e.g., muscle building, restriction). Future research that captures thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances as multidimensional constructs (e.g., the Eating Pathology Symptom Inventory, which has been validated in SMM; Perko et al., 2021 ) is needed to replicate and expand on the present study. Fourth and finally, sample characteristics illustrate important limitations to the generalizability of these data to adolescents and older adults, sexual minoritized women and gender-diverse groups, and SMM from other cultural contexts, namely non-Western regions. Future research should be attentive to testing this three-pronged approach in such populations to provide information on the role of developmental context, as well as how identity and sociocultural background shape potentially unique expressions of identity-specific stress and downstream effects on eating and body image disturbances in the LGBTQ+ community. Conclusions Sexual minoritized men (SMM) are at disproportionate risk for the development of thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances relative to their heterosexual counterparts. Research consistently implicates the role of sexual minority and intraminority stressors in the development of these disturbances, underscoring the role of identity-specific stress to clarify these health disparities; however, this research is dominated by traditional, variable-centered methodologies. The present study applied a diverse set of approaches, namely variable-centered, person-centered, and psychological network analysis, to understand relationships between sexual minority and intraminority stressors and eating and body image disturbances among SMM. We found that several unique constructs, including heterosexist discrimination and within-community body stigma, emerged as key, distinct players in these relationships, suggesting that there may be clinical utility in exploring and intervening upon these distal and proximal targets in therapeutic settings. Results support an integrated approach to screening and treatment that considers interconnections between proximal and distal minority stressors and both muscularity- and thinness-oriented eating and body image disturbances among SMM, with network findings revealing a particularly potent role of body dissatisfaction. Future research should integrate longitudinal and naturalistic (i.e., ecological momentary assessments) methods to understand temporal relationships between these phenomena. Declarations Funding This research was partially supported by [Redacted for peer review]. Conflicts of interest/Competing interests The authors have no conflict(s) of interest to declare. Availability of data and material These data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Code availability Not applicable. Authors' contributions [Redacted for peer review]: Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing –review & editing. [Redacted for peer review]: Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing –review & editing. [Redacted for peer review]: Writing – original draft, Writing –review & editing. [Redacted for peer review]: Writing – original draft, Writing –review & editing. [Redacted for peer review]: Writing – original draft, Writing –review & editing. [Redacted for peer review]: Writing original draft, Writing –review & editing. [Redacted for peer review]: Writing –review & editing. [Redacted for peer review]: Writing –review & editing. [Redacted for peer review]: Conceptualization, Writing –review & editing. [Redacted for peer review]: Conceptualization, Investigation, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing –review & editing. References American Psychiatric Association., 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.) . https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 Anderson, C., Messer, M., McClure, Z., Liu, C., & Linardon, J. 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Clinical Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science , 12 (4), 607–624. https://doi.org/10.1177/21677026231186789 Soulliard, Z. A., Manning, R. B., & Elbe, C. I. (2025). Intraminority stress, body image, and community connectedness: Associations with disordered eating among sexual minority men. Journal of Eating Disorders , 13 (1), 99. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-025-01298-8 Szymanski, D. M. (2006). Does internalized heterosexism moderate the link between heterosexist events and lesbians’ psychological distress? Sex Roles , 54 (3–4), 227–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9340-4 Tie, B., Xu, Y., Cui, S., & He, J. (2024). Gay dating apps usage, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating in Chinese young gay men. Journal of Homosexuality , 71 (11), 2617–2637. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2023.2250501 Tylka, T. L., & Andorka, M. J. (2012). Support for an expanded tripartite influence model with gay men. Body Image , 9 (1), 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.09.006 Vannucci, A., Tanofsky-Kraff, M., Crosby, R. D., Ranzenhofer, L. M., Shomaker, L. B., Field, S. E., Mooreville, M., Reina, S. A., Kozlosky, M., Yanovski, S. Z., & Yanovski, J. A. (2013). Latent profile analysis to determine the typology of disinhibited eating behaviors in children and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81 (3), 494–507. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031209 Von Eye, A., & Bogat, G. A. (2006). Person-Oriented and Variable-Oriented Research: Concepts, Results, and Development. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly , 52 (3), 390–420. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2006.0032 Wang, M., & Hanges, P. J. (2011). Latent class procedures: Applications to organizational research. Organizational Research Methods , 14 (1), 24–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428110383988 Warnick, J. L., Darling, K. E., & Rancourt, D. (2022). The association between negative body talk and body shame on disordered eating symptoms among college students. Eating Behaviors , 46 , 101648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101648 Zhu, L. Y., Breddy, T. N., Sahlan, R. N., Blomquist, K. K., & Bodell, L. P. (2025). Beyond thinness: The contribution of muscularity-oriented disordered eating to clinical impairment across cultures. Eating Behaviors , 57 , 101973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2025.101973 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Research has traditionally conceptualized eating and body image disturbances in the context of thinness-oriented concerns and has predominantly done so with colloquially termed \u0026ldquo;SWAG\u0026rdquo; populations (\u0026mdash;i.e., skinny, White, affluent, girls; Halbeisen et al., 2022). However, such disturbances may also manifest in the context of muscularity concerns (i.e., desire for increased muscularity) and can impact individuals across all sociodemographic strata (Calzo et al., 2013, 2017; Hunt et al., 2012; Smith et al., 2011).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSexual minoritized men (SMM; i.e., those belonging to a non-heterosexual identity; men who have sex with other men) are at disproportionate risk for eating and body image\u0026nbsp;disturbances relative to their heterosexual counterparts (Nagata et al., 2021). These disturbances can present as both thinness-oriented and muscularity-oriented concerns (Convertino et al., 2022). Thinness-oriented concerns are linked to body fat dissatisfaction and are associated with behaviors, such as purging, excessive exercise, and food restriction in pursuit of the \u0026lsquo;thin ideal\u0026rsquo; (Klimek et al., 2018; Murray et al., 2017). Muscularity-oriented concerns are linked to muscularity dissatisfaction and are associated with efforts to achieve muscular hypertrophy in pursuit of the \u0026lsquo;mesomorphic ideal\u0026rsquo; (Anderson et al., 2024), via behaviors such as androgenic anabolic steroid use, overregulation of protein consumption, and eating past the point of fullness (Lavender et al., 2017). Thinness- and muscularity-oriented concerns may operate in concert in the context of eating and body image disturbances among SMM. For example, a dual emphasis on both leanness and muscularity\u0026mdash;characteristic of the male body ideal\u0026mdash;may yield a unique set of behavioral manifestations, such as rigid/extreme dieting coupled with the maladaptive use of performance-enhancing drugs (Lavender et al., 2017). Two theoretical backdrops for understanding eating and body image disturbances SMM are sexual minority and intraminority stress theories (for a review, see Santoniccolo \u0026amp; Rolle, 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSexual Minority and Intraminority Stressors as Frameworks to Understand Eating and Body Image Disturbances in Sexual Minoritized Men\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocial and environmental stressors related to sexual identity have been consistently associated with adverse mental health among SMM, including eating and body image disturbances (Barnhart, Costello, et al., 2026; Convertino et al., 2021; Meyer, 2003; McConnell et al., 2018; Pachankis, Clark, et al., 2020; Soulliard et al., 2025). These stressors\u0026nbsp;include both sexual minority and\u0026nbsp;intraminority stressors. Sexual minority stressors may be distal (i.e., external events; heterosexist discrimination) or proximal (i.e., internal events; internalized heterosexism, sexual orientation concealment) (Brooks, 1981; Meyer, 2003). These stressors may separate out or relate synergistically, whereby one internalizes prejudice against any non-heterosexual form of behavior, relationship, or community, and/or actively attempts to conceal their identity as a means of self-protection against discrimination (Pachankis, Mahon, et al., 2020). Importantly, these concealment efforts are shown to have the opposite effect and are indeed associated with greater psychological distress and internalizing problems, including eating and body image disturbances (Newcomb \u0026amp; Mastanski, 2010; Pachankis, 2007). Alternatively, among those who do not attempt to conceal their identity, in an effort to connect with and affirm that identity, there may be increased exposure to discrimination (Kirby et al., 2024; Pachankis et al., 2021), underscoring the notion that forms of minority stress may separate out directionally in relationship to negative psychological outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSMM also face stressors within their immediate community (i.e., general intraminority stress; body stigma intraminority stress), which is characterized by a hierarchy that confers social capital to those who meet culturally prescribed body image ideals, specifically ones that emphasize muscularity, masculinity, and leanness (Shepherd et al., 2023). Within-group pressures to achieve and maintain appearance ideals are suggested to be involved in the emergence of body dissatisfaction and shame when an individual experiences their body as discrepant from ideals, thus motivating behaviors aimed at weight/shape control (Barnhart, Costello, et al., 2026; Barnhart, Shepherd, et al., 2026; Parker \u0026amp; Harriger, 2020; Soulliard et al., 2025). Further, the first longitudinal study to examine intraminority body stigma and disordered eating in SMM found that LGBTQ+ community involvement (i.e., behavioral participation in LGBTQ+ spaces and events; Frost \u0026amp; Meyer, 2012) at baseline was positively associated with intraminority body stigma and body dissatisfaction at 3-month follow-up, which, in turn, was associated with more thinness-oriented disordered eating at 6-month follow-up (Barnhart, Shepherd, et al., 2026). This same study also found that when controlling intraminority body stigma, baseline LGBTQ+ community involvement was associated with \u003cem\u003ereduced\u003c/em\u003e disordered eating 6 months later, underscoring within-community stress as a meaningful risk factor for disordered eating in SMM.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTaken together, the extant literature underscores the powerful and even prospective role of sexual minority and intraminority stress in contributing to thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances among SMM. However, this research has been methodologically limited, exclusively representing variable-centered approaches (i.e., correlation- and regression-based analyses), which assume homogeneity across a population and seek to understand generalizable patterns between variables (Howard \u0026amp; Hoffman, 2018). Importantly, within the SMM community, there may be nuanced ways in which sexual minority and intraminority stress and eating and body image disturbances manifest or separate out to form distinct relational patterns. There may also be unique experiences and symptoms that uphold these patterns. While variable-centered approaches are suitable for understanding the effects of one construct on another (Russell et al., 2021), they fall short of capturing person-specific processes and preclude an understanding how these processes relate dynamically to uphold psychological phenomena. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhy Unique Approaches to Analysis?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe omission of analytical approaches beyond variable-centered methods prevents a classification of potentially meaningful heterogeneity in associations between sexual minority and intraminority stressors and eating and body image disturbances among SMM. Furthermore, there is a dearth of research that explicitly tests both thinness- and muscularity-oriented concerns and behaviors in this population, leaving several important questions unexplored. Thus, there is a need to extend prior variable-centered research to assess how minority stressors and thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image outcomes cluster together among subgroups of individuals\u0026mdash;i.e., person-centered analysis\u0026mdash;and to identify which minority stressors and eating and body image disturbances are the most central to experiences unique to SMM\u0026mdash;i.e., network analysis. A three-prong methodological application of this kind (i.e., variable-centered, person-centered, and network analysis) may provide a fine-tuned illustration of interrelations that uphold psychological phenomena among SMM, which may then inform potential clinical intervention targets (Cao et al., 2024; Levinson et al., 2022). Additionally, the application of three analytical approaches allows for the identification of convergent, or overlapping features across methods, which may signal particularly robust and clinically meaningful processes underlying eating and body image disturbances among SMM.