Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports

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This study addresses this gap by positing digital adoption as a mediating mechanism linking network capabilities and organizational transformational characteristics to port performance at container ports in Indonesia. This study aims to examine the influence of networking capabilities and organizational transformational characteristics on digital adoption, as well as its impact on port performance at container ports in Indonesia. This study also analyzes the mediating role of digital adoption in the relationship between organizational capabilities and port performance. The study uses an explanatory design with a quantitative approach through a survey method. Data were collected using structured questionnaires from 103 container ports throughout Indonesia with respondents being decision makers and core port function managers, namely General Managers or Operations Managers or Marketing Manag-ers if the General Manager was not available. Data analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modeling with a Partial Least Squares approach through SmartPLS. The results of the study indicate that networking and organizational transformational capabilities have a significant effect on digital adoption, and digital adoption has a significant effect on port performance. This study also found that digital adoption significantly mediates the relationship between organizational transformation and port performance. However, this study does not prove that digital adoption mediates the influence of net-working capability on port performance." } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/15-87/v3", "name": "Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role..." } } ] } Home Browse Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Pramitra B, Al Musadieq M, Afrianty TW and Noerman T. Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.176261.3 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Revised Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] Previously Titled: "Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Transformational Organization in Indonesian Container Ports" Buyung Pramitra https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1494-0998 1 , Mochammad Al Musadieq 1 , Tri Wulida Afrianty 1 , Teuku Noerman https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4842-4040 1 Buyung Pramitra https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1494-0998 1 , Mochammad Al Musadieq 1 , Tri Wulida Afrianty 1 , Teuku Noerman https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4842-4040 1 PUBLISHED 29 Apr 2026 Author details Author details 1 Faculty of Administrative Science, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia Buyung Pramitra Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Mochammad Al Musadieq Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Tri Wulida Afrianty Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Teuku Noerman Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract Although digital transformation in port management has been widely discussed, previous studies have not extensively examined how organizational capabilities translate into performance through digital adoption at ports. This study addresses this gap by positing digital adoption as a mediating mechanism linking network capabilities and organizational transformational characteristics to port performance at container ports in Indonesia. This study aims to examine the influence of networking capabilities and organizational transformational characteristics on digital adoption, as well as its impact on port performance at container ports in Indonesia. This study also analyzes the mediating role of digital adoption in the relationship between organizational capabilities and port performance. The study uses an explanatory design with a quantitative approach through a survey method. Data were collected using structured questionnaires from 103 container ports throughout Indonesia with respondents being decision makers and core port function managers, namely General Managers or Operations Managers or Marketing Manag-ers if the General Manager was not available. Data analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modeling with a Partial Least Squares approach through SmartPLS. The results of the study indicate that networking and organizational transformational capabilities have a significant effect on digital adoption, and digital adoption has a significant effect on port performance. This study also found that digital adoption significantly mediates the relationship between organizational transformation and port performance. However, this study does not prove that digital adoption mediates the influence of net-working capability on port performance. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Port Performance; Digital Transformation; Networking Capability; Transfor-mational Organization; Indonesian Container Ports Corresponding Author(s) Buyung Pramitra ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Buyung Pramitra Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2026 Pramitra B et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Pramitra B, Al Musadieq M, Afrianty TW and Noerman T. Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.176261.3 ) First published: 20 Jan 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.176261.1 ) Latest published: 29 Apr 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.176261.3 ) Revised Amendments from Version 2 In this revised version, we have made several improvements to strengthen the manuscript. First, we revised the abstract by adding a clearer explanation of the research gap. Second, we expanded the discussion of the research gap in the Introduction section to reinforce the urgency and context of the study. Third, we revised the citations in the literature review section to better align with the arguments presented. Fourth, we refined the formulation of the hypotheses in Subsection 2.4, specifically H4 and H5, to make them clearer and more consistent. We also added Harman’s single-factor test to assess common method bias. Finally, we revised the Conclusion section to more clearly reflect the main findings and the research’s contribution. In this revised version, we have made several improvements to strengthen the manuscript. First, we revised the abstract by adding a clearer explanation of the research gap. Second, we expanded the discussion of the research gap in the Introduction section to reinforce the urgency and context of the study. Third, we revised the citations in the literature review section to better align with the arguments presented. Fourth, we refined the formulation of the hypotheses in Subsection 2.4, specifically H4 and H5, to make them clearer and more consistent. We also added Harman’s single-factor test to assess common method bias. Finally, we revised the Conclusion section to more clearly reflect the main findings and the research’s contribution. See the authors' detailed response to the review by Faisal Binsar See the authors' detailed response to the review by Sofwan Farisyi See the authors' detailed response to the review by Benny Hutahayan READ REVIEWER RESPONSES 1. Introduction The global maritime industry is undergoing rapid transformation driven by increasing international trade volumes, evolving customer expectations, and technological advancements. 1 Container ports, as critical nodes in the global supply chain, play a pivotal role in ensuring the smooth and efficient movement of goods. 2 The operational performance of these ports directly affects logistics costs, delivery times, and overall economic competitiveness of countries. 3 In this context, the adoption of digital technologies has emerged as a key enabler for ports to enhance operational efficiency, optimize resource allocation, and improve service quality. 2 , 4 However, the capability to digital adoption to performance chain remains theoretically under specified in many studies, because digital adoption is often treated as a generic stage rather than a mechanism that converts organizational capabilities into realized performance outcomes. Digital transformation in ports involves the integration of advanced technologies such as automation systems, Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, and blockchain to streamline cargo handling, improve decision-making processes, and enhance transparency. 5 While the benefits of digital adoption are widely recognized, the success of such initiatives heavily depends on the organizational capabilities and leadership driving the transformation. 6 Networking capability, defined as an organization’s ability to establish, manage, and utilize external relationships, facilitates access to knowledge, technology, and resources necessary for digital innovation. 7 , 8 Meanwhile, organizational transformation characterized by visionary leadership, adaptive culture, and employee empowerment create conducive environments for embracing change and technological advancements. 9 Building on organizational theory, this study conceptualizes digital adoption not merely as technology uptake, but as a capability conversion process through which external knowledge enabled by networking and internal change readiness enabled by transformational characteristics are translated into embedded operational routines and performance improvements. Several studies have explored the impact of digital transformation on port efficiency and competitiveness. Li et al. 10 emphasize that digital Transformation enhance Sustainable development of port performance. Prior research indicates that organizations embedded in strong external networks or innovation ecosystems are more likely to achieve successful technology adoption and enhanced innovation outcomes, as these networks facilitate access to external knowledge, collaboration opportunities, and resource integration. 11 , 12 However, the majority of these studies focus on developed countries with advanced port infrastructures, often overlooking the distinct challenges faced by ports in developing economies. Indonesia, as the world’s largest archipelagic state, depends heavily on maritime transport and container ports to connect its numerous islands and support international trade. 13 The country’s container ports are regulated and classified according to standards such as BCH and BSH, as stipulated in the Director General of Sea Transportation Regulation No. HK.103/2/18/DJPL-16 Year 2016, which categorizes ports into classes A, B, C, and D based on operational capacity and performance. Despite the strategic importance of these ports, Indonesia faces several obstacles in fully leveraging digital transformation, including fragmented infrastructure, inconsistent regulatory enforcement, and limited organizational readiness for change. These features make Indonesia an analytically relevant setting to examine how capabilities are activated into performance through adoption under resource constraints and institutional complexity, rather than assuming a universal linear effect. This situation creates a critical research gap regarding how internal organizational factors like networking capability and organizational transformational characteristics influence digital adoption, and ultimately, port performance in Indonesia’s container port sector. 14 Few empirical studies investigate these relationships in emerging market contexts, where resource constraints and institutional complexities differ markedly from developed economies. 15 , 16 While previous studies have focused primarily on digital adoption and service outcomes, this study specifically examines how network capabilities and organizational transformational characteristics shape digital adoption and port performance in the context of developing countries. Addressing this gap will not only enrich the academic understanding of digital transformation in port management but also provide practical guidance tailored to Indonesia’s unique operational environment. 