Allelopathic effects of the extracts and essential oils of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh on seed germination of cowpea, sorghum, and millet in laboratory

Allelopathic effects of the extracts and essential oils of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh on seed germination of cowpea, sorghum, and millet in laboratory | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Allelopathic effects of the extracts and essential oils of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh on seed germination of cowpea, sorghum, and millet in laboratory Boukary Soro, Hugues Roméo Bazié, Paulin Bazié, Raymond Nana, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9390803/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This research evaluates the effect of Eucalyptus camaldulensis extracts on the germination of various crop seeds. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts were obtained by macerating of Eucalyptus camaldulensis organ in distilled water and absolute ethanol. The extracts were then diluted in 100 ml of distilled water to prepare solutions at concentrations of 0%, 0.2%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 50% for the aqueous extracts and 0%, 0.2%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20% for alcoholic extracts. Essential oil obtained from Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves was diluted at a rate of 0 ml, 1.5 ml, and 3 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide to create three different solutions. Each Petri dish was lined with hydrophilic cotton and received 5 ml of the above concentrations of each extract or essential oil. 10 seeds from each crop were placed, with 3 repetitions per treatment. The alcoholic extracts from the leaves and the essential oil solutions significantly inhibited seed germination and radicle length (p < 0.000). The most damaging concentration for germination was 50% for aqueous extracts, 20% for alcoholic extracts and essential oil. These results suggest that Eucalyptus camaldulensis has allelopathic effects, influencing seed germination, as well as radicle and hypocotyl length. The mechanisms behind constitute the areas of our future investigations. Allelopathy Eucalyptus camaldulensis germination radicle hypocotyl Introduction Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh is a fast-growing exotic species that is utilised in reforestation efforts across Sahelian countries [1]. These eucalyptus trees are valued for their ability to provide energy and timber, largely due to their rapid growth rates. However, the benefits of these plantations are contested among researchers who raise concerns about their detrimental effects on soil health and plant biodiversity in the surrounding areas [2, 3]. It has also been reported that the decomposition of plant residues, along with exudates and leachates, can adversely influence the germination and growth of seedlings from other plant species [4, 5]. These chemical compounds, referred to as allelochemicals, can interact with the germination and growth of different plant species, either positively or negatively [5, 6]. Several studies have investigated the potential allelopathic properties of various plants as part of biopesticide research. These studies indicate that certain plant species synthesise allelopathic compounds that can either inhibit or stimulate the germination and growth of neighbouring plants [6, 7]. Although eucalyptus plantations are expanding in Burkina Faso [1], no studies have been conducted on the allelopathic effects of this species on the germination, radicle and hypocotyl length of associated crops. Farmers frequently report a reduction in the yield of annual crops growing near E. camaldulensis. Our findings from on-farm trials corroborated farmers' claims, highlighting that crop yields under the eucalyptus canopy were significantly lower than those in control plots [8]. If that is due to allelopathic effects, as suspected, when does this start? It might be at the germination stage as reported by previous studies [7]. To elucidate that question, we initiated this laboratory study to investigate the mechanisms employed by Eucalyptus to reduce the germination and growth rates of certain crop species. The present research aims to examine the allelopathic effects of aqueous and alcoholic extracts from leaves, roots, and bark of Eucalyptus camaldulensis , as well as essential oil solutions, on the germination and early seedling growth of cowpea, sorghum, and millet in Burkina Faso. It was hypothesised that these extracts would affect seed germination as well as radicle and hypocotyl growth. Materials and methods Study sites Fresh leaves, roots, and bark were collected from E. camaldulensis plants growing in the fields at Gonsé village, in the municipality of Saaba, Kadiogo province (12°25' north latitude, 1°20' west longitude), at an average altitude of 200 m. This site belongs to the Sudano-Sahelian climatic zone, characterised by two seasons such as a rainy season from May to October and a dry season from November to April. The different extractions for leaves, bark and root of Eucalyptus have been realised in the laboratory of the Department of Natural Substances at the Institute of Research in Applied Sciences and Technology (IRSAT-DSN) in Burkina Faso. The germination test was conducted in the Biosciences Laboratory at Joseph Ki-Zerbo University in Ouagadougou, the capital of Burkina Faso. Plant material We collected fresh leaves, roots, and bark from the same E. camaldulensis individuals of our on-trials [8], and the samples of these organs were used for aqueous, alcoholic and essential oils extraction. The seeds of the varieties used were obtained from the National Institute for the Environment and Agricultural Research (INERA). We also utilised seeds of the same three annual crops from the on-farm trials: millet ( Pennisetum glaucum L.) R. Br.) of the MISARI 1 variety, sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L.) of the Soumbatimi variety, and cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata Linn Walp.) of the Tiligré variety. Determination and identification of chemical families Due to financial constraints, we were unable to identify the chemical families and determine the dosage in the bark. Only the leaves and roots were analysed. Before the extraction process, the determination and identification of chemical families were conducted in leaves and roots and samples at the Laboratory of the Department of Natural Substances of the Institute of Research in Applied Sciences and Technology (IRSAT/DSN). Various chemical families, including phenolic compounds (tannins and flavonoids), terpenes, and sterols, were identified through two methods: the tube test and thin-layer chromatography. For the assessment of flavonoid content, the method developed by [9]. was adapted for microplate use. This procedure utilised aluminium trichloride as a reagent. A standard curve was established using quercetin, with results derived by inputting absorbance readings at 515 nm into the corresponding curve equation (y = 0.2217x + 0.0227; R² = 0.996). However, alkaloids and other nitrogen derivatives could not be identified due to a lack of compatible standards and inadequate supplies of Dragendorff and Mayer reagents. Total phenolic compound content was evaluated with the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (FFC) [10]. Like the flavonoid analysis, a standard curve was developed using quercetin, and the results were calculated using the equation of the curve (y = 3.1336x + 0.4107; R² = 0.9805) to ascertain the total phenolic compound content. The anti-free radical activity of the compounds was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical assay. To determine the IC₅₀, which represents the concentration of extract needed to neutralise 50% of DPPH radicals, regression curves were developed for each extract. The half-optical density of the DPPH solution was then plugged into the corresponding regression equation for each extract (y = -2.365x + 0.4795; R² = 0.9728). Additionally, the antioxidant compound content was measured using the ABTS radical cation [11]. This blue-green, metastable cation is generated through the oxidation of 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and is widely utilised in antioxidant tests due to its reactivity with antioxidants. The concentration of the radical cation is directly proportional to its absorbance, which allows for the use of spectrophotometry to assess antioxidant capacity. A standard curve was established to calculate the values for each sample, with Trolox serving as the reference antioxidant [11]. The data were calculated by applying the absorbance values recorded at 734 nm to the corresponding standard curve equation (y = -15.842x + 0.594; R² = 0.9997). Aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis organs (leaves, roots and bark) Fresh leaves, roots and bark samples were collected directly from Eucalyptus camaldulensis trees in the field. These samples were thoroughly washed and shade-dried to preserve their allelopathic properties and minimise oxidation. Once dried, each sample was ground using an electric grinder, and the resulting powders were stored in sterile vials. Each vial was labelled with the organ name and the mass of the powder and kept in the dark at room temperature until needed. Aqueous extracts were obtained by macerating powdered plant organs (0.2, 1, 5, 10, 20, and 50 g) in 100 mL of distilled water for 24 h at room temperature. The suspensions were subsequently agitated using a magnetic vortex stirrer for 1 h to achieve final concentrations of 0.2%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 50%. The mixtures were then filtered through Whatman filter paper to yield crude aqueous extracts for each plant organ. This filtrate was then used to soak cotton wool placed in Petri dishes for subsequent experiments with the following treatments: 0% (control), 0.2%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 50%. Alcoholic Extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis organs (leaves and roots) Ethanol extracts were prepared by the maceration method. For maceration, 2.5 g of fine powder from the Eucalyptus leaf or root sample was added to 25 ml of pure ethanol. The solution was then filtered through Whatman filter paper. The solvent in the filtrate was subsequently evaporated under vacuum at a temperature of 60°C using a Rotavapor, resulting in residues obtained in powder form. The final residues obtained in powder form were collected in a flask and stored in a cool environment until the germination tests were conducted. Several rounds of maceration were carried out to obtain the volume of ethanolic extract required for the test. Six different concentrations of alcoholic extracts 0% (control), 0.2%, 1%, 5%, 10% and 20% were compared using the three crops. Extraction of the essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves The essential oils are extracted only from leaves using a vapo-hydrodistillation process. This method starts by filling the bottom of the still with water until it reaches the grate. Fresh leaves are then placed on a perforated stainless-steel grid to ensure they do not touch the water. The still is heated with a lit gas bottle to create low pressure. As the water boils, steam is produced, which extracts the essential oils from the leaves. This steam, now containing the essential oils, moves into the condenser where it cools and condenses. The resulting mixture of floral water and essential oils is collected from the outlet of the cooler. Finally, a separator is used to separate the floral water from the essential oil. A total of fifteen 150 ml bottles, each wrapped in aluminium foil, were used to prepare the essential oil solutions. As essential oils pose problems in water-based culture media due to their low solubility, we used dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the absence of Tween 20 solution to facilitate proper dispersion of the essential oil. Three concentrations were