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePerson-Centered Analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePerson-centered analysis identifies subgroups of individuals who share similar characteristics (von Eye \u0026amp; Bogat, 2006), in this case patterns between sexual and intraminority stress and eating and body image disturbances in SMM. Methods from this approach include latent profile analysis (LPA; Wang \u0026amp; Hanges, 2011), which groups individuals into \u0026lsquo;profiles\u0026rsquo; based on patterns of interrelationships among indicator variables (Lazarsfeld \u0026amp; Henry, 1968). It is suggested that such an approach, because of its ability to maximize homogeneity within each class and maximize heterogeneity between classes (Vannucci et al., 2023), may be superior to variable-centered applications in yielding clinically meaningful information, given that therapeutic interventions are primarily concerned with the individual, rather than the variable (Bergman \u0026amp; Trost, 2006).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is a dearth of research that has applied person-centered analyses to SMM, and none that have considered sexual minority and intraminority stressors in statistical models. Still, the limited research, which has utilized combined samples of heterosexual and SMM and combined samples of sexual minoritized women and men (i.e., Calzo et al., 2015; Klimek-Johnson et al., 2023, respectively), indicates a clear presence of subgroups across thinness- and muscularity-oriented concerns, as well as elevated eating pathology among those who experience high levels of both concerns. These studies add support for the multidimensional, nuanced patterns of body image concerns and disordered eating behaviors among sexual minoritized populations, including SMM. However, considering the previously documented role of sexual minority and intraminority stressors in understanding eating and body image disturbances among SMM, there is a need to test how these constructs operate alongside each other to identify meaningfully distinct stressor-symptom profiles.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNetwork Analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNetwork analysis has garnered increased interest in the last decade, positing that psychological phenomena arise from associations among variables (Fried et al., 2017), offering a novel method for understanding these associations in a social context (Krok et al., 2024). In the case of our study, these variables\u0026mdash;or \u0026ldquo;nodes,\u0026rdquo; from the network perspective\u0026mdash;represent both sexual minority and intraminority stressors and eating and body image disturbances among a sample of SMM. Given the complex, nuanced social-environmental exposures that this population faces relative to their sexual majority counterparts (Soulliard et al., 2025), network analysis is particularly well-suited to model patterns of relationships that may be involved in eating and body image disturbances and lend information regarding unique symptom relationships among SMM. Moreover, neither variable-centered nor person-centered approaches allow for the opportunity to identify specifically \u003cem\u003ewhich\u003c/em\u003e processes are the most central to overall patterns of relationships\u0026mdash;information that can be gathered quantitatively (i.e., with strength centrality metrics) from network analysis and used to suggest potential intervention targets (Bosrboom \u0026amp; Cramer, 2013). To our knowledge, no studies to date have applied network analysis to understanding sexual minority and intraminority stressors and eating and body image disturbances among SMM, further underscoring an important gap in the literature. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Present Study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe present study applied variable-centered, person-centered, and psychological network approaches to provide a more comprehensive examination of the nuanced associations between sexual minority and intraminority stress and thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances among a group of SMM. Confirmatory hypotheses were outlined for variable-centered analyses. Regarding variable-centered analyses, we expected a general pattern of positive associations between sexual minority and intraminority stressors and thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances among SMM. That said, research testing the unique contribution of each of these stressors is limited; thus, for multivariable regression models, in which we adjust for covariates (age and BMI as empirically and theoretically relevant variables to eating pathology; Bianchi et al., 2023; Kilpela et al., 2022; Warnick et al., 2022) in the first step and then simultaneously test all of the sexual minority and intraminority stressors in the second step, we did not specifically predict which sexual minority and intraminority stressors would be uniquely related to thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances in SMM. Person-centered and network analyses were exploratory because of the limited research in this area. That said, for person-centered analyses, we did expect that higher stress profiles would be more closely and positively associated with thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances relative to lower stress profiles in SMM.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants and Procedure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants for the present study were recruited online via Prolific (Prolific, 2024) as part of a larger study examining eating and health behaviors and body image in SMM from approximately January 2024 to September 2024. This study was available to Prolific participants who indicated they were: (1) 18\u0026ndash;30 years old; (2) self-identified as gay, bisexual, or non-heterosexual; (3) self-identified as a cisgender man; and (4) fluent in English and living in the United States. Age for participation was restricted to 18\u0026ndash;30 years to be consistent with prior research (Convertino, Brady, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), which accounts for young adults who are at increased risk for disordered eating. Participants (\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;310) completed several self-report questionnaires and were excluded if they reported a diverse gender identity (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20), a heterosexual sexual orientation (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20), or an age greater than 30 years (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;36). Of note, participants were reminded but not required to complete the questions, resulting in complete data. Data from the remaining participant pool (\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;225), representing the final analytic sample, were included in the present study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study is a secondary data analysis of baseline data from a study approved by the Institutional Review Board (\u003cem\u003eMasked for Blind Review\u003c/em\u003e) at (\u003cem\u003eMasked for Blind Review\u003c/em\u003e). Participants provided electronic informed consent before participation and received \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e4.00 at each time point they provided valid data (up to \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e12.00). Participants who provided valid data (e.g., passed two out of three attention checks, completed responses throughout the survey, and correct reporting on qualitative entry, e.g., \u0026ldquo;Please write three complete sentences in the box below. They can be about whatever you\u0026rsquo;d like to write about.\u0026rdquo;) were compensated for their time. Participants were paid in accordance with Prolific policy, and payment was consistent with current minimum wage requirements in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMeasures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSociodemographic Information\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants responded to a demographic questionnaire by reporting their age, race and ethnicity, gender identity, sexual orientation, disability status, and weight status (e.g., self-\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ereported weight in pounds and height in inches). BMI was calculated using the provided height and weight values. Participant sociodemographic information is reported elsewhere (\u003cem\u003eMasked for Blind Review\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSexual Minority Stress\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eInternalized Heterosexism.\u003c/b\u003e Internalized heterosexism was assessed using the 5-item Internalized Homophobia Scale-Revised (IHP-R; Herek et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Participants rated their agreement with items reflecting the degree to which they have internalized heterosexist ideals (e.g., \u003cem\u003eI wish I weren\u0026rsquo;t gay/bisexual\u003c/em\u003e) using a five-point Likert scale (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003edisagree strongly\u003c/em\u003e; 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eagree strongly\u003c/em\u003e). A total score reflecting overall levels of internalized heterosexism was calculated, with higher scores indicating greater levels of internalized heterosexism. Prior research supports the internal consistency reliability of the IHP-R in SMM (Herek et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). In the present study, McDonald\u0026rsquo;s omega indicated adequate internal consistency in internalized heterosexism scores (McDonald\u0026rsquo;s omega = .89).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eHeterosexist Discrimination.\u003c/b\u003e Heterosexist discrimination was assessed using the 14-item Heterosexist Harassment, Rejection, and Discrimination Scale (HHRDS; Szymanski, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Participants rated the frequency with which they experienced various forms of heterosexist discrimination (e.g., the number of times they were treated unfairly by their employer, boss, or supervisors because they are a SMM) over the past year using a 6-point Likert scale (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003ethe event has never happened to you\u003c/em\u003e; 6\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003ethe event happened almost all the time [more than 70% of the time]\u003c/em\u003e). A total score reflecting overall levels of heterosexist discrimination was calculated, with higher scores indicating more frequent experiences of heterosexist discrimination. Prior research supports the internal consistency reliability of the HHRDS in SMM (Szymanski, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). McDonald\u0026rsquo;s omega indicated adequate internal consistency in heterosexist discrimination scores in the present study (McDonald\u0026rsquo;s omega = .93).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSexual Orientation Concealment.\u003c/b\u003e Sexual orientation concealment was assessed using the 6-item Sexual Orientation Concealment Scale (SOCS; Jackson \u0026amp; Mohr, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Participants rated the frequency of sexual orientation concealment experiences (e.g., \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eIn the last 2 weeks, I have remained silent while witnessing anti-gay remarks, jokes, or activities because I did not want to be labeled as LGB [Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual] by those involved\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e) over the last two weeks on a five-point Likert scale (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003enot at all\u003c/em\u003e; 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eall the time\u003c/em\u003e). A total score reflecting overall levels of sexual orientation concealment was calculated, with higher scores indicating greater levels of sexual orientation concealment. Prior research supports the internal consistency reliability of the SOCS in SMM (Jackson \u0026amp; Mohr, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). In the present study, McDonald\u0026rsquo;s omega indicated adequate internal consistency in sexual orientation concealment scores (McDonald\u0026rsquo;s omega = .87).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIntraminority Stress\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eBody Stigma Intraminority Stress.\u003c/b\u003e The 3-item body stigma intraminority stress subscale, as part of a larger measure of intraminority stress, was developed to assess body stigma specific to experiences of intraminority stress, or negative comments, discrimination, or judgment about one\u0026rsquo;s body from SMM in the community (Shepherd et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Participants rated items on a five-point Likert scale (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003enever\u003c/em\u003e; 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003every frequently\u003c/em\u003e). An example item includes: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eI have been criticized for my body\u0026rsquo;s level of muscularity (too little or too much muscle)\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026rdquo; A total score is used in this study, and higher scores indicate higher levels of body stigma intraminority stress. Previous research supported the internal consistency reliability of the body stigma subscale in SMM (Shepherd et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In the present study, McDonald\u0026rsquo;s omega of body stigma intraminority stress scores was .86.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eGeneral Intraminority Stress.