17 Accordingly, the study’s contribution is not limited to testing a familiar structural pattern. It clarifies the mechanism by which networking capability and organizational transformational characteristics facilitate the conversion of digital initiatives into measurable port performance. The novelty of this research lies in its holistic approach that integrates organizational theory with digital innovation studies within the Indonesian container port setting. By examining the mediating role of digital adoption between organizational capabilities and port performance, this study advances current knowledge by highlighting the mechanisms through which digital transformation contributes to operational excellence in a developing country context. Specifically, it advances the literature by positioning digital adoption as a capability to performance conversion mechanism, and by highlighting relational access through networking capability and internal change capacity through transformational characteristics as complementary antecedents that enable adoption to become operationally embedded rather than symbolic. The main objectives of this study are to examine the influence of networking capability on digital adoption in Indonesian container ports, to investigate the effect of organizational transformational characteristics on digital adoption, and to evaluate the impact of digital adoption on port performance. In addition, this study aims to explore the mediating role of digital adoption in linking networking capability and organizational transformation to port performance. Focusing on container ports in Indonesia is essential because of their central role in national trade and the challenges they face in digital integration compared to ports in developed countries. Insights from this research will offer valuable implications for policymakers, port authorities, and practitioners striving to enhance port competitiveness through targeted investments in organizational capacity building and digital infrastructure. 2. Literature review The literature review constitutes the theoretical foundation of this study by critically examining existing research related to the key constructs: networking capability, trans-formational organization, digital adoption, and port performance. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of prior studies, identifies gaps or limitations, and establishes the rationale for the current research. 2.1 Networking capability and digital adoption Networking capability is fundamentally an organization’s ability to build, manage, and utilize relationships with external stakeholders such as partners, suppliers, customers, and regulators. 18 – 20 This capability facilitates the flow of information, resources, and knowledge essential for innovation and adaptation in dynamic environments. In industries such as maritime, effective networking enables ports to collaborate with multiple actors in the supply chain, aligning operations and sharing best practices, which contributes to operational improvements. 21 Prior research shows that networking strengthens trust and coordination among multiple stakeholders, which are essential for effective collaboration in complex operations. 22 – 24 Networking capability supports continuous learning and adaptation by exposing the organization to diverse perspectives and innovations from the external environment. 7 , 25 In the context of digital transformation, networking helps overcome internal limitations such as knowledge gaps or resource constraints, making it a critical antecedent to successful digital adoption in ports. 26 Anning-Dorson 27 shows that network centrality has a significant effect on marketing technology (MarTech) adoption in emerging markets, indicating that firms occupying stronger network positions are better able to access external information, identify technological opportunities, and accelerate the adoption of digital technologies. These findings suggest that network-related resources and inter-organizational connections play an important role in supporting technology adoption. These findings are reinforced by Al Halbusi et al., 28 who show that social media network capability strengthens the positive relationship between social media usage and SMEs’ performance. Al Halbusi et al. 28 emphasize that stronger network capability enhances the effectiveness of digital technology use by enabling firms to leverage social media more productively. Overall, these studies indicate that network-related capability and position facilitate digital transformation by improving access to knowledge, strengthening collaboration, and enhancing the effectiveness of digital technology utilization. The relationship between networking capabilities and digital adoption can be explained through the perspective of Dynamic Capability Theory by Teece et al. 29 In this framework, networking capabilities are viewed as dynamic capabilities that enable organizations to respond to the demands of digitalization. Digital Transformation encompasses the process of integrating digital technology into an organization’s operational and strategic activities to improve efficiency, innovation, and service quality. 30 Based on this theoretical foundation and empirical findings, we formulate the following hypothesis: H1: Networking capability has a positive effect on digital adoption. 2.2 Organizational transformation and digital adoption Organizational transformation refers to an entity characterized by leadership and cultural attributes that promote change, innovation, and employee engagement. 9 Transformational leaders articulate a compelling vision, inspire motivation, and foster an environment where employees are encouraged to embrace change and challenge the status quo. 31 Such leadership is critical in digital transformation initiatives, which often encounter resistance due to uncertainty and disruption of established routines. 32 Leaders who empower employees and promote learning cultivate a culture that supports experimentation and continuous improvement, both necessary for integrating complex digital systems. 33 Furthermore, organizational transformation typically exhibit flexible structures and open communication, which facilitate coordination across departments and with external partners. 34 This organizational characteristic not only drives acceptance of digital tools but also ensures their effective utilization by aligning digital strategies with organizational goals and employee capabilities. 35 Consequently, organizational transformation plays a pivotal role in ensuring that digital adoption translates into meaningful improvements in port performance. 36 Research by Kraft et al. 37 found that digital transformation in small and medium-sized enterprises in Switzerland plays an important role in accelerating the adoption of digital tools, such as management software and online platforms. These findings are reinforced by Bunjak et al., 38 who emphasize that transformational leadership and shared leadership play an important role in encouraging employees to adopt information technology innovations. A work environment that supports innovation, learning, and change management allows employees to be more open to the use of new technologies. Additionally, Zahra et al. 39 highlight that organizational transformation supported by strong leadership and an innovative culture is a key factor in accelerating digital adoption in the industrial sector. Overall, these findings confirm that organizational transformation creates the internal readiness necessary to effectively accept, implement, and utilize digital technology. From the perspective of Dynamic Capability Theory, organizational transformation can be understood as the ability of an organization to continuously adapt, reconfigure, and develop internal resources and capabilities in response to environmental changes. 29 Digital adoption itself encompasses the process of integrating digital technology into an organization’s operational and strategic activities to improve efficiency, innovation, and service quality. 30 Therefore, organizational transformation have an advantage in orchestrating the internal changes needed to effectively adopt digital technology. Based on this theoretical foundation and empirical evidence, we formulate the following hypothesis: H2: Organizational transformation has a positive effect on digital adoption. 2.3 Digital adoption and port performance Digital adoption encompasses the process of integrating digital technologies into an organization’s operational and strategic activities to enhance efficiency, innovation, and service quality. This process is not limited to the acquisition of technology, but also requires changes in organizational processes, skills, and work culture. 40 In port operations, digital adoption can be realized through cargo handling automation, real-time tracking, electronic documentation, and the use of data analytics to support decision making. 17 These implementations have direct implications for increasing cargo throughput and user satisfaction, which ultimately strengthen port competitiveness. 41 Several previous studies have examined the relationship between digital adoption and port performance. Subasinghe, 42 through a systematic literature review, concludes that port digitalization plays an important role in enhancing competitiveness and operational sustainability. Technologies such as automation, the Internet of Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence help ports manage cargo and information flows more efficiently, reduce operational costs, and strengthen collaboration among stakeholders. Digitalization also contributes to achieving sustainability targets. Jiang et al. 43 find that port-centric information integration has a significant effect on port performance. The adoption of internal and external information systems improves operational efficiency, strengthens coordination among stakeholders, and accelerates data-driven decision making. In addition, Othman et al. 44 emphasize that the implementation of smart port practices and advanced technologies supports sustainable port performance by strengthening economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Overall, these findings indicate that digital adoption enhances port performance through improvements in operational efficiency, service quality, competitiveness, and sustainability. From a theoretical perspective, digital adoption can be understood through the Resource-Based View and Dynamic Capability perspectives, namely as a strategic mechanism that enables ports to optimize and reconfigure their operational resources in alignment with dynamic environmental demands. 29 , 45 Digital technologies allow ports to improve workflows, accelerate service processes, increase transparency, and strengthen coordination among stakeholders within the port ecosystem. However, the impact of digital adoption on performance is strongly influenced by the readiness of internal organizational capabilities and the external environmental conditions surrounding the port. 46 Therefore, understanding the drivers of digital adoption is crucial in order to maximize the benefits of digital transformation. 47 , 48 Based on the discussion above, the following hypothesis is formulated: H3: Digital Adoption has a positive effect on port performance. 2.4 Mediating role of digital adoption From a capability perspective, organizational capabilities do not automatically result in better performance if they are not realized through the adoption and utilization of digital technology in business processes. Digital transformation is enabled by organizational and managerial capabilities that help firms identify digital opportunities, reconfigure resources, and embed digital technologies into day-to-day operational processes. 49 , 50 Heredia et al. 51 provide empirical evidence that digital capabilities and organizational readiness contribute to company performance, particularly through digital adoption. This study shows that the benefits of new organizational capabilities can be realized when digital technology is integrated into the operational and strategic activities of the organization. Hadi 52 emphasizes that organizational capabilities developed through digital transformation initiatives and strategic leadership influence organizational performance through the digital implementation process. This study highlights that digital initiatives serve as channels that enable organizational capabilities to be operationalized effectively. Therefore, performance improvement can also be influenced by the extent to which digital technology is successfully adopted and aligned with organizational processes. Second, organizational transformation contribute to digital adoption through the creation of an innovative culture, leadership that supports change, and the strengthening of human resource readiness. Yang et al. 32 explain that the combination of access to external knowledge and an innovative culture strengthens the integration and utilization of digital technology. In addition, organizational transformational attributes help overcome adoption barriers such as resistance to change and technical skill limitations, thereby increasing the probability of successful digital transformation. 