New findings from a media-fasting intervention: Intentions for screen-free days in different age cohorts and use of the resulting free time.

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Silke Schwarz, Arndt Büssing, Benjamin Streit, David Martin This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5405841/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in European Journal of Pediatrics → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Media fasting has been found a way to reduce screen time. In this article new findings from the evaluation of the media-fasting intervention ( https://mediafasting.org/ ) are presented. Starting with 407 children and young people who were surveyed initially, at the end of the intervention, 229 participants returned the questionnaire, resulting in a loss of 43.7% of the original participants. Therefore, a matched pair sample of 169 children and adolescents was analyzed. Most participants completed the questionnaires with the assistance of their parents, particularly their mothers. The number of media-free days of children 6–9 years of age, or 10–13 years, and adolescents 14–18 years was significantly higher after the intervention as compared to before the intervention. Regarding media habits, 29% of participants intended to reduce their TV time, while the majority already avoided looking at digital media or TV screens during meals (72.5%) and kept their mobile phones out of the room during sleep (80.0%). Additionally, 42.9% intended to avoid screen time after dinner. However, only 24.7% refrained from screen time after dinner. The intentions for media-free days varied significantly among different age groups before and after the intervention. The media fasting intervention was followed by decreased screen time in children and youth aged 6 to 18. There were significantly more intended complete media-free days after the intervention and especially less screen time after dinner. digital screen media screen-free days intentions children parents survey data Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 1 Introduction The excessive use of screen media, especially regarding constantly growing screen time, is a global public health challenge. It is associated with negative effects on mental and physical health. Studies have shown that intensive screen use, especially in early childhood, is harmful [ 1 ]. In recent years, children have gained increased access to digital screen media such as computers, tablets, smartphones, and games consoles [ 2 ], which was further intensified in connection with online teaching during the 2020 coronavirus pandemic [ 3 ]. Studies show that children and young people spend more time in front of screen media as they get older and that the age at which children use screen media for the first time continues to fall [ 4 ]. Therefore, it is imperative to create effective and scalable methods for parents and their children to regulate screen time from infancy to adulthood. Problematic screen use is not solely determined by screen time, but also by content and function [ 5 ]. However, screen time is more easily targeted for interventions and thus was selected as the primary variable. The initial publications on the media fasting intervention known as MediaFasting ( https://mediafasting.org/ ) have already been released [ 6 ] and are currently under review for publication. The latest study results of the MediaFasting intervention show that promoting conscious and restrictive use of digital media among parents is associated with an increase of children's physical activity. Additionally, reducing parents' screen time was associated with a reduction in children's screen time as well. The study investigated whether parents and their children function as role models for media use and the specific intentions associated with using less media. The aim of this article was to find out whether and to what extend children and adolescents who take part in MediaFasting intend to reduce their media consumption and are interested to increase the number of media-free days per week, how many media-free days per week they currently have, what they do with this extra time (i.e., sporting activities or being outside), and how they feel (i.e., feeling happy and in a good mood, feeling calm and content, feeling well at home). These variables were differentiated for characteristic age cohorts (i.e., < 6 years, 6–9 years, 10–13 years, and 14–18 years). 2 Methods 2.1 Description of the procedures The media fasting intervention is a six-week voluntary fasting intervention for parents and their children. Before and during this intervention, there are suggestions for dealing with one's own habits in the use of screen media and the time spent with it and for trying out alternatives for joint family activities in the areas of nature, play, sport, culture, and nutrition. In a previous article [7], the MediaFasting pilot study (https://mediafasting.org/) was presented. This open, prospective, multicenter, pseudonymized survey was conducted in spring 2019 (6 March to 16 April). Families with children from all social backgrounds were recruited for active participation in six pediatric and adolescent medical practices in North Rhine-Westphalia. The study was a collaborative project with the professional association of pediatricians and adolescent doctors (BVKJ). Families received a media fasting kit from the pediatrician’s practice to take home. This folder contains a cover letter with recommendations for parents on the careful use of screen media, including the quality of the content. It also includes a media fasting calendar with 44 surprise doors, providing suggestions for play, fun, nutrition, exercise, and relationships. Additionally, there are two sets of five questionnaires - two for parents and three for children - to be completed before and after the intervention. Finally, there is an after questionnaire to evaluate the media fasting intervention, along with postage-paid addressed return envelopes for sending the completed questionnaires. There were no exclusion criteria for participation, except for a minimum reading comprehension level required to answer the questionnaires. Therefore, the minimum age for children to participate was set at 6 years. To enable data collection, an adult or legal guardian of the children had to sign consent forms for the pre- and post-survey. This publication focuses on the comparison of the media-free days and the intention to reduce the number of days with screen use before the six-week fasting period and the actual reduction and future intention, depending on the children's age cohort. The study received approval from the ethics committee of Witten/Herdecke University in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (application no. 194/2018). The methodology used in this study was described in detail by Schwarz et al. [7]. 