\u003c/b\u003e The 8-item abbreviated Gay Community Stress Scale (GCSS; Maiolatesi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Pachankis, Clark, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) was used to assess general intraminority stress. The GCSS includes items assessing intraminority stressors in the domains of sex, social competition, status, and discrimination/exclusion of diversity. Participants rated items on a five-point Likert scale (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003enot at all\u003c/em\u003e; 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eextremely\u003c/em\u003e). An example item includes: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eThe mainstream gay community values sex over meaningful relationships\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026rdquo; A total score was used in this study, and higher scores indicate higher levels of general intraminority stress. Previous research supports the internal consistency reliability of the 8-item GCSS in SMM (Maiolatesi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In the present study, McDonald\u0026rsquo;s omega of general intraminority stress scores was .88.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThinness-Oriented Eating and Body Image Disturbances\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEating Disturbances.\u003c/b\u003e The 12-item Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire short form (EDE-QS; Gideon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) was used to assess thinness-oriented eating disturbances over the past three weeks. Participants responded on a four-point Likert scale (Items 1\u0026ndash;10; \u003cem\u003e1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0 days, 4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6\u0026ndash;7 days\u003c/em\u003e, Items 11\u0026ndash;12; \u003cem\u003e1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;not at all, 4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;markedly\u003c/em\u003e); a sample question item is \u0026ldquo;Have you had a sense of having lost control over your eating (at the time that you were eating)?\u0026rdquo;. Responses were summed to yield a total score, with higher scores indicating greater thinness-oriented disordered eating. Previous research has established the internal consistency reliability of the EDE-QS among SMM (e.g., Barnhart et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, adequate internal consistency reliability was identified for thinness-oriented disordered eating scores (McDonald\u0026rsquo;s omega = .88).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eBody Image Disturbances.\u003c/b\u003e The 9-item Body Dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI-BD; Garner et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e) was administered to assess thinness-oriented body image disturbances. Participants rated items on a six-point Likert scale (\u003cem\u003e1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;always; 6\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;never\u003c/em\u003e), with five items reverse-scored. An example item includes: \u0026ldquo;I think that my stomach is too big.\u0026rdquo; Higher scores indicate greater thinness-oriented body image disturbances. Previous research established the internal consistency reliability of the EDI-BD in SMM (Barnhart et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In the present study, McDonald\u0026rsquo;s omega was .88 for thinness-oriented body image disturbance scores.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMuscularity-Oriented Eating and Body Image Disturbances\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEating Disturbances.\u003c/b\u003e The 15-item, unidimensional Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET; Murray et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) was used to assess muscularity-oriented disordered eating. Participants responded on a five-point Likert scale (\u003cem\u003e0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;never true\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003e4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;always true\u003c/em\u003e), and one sample question item included \u0026ldquo;I have been deliberately trying to limit the overall volume of some foods, so that my muscles look more defined.\u0026rdquo; Participants\u0026rsquo; responses to each item were summed to compute the total MOET score, such that a higher score indicated greater muscularity-oriented disordered eating. The MOET has been validated across diverse populations (e.g., Hanss et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; He et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) and has demonstrated criterion validity, with positive associations with clinical impairment and psychological distress (Anderson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Zhu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR106\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). In the present study, the MOET has illustrated adequate internal consistency (McDonald\u0026rsquo;s omega = .92).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eBody Image Disturbances.\u003c/b\u003e The seven-item Muscularity-Oriented Body Image subscale (i.e., attitudes; MBI; McCreary et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e) within the bidimensional Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS; McCreary \u0026amp; Sasse, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) was utilized to evaluate muscularity-oriented body image disturbances. Using a six-point Likert scale from 1 (never) to 6 (always), participants rated their attitudes on question items such as \u0026ldquo;I wish that I were more muscular\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;I think that I would look better if I gained 10 pounds in bulk.\u0026rdquo; We summed the item scores to calculate the total MBI score, such that a higher MBI score reflected greater muscularity-oriented body dissatisfaction. The two-factor DMS has been validated among sexual minority men (DeBlaere \u0026amp; Brewster, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), and the MBI subscale has supported its criterion validity through a positive association with muscularity-oriented disordered eating among SMM (Tie et al., 2023). In the present study, the MBI has demonstrated sufficient internal consistency (McDonald\u0026rsquo;s omega = .91).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnalytical Plan\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eVariable-Centered Analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable-centered analyses were conducted in SPSS v25.0 (IBM Corp, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). First, descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations, and normality estimates (e.g., skewness and kurtosis), were examined for the primary study variables. Cut-off values for skewness and kurtosis (e.g., \u0026lt; \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e 2 and \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7, respectively; Kim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) were estimated to suggest normality of these data and suitability for variable-centered analyses. Multicollinearity was assessed with collinearity diagnostics, namely tolerance (e.g., \u0026gt; .20; Kim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) and variance inflation factor (e.g., \u0026lt; 10; Hair et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Schroeder et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e) values. Next, bivariate correlations were then estimated to identify patterns of associations between sexual minority and intraminority stressors and thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances in SMM. Bivariate correlations of .10, .30, and .50 reflected small, medium, and large effects, respectively (Cohen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e). Finally, multivariable regression analyses were examined. Age and BMI were entered first as covariates. Then, all sexual minority and intraminority stressors were entered into the multiple regression models. In total, four models were examined explaining variance in the four outcome variables: 1) thinness-oriented body image disturbances; 2) thinness-oriented disordered eating; 3) muscularity-oriented body image disturbances; and 4) muscularity-oriented disordered eating.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePerson-Centered Analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatent Profile Analysis (LPA) was conducted using Mplus version 8.11(Muth\u0026eacute;n \u0026amp; Muth\u0026eacute;n, 1998\u0026ndash;2017) with the Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLR). Profiles were generated using the three sexual minority stress measures: \u003cem\u003einternalized heterosexism\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eheterosexist discrimination\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003esexual orientation concealment\u003c/em\u003e, and the two intraminority stress measures: \u003cem\u003ebody stigma intraminority stress\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003egeneral intraminority stress\u003c/em\u003e, which were all standardized to z-scores prior to performing LPA. The best profile solution was selected based on model fit indices including Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), Sample-Size Adjusted Bayesian Information Criterion (SABIC), Lo-Mendell-Rubin Likelihood Ratio Test (LMRT), Bootstrap Likelihood Ratio Test (BLRT), and Entropy. Lower AIC, BIC, and SABIC, whereas higher Entropy values (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;.80) demonstrate stronger model fit. Further, a significant \u003cem\u003ep-\u003c/em\u003evalue (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .05) for LMRT and BLRT suggests that the model with \u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e profiles is significantly better than the model with \u003cem\u003ek-1\u003c/em\u003e profiles. After identifying the best profile solution, the 3-step method or the Bolck-Croon-Hagenaars method (BCH; Bolck, Croon, \u0026amp; Hagenaars, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e), was used. Within the BCH method, multinomial regression analysis was performed to examine demographic predictors of class membership (i.e., age, BMI) and to compare the profiles across four outcome variables (i.e., thinness-oriented disordered eating, thinness-oriented body image disturbances, muscularity-oriented disordered eating, muscularity-oriented body image disturbances), based on odds ratios.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNetwork Analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eItem Selection.\u003c/b\u003e It would be infeasible to include all items assessed by our study measures in the network (Fried \u0026amp; Cramer, 2016); as such, we employed a theory- and data-driven approach to determine which nodes to include in our analyses, which is in line with past research and statistical recommendations in this area (Levinson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). First, given that we were interested in examining the role of sexual minority and intraminority stressors, rather than protective factors, in eating and body image disturbances among SMM, we removed items from the LGBTQ+ Community Involvement scale. Of the sexual minority and intraminority stressors that were retained, we made the decision to represent these items according to their well-established sum scores (i.e., 1 node representing each sexual minority and intraminority stress scale), as we were interested in looking at the broader construct being measured and there is, to our knowledge, no prior network research to inform a more specific item selection procedure. Regarding our eating and body image disturbance measures, we chose to represent these using the individual items, to prioritize an assessment of symptom-level granularity. The decision to use a combination of sum scores and item-level scores was made to balance theoretical relevance and statistical power; there is previous research which has estimated networks in this way (e.g., Carpi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Chen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Lian et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). After defining the theoretically relevant constructs and items that we were interested in examining, we applied the \u003cem\u003egoldbricker\u003c/em\u003e function in R (Jones, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u0026mdash;which determines redundant or overlapping items\u0026mdash;to further reduce the items for our network. This resulted in a final set of 38 items for our network, including 5 nodes representing sexual minority and intraminority stressors, and 33 nodes representing eating and body image disturbances.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eNetwork Estimation.\u003c/b\u003e We constructed a cross-sectional regularized partial correlation network model using the \u003cem\u003egraphical least absolute shrinkage and selection operator\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eglasso\u003c/em\u003e; Friedman et al., 2008) and the Extended Bayesian Information Criterion (EBIC; Chen \u0026amp; Chen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) model selection (Foygel \u0026amp; Drton, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) with the full sample (\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;225). Our model was constructed and analyzed in RStudio (version 4.3.2; R Core Team, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) using the \u003cem\u003eqgraph\u003c/em\u003e package (Epskamp et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The \u003cem\u003eglasso\u003c/em\u003e begins by estimating partial correlations, which represent the associations between pairs of symptoms after conditioning on all other symptoms in the model (McNally, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Next, the \u003cem\u003eglasso\u003c/em\u003e uses an L1 penalty to shrink the partial correlation coefficients so that small and potentially spurious coefficients are estimated to be exactly zero (e.g., edges are removed from the network; Hastie, Tibshirani, \u0026amp; Friedman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Golino \u0026amp; Epskamp, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). A tuning parameter λ (lambda) is used to control the influence of the penalty. As λ increases, the penalty receives more weight and more regression coefficients are estimated to be zero (e.g., more edges are removed from the network; Boehmke et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Epskamp \u0026amp; Fried, 2018). As such, the value of the tuning parameter must be carefully selected to create a parsimonious network that simultaneously minimizes the number of spurious edges and maximizes the number of true edges (Epskamp \u0026amp; Fried, 2018). In the present study, the tuning parameter was chosen by minimizing the EBIC (Epskamp \u0026amp; Fried, 2018). Note that the EBIC uses a hyperparameter (gamma) to regulate the criterion\u0026rsquo;s preference for simpler models (i.e., models with fewer edges; Chen \u0026amp; Chen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Foyget \u0026amp; Drton, 2010). As suggested by Foygel and Drton (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), gamma was set to 0.5 to indicate that more parsimonious models with fewer edges are preferred (e.g., models with higher specificity; Epskamp \u0026amp; Fried, 2018). We used Spearman correlations as prior research has shown that Spearman correlations provide more stable networks than polychoric correlations (Burger et al., 2022; Epskamp \u0026amp; Fried, 2018). Within psychometric networks, each node depicts a symptom, and each edge depicts a regularized partial correlation between two symptom nodes (Epskamp \u0026amp; Fried, 2018). Line thickness reflects the strength of the association; whereby thicker edges represent stronger associations. The following R packages were used: \u003cem\u003eEGAnet\u003c/em\u003e (Golino \u0026amp; Christensen, 2024), \u003cem\u003enetworktools\u003c/em\u003e (Jones, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cem\u003eigraph\u003c/em\u003e (Csardi and Nepusz, 2006), and \u003cem\u003eqgraph\u003c/em\u003e (Epskamp et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eNetwork Centrality.