53 , 54 When organizations successfully adopt digital technology more effectively, port performance improvements become more likely through process, coordination, and service improvements. Organizations with strong capabilities tend to perform better, mainly because they are more effective in adopting and utilizing digital solutions. 55 – 57 Thus, understanding the mediating role of digital adoption is important for port managers because improving performance is not enough just by strengthening organizational capabilities, but must also be accompanied by targeted digital initiatives so that these capabilities truly result in operational improvements. Based on the theoretical arguments and empirical findings above, the research hypothesis is formulated as follows: H4: Digital adoption mediates the relationship between networking capability and port performance. H5: Digital adoption mediates the relationship between organizational transformation and port performance. The research model is illustrated in Figure 1 . Figure 1. Conceptual framework. 3. Research method This section describes the research methodology employed in this study in sufficient detail to enable reproducibility. It covers the type of research, research approach, data collection techniques, sampling, and data analysis methods. Based on the complexity level of the problem, research can be categorized into exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory types. 58 This study aims to explain the relationships among variables, thus it is categorized as explanatory research. 59 Using a positivist or quantitative approach, the study applies deductive reasoning by formulating hypotheses to address the research problems. 60 The hypotheses are then empirically tested to verify the underlying theories or concepts, positioning this research as confirmatory in nature. This research employs a quantitative approach with a survey method as the primary data collection technique. Questionnaires were distributed to respondents selected as representatives of the overall population. The questionnaire was designed to measure the research variables, enabling the collection of relevant and accurate data. Data analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach. 61 SEM-PLS was chosen for its capability to handle complex models and effectively measure latent variable relationships, especially in exploratory and predictive research involving numerous indicators and latent constructs. 58 The data processing was performed using SmartPLS version 3, which offers comprehensive features for SEM-PLS analysis. In this study, reflective first-order measurement models were employed, where indicators reflect the underlying latent construct. 62 The causal relationship is assumed from the construct to the indicators, which is suitable for measuring perceptions and attitudes of respondents in the context of this research. The research was conducted across container ports throughout Indonesia. The study specifically examines the influence of Networking Capability, and Organizational transformation on Port Performance, with Digital Adoption serving as mediating variables. The population in this study includes all ports that conduct container handling activities in Indonesia. In the operational context, these ports consist of two categories, namely ports that specifically handle containers and multipurpose ports that also handle containers. The unit of analysis in this study is the organization, namely ports that conduct container handling activities in Indonesia. This study involves 103 container ports as the sample, thus exceeding the minimum threshold and providing an adequate basis for parameter estimation in SEM-PLS. Data collection was conducted using a structured survey through questionnaires delivered to key informants at each port. Each of the 103 container ports was represented by one key informant at the managerial and decision-making level, namely the Director, or the General Manager, or a Manager (either the Operations Manager or the Marketing Manager). Therefore, a total of 103 responses were obtained and analyzed as the final sample. The survey and data collection were conducted from 23 September 2025 to 22 October 2025. The selection of key informants aims to ensure that the responses provided accurately reflect organizational conditions, given that the variables examined (Networking Capability, Organizational transformation, Digital Adoption, and Port Performance) are directly related to managerial practices, inter-organizational coordination, and port operational capabilities. In addition, selecting respondents at the managerial level is expected to minimize information bias and improve the quality of data used in testing the structural model. 4. Finding and discussion 4.1 Measurement model evaluation The Common Method Bias (CMB) test was conducted using Harman’s single-factor test. The results of the analysis indicate that the first single factor explains only 40.58% of the total variance, which is still below the 50% threshold. Thus, the data from this study do not indicate any serious common method bias issues, and it can therefore be concluded that the study meets the CMB criteria. Based on Table 1 , the study collected 103 valid responses, with respondents predominantly male (101; 98.06 percent) and a small proportion female (2; 1.94 percent). In terms of positions, the sample consists of senior decision makers and core functional managers, including 19 Directors (18.45 percent), 51 General Managers (49.51 percent), and 33 Managers (32.04 percent). The age distribution is concentrated in the mid to late career groups, particularly 50 to 54 years (35; 33.98 percent) and 45 to 49 years (29; 28.16 percent), followed by 40 to 44 years (14; 13.59 percent), while younger and older groups are less represented. Regarding education, respondents have a high academic profile, with 61 holding doctoral degrees (59.22 percent), 41 holding master’s degrees (39.81 percent), and 1 holding a bachelor’s degree (0.97 percent). Overall, these demographics indicate that the data were obtained from experienced managerial informants with strong educational backgrounds, supporting the credibility of their assessments of networking capability, organizational transformation, digital adoption, and port performance. Table 1. Demographic respondent. Respondent characteristics Frequency Percentage (%) Gender Male 101 98.06 Female 2 1.94 Total 103 100.00 Position Director 19 18.45 General Manager 51 49.51 Manager 33 32.04 Total 103 100.00 Age 25-29 years 1 0.97 30-34 years 5 4.85 35-39 years 9 8.74 40-44 years 14 13.59 45-49 years 29 28.16 50-54 years 35 33.98 55-59 years 8 7.77 60-64 years 2 1.94 Total 103 100.00 Last Education Bachelor’s Degree 1 0.97 Master’s Degree 41 39.81 Doctoral Degree 61 59.22 Total 103 100,00 This section presents the results of the measurement model evaluation, focusing on the reliability and validity of each construct used in the study. Four main constructs were assessed: Networking Capability, Organizational transformation, Digital Adoption, and Port Performance. To ensure the robustness of the measurement instruments, several key statistical criteria were evaluated, including outer loading, Cronbach’s Alpha, Composite Reliability (rho_A), Composite Reliability (rho_c), and Average Variance Extracted (AVE). Table 2 below shows the results of validity and reliability testing in this study. Table 2. Measurement model evaluation. Variable Indicator Loading Cronbach alpha Composite reliability (rho_a) Composite reliability (rho_a) AVE Networking Capability (X1) X1.1 0.746 0.874 0.891 0.900 0.531 X1.2 0.806 X1.3 0.788 X1.4 0.647 X1.5 0.738 X1.6 0.658 X1.7 0.774 X1.8 0.653 Organizational transformation (X2) X2.1 0.764 0.707 0.725 0.819 0.533 X2.2 0.605 X2.3 0.744 X2.4 0.792 Digital Adoption (Y1) Y1.1 0.878 0.926 0.928 0.944 0.771 Y1.2 0.853 Y1.3 0.890 Y1.4 0.889 Y1.5 0.880 Port Performance (Y2) Y2.1 0.842 0.876 0.878 0.910 0.671 Y2.2 0.860 Y2.3 0.852 Y2.4 0.776 Y2.5 0.759 Based on Table 2 , the evaluation of the measurement model begins with an assessment of indicator validity through outer loading values. In a reflective measurement model, the recommended outer loading threshold is at least 0.70 to ensure that the indicators adequately reflect the underlying construct, while indicators with loadings below 0.70 may be considered for elimination if they adversely affect the reliability and validity of the construct. 63 The results indicate that most indicators meet this criterion. However, indicators X1.4, X1.6, X1.8, and X2.2 do not satisfy the recommended threshold. Referring to the guidelines for evaluating reflective measurement models, 63 this study conducts instrument purification by removing indicators that fail to meet the minimum outer loading criterion, while still considering conceptual relevance and content validity of the constructs. Referring to the guidelines for evaluating reflective measurement models, 63 this study conducted instrument purification by removing indicators that consistently had low outer loadings, after first reviewing the conceptual relevance of the indicators to the core domain of the construct. Thus, the removal of indicators was not done solely for statistical reasons, but was also based on theoretical considerations to maintain the conceptual appropriateness and content validity of the construct, while also improving reliability and convergent validity. The final results after removing the indicators that do not meet the criteria are presented in Table 3 . Table 3. Measurement model evaluation (after the removal of unqualified indicators). Variable Indicator Loading Cronbach alpha Composite reliability (rho_a) Composite reliability (rho_a) AVE Networking Capability (X1) X1.1 0.790 0.840 0.847 0.887 0.610 X1.2 0.825 X1.3 0.815 X1.5 0.707 X1.7 0.764 Organizational transformation (X2) X2.1 0.758 0.702 0.714 0.834 0.626 X2.3 0.773 X2.4 0.841 Digital Adoption (Y1) Y1.1 0.878 0.926 0.928 0.944 0.771 Y1.2 0.853 Y1.3 0.890 Y1.4 0.889 Y1.5 0.880 Port Performance (Y2) Y2.1 0.842 0.876 0.878 0.910 0.671 Y2.2 0.860 Y2.3 0.852 Y2.4 0.776 Y2.5 0.759 After the purification process, the results presented in Table 3 show that all retained indicators have outer loading values ranging from 0.707 to 0.890, indicating that they generally meet the minimum threshold of 0.70 and approach the reference value of 0.708. This suggests that indicator reliability is adequate for all constructs examined. The next step involves assessing internal consistency and convergent validity at the construct level. Hair et al. 64 explain that internal reliability can be evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability, with general guidelines indicating that values between 0.60 and 0.70 are acceptable for exploratory research, values between 0.70 and 0.90 indicate good reliability, and excessively high values may signal indicator redundancy. 64 Convergent validity is subsequently assessed using the average variance extracted (AVE), with a minimum recommended threshold of 0.50. 64 The results in Table 3 indicate that all constructs exhibit Cronbach’s alpha values ranging from 0.702 to 0.926, composite reliability (rho_c) values ranging from 0.834 to 0.944, and AVE values ranging from 0.610 to 0.771. Therefore, following the removal of indicators that did not meet the outer loading criteria, all constructs in the measurement model demonstrate adequate internal consistency and strong convergent validity, confirming their suitability for testing the structural model in the subsequent stage. Based on Table 4 , discriminant validity is evaluated using the Fornell and Larcker criterion, which states that the square root of the AVE on the diagonal should be greater than the inter-construct correlations in the corresponding row and column. 65 , 66 The results show that the square root of the AVE for X1 is 0.781, which is greater than its correlations with X2 (0.702), Y1 (0.474), and Y2 (0.537). A similar pattern is also observed for X2, Y1, and Y2, where each diagonal value (0.791; 0.878; 0.819) is higher than the correlations with other constructs. These findings indicate that each construct explains the variance of its own indicators better than the variance it shares with other constructs, thus confirming that discriminant validity is established. Table 4. Fornell and Larcker criterion. X1 X2 Y1 Y2 X1 0,781 X2 0,702 0,791 Y1 0,474 0,491 0,878 Y2 0,537 0,475 0,535 0,819 Next, Table 5 presents the results of the multicollinearity assessment in the inner model using VIF values. In PLS-SEM reporting, VIF is used to ensure that excessive collinearity does not occur among predictor constructs. VIF values below 3 indicate that there is no multicollinearity issue among the constructs. 