tested including essential oil diluted in distilled water alone, 1.5 ml DMSO and 3 ml DMSO. To ensure uniform mixing, all bottles containing the mixtures were shaken for one hour using a magnetic Vortex mixer. Experimental design A randomized complete block design with three replications was established, focusing on concentration as the study factor for each type of extraction. For the aqueous extracts from leaves, roots, and bark, seven concentration levels were evaluated: 0%, 0.2%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 50% (giving 9 individual experiments). In the case of alcoholic leaf and root extracts, six concentration levels were tested: 0%, 0.2%, 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% (giving 6 experiments). Lastly, for essential oil, 0%, 0.2%, 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% concentration levels for distilled water alone, 1.5 ml DMSO and 3 ml DMSO with the three crops (giving 9 individual experiments). Germination test To assess the impact of various extracts and essential oil solutions on the germination of cowpea, sorghum, and millet seeds, we utilised 90 mm diameter Petri dishes. Each dish was lined with hydrophilic cotton and then soaked with 5 mL of the aqueous solution. Control dishes received 5 mL of distilled water. In each dish, 10 seeds from the specimens, which had been disinfected with a 2% sodium hypochlorite solution and thoroughly rinsed with tap water, were sown. Each treatment was replicated three times, and to minimise evaporation and contamination, the dishes were sealed hermetically right after sowing. The germination test was carried out at room temperature under laboratory conditions Data collection Physiological germination, indicated by radicle emergence, was assessed daily post-sowing. We counted the number of germinated and ungerminated seeds in each dish every 24 hours over five days. This period was chosen based on the maximum germination time at a temperature of 30–35°C. This period is four days for cowpea and 2–4 days for millet and sorghum. This data allowed us to calculate the germination rate, average germination time, and the rates of inhibition or stimulation. On the fifth day after sowing, the length of the radicle and hypocotyl of germinated seeds was measured using graph paper. The germination rate ( GR) was calculated using the following formula: $$\:GR\:\left(\%\right)=\frac{\left(NSG*100\right)}{TNSS}$$ With GR : The germination rate; NSG : The number of seeds that germinated; and TNSS : The total number of seeds sown. The average germination time ( AGT ) was calculated using the formula: $$\:\text{A}\text{G}\text{T}\:\left(\text{d}\text{a}\text{y}\right)=\frac{N1xD1+N2xD2+\dots\:+NnDn}{N1+N2+\dots\:+Nn}$$ With, AGT : average germination time, expressed in days, N1 : cumulative number of germinations on the first day ( D1 ), N2 : cumulative number of germinations on the second day ( D2 ), N1 + N2 : total cumulative number of germinations during the two days, Nn : the cumulative number of germinations on the last day ( Dn ). The inhibition or stimulation rate was calculated using the formula: $$\:IR\:\left(\%\right)\:or\:\left(SR\%\right)=\frac{\left(\text{T}-\text{E}\right)}{\text{T}}x\:100$$ With, IR (%): inhibition rate; SR (%): stimulation rate; T : value of the studied parameter (percentage of germination, length of the hypocotyl or root part in the control, i.e. distilled water); E : value of the studied parameter (percentage of germination, hypocotyl length or root part in the presence of the extract or solution concentration in question). If IR (%) > 0, there is inhibition; if IR (%) < 0, there is stimulation. Statistical analysis The data were organised and entered into Excel 2016, and statistical analyses were performed using R software (version 4.3.0). All experiments were conducted in triplicate, and results were expressed as means ± standard deviation. Data normality and homogeneity of variances were first verified. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, considering concentration as the main factor. Each crop and extract type was analysed as a separate experiment, with no comparisons made between different crops or extract types. When significant differences were detected at the 5% significance level (p < 0.05), mean values were separated using Tukey’s HSD post hoc test. Results Chemical families identified in the roots and leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis The chemical analysis of E. camaldulensis leaves and roots has shown the presence of various bioactive compounds, including tannins, flavonoids, terpenes, and sterols, known for their allelopathic effects (Table 1 ). However, the identification of alkaloids was hindered by compatibility problems and insufficient reagents for the analysis. Table 1 Chemical families of compounds identified in E. camaldulensis leaf and root extracts Chemical families identified Vegetative organs used Root leaves Phenolic compounds (tannins and flavonoid) Phenolic compounds identified Phenolic compounds identified Terpenes and sterols Phenolic compounds identified Phenolic compounds identified Alkaloids and other nitrogen derivatives Unidentified Unidentified Incompatible standard and insufficient reagents (Dragendof and Mayer) Incompatible standard and insufficient reagents (Dragendof and Mayer) Effect of aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves on the germination and length of the radicle’s hypocotyl of cowpea, millet and sorghum. We observed the shortest germination duration in the control with an increasing number of days as the concentration in the extract increased for cowpea (p < 0.05; Table 2 ). A similar trend was observed for GR, IR, IRL and IHL, whereas the opposite was shown by GS, RL and HL. Patterns for various parameters in cereals (millet and sorghum) were almost the same as in cowpea for AGT, GS and RL, for which only C50% differed significantly from the rest of the concentrations (Table 2 ). No significant difference was observed in the germination rates of sorghum