\u003c/b\u003e We calculated node expected influence (EI), bridge strength centrality, bridge closeness, bridge betweenness, and bridge EI (BEI; one- and two-step) for our estimated network using the \u003cem\u003ecentrality\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ebridge\u003c/em\u003e functions in the R package \u003cem\u003eqgraph\u003c/em\u003e (Epskamp et al., 2018). EI represents the centrality of a given node when considering both negative and positive edge weights (i.e., links between nodes) in the system (Robinaugh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Prior research suggests that EI may be superior to other centrality metrics (i.e., strength centrality) in its ability to predict how changes in one symptom are associated with changes in other symptoms, within a given network (Spiller et al., 2020; Papini et al., 2020). Similarly, bridge strength centrality represents a node\u0026rsquo;s total connectivity with other communities, while BEI represents the sum of connectivity, accounting for both positive and negative edges. As such, bridge symptoms are hypothesized to play a key role in the connection between two symptom clusters (Jones et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In psychopathology networks including multiple symptom clusters or co-occurring conditions, it is thought that symptoms with high bridge values promote and maintain comorbidity by spreading the activation of psychopathology from one syndromic cluster to another (Fried et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). We report all centrality indices as standardized \u003cem\u003ez\u003c/em\u003e-scores, whereby higher values indicate greater centrality of a given node in the network. Centrality difference tests were also applied to the estimated network using the \u003cem\u003ebootnet\u003c/em\u003e package (Epskamp et al., 2018) to determine whether the strength indices of nodes are significantly different from each other (Epskamp et al., 2018).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNetwork Stability.\u003c/b\u003e Network stability was estimated using the \u003cem\u003ebootnet\u003c/em\u003e package in R (Epskamp et al., 2017). We assessed edge weight accuracy using bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals (CIs; 1,000 bootstrap samples). We also calculated correlation stability coefficients (CS coefficients) to assess the stability of each centrality index. A CS-coefficient reflects the maximum number of cases that can be dropped to maintain correlations of .70 or higher between original centrality indices and those from subsamples (Epskamp et al., 2018). It is recommended that a CS-coefficient not be below 0.25 to accurately interpret networks (Epskamp et al., 2018), although this recommendation is provisional until further analyses are conducted to establish more formal guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDescriptive Statistics and Participant Sociodemographics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the descriptive analyses of sexual minority and intraminority stressors and thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances. Skewness and kurtosis values fell within acceptable ranges, suggesting the data were relatively normal and suitable for variable-centered analyses. Furthermore, no concerns of multicollinearity were identified. On average, SMM were approximately 26 years of age (range, 19\u0026ndash;30), in the \u0026ldquo;overweight\u0026rdquo; BMI category (BMI mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27.7; range, 8.1\u0026ndash;72.9), and identified as white (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;150) and bisexual (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;143). More information about participant sociodemographics is reported and published elsewhere (\u003cem\u003eMasked for Blind Review\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDescriptive Statistics and Pearson Correlation Analyses.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Internalized Heterosexism\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkewness (SE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKurtosis (SE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 (4.46)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24 (.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.39 (.32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Heterosexist Discrimination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.76 (10.36)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.78 (.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.68 (.32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Sexual Orientation Concealment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.79 (6.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05 (.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.18 (.32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Intraminority Body Stigma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.23 (3.13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.83 (.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.17 (.32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. General Intraminority Stress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.71 (7.81)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.27 (.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.51 (.32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. Thinness-Oriented ED\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.55 (7.80)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.70 (.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.42 (.32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7. Thinness-Oriented BID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.90 (10.90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.26 (.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.34 (.32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8. Muscularity-Oriented ED\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.51 (11.88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31 (.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.99 (.32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9. Muscularity-Oriented BID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.11 (16.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.45 (.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.20 (.32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"12\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e, standard deviation. SE, standard error. ED, eating disturbances. BID, body image disturbances.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"12\"\u003e*\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .05, **\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01, ***\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eVariable-Centered Analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBivariate Correlations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBivariate correlations, in general, suggested that higher levels of sexual minority stress (e.g., internalized heterosexism, sexual orientation concealment, and heterosexist discrimination) were positively associated with thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003es = .22-.46, small to medium effects) disturbances and muscularity-oriented body image (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003es = .24-.33; small to medium effects) disturbances. Sexual minority stressors were largely unrelated to thinness-oriented body image disturbances, except for a small, positive association with sexual orientation concealment (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .16; small effect). Higher levels of intraminority stress (e.g., body stigma intraminority stress and general intraminority stress) were positively associated with thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003es = .29-.48; small to medium effects) and body image (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003es = .23-.47; small to medium effects) disturbances. See Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMultiple Regressions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThinness-Oriented Eating and Body Image Disturbances.\u003c/b\u003e As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, after controlling for age, BMI, and other sources of sexual minority and intraminority stressors, greater internalized heterosexism (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e = .14, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .02), greater heterosexist discrimination (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e = .16, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .02), and greater within-community body stigma (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e = .30, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001) were uniquely associated with greater thinness-oriented eating disturbances. After controlling for age, BMI, and other sources of sexual minority and intraminority stressors, greater within-community body stigma (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e = .23, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001) was uniquely associated with greater thinness-oriented body image disturbances.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMultivariable Regressions Examining Variance in Thinness- and Muscularity-Oriented Eating and Body Image Disturbances.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThinness-Oriented Eating Disturbances\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscularity-Oriented Eating Disturbances\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStep 1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.62\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStep 2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.36\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.46\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternalized Heterosexism\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.14\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.41\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.02*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.14\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.19\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.03*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeterosexist Discrimination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.43\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.02*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.28\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.04\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual Orientation Concealment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntraminority Body Stigma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.55\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.24\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.34\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Intraminority Stress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThinness-Oriented Body Image Disturbances\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscularity-Oriented Body Image Disturbances\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStep 1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.47\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.29\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-0.19\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-2.88\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.004**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStep 2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.49\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.63\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-0.18\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-3.12\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternalized Heterosexism\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.18\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.95\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.004**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeterosexist Discrimination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual Orientation Concealment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntraminority Body Stigma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.23\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.37\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.44\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Intraminority Stress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e. BMI, body mass index. \u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u0026lt; .05, **\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u0026lt; .01, ***\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u0026lt; .001. Bolded\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;significant.