64 Based on Table 5 , the VIF values range from 1.000 to 1.973, indicating that the structural model does not encounter multicollinearity problems, and the estimation of path coefficients can be interpreted with an adequate level of reliability. Table 5. VIF inner model. VIF X1 -> Y1 1.973 X2 -> Y1 1.973 Y1 -> Y2 1.000 4.2 Hypothesis testing Based on Table 6 , the results of the direct effects testing show that all proposed hypotheses are empirically supported at the conventional level of significance. First, Networking Capability (X1) has a positive effect on Digital Adoption (Y1), with a path coefficient of 0.255 and a p-value of 0.049. This finding indicates that the stronger a port’s networking capability, the higher the organization’s propensity to adopt digital technologies and systems. Second, Organizational transformation (X2) also has a positive and significant effect on Digital Adoption (Y1), with a path coefficient of 0.312 and a p-value of 0.008. This result shows that organizational transformational characteristics, such as the ability to undertake adaptive internal renewal and change, contribute meaningfully to accelerating digital adoption in the port environment. Third, Digital Adoption (Y1) is shown to have a positive and highly significant effect on Port Performance (Y2), with a path coefficient of 0.535 and a p-value of 0.000. The magnitude of this coefficient indicates that digital adoption is an important determinant of improved port performance, thereby strengthening the argument that digitalization in port operational and service processes plays a direct role in driving organizational performance. Table 6. Direct effect. Variable Path coefficient P-value Result Predictor Response H1 Networking Capability (X1) Digital Adoption (Y1) 0.255 0.049 Supported H2 Organizational transformation (X2) Digital Adoption (Y1) 0.312 0.008 Supported H3 Digital Adoption (Y1) Port Performance (Y2) 0.535 0.000 Supported Based on Table 7 , the indirect effects testing was conducted to assess the mediating role of Digital Adoption (Y1) in the relationship between the independent variables and Port Performance (Y2). The analysis results indicate that the indirect effect of Networking Capability (X1) on Port Performance (Y2) through Digital Adoption (Y1) has a path coefficient of 0.136 with a p-value of 0.069. This p-value exceeds the 0.05 significance level; therefore, hypothesis H4 is not empirically supported. In contrast, the results show that Organizational transformation (X2) has a significant indirect effect on Port Performance (Y2) through Digital Adoption (Y1), with a path coefficient of 0.167 and a p-value of 0.011. This finding supports hypothesis H5 and indicates that Digital Adoption serves as a significant mediator in the relationship between organizational transformational characteristics and port performance. These results imply that an organization’s capability to undertake internal change, renewal, and transformation fosters more effective digital adoption, which in turn positively contributes to improved port performance. Table 7. Indirect effect. Variable Path coefficient P-value Result Predictor Mediation Response H4 Networking Capability (X1) Digital Adoption (Y1) Port Performance (Y2) 0.136 0.069 Not Supported H5 Organizational transformation (X2) Port Performance (Y2) 0.167 0.011 Supported 4.3 Discussion The results of hypothesis testing show that networking capability has a significant effect on digital adoption, thus supporting H1. This finding indicates that the port’s ability to build, manage, and utilize networks with various external stakeholders plays an important role in driving digital technology adoption. The stronger the organization’s networking capability, the greater its ability to effectively adopt digital technology in its operational and strategic activities. These findings are in line with the study by Waty et al., 27 which shows that networking capabilities have a significant effect on digital adoption and business agility. The study confirms that organizations with strong networking capabilities are better able to adopt new technologies quickly and effectively because networks expand access to the latest technological innovations and accelerate knowledge exchange with business partners. These results are also consistent with Al Halbusi et al., 28 who found that networking capabilities, particularly through social media networks, have a significant effect on social media adoption. The study emphasizes that customer engagement and the effectiveness of social networks strengthen the use of digital platforms as business tools. From the perspective of Dynamic Capability Theory, 29 networking capability can be understood as a dynamic capability that helps organizations respond to the demands of digitalization. The test results show that organizational transformation have a significant effect on digital adoption, thus supporting H2. These findings confirm that port organizations with transformational characteristics, as reflected in visionary leadership, innovative culture, and employee engagement, tend to be more capable of effectively adopting digital technology. Theoretically, these results are consistent with the view that transformational leaders are able to build a strong vision, inspire motivation, and create a work environment that encourages employees to accept change and challenge outdated practices that are no longer relevant. 9 , 31 This is important in digital transformation initiatives, which generally face resistance due to uncertainty and disruption of established work routines. 32 The empirical findings of this study are in line with the study by Kraft et al., 37 which shows that organizational transformation facilitates the adoption of digital tools such as management software and online platforms. These results are also consistent with Bunjak et al., 38 who emphasize that transformational leadership and shared leadership play an important role in encouraging the adoption of information technology innovations by employees through the creation of a work environment that supports innovation, learning, and change management. Furthermore, Zahra et al. 39 highlight that organizational transformation supported by strong leadership and an innovative culture is a key factor in accelerating digital adoption in the industrial sector. The alignment of these research findings with previous studies reinforces the argument that organizational transformationalism acts as a key enabler for digital adoption. From the perspective of Dynamic Capability Theory, 29 organizational transformation reflects the ability to continuously adapt, reconfigure, and develop internal resources and capabilities in response to environmental changes. The results of this study also found that digital adoption has a significant effect on port performance, thus supporting H3. These findings indicate that the higher the level of digital technology adoption in port operations, the better the port performance achieved. This relatively strong influence confirms that digitalization is not merely an operational complement, but a strategic factor that directly contributes to improving port efficiency, service quality, and competitiveness. These findings are in line with Subasinghe, 42 who, through a systematic literature review, concluded that port digitalization plays an important role in improving competitiveness and operational sustainability. The use of technologies such as automation, the Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence has been proven to help ports manage the flow of goods and information more efficiently, reduce operational costs, and strengthen collaboration between stakeholders. These results are also consistent with Jiang et al., 43 who found that port-based information integration has a significant effect on port performance through improved operational efficiency, coordination between actors, and data-driven decision-making. Furthermore, Othman et al. 44 emphasized that the implementation of smart port practices supports sustainable performance improvement by strengthening economic, social, and environmental dimensions. From the Resource-Based View and Dynamic Capability perspectives, these findings reinforce the view that digital adoption constitutes a strategic mechanism for optimizing and reconfiguring port operational resources to align with dynamic environmental demands. 29 , 45 Digital technologies enable ports to improve resource-use efficiency, enhance workflows, and strengthen coordination within a complex port ecosystem. However, these results also indicate that the benefits of digital adoption for performance are not automatic, but rather depend heavily on the readiness of an organization’s internal capabilities and the external environmental context faced by the port. 46 The non-significant indirect effect of Networking Capability on Port Performance through Digital Adoption (H4) suggests that, in the port context, external relational ties do not automatically translate into measurable improvements in digital uptake and subsequent operational outcomes. By contrast, the significant mediation of Digital Adoption for Organizational transformation (H5) is theoretically coherent because internal change capability, renewal routines, and leadership-driven reconfiguration enable organisations to mobilise resources, redesign processes, and institutionalise new digital work practices that are tightly coupled with performance. This pattern differs from information-intensive service sectors such as healthcare. In this sector, organizational networks and digital capabilities more readily accelerate digital adoption and improve service performance. Evidence from Indonesian hospitals also shows that digital adoption capability influences performance and is shaped by environmental dynamism and relevant capability antecedents. 67 , 68 In general, these findings indicate that the relationship between digital adoption and performance is contextual, so testing the model in different sectors can strengthen generalizations and enrich the theory. 5. Conclusion, limitation and future research This study concludes that improvements in port performance are not only determined by traditional operational factors, but increasingly depend on an organization’s ability to build strategic capabilities and convert them into effective digital practices. The results show that networking capability and organizational transformation play important roles as determinants of digital adoption, as both expand ports’ access to knowledge, information, and technological resources from the external environment, while simultaneously shaping internal readiness through visionary leadership, an innovative culture, organizational learning, and more adaptive structures toward change. Furthermore, digital adoption is shown to have a significant effect on port performance through improvements in process efficiency and reliability, service acceleration, strengthened coordination among stakeholders, and enhanced service quality that contributes to competitiveness. Moreover, this study confirms the mediating role of digital adoption in the relationship between organizational transformation and port performance. On the other hand, this study also provides evidence that digital adoption does not act as a mediator in the relationship between networking capability and port performance. Although offering important theoretical and practical contributions, this study is not without limitations. First, this research is contextually limited to Indonesian container ports. Second, this study uses a cross-sectional design, which captures organizational dynamics and performance perceptions at a single point in time. This limits the ability to assess the temporal or causal evolution of digital adoption and its long-term effects on port performance. Therefore, we suggest that future research take a longitudinal approach to deepen existing insights. In addition, this study relies on perceptual data collected through self-report questionnaires from port management representatives. Although such data is valuable for capturing internal assessments of capabilities and performance, it may introduce subjectivity or response bias. Future studies could strengthen the findings by incorporating objective performance metrics, such as throughput records, waiting times, or digital system usage logs. Future research should expand the model to diverse port contexts, including international comparative studies, to validate and refine the findings. Researchers may also consider examining additional organizational factors, such as innovation culture, knowledge management practices, or IT governance structures, as complementary antecedents to digital transformation. Furthermore, qualitative or mixed methods approaches can enrich the understanding of the mechanisms behind successful digital integration, particularly in complex institutional settings. By addressing these limitations, future studies can build a more comprehensive and context-sensitive body of knowledge on digital transformation in the port and logistics sector. Ethical approval statement This study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee, Faculty of Administrative Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya (Brawijaya University), Indonesia. Ethical approval was granted under Ethical Approval Letter No. 09910/UN10.F0301/B/PP/2025. The study was conducted in accordance with applicable institutional and national ethical guidelines for research involving human participants. Informed consent statement All participants were provided with clear information about the study objectives, procedures, potential risks and benefits, confidentiality protections, and their right to decline or withdraw at any time without penalty. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participants’ identities were anonymized, and data were reported in aggregate to prevent individual identification. Data availability statement Underlying data The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to ethical restrictions and confidentiality commitments to participants. However, the data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request and subject to approval by the relevant ethics requirements. Requests should be submitted via email to the corresponding author at: [email protected] . Access may be granted for research purposes only, and requesters may be required to sign a data use agreement and to ensure that data are stored securely and used in compliance with participant confidentiality. Extended data Underlying Data Figshare: Supporting Research Data “Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports” https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.31015432 . 69 The project contains the following underlying data: • Questionnaire Details (List of variables and item that used in this study) Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). References 1. Raza Z, Woxenius J, Altuntas C, et al. : Computers in Industry Digital transformation of maritime logistics: Exploring trends in the liner shipping segment. Comput. Ind. 2023; 145 : 1–16. Publisher Full Text 2. Notteboom T, Rodrigue J-P: Containerisation, Box Logistics and Global Supply Chains: The Integration of Ports and Liner Shipping Networks. Marit. Econ. Logist. 2008; 10 (1): 152–174. Publisher Full Text 3. 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Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 3 VERSION 3 PUBLISHED 20 Jan 2026 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Faculty of Administrative Science, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia Buyung Pramitra Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Mochammad Al Musadieq Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Tri Wulida Afrianty Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Teuku Noerman Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (3) version 3 Revised Published: 29 Apr 2026, 15:87 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.176261.3 version 2 Revised Published: 12 Mar 2026, 15:87 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.176261.2 version 1 Published: 20 Jan 2026, 15:87 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.176261.1 Copyright © 2026 Pramitra B et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Pramitra B, Al Musadieq M, Afrianty TW and Noerman T. Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.176261.3 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 3 VERSION 3 PUBLISHED 29 Apr 2026 Revised Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Hutahayan B. Reviewer Report For: Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.198827.r480269 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-87/v3#referee-response-480269 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 06 May 2026 Benny Hutahayan , University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.198827.r480269 The author has revised the manuscript based ... Continue reading READ ALL The author has revised the manuscript based on the suggestions I provided. Good luck Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Business Administration, Human Resources Management, Law, and Governance I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Hutahayan B. Reviewer Report For: Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.198827.r480269 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-87/v3#referee-response-480269 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Farisyi S. Reviewer Report For: Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.198827.r480268 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-87/v3#referee-response-480268 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 04 May 2026 Sofwan Farisyi , Trisakti University, West Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.198827.r480268 I have no ... Continue reading READ ALL I have no further comments to make. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Expertise in shipping and port. I am Head of Indonesian National Shipowners' Association I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Farisyi S. Reviewer Report For: Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.198827.r480268 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-87/v3#referee-response-480268 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 12 Mar 2026 Revised Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Hutahayan B. Reviewer Report For: Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.197091.r467160 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-87/v2#referee-response-467160 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 30 Mar 2026 Benny Hutahayan , University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.197091.r467160 I have a small revision for you to add please include ... Continue reading READ ALL I have a small revision for you to add please include the CMB test results. Overall, your manuscript is ready for indexing. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Business Administration, Human Resources Management, Law, and Governance I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Hutahayan B. Reviewer Report For: Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.197091.r467160 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-87/v2#referee-response-467160 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 29 Apr 2026 Buyung Pramitra , Faculty of Administrative Science, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia 29 Apr 2026 Author Response Dear Reviewer, Thank you for your suggestion. I have added the CMB test results to my manuscript in the latest revision. Thank you. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Dear Reviewer, Thank you for your suggestion. I have added the CMB test results to my manuscript in the latest revision. Thank you. Dear Reviewer, Thank you for your suggestion. I have added the CMB test results to my manuscript in the latest revision. Thank you. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 29 Apr 2026 Buyung Pramitra , Faculty of Administrative Science, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia 29 Apr 2026 Author Response Dear Reviewer, Thank you for your suggestion. I have added the CMB test results to my manuscript in the latest revision. Thank you. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Dear Reviewer, Thank you for your suggestion. I have added the CMB test results to my manuscript in the latest revision. Thank you. Dear Reviewer, Thank you for your suggestion. I have added the CMB test results to my manuscript in the latest revision. Thank you. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Farisyi S. Reviewer Report For: Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.197091.r467632 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-87/v2#referee-response-467632 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 28 Mar 2026 Sofwan Farisyi , Trisakti University, West Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.197091.r467632 1. In the abstract, the authors should clearly articulate the rationale for conducting this study. Specifically, it is important to highlight the research gap identified in previous studies and to emphasize the novelty or unique contribution of this research. ... Continue reading READ ALL 1. In the abstract, the authors should clearly articulate the rationale for conducting this study. Specifically, it is important to highlight the research gap identified in previous studies and to emphasize the novelty or unique contribution of this research. 2. The manuscript should maintain consistency in terminology by using either “organizational transformation” or “transformational organization” uniformly throughout the text. 3. In the introduction, the authors should provide a more detailed elaboration of the research gap, particularly in comparison with studies conducted in developed countries, as well as clearly differentiate this study from prior research. 4. In the literature review, the authors are encouraged to provide a thematic synthesis and comparative analysis of prior studies, clearly indicating which findings report significant positive, significant negative, or non-significant results. 5. In Section 2.4 (Mediating Role of Digital Adoption), there is an inconsistency in the numbering of Hypotheses 3 and 4 when compared to Figure 1. These should be revised to Hypotheses 4 and 5 to ensure alignment with the figure. 6. In the conclusion, the statement “Moreover, this study confirms the mediating role of digital adoption in the relationship between networking capability and port performance as well as between organizational transformation and port performance” appears to be inconsistent with the reported results, which indicate that Hypothesis H4 is not empirically supported . This discrepancy should be clarified to ensure consistency between the findings and the conclusions. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Expertise in shipping and port. I am Head of Indonesian National Shipowners' Association I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Farisyi S. Reviewer Report For: Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.197091.r467632 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-87/v2#referee-response-467632 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 29 Apr 2026 Buyung Pramitra , Faculty of Administrative Science, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia 29 Apr 2026 Author Response Thank you for your feedback. Your revisions are invaluable to my manuscript. I have revised my manuscript based on your suggestions. We have revised the abstract by adding ... Continue reading Thank you for your feedback. Your revisions are invaluable to my manuscript. I have revised my manuscript based on your suggestions. We have revised the abstract by adding a more explicit explanation of the research gap. We have reviewed the entire manuscript and standardized the use of terminology to ensure consistency. We have expanded the discussion of the research gap in the Introduction section. We understand that thematic synthesis and comparative analysis will strengthen the theoretical foundation of the research. In the revised version, we have improved the literature review section. We have revised the numbering of the hypotheses in Subsection 2.4 to align with Figure 1. In the revised version, Hypotheses 3 and 4 have been renumbered as Hypotheses 4 and 5 to ensure consistency between the text and the research model in the figure. We agree that the statement is not fully consistent with the empirical results of the study. Therefore, we have revised the Conclusion section to align with the reported findings. Thank you for your feedback. Your revisions are invaluable to my manuscript. I have revised my manuscript based on your suggestions. We have revised the abstract by adding a more explicit explanation of the research gap. We have reviewed the entire manuscript and standardized the use of terminology to ensure consistency. We have expanded the discussion of the research gap in the Introduction section. We understand that thematic synthesis and comparative analysis will strengthen the theoretical foundation of the research. In the revised version, we have improved the literature review section. We have revised the numbering of the hypotheses in Subsection 2.4 to align with Figure 1. In the revised version, Hypotheses 3 and 4 have been renumbered as Hypotheses 4 and 5 to ensure consistency between the text and the research model in the figure. We agree that the statement is not fully consistent with the empirical results of the study. Therefore, we have revised the Conclusion section to align with the reported findings. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 29 Apr 2026 Buyung Pramitra , Faculty of Administrative Science, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia 29 Apr 2026 Author Response Thank you for your feedback. Your revisions are invaluable to my manuscript. I have revised my manuscript based on your suggestions. We have revised the abstract by adding ... Continue reading Thank you for your feedback. Your revisions are invaluable to my manuscript. I have revised my manuscript based on your suggestions. We have revised the abstract by adding a more explicit explanation of the research gap. We have reviewed the entire manuscript and standardized the use of terminology to ensure consistency. We have expanded the discussion of the research gap in the Introduction section. We understand that thematic synthesis and comparative analysis will strengthen the theoretical foundation of the research. In the revised version, we have improved the literature review section. We have revised the numbering of the hypotheses in Subsection 2.4 to align with Figure 1. In the revised version, Hypotheses 3 and 4 have been renumbered as Hypotheses 4 and 5 to ensure consistency between the text and the research model in the figure. We agree that the statement is not fully consistent with the empirical results of the study. Therefore, we have revised the Conclusion section to align with the reported findings. Thank you for your feedback. Your revisions are invaluable to my manuscript. I have revised my manuscript based on your suggestions. We have revised the abstract by adding a more explicit explanation of the research gap. We have reviewed the entire manuscript and standardized the use of terminology to ensure consistency. We have expanded the discussion of the research gap in the Introduction section. We understand that thematic synthesis and comparative analysis will strengthen the theoretical foundation of the research. In the revised version, we have improved the literature review section. We have revised the numbering of the hypotheses in Subsection 2.4 to align with Figure 1. In the revised version, Hypotheses 3 and 4 have been renumbered as Hypotheses 4 and 5 to ensure consistency between the text and the research model in the figure. We agree that the statement is not fully consistent with the empirical results of the study. Therefore, we have revised the Conclusion section to align with the reported findings. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Binsar F. Reviewer Report For: Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.197091.r467159 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-87/v2#referee-response-467159 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 20 Mar 2026 Faisal Binsar , Universitas Muhammadiyah Berau, Tandjungredeb, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia; Management Department Binus Online Learning, Binus University, Universitas Muhammadiyah Berau, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.197091.r467159 The authors have made considerable efforts to address the reviewer comments, and the manuscript has improved in several aspects, particularly in the clarification of constructs, hypotheses, and methodological description. However, there are still several corrections that need ... Continue reading READ ALL The authors have made considerable efforts to address the reviewer comments, and the manuscript has improved in several aspects, particularly in the clarification of constructs, hypotheses, and methodological description. However, there are still several corrections that need to be addressed: 1. Change H3 in the hypothesis statement to H4. H3: Digital adoption mediates the relationship between networking capability and port performance. 2. Change H4 in the hypothesis statement to H5. H4: Digital adoption mediates the relationship between organizational transformation and port performance. 3. In "Figure 1. Conceptual Framework," the dotted lines for H4 and H5 should touch the circle for the "Digital Adoption" variable as a mediator. Currently, H4 and H5 show a direct relationship between the variables. The legends in "Explanations" are interchanged. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Digital transformation, Organizational performance, Leadership, Entrepreneur and Innovation I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Binsar F. Reviewer Report For: Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.197091.r467159 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-87/v2#referee-response-467159 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 20 Jan 2026 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Hutahayan B. Reviewer Report For: Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.194303.r460975 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-87/v1#referee-response-460975 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 28 Feb 2026 Benny Hutahayan , University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.194303.r460975 Dear Author I appreciate you for writing a good manuscript. The manuscript has been written coherently in accordance with scientific guidelines. However, I have a few suggestions to improve the quality of your manuscript. 1. First, the ... Continue reading READ ALL Dear Author I appreciate you for writing a good manuscript. The manuscript has been written coherently in accordance with scientific guidelines. However, I have a few suggestions to improve the quality of your manuscript. 1. First, the background has been written clearly and coherently. However, the gap in this study is quite simple and needs to be expanded to further improve the quality of the manuscript. 2. This study has also mentioned the literature review and hypothesis development quite well. A few improvements are also needed for the formulation of hypotheses, there are two hypotheses 3 (H3). Please double-check. 3. Figure 1 needs to be corrected, especially in hypotheses 4 and 5. You should draw lines from networking capability and organizational transformation, not from digital adoption. 4. This study uses cross-sectional data, therefore it needs to test for common method bias (CMB). 5. The results and discussion have been explained quite well. However, I did not find any discussion related to H4 and H5, so please add them. 6. The manuscript would be stronger if it included the research instrument questionnaire items. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Business Administration, Human Resources Management, Law, and Governance I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Hutahayan B. Reviewer Report For: Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.194303.r460975 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-87/v1#referee-response-460975 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Binsar F. Reviewer Report For: Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.194303.r455641 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-87/v1#referee-response-455641 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 14 Feb 2026 Faisal Binsar , Universitas Muhammadiyah Berau, Tandjungredeb, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia; Management Department Binus Online Learning, Binus University, Universitas Muhammadiyah Berau, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.194303.r455641 1. This model is relatively linear and has been widely researched in other contexts (SMEs, banking, healthcare, manufacturing). Capability → Digital Adoption → Performance is a very common model in the digital transformation literature. Please clearly articulate what theoretical advancement ... Continue reading READ ALL 1. This model is relatively linear and has been widely researched in other contexts (SMEs, banking, healthcare, manufacturing). Capability → Digital Adoption → Performance is a very common model in the digital transformation literature. Please clearly articulate what theoretical advancement it offers beyond contextual replication. 2. Transformational Organization is unclear. Is it transformational leadership? Organizational transformation? Organizational culture? Please analyze further in comment 12. 3. Revise the statements for all hypotheses. Hypothesis statements should not contain "significant." 4. There are two H3 hypotheses in the manuscript, and no H5. 5. Figure 1. Conceptual framework still contains errors and deficiencies. Review the direct and indirect effect lines. The diagram should accurately reflect all hypothesized direct and indirect relationships. 6. How many informants were selected for each port? Explain. 7. When was the survey and data collection conducted? Through what means? 8. Present respondent profile/demographic data, including port category, operating period, informant level, etc. 9. Explain why unqualified indicators occurred and had to be removed. Please justify whether the deletion was theory-driven or purely statistical. 10. Two categories of ports: specifically handling containers and multipurpose ports that also handle containers. Based on the findings of this study, explain which category has the most significant networking capability, transformational organization, and digital adoption on port performance. Explain why. 11. Explain why Networking Capability has no impact on Port Performance through Digital Adoption. However, in organizations in other sectors, it is very significant, such as hospitals or health care centers in the healthcare sector. Please provide a theoretical explanation for this unexpected finding. 12. Some references appear to be non-peer-reviewed or introductory sources. Please prioritize high-impact, peer-reviewed international journals. International journal standards are usually more selective. To strengthen and generalize this study, the following relevant literature is recommended: a. The role of digital adoption capability on hospital performance in Indonesia moderated by environmental dynamism (Refer 1) b. Determinants of Digital Adoption Capability for Service Performance in Indonesian Hospitals: A Conceptual Model ( Refer 2) Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes References 1. Binsar F, Mursitama T, Hamsal M, Rahim R: The role of digital adoption capability on hospital performance in Indonesia moderated by environmental dynamism. Journal of Health Organization and Management . 2025; 39 (1): 1-21 Publisher Full Text 2. Faisal, Binsar Tirta Nugraha, Mursitama Mohammad, Hamsal Rano, et al.: Determinants of Digital Adoption Capability for Service Performance in Indonesian Hospitals: A Conceptual Model. https://doi.org/10.33168/JSMS.2024.0212 . 2024. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Digital transformation, Organizational performance, Leadership, Entrepreneur and Innovation I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Binsar F. Reviewer Report For: Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.194303.r455641 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-87/v1#referee-response-455641 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 12 Mar 2026 Buyung Pramitra , Faculty of Administrative Science, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia 12 Mar 2026 Author Response Thank you for the valuable suggestions and comments. The reviewer’s feedback has been very helpful in improving the manuscript, particularly in clarifying the theoretical contribution, strengthening conceptual consistency, and improving ... Continue reading Thank you for the valuable suggestions and comments. The reviewer’s feedback has been very helpful in improving the manuscript, particularly in clarifying the theoretical contribution, strengthening conceptual consistency, and improving methodological reporting transparency. Below, we provide our point by point responses. 1) We revised the Introduction to clarify the study’s theoretical contribution beyond contextual replication, particularly by emphasizing digital adoption as a mechanism linking organizational factors to port performance. 2) We clarified the construct terminology and consistently corrected the ambiguous term throughout the manuscript, changing transformational organization to organizational transformation. 