treated with aqueous leaf extracts when compared to controls (p = 0.099; Table 2 ). The C50% of aqueous leaf extracts inhibited germination by 95.8 ± 4.17% for cowpea, 33.33%±3.33% for millet and 10.00 ± 5.77% for sorghum. Radicle elongation was inhibited by 73.91% ±0.61% for cowpea, 96.63 ± 0.77% for millet and 94.78 ± 1.83% for sorghum. It also affected the length of the hypocotyl, with values of 100% for cowpea, 98.58 ± 0.01% for millet, and 100% for sorghum. Finally, the germination time of millet (p = 0.209) and the germination speed of sorghum ( p = 0.099) were not significantly affected (Table 2 ). Table 2 Effect of aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves on the germination and hypocotyl length of seedlings Crops Concentrations GR (%) mean ± se AGT (Days) mean ± se GS (number of germinated seeds/day) mean ± se IR (%) mean ± se RL (cm) mean ± se HL (cm) mean ± se IRL (%) mean ± se IHL (%) mean ± se Cowpea C0 73.33 ± 3.33 a 1.37 ± 0.13 b 3.67 ± 0.17 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 38.00 ± 4.51 a 70.33 ± 6.06 a 0.00 ± 0.00 e 0.00 ± 0.00 c C0.2% 50.00 ± 11.55 ab 1.86 ± 0.14 ab 2.50 ± 0.58 ab 31.55 ± 16.76 bc 24.00 ± 4.73 abc 27.33 ± 5.17 b 37.71 ± 6.23 cd 60.40 ± 8.87 b C1% 36.67 ± 3.33 bcd 1.69 ± 0.19 ab 1.83 ± 0.17 bcd 49.40 ± 6.55 abc 36.33 ± 6.89 ab 28.33 ± 4.18 b 18.56 ± 8.83 de 59.12 ± 7.15 b C5% 40.00 ± 11.55 abc 2.00 ± 0.00 a 2.00 ± 0.58 abc 45.24 ± 16.67 abc 19.33 ± 1.45 bc 8.67 ± 1.86 c 48.60 ± 2.83 bc 87.87 ± 2.13 a C10% 16.67 ± 3.33 bcd 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.83 ± 0.17 bcd 76.79 ± 5.35 ab 12.33 ± 1.33 c 3.00 ± 1.15 c 66.38 ± 2.62 ab 95.83 ± 1.60 a C20% 13.33 ± 6.67 cd 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.67 ± 0.33 cd 68.25 ± 19.3 ab 14.33 ± 1.45 c 1.00 ± 1.00 c 64.25 ± 5.98 ab 98.57 ± 1.43 a C50% 3.33 ± 3.33 d 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.17 ± 0.17 d 95.83 ± 4.17 a 10.00 ± 1.73 c 0.00 ± 0.00 c 73.91 ± 0.61 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a Pr > F 0.000*** 0.005** 0.000*** 0.002** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** Millet C0 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.17 ± 0.09 a 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 97.33 ± 4.70 a 70.33 ± 0.33 a 0.00 ± 0.00 d 0.00 ± 0.00 d C0.2% 90.00 ± 5.77 a 1.07 ± 0.07 a 4.50 ± 0.29 a 10.00 ± 5.77 b 59.67 ± 5.81 b 35.67 ± 4.10 b 37.95 ± 8.74 c 49.23 ± 6.03 c C1% 96.67 ± 3.33 a 1.03 ± 0.03 a 4.83 ± 0.17 a 3.33 ± 3.33 b 27.67 ± 5.78 c 27.33 ± 8.45 bc 71.69 ± 5.24 b 61.12 ± 6.03 bc C5% 86.67 ± 3.33 a 1.27 ± 0.11 a 4.33 ± 0.17 a 13.33 ± 3.33 b 21.67 ± 4.37 cd 16.33 ± 1.86 cd 77.49 ± 3.75 ab 76.80 ± 12.10 ab C10% 93.33 ± 3.33 a 1.22 ± 0.16 a 4.67 ± 0.17 a 6.67 ± 3.33 b 18.67 ± 4.41 cd 17.33 ± 0.58 cd 81.18 ± 3.99 ab 75.34 ± 0.83 ab C20% 93.33 ± 3.33 a 1.31 ± 0.03 a 4.67 ± 0.17 a 6.67 ± 3.33 b 14.33 ± 3.33 cd 6.00 ± 2.03 d 85.65 ± 4.01 ab 91.47 ± 2.78 a C50% 66.67 ± 3.33 b 1.41 ± 0.15 a 3.33 ± 0.17 b 33.33 ± 3.33 a 3.33 ± 0.88 d 1.00 ± 0.00 d 96.63 ± 0.77 a 98.58 ± 0.01 a Pr > F 0.000*** 0.209 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** Sorghum C0 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.07 ± 0.03 b 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 54.33 ± 5.78 a 44.33 ± 2.91 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 f C0.2% 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.03 ± 0.03 b 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 47.33 ± 1.76 a 40.33 ± 2.60 ab 21.78 ± 6.60 c 8.83 ± 1.14 e C1% 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.07 ± 0.07 b 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 25.67 ± 6.89 b 24.33 ± 9.33 bc 41.67 ± 22.05 bc 65.86 ± 2.30 d C5% 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.10 ± 0.00 b 5.00 ± 0.0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 8.33 ± 1.76 c 11.33 ± 1.20 cd 85.03 ± 1.82 a 74.23 ± 3.13 c C10% 96.67 ± 0.00 a 1.27 ± 0.06 ab 4.83 ± 0.17 a 3.33 ± 3.33 a 9.33 ± 1.20 bc 6.00 ± 0.00 cd 82.11 ± 3.56 ab 86.35 ± 0.92 b C20% 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.23 ± 0.03 ab 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 5.67 ± 0.67 c 3.00 ± 0.58 d 89.37 ± 1.46 a 93.35 ± 0.88 ab C50% 90.00 ± 5.77 a 1.47 ± 0.11 a 4.50 ± 0.29 a 10.00 ± 5.77 a 2.67 ± 0.88 c 0.000 ± 0.00 d 94.78 ± 1.83 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a Pr > F 0.099 0.001** 0.099 0.099 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** a *** : Very highly significant, ** : highly significant, * significant. Averages followed by the same letters are not statistically different. Legend : GR : Germination rate (%), AGT : Average Germination Time, GS : Germination Speed, IR : Inhibition or stimulation rate of germination, RL : Radicle Length of the seedlings, HL : Hypocotyl Length of the seedlings, IRL : Inhibition or stimulation rate of radicle length, IHL : Inhibition or stimulation rate of hypocotyl length. Effect of aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis bark on the germination and early growth of cowpea, millet and sorghum seedlings The trends observed with the bark seem to be the same as with the leaves, but with some noise in the data, reflected by some odd values blurring the trends. Only cowpea showed a significant difference in AGT, GS and GR between the control and seeds treated with bark extracts (p < 0.05). Conversely, no significant differences were observed in millet for either AGT (P = 0.177) or GS (P = 0.266). For sorghum, AGT differed significantly (p = 0.001), but there was no significant difference in GS (p = 0.463) between the control and seeds subjected to high concentrations of extracts (Table 3 ). High concentrations of aqueous bark extracts significantly inhibited the GR of cowpea and radicle lengths of all crops (p < 0.000; Table 3 ). However, the 0.2% concentration stimulated RL by 3.57 ± 1.00% in cowpea. In millet and sorghum, however, no concentration of aqueous bark extracts significantly inhibited germination (p = 0.266 and p = 0.463, respectively) (Table 3 ). The C50% of aqueous bark