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMuscularity-Oriented Eating and Body Image Disturbances.\u003c/b\u003e As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, after controlling for age, BMI, and other sources of sexual minority and intraminority stressors, greater internalized heterosexism (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e = .14, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .03), greater heterosexist discrimination (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e = .28, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001), and greater within-community body stigma (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e = .24, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .001) were uniquely associated with greater muscularity-oriented eating disturbances. After controlling for age, BMI, and other sources of sexual minority and intraminority stressors, greater internalized heterosexism (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e = .18, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .004) and greater within-community body stigma (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e = .44, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001) were uniquely associated with greater muscularity-oriented body image disturbances.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePerson-Centered Analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLatent Profile Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fit indices utilized for LPA model selection are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Initially, the 5-profile solution was considered, given its lower AIC, BIC, and SABIC, and significant LRT and BLRT. However, its Entropy value (0.84) was lower than that of the 4-profile solution (0.92) and, importantly, one of its profiles represented\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5% of the sample, which may be a spurious rather than meaningful group (He \u0026amp; Fan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The 4-profile solution was considered next, and though it had significant LRT and BLRT, lower AIC, BIC, and SABIC, and higher Entropy, compared to the 5-profile solution, this solution also had a profile that included\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5% of the sample, and was thus not chosen. Ultimately, the 3-profile solution was selected as it satisfied the requirements for all fit indices, especially profiles representing meaningful proportions (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5% of the sample).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFit Indices and Profile Proportions for the Models with 1 to 5 Profiles.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfiles\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAIC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBIC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSABIC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLRT \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBLRT \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntropy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixing Ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1593.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3207.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3241.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3210.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1503.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3038.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3092.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3042.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.83/.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1460.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2964.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3039.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2969.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.70/.15/.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1425.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2906.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3002.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2913.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.67/.14/.15/.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1400.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2869.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2985.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2877.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.27/.13/.43/.04/.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotes\u003c/em\u003e: LL = the Log Likelihood; AIC = the Akaike Information Criterion; BIC = the Bayesian Information Criterion; SABIC = the Sample-Size Adjusted BIC; LMRT = the Lo-Mendell-Rubin Adjusted Likelihood Ratio Test.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCharacteristics of Latent Profiles\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe graphical representation of the three profiles can be seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The first profile was labelled \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eLow Sexual Minority and Intraminority Stress\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; and it accounted for 70% (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;157) of the sample. This profile was characterized by low probabilities on all three indexes of sexual minority stress, internalized heterosexism, heterosexist discrimination, and sexual orientation concealment, as well as the two indexes of intraminority stress, body stigma intraminority stress and general intraminority stress. The second profile was labelled \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eHigh Sexual Orientation Concealment Only\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; and it accounted for 15% (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34) of the sample. This profile was characterized by high probabilities of endorsing sexual orientation concealment, but lower probabilities of endorsing all other types of sexual minority and intraminority stresses. The third profile was labelled \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eHigh Heterosexist Discrimination and Intraminority Stress\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; and it accounted for 15% (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34) of the sample. This profile was characterized by a high probability of endorsing heterosexist discrimination and high probabilities of endorsing both body stigma intraminority stress and general intraminority stress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDemographic Correlates of Latent Profiles\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of multinomial regressions that assessed demographic predictors of latent profile membership suggested that neither age nor BMI emerged as significant predictors of profile membership (all \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003es \u0026gt; .05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eProfile Comparisons on Thinness- and Muscularity-Oriented Eating and Body Image Disturbances\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant group differences emerged in scores on thinness-oriented eating disturbances (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27.27, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001), thinness-oriented body image disturbances (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.05, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .018), muscularity-oriented eating disturbances (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27.73, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001), and muscularity-oriented body image disturbances (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;36.63, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001). Compared to participants in the other profiles, participants in the \u003cem\u003eHigh Heterosexist Discrimination and Intraminority Stress\u003c/em\u003e profile had the highest mean scores on all outcome variables: thinness-oriented eating disturbances (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;28.84, \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.66), muscularity-oriented eating disturbances (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39.12, \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.78), thinness-oriented body image disturbances (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;35.18, \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.70), and muscularity-oriented body image disturbances (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;52.47, \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.51). Conversely, compared to participants in the other two profiles, participants in the \u003cem\u003eLow Sexual Minority and Intraminority Stress\u003c/em\u003e profile had the lowest mean scores on all outcome variables: thinness-oriented eating disturbances (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19.84, \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.57), muscularity-oriented eating disturbances (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23.89, \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.81), thinness-oriented body image disturbances (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19.73, \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.94), and muscularity-oriented body image disturbances (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;36.33, \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.25). Participants in the \u003cem\u003eHigh Sexual Orientation Concealment Only\u003c/em\u003e profile had mean scores between those of the other two profiles. See Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDifferences in Thinness- and Muscularity-Oriented Eating and Body Image Disturbances Across Profiles.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThinness-oriented disordered eating\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow Sexual Minority \u0026amp; Intraminority Stress (70.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMean (SE)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh Sexual Orientation Concealment Only (15.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMean (SE)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh Heterosexist Discrimination \u0026amp; Intraminority Stress (15.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMean (SE)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApproximate\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChi-Square\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.84 (0.57) \u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.29 (1.25) \u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.84 (1.66) \u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.27\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscularity-oriented disordered eating\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.89 (0.81) \u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.03 (1.96) \u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.12 (2.78) \u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.73\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThinness-oriented body image disturbance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.73 (0.94) \u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.12 (1.63) \u003csub\u003ea,b\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.18 (1.70) \u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.05\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscularity-oriented body image disturbance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.33 (1.25) \u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.57 (2.94) \u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.47 (2.51) \u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.63\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotes\u003c/em\u003e:\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .05, \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eCells in the same row with different subscripts (a, b, c) have statistically significant pairwise differences between the profiles on the measures of interest.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNetwork Analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec29\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNetwork Stability and Accuracy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFigure 2\u003c/b\u003e depicts the structure of our network. The stability of the node EI in our network was 0.36 (1,000 bootstraps), which is adequate. BEI also had adequate stability in our network (BEI stability\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.36). Node bridge betweenness and closeness centralities were unstable in our network, which is often the case for psychological networks (e.g., Beard et al., 2016), and were therefore not interpreted further (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.25 CS-coefficients).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCentrality and Bridge Symptoms\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStandardized node EI values were calculated for our network (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) and are reported in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. The symptoms that emerged with the highest EI were: \u003cem\u003ethinness-oriented body dissatisfaction\u003c/em\u003e (EDE_QS_12; \u0026ldquo;How dissatisfied have you been with your weight or shape\u0026rdquo;; EI\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e=\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;1.25), \u003cem\u003epreoccupation with weight/shape\u003c/em\u003e (EDE_QS_4; \u0026ldquo;Has thinking about your weight or shape made it very difficult to concentrate on things you are interested in [such as working, following a conversation or reading]\u0026rdquo;; EI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.24 ); and \u003cem\u003eanxiety when running out of protein-based supplements\u003c/em\u003e (MOET_10; \u0026ldquo;I have felt anxious when I run out of protein-based supplements\u0026rdquo;; EI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.16).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNode Centrality and Bridge Indices of the Network.