2.2 Questionnaires The questionnaire for children and adolescents included an item on independence in completing the questionnaire “(“Mum”, “Dad”, “Nobody” or “_________”), helped me fill in the questionnaire” with answer options to tick. In addition to socio-demographic information, five items on intended screen use during the media fast (pre-questionnaire: "During the MediaFast, I want to:" "Not watch TV", "Not use screens while eating", "Not use screens before breakfast", "Not use screens after dinner", "Not have a mobile phone in my room while sleeping"; post-questionnaire: "During the MediaFast, I: " "Did not watch TV", "Did not use screens while eating", "Did not use screens before breakfast", "Did not use screens after dinner", "Did not have a mobile phone in my room while sleeping") with each three possible answers ("I already do", "Yes, for media fasting", "No") and two items on the intention to implement media-free days ("Do completely media-free days: ", "So far I already do media-free days:" in the pre-intervention questionnaire and "Completely media-free days:", "In future I will do media-free days:" in the post-intervention questionnaire) with an 8-point scale to indicate the number of days per week ("0", "1",..., "7" "days per week"). Well-being was assessed using three items on a five-point scale represented by smileys ranging from "not at all" (red sad smiley) to "very much" (blue laughing smiley) ("Please tick (x) on the faces to indicate how you have been feeling recently": "happy and in a good mood", "calm and content" and "comfortable at home"). Alternative (physical) activities were assessed using two items ("How often do you do the things mentioned here?": "Sport:", "Playing outside:") with a 4-point Likert scale (0 - never; 1 - at least once a month; 2 - at least once a week; 3 - at least once a day). 2.3 Statistical analyses Descriptive statistics are presented as frequencies for categorical variables and as means (± standard deviation, SD) for numerical variables. Group comparisons with respect to age (Man-Whitney-U for non-normally distributed variables) were computed with SPSS 28.0. Given the exploratory character of this study and the various tested variables, we set a stricter significance level at p < 0.01. Concerning classifying the strength of the group differences for age, Eta 2 values 0.14 as strong. 3 Results 3.1 Description of the sample Primarily, 407 children and adolescents started the survey (44.4% girls and 55.6% boys, mean age 9.3 ± 3.8 years) and 229 returned the post-intervention questionnaire (41.9% girls and 58.1% boys, mean age 9.4 ± 3.8 years). This would indicate a loss of 43.7% of participants. However, in several cases, we were unable to align the post-questionnaires to the corresponding pre-questionnaires. Therefore, we referred to a matched pairs sample and eliminated all other questionnaires from the analyses. This matched pairs sample consists of 169 children and adolescents (42% girls and 58% boys with a mean age of 9.4 ± 3.9 years. The cohorts 6-9 years (37.5%) and 10-13 years of age (27.4%) are dominating, while children 13 (16.7%) were minorities (Table 1). The majority filled out the questionnaires with the help of their parents (mostly the mother) (67.5%): 100% of children < 6 years, 87.3% of children 6-9 years, 52.2% of children 11-13 years, and 10.7% of adolescents ages 14-18 years. Within the cohort, 29% intended to reduce their TV time, while 52% did not. A majority were already not watching digital media / TV screens while eating (72.5%), had no screen time before breakfast (71.2%), and had no mobile phone in their room while sleeping (80.0%), while only 24.7% had no screen time after dinner. For media fasting, 42.9% intended to avoid screen time after dinner. Within the whole group, 63% stated to have no media-free days per week (Table 1). 3.2 Media-free days before and after the intervention Concerning the four characteristic age cohorts, the intentions for media-free days before the intervention were highest in very young children and lowest in adolescents (Figure 1). These age-related differences are significant (p < 0.001, Kruskal-Wallis-H) with a strong effect (Eta 2 = 0.166). After the intervention, the intention was still highest in very young children and lowest in adolescents (Figure 1). These age-related differences are significant (p < 0.001, Kruskal-Wallis-H) with a strong effect (Eta 2 = 0.219). Figure 1: Intention for media-free days For the current media-free days, the younger children reported 2-3 media-free days per week before the intervention, and the adolescents nearly none (Figure 2). These age-related differences are significant (p < 0.001, Kruskal-Wallis-H) with a strong effect (Eta 2 = 0.208). After the intervention, the younger children reported three media-free days per week, and the adolescents 1 day (Figure 2). Also, these age-related differences are significant (p < 0.001, Kruskal-Wallis-H) with a strong effect (Eta 2 = 0.105). Figure 2: Current media-free days 3.3 Changes in Media-free days in the sample Therefore, it was interesting to assess their intention to have several completely media-free days per week and their current behavior with media-free days per week (Table 2). Before the intervention, children and adolescents intended to have 2.58 media-free days per week, and after the intervention 2.70 days. Before the intervention, they stated that they already had 1.15 media-free days per week and after the intervention 2.09 days per week. This reduction is significant (p < 0.001) with a small effect size (Eta 2 = .054). The small cohort of children < 6 years had 2.85 media-free days per week at the start and 2.63 days at the end of the intervention; this difference is not significant (Table 2). Their parents intended that they should have 4.00 media-free days per week before and 4.32 after the intervention. Before the intervention, children aged 6-9 years intended to have 2.69 media-free days per week, and after the intervention 3.08 days. Before the intervention, they stated that they already had 1.33 media-free days per week and after the intervention 2.45 days per week. This reduction is significant (p < 0.001) with a moderate effect size (Eta 2 = .087). Children aged 10-13 years intended to have 2.16 media-free days per week and after the intervention 2.42 days. Before the intervention, they stated that they already had 0.44 media-free days per week and after the intervention 1.76 days per week. This reduction is significant (p < 0.001) with a strong effect size (Eta 2 =.171). The small cohort of adolescents 14-18 years of age intended to have 1.22 media-free days per week before and 1.58 after the intervention. Before the intervention, they only had 0.11 media-free days per week at the start and 0.74 days at the end of the intervention. This small difference is only trend significant (p = 0.038), yet with a moderate effect size (Eta 2 = .087). 3.4 Changes in activities in the samples In none of the 4 age cohorts did sporting activities significantly change in response to the intervention (Table 2), while the time outside slightly increased (p = 0.030), with a small effect size (Eta 2 = .012). This increase in outside time was not observed in the 3 children’s groups, but in the small group of adolescents (p = 0.019) with a strong effect size (Eta 2 = .100) 3.5 Changes in quality-of-life indicators In none of the four age cohorts were significant changes in quality-of-life indicators (feeling happy and in a good mood; feeling calm and content; feeling well at home) (Table 2). 