extracts inhibited 84.43 ± 2.52% of millet RL and 90.45 ± 1.91% of millet HL, respectively. For sorghum, the inhibition rates were 94.14 ± 1.73% for RL and 89.24 ± 2.32% for HL (Table 3 ). The C20% of bark extract caused necrosis of the radicle tips of sorghum and millet. Table 3 Effect of aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis bark on the germination and growth of seedlings Crops Concentrations GR (%) mean ± se AGT (day) mean ± se GS (number of germinated seeds/day) mean ± se IR (%) mean ± se RL (cm) mean ± se HL (cm) mean ± se IRL (%) mean ± se IHL (%) mean ± se Cowpea C0 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.57 ± 0.19 b 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 38.00 ± 2.00 a 67.67 ± 3.93 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 d C0.2% 60.00 ± 5.77 b 1.95 ± 0.05 a 3.00 ± 0.29 b 40.00 ± 5.77 b 39.33 ± 1.86 a 31.67 ± 2.33 b -3.57 ± 1.00 c 52.51 ± 6.30 c C1% 50.00 ± 10.00 b 2.00 ± 0.00 a 2.50 ± 0.50 b 50.00 ± 10.00 b 21.33 ± 1.33 bc 15.00 ± 1.15 c 43.91 ± 0.53 b 77.52 ± 2.98 b C5% 16.67 ± 3.33 c 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.83 ± 0.17 c 83.33 ± 3.33 a 20.67 ± 1.76 bcd 9.67 ± 0.33 c 44.97 ± 6.88 b 85.59 ± 1.16 b C10% 13.33 ± 6.67 c 1.00 ± 0.00 c 0.67 ± 0.33 c 86.67 ± 6.67 a 14.00 ± 1.00 cd 0.00 ± 0.00 d 63.09 ± 2.48 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a C20% 33.33 ± 8.82 bc 1.00 ± 0.00 c 1.67 ± 0.44 bc 66.67 ± 8.82 ab 23.67 ± 1.20 b 12.00 ± 1.53 c 37.70 ± 0.83 b 82.10 ± 2.62 b C50% 6.67 ± 6.67 c 1.00 ± 0.00 c 0.33 ± 0.33 c 93.33 ± 6.67 a 13.33 ± 1.33 d 0.00 ± 0.00 d 65.08 ± 1.59 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a Pr > F 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** Millet C0 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.10 ± 0.00 a 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 100.33 ± 1.76 a 70.33 ± 1.45 a 0.00 ± 0.00 d 0.00 ± 0.00 d C0.2% 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.03 ± 0.03 a 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 56.33 ± 3.84 b 63.67 ± 2.60 a 43.69 ± 4.75 c 9.55 ± 1.91 d C1% 86.67 ± 8.82 a 1.08 ± 0.04 a 4.33 ± 0.44 a 13.33 ± 8.82 a 19.67 ± 0.88 c 33.67 ± 4.10 b 80.37 ± 1.11 b 45.53 ± 1.65 c C5% 93.33 ± 3.33 a 1.07 ± 0.07 a 4.67 ± 0.17 a 6.67 ± 3.33 a 13.00 ± 1.00 cd 20.67 ± 3.53 c 87.07 ± 0.80 ab 64.20 ± 8.98 b C10% 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.10 ± 0.00 a 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 11.00 ± 1.53 cd 12.00 ± 1.53 cd 89.03 ± 1.52 ab 82.86 ± 2.47 a C20% 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.03 ± 0.03 a 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 7.67 ± 0.67 d 11.33 ± 0.88 cd 92.37 ± 0.56 a 83.88 ± 1.23 a C50% 93.33 ± 6.67 a 1.18 ± 0.04 a 4.67 ± 0.33 a 6.67 ± 6.67 a 15.67 ± 2.73 cd 6.67 ± 1.20 d 84.43 ± 2.52 ab 90.45 ± 1.91 a Pr > F 0.266 0.177 0.266 0.266 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** Sorghum C0 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.03 ± 0.03 b 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 57.67 ± 3.18 a 44.33 ± 2.91 ab 0.00 ± 0.00 d 0.00 ± 0.00 de C0.2% 96.67 ± 3.33 a 1.00 ± 0.00 b 4.83 ± 0.17 a 3.33 ± 3.33 a 45.33 ± 2.96 b 52.33 ± 0.67 a 21.46 ± 1.31 c -19.13 ± 8.51 e C1% 96.67 ± 3.33 a 1.00 ± 0.00 b 4.83 ± 017 a 3.33 ± 3.33 a 13.67 ± 1.20 c 35.67 ± 3.38 b 76.38 ± 0.80 b 19.73 ± 4.41 d C5% 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.07 ± 0.03 b 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 12.67 ± 2.33 c 20.00 ± 1.73 c 78.32 ± 2.86 b 54.14 ± 6.62 c C10% 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.07 ± 0.07 b 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 13.67 ± 2.67 c 17.67 ± 1.45 cd 76.65 ± 3.17 b 59.55 ± 5.50 bc C20% 93.33 ± 3.33 a 1.11 ± 0.00 b 4.67 ± 0.17 a 6.67 ± 3.33 a 11.33 ± 0.88 c 8.67 ± 0.67 de 80.12 ± 2.33 b 80.08 ± 2.89 ab C50% 96.67 ± 3.33 a 1.31 ± 0.05 a 4.83 ± 0.17 a 3.33 ± 3.33 a 3.33 ± 0.88 c 4.67 ± 0.88 e 94.14 ± 1.73 a 89.24 ± 2.32 a Pr > F 0.463 0.001** 0.463 0.463 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** b *** : Very highly significant, ** : highly significant, * significant. Averages followed by the same letters are not statistically different Legend : GR : Germination rate (%), AGT : Average Germination Time (day), GS : Germination Speed (number of germinated seeds/day), IR : Inhibition or stimulation rate of germination (%), RL : Radicle Length of the seedlings (cm), HL : Hypocotyl Length of the seedlings (cm), IRL : Inhibition or stimulation rate of radicle length (%), IHL : Inhibition or stimulation rate of hypocotyl (%) Effect of aqueous extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis roots on germination and early growth of cowpea, millet and sorghum These results indicate that aqueous root extracts had a significant effect on all parameters measured for cowpea (P > 0.05). In contrast, millet showed a marked inhibition in both RL and HL (p = 0.000). Specifically, the C50% led to a remarkable inhibition of 87.76 ± 2.98% in RL and 59.69 ± 2.68% in HL. This concentration inhibited GR of cowpea (p < 0.000) and sorghum (p = 0.015; Table 4 ). Furthermore, the aqueous root extracts did not have a significant impact on millet's GR (p = 0.442), AGT (p = 0.099), or GS (p = 0.442) (Table 4 ). Regarding sorghum, elevated concentrations of aqueous root extracts resulted in significant reductions in both RL (p = 0.000) and HL (p = 0.000). Despite this, no substantial difference was found in the AGT (p = 0.715). Interestingly, 1% concentration even enhanced the HL of sorghum seedlings by 13.98 ± 7.73% (Table 4 ). Table 4 Effect of aqueous extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis roots on germination and early growth of cowpea, millet and sorghum Crops Concentrations GR (%) mean ± se AGT (day) mean ± se GS (number of germinated seeds/day) mean ± se IR (%) mean ± se RL (cm) mean ± se HL (cm) mean ± se IRL (%) mean ± se IHL (%) mean ± se Cowpea C0 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.63 ± 0.03 b 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 38.00 ± 4.51 a 70.33 ± 6.06 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 b C0.2% 63.33 ± 3.33 ab 1.89 ± 0.06 ab 3.17 ± 0.17 ab 36.67 ± 3.33 bc 15.00 ± 2.89 b 0.00 ± 0.00 b 58.15 ± 10.99 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a C1% 33.33 ± 12.02 bc 1.92 ± 0.08 a 1.67 ± 0.60 bc 66.67 ± 12.02 ab 27.67 ± 4.81 ab 24.33 ± 1.67 b 27.92 ± 5.23 bc 64.86 ± 4.14 a C5% 46.67 ± 8.82 bc 1.89 ± 0.11 ab 2.33 ± 0.44 bc 53.33 ± 8.82 ab 17.33 ± 3.93 b 31.33 ± 9.26 b 55.44 ± 4.86 ab 55.96 ± 10.92 a C10% 26.67 ± 13.33 bc 2.00 ± 0.00 a 1.33 ± 0.67 bc 73.33 ± 13.33 ab 20.00 ± 4.51 b 24.33 ± 15.10 b 48.56 ± 5.29 ab 66.93 ± 18.56 a C20% 20.00 ± 5.77 c 2.00 ± 0.00 a 1.00 ± 0.29 c 80.00 ± 5.77 a 15.67 ± 1.86 b 12.00 ± 6.25 b 58.17 ± 5.56 a 82.16 ± 10.11 a C50% 16.67 ± 8.82 c 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.83 ± 0.44 c 83.33 ± 8.82 a 27.00 ± 2.08 ab 2.67 ± 2.67 b 42.96 ± 5.54 ab 96.19 ± 3.81 a Pr > F 0.000*** 0.006** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.005*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** Millet C0 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.00 ± 0.00 a 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 97.33 ± 4.70 a 70.33 ± 0.33 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 d C0.2% 96.67 ± 3.33 a 1.00 ± 0.00 a 4.83 ± 0.17 a 3.33 ± 3.33 a 80.67 ± 5.24 ab 52.67 ± 2.03 bc 23.14 ± 3.30 b 25.14 ± 2.60 bc C1% 93.33 ± 6.67 a 1.00 ± 0.00 a 4.67 ± 0.33 a 6.67 ± 6.67 a 61.67 ± 6.23 b 59.67 ± 5.93 ab 36.64 ± 5.35 b 15.24 ± 8.01 cd C5% 90.00 ± 5.77 a 1.00 ± 0.00 a 4.50 ± 0.29 a 10.00 ± 5.77 a 24.67 ± 5.78 c 24.67 ± 1.20 d 73.96 ± 7.50 a 64.92 ± 1.83 a C10% 96.67 ± 3.33 a 1.03 ± 0.03 a 4.83 ± 0.17 a 3.33 ± 3.33 a 24.33 ± 2.96 c 29.67 ± 1.20 d 75.08 ± 2.39 a 57.81 ± 1.85 a C20% 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.00 ± 0.00 a 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 16.67 ± 2.03 c 44.67 ± 2.40 c 82.61 ± 2.93 a 36.51 ± 3.22 b C50% 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.10 ± 0.06 a 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 11.67 ± 2.40 c 28.33 ± 1.76 d 87.76 ± 2.98 a 59.69 ± 2.68 a Pr > F 0.442 0.099 0.442 0.442 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** Sorgho C0 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.07 ± 0.03 a 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 57.67 ± 3.18 a 46.00 ± 1.53 ab 0.00 ± 0.00 e 0.00 ± 0.00 c C0.2% 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.03 ± 0.03 a 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 55.33 ± 3.38 a 45.00 ± 1.00 ab 4.11 ± 0.74 e 4.28 ± 1.11 bc C1% 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.03 ± 0.03 a 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 36.67 ± 2.96 b 52.67 ± 5.36 a 36.40 ± 4.05 d -13.98 ± 7.73 c C5% 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.00 ± 0.00 a 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 18.33 ± 1.67 cd 14.00 ± 5.13 c 68.20 ± 2.49 bc 69.15 ± 12.01 a C10% 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.03 ± 0.03 a 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 24.33 ± 3.93 bc 24.67 ± 1.20 bc 58.27 ± 4.36 c 46.17 ± 3.79 ab C20% 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.10 ± 0.10 a 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 10.33 ± 0.88 d 10.33 ± 1.20 c 82.12 ± 0.76 a 77.58 ± 2.33 a C50% 93.33 ± 3.33 b 1.00 ± 0.00 a 4.67 ± 0.17 b 6.67 ± 3.33 a 15.00 ± 2.52 cd 18.00 ± 9.02 c 74.30 ± 2.80 ab 62.04 ± 17.79 a Pr > F 0.015* 0.715 0.015* 0.015* 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** c *** : Very highly significant, ** : highly significant, * significant. Averages followed by the same letters are not statistically different Legend : GR : Germination rate (%), AGT : Average Germination Time (day), GS : Germination Speed (number of germinated seeds/day), IR : Inhibition or stimulation rate of germination (%), RL : Radicle Length of the seedlings (cm), HL : Hypocotyl Length of the seedlings (cm), IRL : Inhibition or stimulation rate of radicle length (%), IHL : Inhibition or stimulation rate of hypocotyl (%) Effect of alcoholic extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves on germination and early growth of cowpea, millet and sorghum The alcoholic extracts significantly inhibited the RL, HL, GR (p < 0.05), AGT and GS of all crops (p < 0.05), except the C0.2%, which stimulated 26.70 ± 3.76% RL of cowpea. Indeed, the C20% of alcoholic leaf extracts inhibited the HL of all three crops by 100% (Table 5 ). Table 5 Effect of alcoholic extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves on germination, radicle and hypocotyl lengths of cowpea, millet and sorghum seedlings Crops Concentrations GR (%) mean ± se AGT (days) mean ± se GS (number of germinated seeds/day) mean ± se IR (%) mean ± se RL (cm) mean ± se HL (cm) mean ± se IRL (%) mean ± se IHL (%) mean ± se Cowpea C0 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.43 ± 0.07 b 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 d 38.67 ± 4.26 a 88.00 ± 16.17 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 c C0.2% 86.67 ± 3.33 ab 1.53 ± 0.08 b 4.33 ± 0.17 ab 13.33 ± 3.33 cd 48.67 ± 3.84 a 66.00 ± 2.00 ab -26.70 ± 3.76 d 20.89 ± 11.23 c C1% 66.67 ± 14.53 b 1.43 ± 0.11 b 3.33 ± 0.73 b 33.33 ± 14.53 c 15.33 ± 2.33 b 36.67 ± 3.67 b 60.67 ± 1.86 b 55.36 ± 8.99 b C5% 33.33 ± 3.33 c 2.00 ± 0.00 a 1.67 ± 0.17 c 66.67 ± 3.33 b 16.67 ± 1.45 b 0.00 ± 0.00 c 56.64 ± 2.02 b 100.00 ± 0.00 a C10% 3.33 ± 3.33 cd 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.17 ± 0.17 cd 96.67 ± 3.33 ab 12.67 ± 1.86 b 0.00 ± 0.00 c 66.89 ± 5.07 b 100.00 ± 0.00 a C20% 0.00 ± 0.00 d 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 d 100.00 ± 0.00 a 3.67 ± 1.67 b 0.00 ± 0.00 c 91.16 ± 3.03 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a Pr > F 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** Millet C0 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.00 ± 0.00 b 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 60.33 ± 1.76 a 59.67 ± 2.19 a 0.00 ± 0.00 d 0.00 ± 0.00 e C0.2% 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.03 ± 0.00 b 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 20.67 ± 2.03 b 19.00 ± 0.58 b 65.83 ± 2.78 c 68.13 ± 0.73 d C1% 93.33 ± 3.33 ab 1.21 ± 0.06 b 4.67 ± 0.17 ab 3.33 ± 3.33 ab 14.00 ± 2.52 b 13.67 ± 1.86 b 76.59 ± 4.56 b 77.14 ± 2.91 c C5% 96.67 ± 3.33 ab 1.80 ± 0.03 a 4.83 ± 0.17 ab 6.67 ± 3.33 ab 4.00 ± 0.58 c 6.33 ± 0.67 c 93.34 ± 1.01 a 89.41 ± 0.97 b C10% 46.67 ± 14.53 ab 1.95 ± 0.05 a 2.33 ± 0.73 ab 53.33 ± 14.53 ab 2.00 ± 0.58 c 2.33 ± 0.67 cd 96.72 ± 0.91 a 96.13 ± 1.07 a C20% 40.00 ± 25.17 b 2.00 ± 0.00 a 2.00 ± 1.26 b 60.00 ± 25.17 a 1.