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNode\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBridge EI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntraStress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBodyStigma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConceal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDE_QS_1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDE_QS_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDE_QS_3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDE_QS_4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDE_QS_6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDE_QS_7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDE_QS_8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDE_QS_9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDE_QS_10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDE_QS_11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDE_QS_12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOET_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOET_3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOET_5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOET_6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOET_7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOET_9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOET_10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOET_11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOET_13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOET_15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDI_BD_1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDI_BD_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDI_BD_3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDI_BD_4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDI_BD_5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDI_BD_6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDI_BD_7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDI_BD_8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDI_BD_9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDMS_9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDMS_11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDMS_13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandardized BEI values were calculated for our network (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) and are reported in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. The symptoms that emerged with the highest BEI were: \u003cem\u003ebody stigma intraminority stress\u003c/em\u003e (BEI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.06), \u003cem\u003eheterosexist discrimination\u003c/em\u003e (BEI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.77), and \u003cem\u003ethinness-oriented body dissatisfaction\u003c/em\u003e (EDE_QS_12; \u0026ldquo;How dissatisfied have you been with your weight or shape\u0026rdquo;; BEI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.68). Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e summarizes the full measure item associated with each node in our network.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNode Index.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNode\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntraStress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntraminority stress total score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeterosexist discrimination total score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConceal\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBodyStigma\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual orientation concealment total score\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody stigma intraminority stress total score\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternalized heterosexism total score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDE_QS_1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHave you been deliberately trying to limit the amount of food you eat to influence your weight or shape (whether or not you have succeeded)?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDE_QS_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHave you gone for long periods of time (e.g., 8 or more waking hours) without eating anything at all in order to\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003einfluence your weight or shape?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDE_QS_3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHas thinking about food, eating or calories made it very difficult to concentrate on things you are interested in (such as working, following a conversation or reading)?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDE_QS_4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHas thinking about your weight or shape made it very difficult to concentrate on things you are interested in\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(such as working, following a conversation or reading)?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDE_QS_6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHave you had a strong desire to lose weight?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDE_QS_7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHave you tried to control your weight or shape by making yourself sick (vomit) or taking laxatives?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDE_QS_8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHave you exercised in a driven or compulsive way as a means of controlling your weight, shape or body fat, or\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eto burn of calories?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDE_QS_9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHave you had a sense of having lost control over your eating (at the time that you were eating)?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDE_QS_10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn how many of these days (i.e., days on which you had a sense of having lost control over your eating) did you eat what other people would regard as an unusually large amount of food in one go?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDE_QS_11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHas your weight or shape influenced how you think about (judge) yourself as a person?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDE_QS_12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow dissatisfied have you been with your weight or shape?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOET_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI have used meal replacement supplements when I felt full.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOET_3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat I ate has influenced how I think about myself as a person.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOET_5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI have felt less anxious about eating out if I knew the macro-nutritional content of the food at the restaurant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOET_6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI have taken my own food out with me to social events in case the food on offer is inconsistent with my diet\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eplan.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOET_7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI cannot achieve my ideal body unless I exert complete control over everything I eat.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOET_9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI have continued eating despite feeling full in an attempt to influence my muscularity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOET_10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI have felt anxious when I run out of protein-based supplements.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOET_11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI have been deliberately trying to limit the overall volume of some foods, so that my muscles look more defined.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOET_13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI have felt anxious about others knowing the rules I have around what I eat.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOET_15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnsuring proper adherence to my dietary ideals is more important to me than adhering to a work schedule.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDI_BD_1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI think that my stomach is too big.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDI_BD_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI think that my thighs are too large.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDI_BD_3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI think my hips are too big.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDI_BD_4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI think my buttocks are too large.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDI_BD_5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI think that my stomach is just the right size.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDI_BD_6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI feel satisfied with the shape of my body.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDI_BD_7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI like the shape of my buttocks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDI_BD_8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI think that my thighs are just the right size.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDI_BD_9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI think that my hips are just the right size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDMS_9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI think that I would look better if I gained 10 pounds in bulk.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDMS_11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI think that I would feel stronger if I gained a little more muscle mass.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDMS_13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI think that my arms are not muscular enough.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo our knowledge, the present study is the first to use a three-pronged (i.e., variable-centered, person-centered, psychological network) approach to examine the relationships between sexual minority and intraminority stressors and eating and body image disturbances among sexual minority men (SMM). By applying three distinct analytical methods to understanding these phenomena, the present study elucidates individual-level processes while also shedding light on shared relational patterns and identifying key symptom players involved in these patterns. An empirical examination of this kind carries implications for future directions and potential clinical interventions for SMM. In line with our expectations, while analyses revealed some consistent patterns of associations between sexual minority and intraminority stressors and thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances among SMM, they also highlighted several important nuances regarding their interrelationships.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec32\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eVariable-Centered Analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo explore the relationships between sexual minority and intraminority stressors and eating and body image disturbances, we ran four regression models in which thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances were entered as the outcome variables. Results of these analyses revealed that higher levels of both distal and proximal stressors (i.e., heterosexist discrimination and internalized heterosexism/within-community body stigma, respectively) were unique, positive correlates of higher levels of thinness- and muscularity disordered eating. However, only within-community body stigma was a significant, positive correlate of thinness- and muscularity-oriented body image disturbances, while internalized heterosexism was uniquely and positively correlated with muscularity-oriented, but not thinness-oriented, body image disturbances.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur finding that heterosexist discrimination was related to disordered eating among SMM is in line with prior literature consistently demonstrating that sexual minority stressors are associated with worse eating disorder outcomes among sexual minority individuals (O\u0026rsquo;Flynn et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Nowicki et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Parker \u0026amp; Harriger, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Importantly, among SMM, these outcomes may manifest as maladaptive eating behaviors oriented towards achieving both thinness and muscularity, as demonstrated in our models, thereby supporting the existence of dual body image pathways among this population (Convertino et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Tylka \u0026amp; Andorka, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR101\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Interestingly, while distal stressors such as heterosexist discrimination were only associated with disordered eating, but not body image outcomes, proximal stressors, namely within-community body stigma (i.e., negative feedback toward one\u0026rsquo;s body weight/shape and muscularity; Shepherd et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), was significantly associated with both thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating \u003cem\u003eand\u003c/em\u003e body image disturbances, after controlling for age, BMI, and other sources of sexual minority and intraminority stressors. This finding is in line with prior literature suggesting that appearance-related pressures present in the SMM context play a particularly salient role in self-evaluation of body size and shape (Foster-Gimbel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Shepherd et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and emerging literature that directly implicates the unique role of intraminority body stigma as a prospective correlate of thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances among SMM (Barnhart, Shepherd, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2026\u003c/span\u003e). Of note, there may be SMM for whom experiences of intraminority body stigma are especially potent, including those who identify as higher-weight, less masculine, less wealthy, younger, or a person of color (Austen et al., 2022; Elbe et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Shepherd et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Given our findings on the relationship between intraminority stressors and eating and body image outcomes, it would be useful for clinicians to consider perceived status and sexual capital, as well as sociodemographic background, in identifying and treating high-risk individuals (Elbe et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Shepherd et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec33\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePerson-Centered Analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe employed LPA to reveal distinct patterns of sexual minority and intraminority stressors (e.g., high stress vs. low stress) that may be uniquely associated with eating and body image disturbances among SMM. While our LPA was largely exploratory in nature, our findings are consistent with our expectations: higher stress profiles were more closely and positively associated with thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances than lower stress profiles. Our model fit indices suggested that the best fit was a three-profile solution, with the following profiles emerging: \u003cem\u003eLow Sexual Minority and Intraminority Stress\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eHigh Sexual Orientation Concealment Only\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eHigh Heterosexist Discrimination and Intraminority Stress.