4 Discussion Important is the finding that the intentions for media-free days decrease within the age cohorts and that the media fasting intervention did influence screen time in children and youth aged 6 to 18. This confirms the results of the preliminary study, which also showed a reduction in screen time [6]. A review of 11 publications has shown that there are studies in which interventions with a positive influence on reduction of screen time and the participants’ awareness and behavior concerning the use of screen media were carried out, as well as studies without such effects [8]. This review also has the result that none of these interventions was identified as being superior. Therefore, this study concerning the media fasting intervention can be seen as one additional working model to reduce screen time, which should be further evaluated and improved. One may assume that 3-4 media-free days in the younger children are the aim of their parents, while the older children intend to reduce their media consumption by 2 days per week and the adolescents only by 1 day per week. The current media-free days are lower: 1-2 days for the younger children, < 1 day per week in the older children, and nearly none in the group of adolescents. Therefore, it is important to underline that the number of media-free days of children 6-9 years of age, or 10-13 years, and adolescents 14-18 years was significantly higher after the intervention as compared to before the intervention. The effect sizes are strong for these three groups. This is the first study to have captured this in detail. However, they did not change their sporting activities or their outside time (only the adolescents reported significantly higher outside time after the intervention), and none of the quality-of-life indicators significantly changed after the intervention. Unfortunately, there are no comparable studies which could explain this effect. Most of the participants did not intend to reduce their TV time, but did intend to reduce other media, particularly screen time after dinner. The latter is relevant, given that screen time after dinner (e.g. before going to bed) was found to be a predictor for problematic media use of adolescents [9]. 4.1 Limitations A limitation of this study is that several children questionnaires were filled with the help of their parents. This may introduce a bias in that particularly the younger children may have adopted their parents´ intentions for more media-free days. We could not verify the screen time data of children and adolescents as it is self-reported. The 56% participation rate may include a higher rate of motivated families. For this reason and because the MediaFasting intervention was performed in Germany, the results may vary according to context. 4.2 Outlook The study demonstrated an increase in media-free days due to the media fasting intervention. Further investigation is necessary to determine if continued adherence to media-free days leads to improvements in quality of life, increased participation in sports, and more time spent outdoors in the long term, as well as better health. Declarations Conflict of Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Funding This study was supported with unrestricted funds from the Software AG Foundation, Concors Foundation, Chaja Foundation and MAHLE Foundation as well as DAK-Gesundheit. Author Contribution S.S. and D.M. invented and developed the MediaFasting intervention, acquired the funding and performed the study. A.B. performed the statistical analyses independently of S.S. and D.M.. B.S. and A.B. wrote a first draft of the manuscript, D.M. finalized it and all authors read and approved it. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all supporters of “Future of Childhood”, lebens-weise.org and mediafasting.org. References Sohn S, Rees P, Wildridge B, Kalk NJ, Carter B (2019) Prevalence of problematic smartphone usage and associated mental health outcomes amongst children and young people: a systematic review, meta-analysis and GRADE of the evidence. BMC Psychiatry 29 November 19(1):356 Wolf C, Wolf S, Weiss M, Nino G (2018) Children’s Environmental Health in the Digital Era: Understanding Early Screen Exposure as a Preventable Risk Factor for Obesity and Sleep Disorders. Children (Basel). 23. ;5(2) Sabine Feierabend T, Rathgeb H, Kheredmand S, Glöckler JIM-S (2020) : Jugend, Information, Medien. Basisuntersuchung zum Medienumgang 12- bis 19-Jähriger [Internet]. Stuttgart: Medienpädagogischer Forschungsverbund Südwest (mpfs); 2020. Verfügbar unter: https://www.mpfs.de/fileadmin/files/Studien/JIM/2020/JIM-Studie-2020_Web_final.pdf Madigan S, Racine N, Tough S Prevalence of Preschoolers Meeting vs Exceeding Screen Time Guidelines. JAMA Pediatr [Internet]. 25. November 2019 [zitiert 26. November 2019]; Verfügbar unter: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2755652 Bleckmann P, Mößle T (2014) Position zu Problemdimensionen und Präventionsstrategien der Bildschirmnutzung. SUCHT Januar 60(4):235–247 Reckert T, Schwarz S, Martin D, MedienFasten (2019) PädNetzS 15 Februar 1:6–9 Schwarz S, Krafft H, Büssing A, Boehm K, Reckert T, Büsching U et al (2019) Self perceived usage of digital screen media and intentions to reduce it an open prospective multi centered pseudonymized survey among parents and their children. Archives of Pediatrics (ISSN: 2575-825X) Krafft H, Boehm K, Schwarz S, Eichinger M, Büssing A, Martin D (2021) Media awareness and screen time reduction in children, youth or families: A systematic literature review. Care, Health & Development, Child Nagata JM, Paul A, Yen F, Smith-Russack Z, Shao IY (2024) Al-shoaibi AAA, Associations between media parenting practices and early adolescent screen use. Pediatr Res 5 Juni ;1–8 Tables Table 1: Description of participants before the intervention n % Gender female male 169 71 98 100 42.0 58.0 Age cohorts < 6 years 6-9 years 10-13 years 14-18 years 168 31 63 46 28 100 18.5 37.5 27.4 16.7 Filling out the questionnaires with help without help 169 114 55 100 67.5 32.5 Intention to reduce TV watching not doing it anyway for media fasting no 158 19 50 89 100 12.0 31.6 56.3 No screen time while eating not doing it anyway for media fasting no 169 125 36 8 100 73.5 21.2 4.7 No screen time before breakfast not doing it anyway for media fasting no 168 121 36 11 100 72.0 21.4 6.5 No screen time after dinner not doing it anyway for media fasting no 168 42 73 53 100 25 43.5 31.5 No mobile phone in the sleeping room not doing it anyway for media fasting no 169 136 23 10 100 80.4 13.6 5.9 Table 2: Media-free days, quality of life indicators, and activities of participants before and after the intervention media-free days activities quality of life indicators intention for media-free days (number of days) current media-free days (number of days) sporting activities Being outside feeling happy and in a good mood feeling calm and content feeling well at home All children and adolescents pre data (n=169) mean 2.58 1.15 2.22 2.46 4.12 3.88 4.58 SD 2.16 1.86 0.63 0.78 0.71 0.83 0.64 post data (n=169) mean 2.70 2.09 2.24 2.62 4.20 4.02 4.53 SD 2.36 2.09 0.65 0.68 0.73 0.69 0.65 p value (Man-Whitney-U) n.s. <.001 n.s. .030 n.s. n.s. n.s. Eta 2 value .001 .054 .000 .012 .003 .008 .002 Children <6 years of age pre data (n=31) mean 4.00 2.52 2.03 2.87 4.38 3.93 4.62 SD 2.41 2.63 0.66 0.34 0.62 0.88 0.56 post data (n=29) mean 4.32 3.21 2.10 2.97 4.36 4.00 4.54 SD 2.45 2.44 0.77 0.19 0.62 0.72 0.58 p value (Man-Whitney-U) n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. Eta 2 value .005 .019 .003 .029 .000 .002 .006 Children 6-9 years of age pre data (n=62) mean 2.69 1.33 2.32 2.81 4.05 3.79 4.53 SD 1.97 1.69 0.65 0.40 0.73 0.93 0.74 post data (n=61) mean 3.08 2.45 2.31 2.90 4.15 3.98 4.54 SD 2.14 1.96 0.65 0.30 0.81 0.81 0.62 p value (Man-Whitney-U) n.s. <.001 n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. Eta 2 value .009 .087 .000 .017 .004 .012 .000 Children 10-13 years of age pre data (n=46) mean 2.16 0.44 2.26 2.35 4.07 3.93 4.64 SD 1.84 0.97 0.68 0.60 0.69 0.69 0.57 post data (n=46) mean 2.42 1.76 2.27 2.52 4.21 4.08 4.50 SD 2.09 1.86 0.68 0.62 0.71 0.58 0.68 p value (Man-Whitney-U) n.s. <.001 n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. Eta 2 value .004 .171 .000 .020 .010 .014 .013 Adolescents 14-18 years of age pre data (n=28) mean 1.22 0.11 2.14 1.27 4.04 3.93 4.54 SD 1.58 0.32 0.45 0.92 0.74 0.77 0.64 post data (n=28) mean 0.82 0.74 2.22 1.85 4.07 3.93 4.46 SD 1.59 1.43 0.51 0.86 0.66 0.60 0.74 p value (Man-Whitney-U) n.s. .038 n.s. .019 n.s. n.s. n.s. Eta 2 value .016 .087 .007 .100 .001 .000 .003 Eta 2 0.14 as s strong effect. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in European Journal of Pediatrics → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 26 Jan, 2025 Reviews received at journal 24 Jan, 2025 Reviews received at journal 20 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Jan, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 20 Nov, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 14 Nov, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 14 Nov, 2024 First submitted to journal 06 Nov, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5405841","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":388087051,"identity":"7cbc94df-6c7d-4121-8ba0-7fd8052ab8e7","order_by":0,"name":"Silke Schwarz","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZuZmMG0AJisYGNhgCLcWRmQtZ4jRwoCshbENzMavRb6dsdngA0OdvLlE8rOPP+cdzuNj4DF7wFBmg1OLwWHG5sQZDIcNd85IM54hue1wMRsDj7kBw7k03FqAfjnMw3AgweB2gjGD4bbDiW3yb7dJMLYdxu2wZqCWPwx1QC3pnxkS5wC1MPCCtPzH7Rmgw5KB4QbUkmPMcLABruUAXr8Y9hgcNtxw/00xY8OxdKAW/m8SCeeScTus//BhiR8VdfIGZ45vZvxRY504v4EtTeJDmR1uh0HsQhdIIKBhFIyCUTAKRgF+AABD0k3/b38ewwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Witten/Herdecke University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Silke","middleName":"","lastName":"Schwarz","suffix":""},{"id":388087052,"identity":"9c33a380-4e5c-48e1-a381-b1e7f2643e40","order_by":1,"name":"Arndt Büssing","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Witten/Herdecke University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Arndt","middleName":"","lastName":"Büssing","suffix":""},{"id":388087053,"identity":"24c4d5db-e6f1-485f-91df-7887282e80c1","order_by":2,"name":"Benjamin Streit","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Witten/Herdecke University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Benjamin","middleName":"","lastName":"Streit","suffix":""},{"id":388087054,"identity":"f7d0d37e-cb84-4a95-8d62-bcaef7a90325","order_by":3,"name":"David Martin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Witten/Herdecke University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"David","middleName":"","lastName":"Martin","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-11-07 01:23:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5405841/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5405841/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-025-06633-4","type":"published","date":"2025-11-25T15:58:20+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":71730829,"identity":"b215794a-5c82-4cc3-9fe6-c08d589a62b3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-18 06:48:41","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":10332,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIntention for media-free days\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5405841/v1/549791607f7a9955081f0a6a.png"},{"id":71730831,"identity":"92fc122d-9910-47e9-bfae-8960a150e845","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-18 06:48:41","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":13128,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCurrent media-free days\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5405841/v1/83a82680da3c8a4512290e82.png"},{"id":97178590,"identity":"1ddf9aa0-7bbc-4b05-a79f-317c2cf136b7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 16:11:11","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":922526,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5405841/v1/74349643-010f-436c-accb-7ea0f2757ff2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"New findings from a media-fasting intervention: Intentions for screen-free days in different age cohorts and use of the resulting free time.","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe excessive use of screen media, especially regarding constantly growing screen time, is a global public health challenge. It is associated with negative effects on mental and physical health. Studies have shown that intensive screen use, especially in early childhood, is harmful [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. In recent years, children have gained increased access to digital screen media such as computers, tablets, smartphones, and games consoles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], which was further intensified in connection with online teaching during the 2020 coronavirus pandemic [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies show that children and young people spend more time in front of screen media as they get older and that the age at which children use screen media for the first time continues to fall [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, it is imperative to create effective and scalable methods for parents and their children to regulate screen time from infancy to adulthood. Problematic screen use is not solely determined by screen time, but also by content and function [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. However, screen time is more easily targeted for interventions and thus was selected as the primary variable. The initial publications on the media fasting intervention known as MediaFasting (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://mediafasting.org/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://mediafasting.org/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) have already been released [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] and are currently under review for publication.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe latest study results of the MediaFasting intervention show that promoting conscious and restrictive use of digital media among parents is associated with an increase of children's physical activity. Additionally, reducing parents' screen time was associated with a reduction in children's screen time as well. The study investigated whether parents and their children function as role models for media use and the specific intentions associated with using less media.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aim of this article was to find out whether and to what extend children and adolescents who take part in MediaFasting intend to reduce their media consumption and are interested to increase the number of media-free days per week, how many media-free days per week they currently have, what they do with this extra time (i.e., sporting activities or being outside), and how they feel (i.e., feeling happy and in a good mood, feeling calm and content, feeling well at home). These variables were differentiated for characteristic age cohorts (i.e., \u0026lt; 6 years, 6\u0026ndash;9 years, 10\u0026ndash;13 years, and 14\u0026ndash;18 years).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003e2.1 \u0026nbsp;Description of the procedures\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe media fasting intervention is a six-week voluntary fasting intervention for parents and their children. Before and during this intervention, there are suggestions for dealing with one\u0026apos;s own habits in the use of screen media and the time spent with it and for trying out alternatives for joint family activities in the areas of nature, play, sport, culture, and nutrition. In a previous article [7], the MediaFasting pilot study (https://mediafasting.org/) was presented. This open, prospective, multicenter, pseudonymized survey was conducted in spring 2019 (6 March to 16 April). Families with children from all social backgrounds were recruited for active participation in six pediatric and adolescent medical practices in North Rhine-Westphalia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was a collaborative project with the professional association of pediatricians and adolescent doctors (BVKJ). Families received a media fasting kit from the pediatrician\u0026rsquo;s practice to take home. This folder contains a cover letter with recommendations for parents on the careful use of screen media, including the quality of the content. It also includes a media fasting calendar with 44 surprise doors, providing suggestions for play, fun, nutrition, exercise, and relationships. Additionally, there are two sets of five questionnaires - two for parents and three for children - to be completed before and after the intervention. Finally, there is an after questionnaire to evaluate the media fasting intervention, along with postage-paid addressed return envelopes for sending the completed questionnaires.