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 d 98.3 ± 0.05 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a Pr > F 0.007** 0.000*** 0.007** 0.007** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** Sorgho C0 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.07 ± 0.03 b 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 57.33 ± 1.45 a 55.33 ± 3.28 a 0.00 ± 0.00 d 0.00 ± 0.00 c C0.2% 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.00 ± 0.00 b 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 34.00 ± 3.61 b 17.00 ± 1.15 b 40.41 ± 7.51 c 69.11 ± 2.45 b C1% 93.33 ± 3.33 a 1.07 ± 0.04 b 4.67 ± 0.17 a 6.67 ± 3.33 c 11.00 ± 2.31 c 16.33 ± 2.60 b 80.67 ± 4.24 b 69.81 ± 6.54 b C5% 83.33 ± 6.67 ab 1.07 ± 0.07 b 4.17 ± 0.33 ab 16.67 ± 6.67 bc 1.00 ± 0.00 d 11.33 ± 0.67 b 98.25 ± 0.04 a 79.32 ± 2.03 b C10% 40.00 ± 25.17 bc 2.00 ± 0.00 a 2.00 ± 1.26 bc 60.00 ± 25.17 ab 0.00 ± 0.00 d 0.00 ± 0.00 c 100.00 ± 0.00 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a C20% 0.00 ± 0.00 c 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 100.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 d 0.00 ± 0.00 c 100.00 ± 0.00 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a Pr > F 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** d *** : Very highly significant, ** : highly significant, * significant. Averages followed by the same letters are not statistically different Legend : GR : Germination rate (%), AGT : Average Germination Time (day), GS : Germination Speed (number of germinated seeds/day), IR : Inhibition or stimulation rate of germination (%), RL : Radicle Length of the seedlings (cm), HL : Hypocotyl Length of the seedlings (cm), IRL : Inhibition or stimulation rate of radicle length (%), IHL : Inhibition or stimulation rate of hypocotyl (%) Effects of alcoholic extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis roots on germination, radicle length and hypocotyl length of cowpea, millet and sorghum seedlings The results showed that alcoholic extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis roots significantly inhibited the RL and HL, as well as the GR, AGT and GS of cowpea (p < 0.05; Table 6 ). The C5% alcoholic extract reduced the hypocotyl length by 78.02 ± 3.40%, while the C0.2% extract stimulated radicle elongation by 9.85 ± 1.06%. In millet, the controls showed higher values for these parameters (34.00 ± 1.73 cm and 59.67 ± 3.48 cm, respectively), while the seeds irrigated with the C5% extracts showed lower values (23.33 ± 2.19 cm and 13.33 ± 2.85 cm, respectively). In contrast, the GR (p = 0.728), AGT (p = 0.052) and GS (p = 0.728) were not significantly affected by the root extracts compared with the control. In sorghum, root alcoholic extracts significantly reduced RL (p < 0.000) and HL (p < 0.000) compared with the control. However, no significant differences were observed in the GR (p = 0.052), AGT (p = 0.441) or GS (p = 0.052; Table 6 ). Table 6 Effects of alcoholic extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis roots on germination, radicle lengths and above-ground parts of cowpea, millet and sorghum seedlings Crops Concentrations GR (%) mean ± se AGT (days) mean ± se GS (number of germinated seeds/day) mean ± se IR (%) mean ± se RL (cm) mean ± se HL (cm) mean ± se IRL (%) mean ± se IHL (%) mean ± se Cowpea C0 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.30 ± 0.06 b 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 34.00 ± 1.73 a 59.67 ± 3.48 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 c C0.2% 90.00 ± 5.77 ab 1.25 ± 0.08 b 4.50 ± 0.29 ab 10.00 ± 5.77 ab 37.33 ± 1.76 a 34.33 ± 1.67 b -9.85 ± 1.06 c 42.08 ± 4.41 b C1% 93.33 ± 6.67 a 1.10 ± 0.06 b 4.67 ± 0.33 a 6.67 ± 6.67 b 28.67 ± 2.33 ab 15.33 ± 0.67 c 15.94 ± 2.61 b 74.01 ± 2.49 a C5% 56.67 ± 12.02 b 1.77 ± 0.15 a 2.83 ± 0.60 b 43.33 ± 12.02 a 23.33 ± 2.19 b 13.33 ± 2.85 c 31.64 ± 3.66 a 78.02 ± 3.40 a Pr > F 0.014* 0.005** 0.014* 0.014* 0.006** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** Millet C0 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.07 ± 0.03 a 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 99.67 ± 13.97 a 51.67 ± 1.33 a 0.0 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 b C0.2% 96.67 ± 3.33 a 1.00 ± 0.00 a 4.83 ± 0.17 a 3.33 ± 3.33 a 24.67 ± 4.18 b 48.33 ± 2.03 a 74.17 ± 5.72 b 6.49 ± 2.33 b C1% 96.67 ± 3.33 a 1.00 ± 0.00 a 4.83 ± 0.17 a 3.33 ± 3.33 a 22.33 ± 2.91 b 17.00 ± 3.46 b 77.49 ± 1.39 b 67.36 ± 6.05 a C5% 93.33 ± 6.67 a 1.00 ± 0.00 a 4.67 ± 0.33 a 6.7 ± 6.67 a 8.00 ± 3.61 b 16.67 ± 2.91 b 92.63 ± 2.37 a 67.42 ± 6.53 a Pr > F 0.728 0.052 0.728 0.728 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** Sorghum C0 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.03 ± 0.03 a 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 50.33 ± 4.26 a 49.00 ± 5.29 a 0.00 ± 0.00 d 0.00 ± 0.00 c C0.2% 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.00 ± 0.00 a 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 28.33 ± 3.76 b 40.33 ± 3.18 a 44.10 ± 3.30 c 17.19 ± 2.42 b C1% 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.00 ± 0.00 a 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 22.67 ± 2.03 b 18.333 ± 1.86 b 54.98 ± 0.88 b 62.40 ± 2.15 a C5% 93.33 ± 3.33 a 1.00 ± 0.00 a 4.67 ± 0.17 a 6.67 ± 3.33 a 3.00 ± 1.00 c 18.67 ± 0.88 b 94.08 ± 1.79 a 61.26 ± 3.28 a Pr > F 0.052 0.441 0.052 0.052 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** e *** : Very highly significant, ** : highly