\u003c/em\u003e We found that participants in the \u003cem\u003eHigh Heterosexist Discrimination and Intraminority Stress\u003c/em\u003e profile, which comprised 15% of our sample, scored the highest on measures of thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances, while participants in the \u003cem\u003eLow Sexual Minority and Intraminority Stress\u003c/em\u003e profile, which comprised 70% of our sample, scored the lowest on these outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsistent with minority stress (Meyer, 1995, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Frost \u0026amp; Meyer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and intraminority stress (Pachankis, Clark, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) theories, we found that individuals who experienced high levels of sexual minority and intraminority stress reported the most severe eating and body image disturbances across both muscularity and thinness concerns. The emergence of a profile marked by both distal (i.e., heterosexist discrimination) and proximal (i.e., pressures within the SMM community) stressors provides support for the idea that these stressors operate as interlocking systems, rather than as distinct constructs, in association with eating and body image disturbances. For example, as documented in prior variable-centered research (Harper et al., 2024; Soulliard et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), SMM may face external stigma (e.g., discrimination), which then, in the context of within-community stigma (i.e., general intraminority stress and intraminority body stigma), may contribute to elevated eating and body image disturbances as a means of coping with the burden of these unique, identity-specific stressors. Still, longitudinal research is needed to test the directionality of these putative temporal relationships.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur person-centered analyses also revealed a distinct profile that was characterized by high sexual orientation concealment \u003cem\u003eonly\u003c/em\u003e and accounted for 15% of the sample. This profile was associated with modest levels of eating and body image disturbances, relative to the low-stress profile, but statistically lower than those of participants in the high-stress profile. Concealment is considered a proximal form of minority stress, whereby individuals attempt to \u0026lsquo;hide\u0026rsquo; their sexual minority status, possibly as a means of coping with the psychological distress that results from anticipated stressors (both distal and proximal) associated with their sexual identity (Pachankis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Csoti et al., 2025). Concealment behaviors have often been used to understand psychopathology (e.g., Pachankis, Mahon, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), including eating and body image disturbances (e.g., Barnhart et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u0026mdash;although no studies to date have explored how these behaviors cluster together relative to other proximal and distal minority stressors via a person-centered approach. Considering that our \u003cem\u003eHigh Sexual Orientation Concealment Only\u003c/em\u003e profile was not characterized by other sexual minority or intraminority stressors, concealing one\u0026rsquo;s sexual identity may operate as a distinct process that exerts psychological strain and prevents integration with protective factors, such as LGBTQ+ community connectedness, which may otherwise buffer against the deleterious effects of identity-based stressors (e.g., Soulliard et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). It is also worthwhile to consider how sexual orientation concealment, while certainly a maladaptive process, may nonetheless remove and/or \u0026ldquo;protect\u0026rdquo; SMM from situations of identity-based victimization both outside and within the community (Pachankis, Clark, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), and thus may correspond with lower levels of self-reported heterosexist discrimination and within-community stress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec34\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNetwork Analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e While our variable- and person-centered approaches provided the opportunity to test how broader constructs of sexual minority and intraminority stress and eating and body image disturbances are related and how they separate out across persons, our network approach provided a more granular examination of these processes. Regarding network analyses, several sexual minority and intraminority stressors and thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbance symptoms emerged with high node strength and bridge centrality. The symptom that emerged with the highest EI was thinness-oriented body dissatisfaction, followed by preoccupation with weight/shape, which taps into cognitive concerns around body image. Previous research has implicated a central role of both body dissatisfaction and preoccupation with weight/shape in the development and maintenance of eating pathology (Stice \u0026amp; Shaw, 2002) and prior network analyses have supported their role as key components involved eating disorder pathology at the group and individual level (Calugi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Dubois et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Forbush et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Forrest et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Levinson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). While there is research to support elevated rates of these concerns among SMM (e.g., Bhambhani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Calzo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), we replicate and extend this work to demonstrate how body image concerns operate in this population from a psychological network perspective. Further, the finding that feeling anxious when running out of protein-based supplements (\u003cem\u003eMOET_10\u003c/em\u003e) emerged in the top 3 items supports the notion that SMM face unique pressures to achieve the mesomorphic ideal (e.g., Lev Arey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Nowicki et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), suggesting that the overconsumption of protein may not only be relevant to achieving such ideals, but also represents a source of psychological distress that is linked to eating and body image disturbances.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrior research suggests that disparities in eating and body image disturbances among SMM likely stem from intraminority cultural appearance ideals and distal sexual minority-stressors (Convertino et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Simone et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR96\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Our finding that discriminatory pressures based on body size/shape within the SMM community (i.e., body stigma intraminority stress) and discrimination outside of the SMM community (i.e., heterosexist discrimination) emerged with high bridge influence in our network provides important and preliminary insights on how such proximal and distal stressors may act as \u0026lsquo;conduits\u0026rsquo; between clusters of eating and body image disturbances.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGay community stress theory (Pachankis, Clark, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) posits that SMM are faced with unique pressures within their community that are informed by social and sexual relationships with other men. To this end, prior research indicates that SMM perceive their community as strongly adherent to rigid, status-based constructs, including masculinity, attractiveness, and wealth, and that sexual and social capital derive from the extent to which one possesses these qualities (Blashill, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Frederick \u0026amp; Essayli, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Green, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Pachankis, Clark, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). While eating and body image disturbances were highly central to stressor-symptom associations in our network, our results suggest that proximal and distal experiences of stigma and discrimination among SMM may indeed bridge these aggregations. As such, it may be important to consider ways in which within-community cycles of comparison and competition can be intervened upon in clinical settings. For example, providing psychoeducation on the role of intraminority stressors in eating and body image disturbances may help to create space for a client to explore how their sexual identity and pressures from their community, such as those focused on body-ideals, are tied to maladaptive behaviors, thus providing an opportunity to expand their self-view and build cognitive flexibility related to fears of negative evaluation from other SMM.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePast research has implicated heterosexist discrimination in mental health sequelae among SMM (e.g., Dellers et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). This research posits that heterosexist discrimination predisposes SMM to internal stress experiences and identity concealment efforts, and suggests that these stressors are interrelated (Meyer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Dellers et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). However, our study is the first to directly test these interrelationships via a psychological network approach, illustrating the deleterious role of sexual minority stress in relation to eating and body image disturbances among SMM, as well as its close relationship to sexual orientation concealment and other forms of sexual minority and intraminority stress. Taken together, these findings highlight that eating and body image disturbances among SMM are embedded within a system of negative attitudes, biases, and discrimination on the basis of sexual identity and body-image ideals, underscoring the clinical utility of interventions that acknowledge forms of minority stress as pathways that may uphold eating and body image disturbances among SMM.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is worth noting items that shared high node centrality and bridge influence. Namely, thinness-oriented body dissatisfaction (\u003cem\u003eEDE_QS_12\u003c/em\u003e) had among the highest node EI and emerged with high bridge influence. It is suggested that an item which is high in node centrality and bridge centrality indices is of particular relevance, as it exerts a strong impact on the global connectivity of a network, and therefore if targeted in intervention, may be most effective at \u0026lsquo;deactivating\u0026rsquo; the entire network (Castro et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Haslbeck \u0026amp; Fried, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Jones et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Robinaugh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). In line with this, body dissatisfaction may represent a particularly salient intervention target for SMM, especially when situated in the broader context of sexual minority stress, stigma, and community-specific appearance pressures. Still, future longitudinal and experimental network research is needed to determine the temporal influence of these experiences and identify the mechanisms through which eating and body image disturbances are \u0026lsquo;activated\u0026rsquo; over time in the context of sociocultural exposures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTogether, our person-centered and psychological network findings complement prior variable-centered research in this area, which outlines the unique pressures faced by SMM to achieve both leanness and physical prowess (Drummond, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Lev Arey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), and emphasizes intraminority body stigma as a distinct contributor to eating and body image disturbances among SMM (e.g., Barnhart, Shepherd, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2026\u003c/span\u003e; Shepherd et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Soulliard et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Through the application of network analysis, however, we extend this prior research by characterizing these processes as a system of interconnected components, rather than effects of a single latent cause, and highlighting key mechanisms involved in associations between sexual minority and intraminority stress and eating and body image disturbances among SMM.