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere were no exclusion criteria for participation, except for a minimum reading comprehension level required to answer the questionnaires. Therefore, the minimum age for children to participate was set at 6 years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo enable data collection, an adult or legal guardian of the children had to sign consent forms for the pre- and post-survey. This publication focuses on the comparison of the media-free days and the intention to reduce the number of days with screen use before the six-week fasting period and the actual reduction and future intention, depending on the children\u0026apos;s age cohort. The study received approval from the ethics committee of Witten/Herdecke University in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (application no. 194/2018). The methodology used in this study was described in detail by Schwarz et al.\u0026nbsp;[7].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.2 \u0026nbsp; Questionnaires\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire for children and adolescents included an item on independence in completing the questionnaire \u0026ldquo;(\u0026ldquo;Mum\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Dad\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Nobody\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;_________\u0026rdquo;), helped me fill in the questionnaire\u0026rdquo; with answer options to tick. In addition to socio-demographic information, five items on intended screen use during the media fast (pre-questionnaire: \u0026quot;During the MediaFast, I want to:\u0026quot; \u0026quot;Not watch TV\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;Not use screens while eating\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;Not use screens before breakfast\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;Not use screens after dinner\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;Not have a mobile phone in my room while sleeping\u0026quot;; post-questionnaire: \u0026quot;During the MediaFast, I: \u0026quot; \u0026quot;Did not watch TV\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;Did not use screens while eating\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;Did not use screens before breakfast\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;Did not use screens after dinner\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;Did not have a mobile phone in my room while sleeping\u0026quot;) with each three possible answers (\u0026quot;I already do\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;Yes, for media fasting\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;No\u0026quot;) and two items on the intention to implement media-free days (\u0026quot;Do completely media-free days: \u0026quot;, \u0026quot;So far I already do media-free days:\u0026quot; in the pre-intervention questionnaire and \u0026quot;Completely media-free days:\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;In future I will do media-free days:\u0026quot; in the post-intervention questionnaire) with an 8-point scale to indicate the number of days per week (\u0026quot;0\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;1\u0026quot;,..., \u0026quot;7\u0026quot; \u0026quot;days per week\u0026quot;).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWell-being was assessed using three items on a five-point scale represented by smileys ranging from \u0026quot;not at all\u0026quot; (red sad smiley) to \u0026quot;very much\u0026quot; (blue laughing smiley) (\u0026quot;Please tick (x) on the faces to indicate how you have been feeling recently\u0026quot;: \u0026quot;happy and in a good mood\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;calm and content\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;comfortable at home\u0026quot;). Alternative (physical) activities were assessed using two items (\u0026quot;How often do you do the things mentioned here?\u0026quot;: \u0026quot;Sport:\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;Playing outside:\u0026quot;) with a 4-point Likert scale (0 - never; 1 - at least once a month; 2 - at least once a week; 3 - at least once a day).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.3 \u0026nbsp;Statistical analyses\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics are presented as frequencies for categorical variables and as means (\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;standard deviation, SD) for numerical variables. Group comparisons with respect to age (Man-Whitney-U for non-normally distributed variables) were computed with SPSS 28.0. Given the exploratory character of this study and the various tested variables, we set a stricter significance level at p\u0026nbsp;\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;0.01. Concerning classifying the strength of the group differences for age, Eta\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e values \u0026lt; 0.06 are considered as small effects, between 0.06 and 0.14 as moderate, and \u0026gt; 0.14 as strong.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3 Results","content":"\u003ch2\u003e3.1 \u0026nbsp;Description of the sample\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimarily, 407 children and adolescents started the survey (44.4% girls and 55.6% boys, mean age 9.3\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;3.8 years) and 229 returned the post-intervention questionnaire (41.9% girls and 58.1% boys, mean age 9.4\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;3.8 years). This would indicate a loss of 43.7% of participants. However, in several cases, we were unable to align the post-questionnaires to the corresponding pre-questionnaires. Therefore, we referred to a matched pairs sample and eliminated all other questionnaires from the analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis matched pairs sample consists of 169 children and adolescents (42% girls and 58% boys with a mean age of 9.4\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;3.9 years. The cohorts 6-9 years (37.5%) and 10-13 years of age (27.4%) are dominating, while children \u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;6 (18.5%) and \u0026gt;\u0026nbsp;13 (16.7%) were minorities (Table 1). The majority filled out the questionnaires with the help of their parents (mostly the mother) (67.5%): 100% of children \u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;6 years, 87.3% of children 6-9 years, 52.2% of children 11-13 years, and 10.7% of adolescents ages 14-18 years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWithin the cohort, 29% intended to reduce their TV time, while 52% did not. A majority were already not watching digital media / TV screens while eating (72.5%), had no screen time before breakfast (71.2%), and had no mobile phone in their room while sleeping (80.0%), while only 24.7% had no screen time after dinner. For media fasting, 42.9% intended to avoid screen time after dinner. Within the whole group, 63% stated to have no media-free days per week (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.2 \u0026nbsp; Media-free days before and after the intervention\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConcerning the four characteristic age cohorts, the intentions for media-free days before the intervention were highest in very young children and lowest in adolescents (Figure 1). These age-related differences are significant (p\u0026nbsp;\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;0.001, Kruskal-Wallis-H) with a strong effect (Eta\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 0.166). After the intervention, the intention was still highest in very young children and lowest in adolescents (Figure 1). These age-related differences are significant (p \u0026lt; 0.001, Kruskal-Wallis-H) with a strong effect (Eta\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 0.219).