3) We revised all hypothesis statements to align with academic conventions by removing the term significant and stating the hypothesized relationships appropriately. 4) We corrected the hypothesis numbering so that it is sequential and consistent (H1 to H5) throughout the manuscript. 5) We reviewed and revised Figure 1 to ensure consistency with all hypothesized direct and indirect relationships. 6) We added a clarification in the Methods section that each of the 103 ports was represented by one key informant at the managerial level. 7) We added the data collection period in the Methods section. 8) We added a respondent demographic table along with its interpretation to improve transparency of sample characteristics. 9) We added a clearer justification for indicator deletion in the measurement model. 10. We clarified that this study was designed from the outset to test the hypothesized relationships in the pooled sample rather than compare effects across port categories. A category comparison would require a different analytical design and is beyond the scope of the current study. 11) We strengthened the discussion of the finding that Networking Capability has no impact on Port Performance through Digital Adoption by adding a theoretical and contextual explanation, and by emphasizing that the generalizability of results may differ across sectors due to sector specific operational and institutional characteristics. 12) We added and updated references by prioritizing relevant peer reviewed international journal sources. Thank you for the valuable suggestions and comments. The reviewer’s feedback has been very helpful in improving the manuscript, particularly in clarifying the theoretical contribution, strengthening conceptual consistency, and improving methodological reporting transparency. Below, we provide our point by point responses. 1) We revised the Introduction to clarify the study’s theoretical contribution beyond contextual replication, particularly by emphasizing digital adoption as a mechanism linking organizational factors to port performance. 2) We clarified the construct terminology and consistently corrected the ambiguous term throughout the manuscript, changing transformational organization to organizational transformation. 3) We revised all hypothesis statements to align with academic conventions by removing the term significant and stating the hypothesized relationships appropriately. 4) We corrected the hypothesis numbering so that it is sequential and consistent (H1 to H5) throughout the manuscript. 5) We reviewed and revised Figure 1 to ensure consistency with all hypothesized direct and indirect relationships. 6) We added a clarification in the Methods section that each of the 103 ports was represented by one key informant at the managerial level. 7) We added the data collection period in the Methods section. 8) We added a respondent demographic table along with its interpretation to improve transparency of sample characteristics. 9) We added a clearer justification for indicator deletion in the measurement model. 10. We clarified that this study was designed from the outset to test the hypothesized relationships in the pooled sample rather than compare effects across port categories. A category comparison would require a different analytical design and is beyond the scope of the current study. 11) We strengthened the discussion of the finding that Networking Capability has no impact on Port Performance through Digital Adoption by adding a theoretical and contextual explanation, and by emphasizing that the generalizability of results may differ across sectors due to sector specific operational and institutional characteristics. 12) We added and updated references by prioritizing relevant peer reviewed international journal sources. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 12 Mar 2026 Buyung Pramitra , Faculty of Administrative Science, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia 12 Mar 2026 Author Response Thank you for the valuable suggestions and comments. The reviewer’s feedback has been very helpful in improving the manuscript, particularly in clarifying the theoretical contribution, strengthening conceptual consistency, and improving ... Continue reading Thank you for the valuable suggestions and comments. The reviewer’s feedback has been very helpful in improving the manuscript, particularly in clarifying the theoretical contribution, strengthening conceptual consistency, and improving methodological reporting transparency. Below, we provide our point by point responses. 1) We revised the Introduction to clarify the study’s theoretical contribution beyond contextual replication, particularly by emphasizing digital adoption as a mechanism linking organizational factors to port performance. 2) We clarified the construct terminology and consistently corrected the ambiguous term throughout the manuscript, changing transformational organization to organizational transformation. 3) We revised all hypothesis statements to align with academic conventions by removing the term significant and stating the hypothesized relationships appropriately. 4) We corrected the hypothesis numbering so that it is sequential and consistent (H1 to H5) throughout the manuscript. 5) We reviewed and revised Figure 1 to ensure consistency with all hypothesized direct and indirect relationships. 6) We added a clarification in the Methods section that each of the 103 ports was represented by one key informant at the managerial level. 7) We added the data collection period in the Methods section. 8) We added a respondent demographic table along with its interpretation to improve transparency of sample characteristics. 9) We added a clearer justification for indicator deletion in the measurement model. 10. We clarified that this study was designed from the outset to test the hypothesized relationships in the pooled sample rather than compare effects across port categories. A category comparison would require a different analytical design and is beyond the scope of the current study. 11) We strengthened the discussion of the finding that Networking Capability has no impact on Port Performance through Digital Adoption by adding a theoretical and contextual explanation, and by emphasizing that the generalizability of results may differ across sectors due to sector specific operational and institutional characteristics. 12) We added and updated references by prioritizing relevant peer reviewed international journal sources. Thank you for the valuable suggestions and comments. The reviewer’s feedback has been very helpful in improving the manuscript, particularly in clarifying the theoretical contribution, strengthening conceptual consistency, and improving methodological reporting transparency. Below, we provide our point by point responses. 1) We revised the Introduction to clarify the study’s theoretical contribution beyond contextual replication, particularly by emphasizing digital adoption as a mechanism linking organizational factors to port performance. 2) We clarified the construct terminology and consistently corrected the ambiguous term throughout the manuscript, changing transformational organization to organizational transformation. 3) We revised all hypothesis statements to align with academic conventions by removing the term significant and stating the hypothesized relationships appropriately. 4) We corrected the hypothesis numbering so that it is sequential and consistent (H1 to H5) throughout the manuscript. 5) We reviewed and revised Figure 1 to ensure consistency with all hypothesized direct and indirect relationships. 6) We added a clarification in the Methods section that each of the 103 ports was represented by one key informant at the managerial level. 7) We added the data collection period in the Methods section. 8) We added a respondent demographic table along with its interpretation to improve transparency of sample characteristics. 9) We added a clearer justification for indicator deletion in the measurement model. 10. We clarified that this study was designed from the outset to test the hypothesized relationships in the pooled sample rather than compare effects across port categories. A category comparison would require a different analytical design and is beyond the scope of the current study. 11) We strengthened the discussion of the finding that Networking Capability has no impact on Port Performance through Digital Adoption by adding a theoretical and contextual explanation, and by emphasizing that the generalizability of results may differ across sectors due to sector specific operational and institutional characteristics. 12) We added and updated references by prioritizing relevant peer reviewed international journal sources. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 3 VERSION 3 PUBLISHED 20 Jan 2026 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 3 (revision) 29 Apr 26 read read Version 2 (revision) 12 Mar 26 read read read Version 1 20 Jan 26 read read Faisal Binsar , Universitas Muhammadiyah Berau, Tandjungredeb, Indonesia; Universitas Muhammadiyah Berau, Jakarta, Indonesia Benny Hutahayan , University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia Sofwan Farisyi , Trisakti University, West Jakarta, Indonesia Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Hutahayan B. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 06 May 2026 | for Version 3 Benny Hutahayan , University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2026 Hutahayan B. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The author has revised the manuscript based on the suggestions I provided. Good luck Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Business Administration, Human Resources Management, Law, and Governance I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Hutahayan B. Peer Review Report For: Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.198827.r480269) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-87/v3#referee-response-480269 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Farisyi S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 04 May 2026 | for Version 3 Sofwan Farisyi , Trisakti University, West Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2026 Farisyi S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions I have no further comments to make. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Expertise in shipping and port. I am Head of Indonesian National Shipowners' Association I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Farisyi S. Peer Review Report For: Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.198827.r480268) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-87/v3#referee-response-480268 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Hutahayan B. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 30 Mar 2026 | for Version 2 Benny Hutahayan , University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2026 Hutahayan B. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions I have a small revision for you to add please include the CMB test results. Overall, your manuscript is ready for indexing. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Business Administration, Human Resources Management, Law, and Governance I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 29 Apr 2026 Buyung Pramitra, Faculty of Administrative Science, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia Dear Reviewer, Thank you for your suggestion. I have added the CMB test results to my manuscript in the latest revision. Thank you. View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Hutahayan B. Peer Review Report For: Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.197091.r467160) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-87/v2#referee-response-467160 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Farisyi S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 28 Mar 2026 | for Version 2 Sofwan Farisyi , Trisakti University, West Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2026 Farisyi S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions 1. In the abstract, the authors should clearly articulate the rationale for conducting this study. Specifically, it is important to highlight the research gap identified in previous studies and to emphasize the novelty or unique contribution of this research. 2. The manuscript should maintain consistency in terminology by using either “organizational transformation” or “transformational organization” uniformly throughout the text. 3. In the introduction, the authors should provide a more detailed elaboration of the research gap, particularly in comparison with studies conducted in developed countries, as well as clearly differentiate this study from prior research. 