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAreas of Overlap and Distinction\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn implementing a three-prong analytic approach to understanding relationships between sexual minority and intraminority stressors and eating and body image disturbances, there is an opportunity to explore points of convergence and divergence in our results. For example, across all three methodological approaches, distal minority stress, including heterosexist discrimination, consistently emerged as a salient positive correlate or central feature of thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances among SMM. Additionally, more proximal, intraminority stressors emerged with meaningful implications for eating and body image disturbances across each methodological approach, specifically intraminority body stigma. However, to fully understand how these pathways unfold over time, we need to replicate our analyses using longitudinal and naturalistic data collection methods. Notably, while our variable- and network-centered approaches demonstrated unique contributions of and interconnections between sexual minority and intraminority stressors and eating and body image disturbances, our person-centered analyses revealed how these stressors may coalesce across individuals in our sample, underscoring the presence of a high-risk profile characterized by high sexual minority and intraminority stress exposures. Our profile analyses also illustrated latent subgroups of individuals and proximal minority stress processes that were not necessarily captured by our variable and network approaches, including high levels of sexual orientation concealment and elevated eating and body image disturbances.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaken together, the overlap and distinctions that emerged across our three analytical approaches highlight the need to consider \u003cem\u003eboth\u003c/em\u003e distal (i.e., heterosexist discrimination) and proximal (i.e., within-community stigma) stressors as meaningful correlates of eating and body image disturbances among SMM. Moreover, while research in the eating disorder area has traditionally conceptualized thinness-oriented attitudes and behaviors, our findings align with the growing body of literature suggesting that eating and body image disturbances manifest uniquely among SMM, including both thinness- and muscularity-oriented concerns (e.g., Convertino et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStrengths, Limitations, \u0026 Future Directions\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe strengths of the present study include the use of three distinct analytical approaches, which together provide a comprehensive understanding of the patterns of associations between sexual minority and intraminority stressors and eating and body image disturbances in SMM. Furthermore, the inclusion of thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances is a strength, given that \u003cem\u003eboth\u003c/em\u003e thinness and muscularity concerns reflect eating disorder symptomatology in SMM (Convertino et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In addition to these strengths are limitations, which may inform future research directions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst, our data are cross-sectional, which precludes inferences about how the three models we present may change over time. As such, longitudinal studies are needed that incorporate similar analytic approaches to test associations between our constructs of interest across time points. Second, while self-report measures are valid and reliable tools for assessing constructs of interest, they introduce potential threats to validity in the form of retrospective reporting and social desirability. Future research can address these concerns by capturing data in real time using experience-sampling methods to provide information on the dynamic interplay between identity-specific stress and eating and body image disturbances in SMM. Third, measures used to capture thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances broadly capture scores on these constructs, omitting distinct behaviors that may exhibit unique associations with identity-specific stressors (e.g., muscle building, restriction). Future research that captures thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances as multidimensional constructs (e.g., the Eating Pathology Symptom Inventory, which has been validated in SMM; Perko et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) is needed to replicate and expand on the present study. Fourth and finally, sample characteristics illustrate important limitations to the generalizability of these data to adolescents and older adults, sexual minoritized women and gender-diverse groups, and SMM from other cultural contexts, namely non-Western regions. Future research should be attentive to testing this three-pronged approach in such populations to provide information on the role of developmental context, as well as how identity and sociocultural background shape potentially unique expressions of identity-specific stress and downstream effects on eating and body image disturbances in the LGBTQ+ community.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eSexual minoritized men (SMM) are at disproportionate risk for the development of thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances relative to their heterosexual counterparts. Research consistently implicates the role of sexual minority and intraminority stressors in the development of these disturbances, underscoring the role of identity-specific stress to clarify these health disparities; however, this research is dominated by traditional, variable-centered methodologies. The present study applied a diverse set of approaches, namely variable-centered, person-centered, and psychological network analysis, to understand relationships between sexual minority and intraminority stressors and eating and body image disturbances among SMM. We found that several unique constructs, including heterosexist discrimination and within-community body stigma, emerged as key, distinct players in these relationships, suggesting that there may be clinical utility in exploring and intervening upon these distal and proximal targets in therapeutic settings. Results support an integrated approach to screening and treatment that considers interconnections between proximal and distal minority stressors and both muscularity- and thinness-oriented eating and body image disturbances among SMM, with network findings revealing a particularly potent role of body dissatisfaction. Future research should integrate longitudinal and naturalistic (i.e., ecological momentary assessments) methods to understand temporal relationships between these phenomena.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was partially supported by [Redacted for peer review].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of interest/Competing interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no conflict(s) of interest to declare.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Redacted for peer review]: Formal analysis, Writing\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;original draft, Writing\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;review \u0026amp; editing. [Redacted for peer review]: Formal analysis, Writing\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;original draft, Writing\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;review \u0026amp; editing. [Redacted for peer review]: Writing\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;original draft, Writing\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;review \u0026amp; editing. [Redacted for peer review]: Writing\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;original draft, Writing\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;review \u0026amp; editing. [Redacted for peer review]: Writing\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;original draft, Writing\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;review \u0026amp; editing. [Redacted for peer review]: Writing original draft, Writing\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;review \u0026amp; editing. [Redacted for peer review]: Writing\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;review \u0026amp; editing. [Redacted for peer review]: Writing\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;review \u0026amp; editing. [Redacted for peer review]: Conceptualization, Writing\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;review \u0026amp; editing. [Redacted for peer review]: Conceptualization, Investigation, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis, Writing\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;original draft, Writing\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmerican Psychiatric Association., 2013. \u003cem\u003eDiagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.)\u003c/em\u003e. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnderson, C., Messer, M., McClure, Z., Liu, C., \u0026amp; Linardon, J. (2024). 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Beyond thinness: The contribution of muscularity-oriented disordered eating to clinical impairment across cultures. \u003cem\u003eEating Behaviors\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e57\u003c/em\u003e, 101973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2025.101973\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"eating-and-weight-disorders-studies-on-anorexia-bulimia-and-obesity","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"eawd","sideBox":"Learn more about [Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity](https://www.springer.com/journal/40519)","snPcode":"40519","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40519/3","title":"Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"sexual minoritized men, sexual minority stress, intraminority stress, eating disorder, body image, latent profile analysis, network analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9043433/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9043433/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSexual minoritized men (SMM) exhibit high rates of thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances, possibly due to sexual minority and intraminority stressors. Yet, existing research has exclusively employed variable-centered methods (e.g., correlational analysis), which limit understanding of within-group heterogeneity and symptom-to-symptom connections. We applied a three-prong analytical approach (variable-centered, person-centered, and network analysis) to examine relations among sexual minority and intraminority stressors and eating and body image disturbances among SMM (\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;255; \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eage\u003c/sub\u003e=25.79). Variable-centered analyses revealed that, after adjusting for covariates and other stressors, internalized heterosexism, heterosexist discrimination, and intraminority body stigma were uniquely and positively associated with both thinness- and muscularity-oriented disordered eating. Intraminority body stigma was uniquely associated with more thinness- and muscularity-oriented body image disturbances, whereas internalized heterosexism was a unique, positive correlate of muscularity-oriented body image disturbances. Person-centered analysis revealed three profiles: \u003cem\u003eLow Sexual Minority \u0026amp; Intraminority Stress\u003c/em\u003e (70%, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;157), \u003cem\u003eHigh Sexual Orientation Concealment Only\u003c/em\u003e (15%, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34), and \u003cem\u003eHigh Heterosexist Discrimination \u0026amp; Intraminority Stress\u003c/em\u003e (15%, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34). Participants in the latter profile reported significantly more thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating and body image disturbances relative to other profiles. Network analyses identified body dissatisfaction and intraminority body stigma as highly central nodes. Our findings support the role of distal and proximal minority stressors in eating and body image disturbances among SMM. They also implicate several key processes in these relationships (i.e., heterosexist discrimination, intraminority body stigma, sexual orientation concealment), suggesting utility in considering various types of sexual and intraminority stressors in clinical and prevention efforts.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Associations Between Sexual Minority and Intraminority Stressors and Thinness- and Muscularity-Oriented Eating and Body Image Disturbances in Sexual Minoritized Men: Variable-Centered, Person-Centered, and Network Analyses","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-22 14:58:25","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9043433/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-04-02T14:37:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-31T12:39:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-23T11:38:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"252795303676694081308532212719026607068","date":"2026-03-21T16:04:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"149912888124081531022531899352516715911","date":"2026-03-18T07:41:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-18T07:06:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-17T17:16:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-13T07:50:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity","date":"2026-03-05T18:22:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"eating-and-weight-disorders-studies-on-anorexia-bulimia-and-obesity","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"eawd","sideBox":"Learn more about [Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity](https://www.springer.com/journal/40519)","snPcode":"40519","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40519/3","title":"Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9fb6d1b9-72d8-4ee1-bd0a-8c10e3203579","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 22nd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-17T17:54:02+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-22 14:58:25","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9043433","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9043433","identity":"rs-9043433","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}