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 1:\u003c/strong\u003e Intention for media-free days\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the current media-free days, the younger children reported 2-3 media-free days per week before the intervention, and the adolescents nearly none (Figure 2). These age-related differences are significant (p\u0026nbsp;\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;0.001, Kruskal-Wallis-H) with a strong effect (Eta\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 0.208). After the intervention, the younger children reported three media-free days per week, and the adolescents 1 day (Figure 2). Also, these age-related differences are significant (p \u0026lt; 0.001, Kruskal-Wallis-H) with a strong effect (Eta\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 0.105).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 2:\u003c/strong\u003e Current media-free days\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.3 \u0026nbsp; Changes in Media-free days in the sample\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, it was interesting to assess their intention to have several completely media-free days per week and their current behavior with media-free days per week (Table 2). Before the intervention, children and adolescents intended to have 2.58 media-free days per week, and after the intervention 2.70 days. Before the intervention, they stated that they already had 1.15 media-free days per week and after the intervention 2.09 days per week. This reduction is significant (p\u0026nbsp;\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;0.001) with a small effect size (Eta\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = .054).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe small cohort of children \u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;6 years had 2.85 media-free days per week at the start and 2.63 days at the end of the intervention; this difference is not significant (Table 2). Their parents intended that they should have 4.00 media-free days per week before and 4.32 after the intervention.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBefore the intervention, children aged 6-9 years intended to have 2.69 media-free days per week, and after the intervention 3.08 days. Before the intervention, they stated that they already had 1.33 media-free days per week and after the intervention 2.45 days per week. This reduction is significant (p\u0026nbsp;\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;0.001) with a moderate effect size (Eta\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = .087).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChildren aged 10-13 years intended to have 2.16 media-free days per week and after the intervention 2.42 days. Before the intervention, they stated that they already had 0.44 media-free days per week and after the intervention 1.76 days per week. This reduction is significant (p\u0026nbsp;\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;0.001) with a strong effect size (Eta\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e =.171).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe small cohort of adolescents 14-18 years of age intended to have 1.22 media-free days per week before and 1.58 after the intervention. Before the intervention, they only had 0.11 media-free days per week at the start and 0.74 days at the end of the intervention. This small difference is only trend significant (p\u0026nbsp;=\u0026nbsp;0.038), yet with a moderate effect size (Eta\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = .087).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.4 \u0026nbsp; Changes in activities in the samples\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn none of the 4 age cohorts did sporting activities significantly change in response to the intervention (Table 2), while the time outside slightly increased (p\u0026nbsp;=\u0026nbsp;0.030), with a small effect size (Eta\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = .012). This increase in outside time was not observed in the 3 children\u0026rsquo;s groups, but in the small group of adolescents (p = 0.019) with a strong effect size (Eta\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = .100)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.5 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Changes in quality-of-life indicators\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn none of the four age cohorts were significant changes in quality-of-life indicators (feeling happy and in a good mood; feeling calm and content; feeling well at home) (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4 Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eImportant is the finding that the intentions for media-free days decrease within the age cohorts and that the media fasting intervention did influence screen time in children and youth aged 6 to 18. This confirms the results of the preliminary study, which also showed a reduction in screen time [6]. A review of 11 publications has shown that there are studies in which interventions with a positive influence on reduction of screen time and the participants\u0026rsquo; awareness and behavior concerning the use of screen media were carried out, as well as studies without such effects [8]. This review also has the result that none of these interventions was identified as being superior. Therefore, this study concerning the media fasting intervention can be seen as one additional working model to reduce screen time, which should be further evaluated and improved. One may assume that 3-4 media-free days in the younger children are the aim of their parents, while the older children intend to reduce their media consumption by 2 days per week and the adolescents only by 1 day per week. The current media-free days are lower: 1-2 days for the younger children, \u0026lt; 1 day per week in the older children, and nearly none in the group of adolescents. Therefore, it is important to underline that the number of media-free days of children 6-9 years of age, or 10-13 years, and adolescents 14-18 years was significantly higher after the intervention as compared to before the intervention. The effect sizes are strong for these three groups. This is the first study to have captured this in detail. However, they did not change their sporting activities or their outside time (only the adolescents reported significantly higher outside time after the intervention), and none of the quality-of-life indicators significantly changed after the intervention. Unfortunately, there are no comparable studies which could explain this effect.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost of the participants did not intend to reduce their TV time, but did intend to reduce other media, particularly screen time after dinner. The latter is relevant, given that screen time after dinner (e.g. before going to bed) was found to be a predictor for problematic media use of adolescents [9].