Effect of Alteration of Precipitating Agents Structural, Optical, and Antibacterial Properties of Y₂O₃ Nanoparticles

Effect of Alteration of Precipitating Agents Structural, Optical, and Antibacterial Properties of Y₂O₃ Nanoparticles | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effect of Alteration of Precipitating Agents Structural, Optical, and Antibacterial Properties of Y₂O₃ Nanoparticles A. H. Bodke, N. S. Bajaj, K. S. Pawar, N. S. Gaikwad, R. G. Korpe, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8380870/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 22 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In present report, yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using different chemical precursors, such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, sodium carbonate and urea, via a controlled precipitation route. The crystalline structure and phase purity of the obtained samples were confirmed through X-ray diffraction (XRD), which revealed the formation of cubic Y₂O₃ with crystallite sizes in the nano-meter range. Moreover, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of characteristic Y–O stretching vibrations with exclusion of residual organic species. In morphological analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) demonstrated well-dispersed nanoparticles with morphology and particle size strongly influenced by the choice of precursor. The optical characteristics and the optical band gap, estimated from UV–VIS absorption spectra, varied between 5.1–5.6 eV, showing precursor-dependent shifts linked to crystallinity and particle size. Raman spectroscopy further validated the cubic phase of Y₂O₃, with subtle peak shifts attributed to phonon confinement effects in nanoscale systems. However, the antibacterial performance of the synthesized Y₂O₃ were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative). All samples exhibited measurable antibacterial activity, with acetic acid-derived Y₂O₃ showing the highest inhibition zones (18 mm for S. aureus and 19 mm for E. coli ). Comparative analysis revealed that Gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible than Gram-negative strains, consistent with the protective role of the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria. Overall, the study highlights that the selection of precipitating agent or precursor significantly governs crystallinity, morphology, and surface reactivity of Y₂O₃ nanoparticles, which in turn directly influence their optical and antibacterial properties. Metal Oxides Yttrium Oxide Co-precipitation Precursor modification. Structural Properties Optical properties Antimicrobial properties Common Pathogen Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative) Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 13 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 12 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 10 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 09 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 05 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 03 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 27 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 19 Jan, 2026 Editor invited by journal 26 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 25 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 23 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 23 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8380870","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":577604822,"identity":"a0c7b905-d6c4-47b8-ae44-c806c1cfae31","order_by":0,"name":"A. H. 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Nanoparticles","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-chemistry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Chemistry](https://link.springer.com/journal/44371)","snPcode":"44371","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44371/3","title":"Discover Chemistry","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Metal Oxides, Yttrium Oxide, Co-precipitation, Precursor modification. Structural Properties, Optical properties, Antimicrobial properties, Common Pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative)","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8380870/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8380870/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn present report, yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using different chemical precursors, such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, sodium carbonate and urea, via a controlled precipitation route. The crystalline structure and phase purity of the obtained samples were confirmed through X-ray diffraction (XRD), which revealed the formation of cubic Y₂O₃ with crystallite sizes in the nano-meter range. Moreover, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of characteristic Y\u0026ndash;O stretching vibrations with exclusion of residual organic species. In morphological analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) demonstrated well-dispersed nanoparticles with morphology and particle size strongly influenced by the choice of precursor. The optical characteristics and the optical band gap, estimated from UV\u0026ndash;VIS absorption spectra, varied between 5.1\u0026ndash;5.6 eV, showing precursor-dependent shifts linked to crystallinity and particle size. Raman spectroscopy further validated the cubic phase of Y₂O₃, with subtle peak shifts attributed to phonon confinement effects in nanoscale systems. However, the antibacterial performance of the synthesized Y₂O₃ were evaluated against \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e (Gram-positive), \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e (Gram-negative) and \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e (Gram-negative). All samples exhibited measurable antibacterial activity, with acetic acid-derived Y₂O₃ showing the highest inhibition zones (18 mm for \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and 19 mm for \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e). Comparative analysis revealed that Gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible than Gram-negative strains, consistent with the protective role of the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria. Overall, the study highlights that the selection of precipitating agent or precursor significantly governs crystallinity, morphology, and surface reactivity of Y₂O₃ nanoparticles, which in turn directly influence their optical and antibacterial properties.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of Alteration of Precipitating Agents Structural, Optical, and Antibacterial Properties of Y₂O₃ Nanoparticles","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-21 14:52:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8380870/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-02-13T10:00:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-12T19:41:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-10T20:45:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-09T07:04:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-05T06:40:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"221296816556014805385387931090756144690","date":"2026-02-05T01:30:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"43918790863564707971908353801517668723","date":"2026-02-04T05:26:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-03T18:19:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"165600264500379239133013205891906118819","date":"2026-02-03T10:30:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"160993779205506564129675719056909489174","date":"2026-02-03T10:03:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"39491483584468850485880505709679077551","date":"2026-02-03T09:55:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-28T03:43:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"299071398528963250847491218453680330496","date":"2026-01-21T15:38:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"236245069749671759936387629193991909572","date":"2026-01-20T16:20:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"94605254813258871332001106406089932169","date":"2026-01-20T06:45:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"262101020773298781140312536480109312203","date":"2026-01-20T05:01:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"251072261091210335833879282365210014560","date":"2026-01-19T15:01:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-19T14:24:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-26T09:01:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-25T17:20:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-23T10:45:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Chemistry","date":"2025-12-23T10:32:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-chemistry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Chemistry](https://link.springer.com/journal/44371)","snPcode":"44371","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44371/3","title":"Discover Chemistry","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e8365f96-c3e7-4761-8f52-07aac26f98c3","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 21st, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-16T16:39:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-21 14:52:13","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8380870","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8380870","identity":"rs-8380870","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}