4. In the literature review, the authors are encouraged to provide a thematic synthesis and comparative analysis of prior studies, clearly indicating which findings report significant positive, significant negative, or non-significant results. 5. In Section 2.4 (Mediating Role of Digital Adoption), there is an inconsistency in the numbering of Hypotheses 3 and 4 when compared to Figure 1. These should be revised to Hypotheses 4 and 5 to ensure alignment with the figure. 6. In the conclusion, the statement “Moreover, this study confirms the mediating role of digital adoption in the relationship between networking capability and port performance as well as between organizational transformation and port performance” appears to be inconsistent with the reported results, which indicate that Hypothesis H4 is not empirically supported . This discrepancy should be clarified to ensure consistency between the findings and the conclusions. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Expertise in shipping and port. I am Head of Indonesian National Shipowners' Association I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 29 Apr 2026 Buyung Pramitra, Faculty of Administrative Science, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia Thank you for your feedback. Your revisions are invaluable to my manuscript. I have revised my manuscript based on your suggestions. We have revised the abstract by adding a more explicit explanation of the research gap. We have reviewed the entire manuscript and standardized the use of terminology to ensure consistency. We have expanded the discussion of the research gap in the Introduction section. We understand that thematic synthesis and comparative analysis will strengthen the theoretical foundation of the research. In the revised version, we have improved the literature review section. We have revised the numbering of the hypotheses in Subsection 2.4 to align with Figure 1. In the revised version, Hypotheses 3 and 4 have been renumbered as Hypotheses 4 and 5 to ensure consistency between the text and the research model in the figure. We agree that the statement is not fully consistent with the empirical results of the study. Therefore, we have revised the Conclusion section to align with the reported findings. View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Farisyi S. Peer Review Report For: Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.197091.r467632) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-87/v2#referee-response-467632 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Binsar F. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 20 Mar 2026 | for Version 2 Faisal Binsar , Universitas Muhammadiyah Berau, Tandjungredeb, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia; Management Department Binus Online Learning, Binus University, Universitas Muhammadiyah Berau, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2026 Binsar F. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The authors have made considerable efforts to address the reviewer comments, and the manuscript has improved in several aspects, particularly in the clarification of constructs, hypotheses, and methodological description. However, there are still several corrections that need to be addressed: 1. Change H3 in the hypothesis statement to H4. H3: Digital adoption mediates the relationship between networking capability and port performance. 2. Change H4 in the hypothesis statement to H5. H4: Digital adoption mediates the relationship between organizational transformation and port performance. 3. In "Figure 1. Conceptual Framework," the dotted lines for H4 and H5 should touch the circle for the "Digital Adoption" variable as a mediator. Currently, H4 and H5 show a direct relationship between the variables. The legends in "Explanations" are interchanged. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Digital transformation, Organizational performance, Leadership, Entrepreneur and Innovation I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Binsar F. Peer Review Report For: Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.197091.r467159) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-87/v2#referee-response-467159 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Hutahayan B. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 28 Feb 2026 | for Version 1 Benny Hutahayan , University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2026 Hutahayan B. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Dear Author I appreciate you for writing a good manuscript. The manuscript has been written coherently in accordance with scientific guidelines. However, I have a few suggestions to improve the quality of your manuscript. 1. First, the background has been written clearly and coherently. However, the gap in this study is quite simple and needs to be expanded to further improve the quality of the manuscript. 2. This study has also mentioned the literature review and hypothesis development quite well. A few improvements are also needed for the formulation of hypotheses, there are two hypotheses 3 (H3). Please double-check. 3. Figure 1 needs to be corrected, especially in hypotheses 4 and 5. You should draw lines from networking capability and organizational transformation, not from digital adoption. 4. This study uses cross-sectional data, therefore it needs to test for common method bias (CMB). 5. The results and discussion have been explained quite well. However, I did not find any discussion related to H4 and H5, so please add them. 6. The manuscript would be stronger if it included the research instrument questionnaire items. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Business Administration, Human Resources Management, Law, and Governance I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Hutahayan B. Peer Review Report For: Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.194303.r460975) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-87/v1#referee-response-460975 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Binsar F. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 14 Feb 2026 | for Version 1 Faisal Binsar , Universitas Muhammadiyah Berau, Tandjungredeb, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia; Management Department Binus Online Learning, Binus University, Universitas Muhammadiyah Berau, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2026 Binsar F. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions 1. This model is relatively linear and has been widely researched in other contexts (SMEs, banking, healthcare, manufacturing). Capability → Digital Adoption → Performance is a very common model in the digital transformation literature. Please clearly articulate what theoretical advancement it offers beyond contextual replication. 2. Transformational Organization is unclear. Is it transformational leadership? Organizational transformation? Organizational culture? Please analyze further in comment 12. 3. Revise the statements for all hypotheses. Hypothesis statements should not contain "significant." 4. There are two H3 hypotheses in the manuscript, and no H5. 5. Figure 1. Conceptual framework still contains errors and deficiencies. Review the direct and indirect effect lines. The diagram should accurately reflect all hypothesized direct and indirect relationships. 6. How many informants were selected for each port? Explain. 7. When was the survey and data collection conducted? Through what means? 8. Present respondent profile/demographic data, including port category, operating period, informant level, etc. 9. Explain why unqualified indicators occurred and had to be removed. Please justify whether the deletion was theory-driven or purely statistical. 10. Two categories of ports: specifically handling containers and multipurpose ports that also handle containers. Based on the findings of this study, explain which category has the most significant networking capability, transformational organization, and digital adoption on port performance. Explain why. 11. Explain why Networking Capability has no impact on Port Performance through Digital Adoption. However, in organizations in other sectors, it is very significant, such as hospitals or health care centers in the healthcare sector. Please provide a theoretical explanation for this unexpected finding. 12. Some references appear to be non-peer-reviewed or introductory sources. Please prioritize high-impact, peer-reviewed international journals. International journal standards are usually more selective. To strengthen and generalize this study, the following relevant literature is recommended: a. The role of digital adoption capability on hospital performance in Indonesia moderated by environmental dynamism (Refer 1) b. Determinants of Digital Adoption Capability for Service Performance in Indonesian Hospitals: A Conceptual Model ( Refer 2) Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes References 1. Binsar F, Mursitama T, Hamsal M, Rahim R: The role of digital adoption capability on hospital performance in Indonesia moderated by environmental dynamism. Journal of Health Organization and Management . 2025; 39 (1): 1-21 Publisher Full Text 2. Faisal, Binsar Tirta Nugraha, Mursitama Mohammad, Hamsal Rano, et al.: Determinants of Digital Adoption Capability for Service Performance in Indonesian Hospitals: A Conceptual Model. https://doi.org/10.33168/JSMS.2024.0212 . 2024. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Digital transformation, Organizational performance, Leadership, Entrepreneur and Innovation I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 12 Mar 2026 Buyung Pramitra, Faculty of Administrative Science, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia Thank you for the valuable suggestions and comments. The reviewer’s feedback has been very helpful in improving the manuscript, particularly in clarifying the theoretical contribution, strengthening conceptual consistency, and improving methodological reporting transparency. Below, we provide our point by point responses. 1) We revised the Introduction to clarify the study’s theoretical contribution beyond contextual replication, particularly by emphasizing digital adoption as a mechanism linking organizational factors to port performance. 2) We clarified the construct terminology and consistently corrected the ambiguous term throughout the manuscript, changing transformational organization to organizational transformation. 3) We revised all hypothesis statements to align with academic conventions by removing the term significant and stating the hypothesized relationships appropriately. 4) We corrected the hypothesis numbering so that it is sequential and consistent (H1 to H5) throughout the manuscript. 5) We reviewed and revised Figure 1 to ensure consistency with all hypothesized direct and indirect relationships. 6) We added a clarification in the Methods section that each of the 103 ports was represented by one key informant at the managerial level. 7) We added the data collection period in the Methods section. 8) We added a respondent demographic table along with its interpretation to improve transparency of sample characteristics. 9) We added a clearer justification for indicator deletion in the measurement model. 10. We clarified that this study was designed from the outset to test the hypothesized relationships in the pooled sample rather than compare effects across port categories. A category comparison would require a different analytical design and is beyond the scope of the current study. 11) We strengthened the discussion of the finding that Networking Capability has no impact on Port Performance through Digital Adoption by adding a theoretical and contextual explanation, and by emphasizing that the generalizability of results may differ across sectors due to sector specific operational and institutional characteristics. 12) We added and updated references by prioritizing relevant peer reviewed international journal sources. View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Binsar F. Peer Review Report For: Enhancing Port Performance through Digital Transformation: The Role of Networking Capability and Organizational transformation in Indonesian Container Ports [version 3; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :87 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.194303.r455641) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-87/v1#referee-response-455641 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. 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