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e4.1 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Limitations\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA limitation of this study is that several children questionnaires were filled with the help of their parents. This may introduce a bias in that particularly the younger children may have adopted their parents\u0026acute; intentions for more media-free days. We could not verify the screen time data of children and adolescents as it is self-reported.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 56% participation rate may include a higher rate of motivated families. For this reason and because the MediaFasting intervention was performed in Germany, the results may vary according to context.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e4.2 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Outlook\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study demonstrated an increase in media-free days due to the media fasting intervention. Further investigation is necessary to determine if continued adherence to media-free days leads to improvements in quality of life, increased participation in sports, and more time spent outdoors in the long term, as well as better health.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study was supported with unrestricted funds from the Software AG Foundation, Concors Foundation, Chaja Foundation and MAHLE Foundation as well as DAK-Gesundheit.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eS.S. and D.M. invented and developed the MediaFasting intervention, acquired the funding and performed the study. A.B. performed the statistical analyses independently of S.S. and D.M.. B.S. and A.B. wrote a first draft of the manuscript, D.M. finalized it and all authors read and approved it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe are grateful to all supporters of \u0026ldquo;Future of Childhood\u0026rdquo;, lebens-weise.org and mediafasting.org.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSohn S, Rees P, Wildridge B, Kalk NJ, Carter B (2019) Prevalence of problematic smartphone usage and associated mental health outcomes amongst children and young people: a systematic review, meta-analysis and GRADE of the evidence. BMC Psychiatry 29 November 19(1):356\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWolf C, Wolf S, Weiss M, Nino G (2018) Children\u0026rsquo;s Environmental Health in the Digital Era: Understanding Early Screen Exposure as a Preventable Risk Factor for Obesity and Sleep Disorders. Children (Basel). 23. ;5(2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSabine Feierabend T, Rathgeb H, Kheredmand S, Gl\u0026ouml;ckler JIM-S (2020) : Jugend, Information, Medien. Basisuntersuchung zum Medienumgang 12- bis 19-J\u0026auml;hriger [Internet]. Stuttgart: Medienp\u0026auml;dagogischer Forschungsverbund S\u0026uuml;dwest (mpfs); 2020. Verf\u0026uuml;gbar unter: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.mpfs.de/fileadmin/files/Studien/JIM/2020/JIM-Studie-2020_Web_final.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.mpfs.de/fileadmin/files/Studien/JIM/2020/JIM-Studie-2020_Web_final.pdf\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMadigan S, Racine N, Tough S Prevalence of Preschoolers Meeting vs Exceeding Screen Time Guidelines. JAMA Pediatr [Internet]. 25. November 2019 [zitiert 26. 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SUCHT Januar 60(4):235\u0026ndash;247\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eReckert T, Schwarz S, Martin D, MedienFasten (2019) P\u0026auml;dNetzS 15 Februar 1:6\u0026ndash;9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSchwarz S, Krafft H, B\u0026uuml;ssing A, Boehm K, Reckert T, B\u0026uuml;sching U et al (2019) Self perceived usage of digital screen media and intentions to reduce it an open prospective multi centered pseudonymized survey among parents and their children. Archives of Pediatrics (ISSN: 2575-825X)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKrafft H, Boehm K, Schwarz S, Eichinger M, B\u0026uuml;ssing A, Martin D (2021) Media awareness and screen time reduction in children, youth or families: A systematic literature review. Care, Health \u0026amp; Development, Child\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNagata JM, Paul A, Yen F, Smith-Russack Z, Shao IY (2024) Al-shoaibi AAA, Associations between media parenting practices and early adolescent screen use. Pediatr Res 5 Juni ;1\u0026ndash;8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1:\u003c/strong\u003e Description of participants before the intervention\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"491\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 349px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 349px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 349px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge cohorts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 6 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6-9 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-13 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14-18 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 349px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFilling out the questionnaires\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewith help\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewithout help\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 349px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntention to reduce TV watching\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enot doing it anyway\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efor media fasting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 349px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo screen time while eating\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enot doing it anyway\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efor media fasting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 349px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo screen time before breakfast\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enot doing it anyway\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efor media fasting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 349px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo screen time after dinner\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enot doing it anyway\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efor media fasting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 349px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo mobile phone in the sleeping room\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enot doing it anyway\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efor media fasting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2:\u003c/strong\u003e Media-free days, quality of life indicators, and activities of participants before and after the intervention\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emedia-free days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eactivities\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003equality of life indicators\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eintention for media-free days (number of days)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecurrent\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emedia-free days\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(number of days)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esporting activities\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBeing outside\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efeeling happy and in a good mood\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efeeling calm and content\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efeeling well at home\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAll children and adolescents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epre data (n=169)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epost data (n=169)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e value (Man-Whitney-U)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.030\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEta\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.054\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildren \u0026lt;6 years of age\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epre data (n=31)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epost data (n=29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e value (Man-Whitney-U)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEta\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildren 6-9 years of age\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epre data (n=62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epost data (n=61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e value (Man-Whitney-U)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEta\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.087\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildren 10-13 years of age\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epre data (n=46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epost data (n=46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e value (Man-Whitney-U)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEta\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.171\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdolescents 14-18 years of age\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epre data (n=28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epost data (n=28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e value (Man-Whitney-U)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.038\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.019\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEta\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.087\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEta\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026lt; 0.06 is regarded as a small effect, between 0.06 and 0.14 as a moderate effect, and \u0026gt; 0.14 as s strong effect.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"european-journal-of-pediatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ejpe","sideBox":"Learn more about [European Journal of Pediatrics](https://www.springer.com/journal/431)","snPcode":"431","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/431/3","title":"European Journal of Pediatrics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"digital screen media, screen-free days, intentions, children, parents, survey data","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5405841/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5405841/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eMedia fasting has been found a way to reduce screen time. In this article new findings from the evaluation of the media-fasting intervention (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://mediafasting.org/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://mediafasting.org/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) are presented. Starting with 407 children and young people who were surveyed initially, at the end of the intervention, 229 participants returned the questionnaire, resulting in a loss of 43.7% of the original participants. Therefore, a matched pair sample of 169 children and adolescents was analyzed. Most participants completed the questionnaires with the assistance of their parents, particularly their mothers. The number of media-free days of children 6\u0026ndash;9 years of age, or 10\u0026ndash;13 years, and adolescents 14\u0026ndash;18 years was significantly higher after the intervention as compared to before the intervention. Regarding media habits, 29% of participants intended to reduce their TV time, while the majority already avoided looking at digital media or TV screens during meals (72.5%) and kept their mobile phones out of the room during sleep (80.0%). Additionally, 42.9% intended to avoid screen time after dinner. However, only 24.7% refrained from screen time after dinner. The intentions for media-free days varied significantly among different age groups before and after the intervention. The media fasting intervention was followed by decreased screen time in children and youth aged 6 to 18. There were significantly more intended complete media-free days after the intervention and especially less screen time after dinner.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"New findings from a media-fasting intervention: Intentions for screen-free days in different age cohorts and use of the resulting free time.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-18 06:48:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5405841/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-01-26T21:15:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-01-24T13:16:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-01-20T12:25:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"188851375429645754388940035053285405261","date":"2025-01-15T14:51:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"232686492532900752623107011280497985118","date":"2025-01-15T10:34:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"297892031108342887883580217417423452102","date":"2025-01-13T21:39:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"227661160458186117329957854978452660722","date":"2025-01-11T08:36:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-11-20T21:36:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-11-14T09:33:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-11-14T08:59:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"European Journal of Pediatrics","date":"2024-11-07T01:21:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"european-journal-of-pediatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ejpe","sideBox":"Learn more about [European Journal of Pediatrics](https://www.springer.com/journal/431)","snPcode":"431","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/431/3","title":"European Journal of Pediatrics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b0d6a66e-850e-4099-8f4f-a2aa5a5a77b8","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 18th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-01T16:04:03+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5405841","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-025-06633-4","journal":{"identity":"european-journal-of-pediatrics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"European Journal of Pediatrics"},"publishedOn":"2025-11-25 15:58:20","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 25th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-18 06:48:35","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00431-025-06633-4","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-025-06633-4","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5405841","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5405841","identity":"rs-5405841","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}