significant, * significant. Averages followed by the same letters are not statistically different Legend : GR : Germination rate (%), AGT : Average Germination Time (day), GS : Germination Speed (number of germinated seeds/day), IR : Inhibition or stimulation rate of germination (%), RL : Radicle Length of the seedlings (cm), HL : Hypocotyl Length of the seedlings (cm), IRL : Inhibition or stimulation rate of radicle length (%), IHL : Inhibition or stimulation rate of hypocotyl (%) Effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oil diluted in distilled water on germination, radicle length and hypocotyl length of cowpea, millet and sorghum seedlings The essential oil solution, when diluted in distilled water, significantly reduced RL, HL, GS, and GR (Table 7 ). The controls and seeds sprayed with low C0.2% and C1% exhibited high values. In contrast, seeds treated with C5%, C10%, and C20% showed either zero or nearly zero values across all crops. Additionally, the AGT increased significantly from the controls to those treated with the higher concentrations of the essential oil solution in all three crops. At these concentrations, eucalyptus essential oil diluted in water completely inhibited the germination of cowpea and sorghum seeds. In millet, the inhibition of germination was recorded at 50.00 ± 25.17%, 96.67 ± 3.33%, and 100.00 ± 0.00% for the respective concentrations (Table 7 ). Table 7 Effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oil diluted in distilled water on germination, radicle length and hypocotyl length of cowpea, millet and sorghum seedlings. Crops Concentrations GR (%) mean ± se AGT (days) mean ± se GS (number of germinated seeds/day) mean ± se IR (%) mean ± se RL (cm) mean ± se HL (cm) mean ± se IRL (%) mean ± se IHL (%) mean ± se cowpea C0 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.17 ± 0.03 b 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 49.00 ± 2.31 a 80.00 ± 1.73 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 c C0.2% 96.67 ± 3.33 a 1.07 ± 0.03 b 4.83 ± 0.17 a 3.33 ± 3.33 b 43.00 ± 3.51 ab 62.00 ± 3.46 b 8.84 ± 4.85 c 22.52 ± 3.81 b C1% 80.00 ± 11.55 a 1.50 ± 0.29 ab 4.00 ± 0.58 a 20.00 ± 11.55 b 34.67 ± 1.67 b 0.00 ± 0.00 c 28.65 ± 6.71 b 100.00 ± 0.00 a C5% 0.00 ± 0.00 b 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 100.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 c 100.00 ± 0.00 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a C10% 0.00 ± 0.00 b 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 100.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 c 100.00 ± 0.00 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a C20% 0.00 ± 0.00 b 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 100.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 c 100.00 ± 0.00 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a Pr > F 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** Millet C0 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.07 ± 0.03 c 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 127.33 ± 4.91 a 53.67 ± 2.03 a 0.00 ± 0.00 d 0.00 ± 0.00 d C0.2% 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.07 ± 0.03 c 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 90.33 ± 2.60 b 40.00 ± 2.31 b 28.87 ± 3.15 c 25.12 ± 5.88 c C1% 70.00 ± 15.28 a 1.49 ± 0.09 b 3.50 ± 0.76 a 30.00 ± 15.28 b 12.00 ± 0.58 cd 14.33 ± 1.20 c 90.52 ± 0.79 b 73.24 ± 2.34 b C5% 50.00 ± 25.17 ab 1.54 ± 0.10 b 2.50 ± 1.26 ab 50.00 ± 25.17 ab 16.67 ± 2.03 c 14.00 ± 1.53 c 86.96 ± 1.29 b 73.77 ± 3.36 b C10% 3.33 ± 3.33 b 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.17 ± 0.17 b 96.67 ± 3.33 a 3.00 ± 1.00 de 1.33 ± 0.33 d 97.60 ± 0.87 a 97.55 ± 0.53 a C20% 0.00 ± 0.00 b 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 100.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 e 0.00 ± 0.00 d 100.00 ± 0.00 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a Pr > F 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** Sorghum C0 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.00 ± 0.00 a 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 64.00 ± 7.00 a 54.33 ± 0.33 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 c C0.2% 96.67 ± 3.33 a 1.00 ± 0.00 a 4.83 ± 0.17 a 3.33 ± 3.33 c 17.00 ± 2.52 b 12.67 ± 2.60 b 72.38 ± 6.00 b 76.63 ± 4.90 b C1% 10.00 ± 0.00 b 2.00 ± 0.00 b 0.50 ± 0.00 b 90.00 ± 0.00 b 0.33 ± 0.33 c 3.00 ± 0.58 c 99.57 ± 0.43 a 94.47 ± 1.09 a C5% 0.00 ± 0.00 c 2.00 ± 0.00 b 0.00 ± 0.00 c 100.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 c 100.00 ± 0.00 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a C10% 3.33 ± 3.33 bc 2.00 ± 0.00 b 0.00 ± 0.00 c 100.00 ± 0.00 ab 0.33 ± 0.33 c 0.33 ± 0.33 c 99.57 ± 0.43 a 99,38 ± 0.62 a C20% 0.00 ± 0.00 c 2.00 ± 0.00 b 0.00 ± 0.00 c 100.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 c 100.00 ± 0.00 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a Pr > F 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** f *** : Very highly significant, ** : highly significant, * significant. Averages followed by the same letters are not statistically different Legend : GR : Germination rate (%), AGT : Average Germination Time (day), GS : Germination Speed (number of germinated seeds/day), IR : Inhibition or stimulation rate of germination (%), RL : Radicle Length of the seedlings (cm), HL : Hypocotyl Length of the seedlings (cm), IRL : Inhibition or stimulation rate of radicle length (%), IHL : Inhibition or stimulation rate of hypocotyl (%) Effects of the essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis diluted in 1.5 ml of DMSO and distilled water on the germination, radicle lengths and hypocotyl length of seedlings of cowpea, millet and sorghum Diluting the essential oil in 1.5 ml of DMSO and distilled water significantly reduced the RL, HL, and GR (p < 0.000; Table 8 ) in all three crops. The controls exhibited higher values, while the seeds treated with the solution showed lower values. The extracts delayed germination since the mean germination time was notably higher for seeds treated with essential oil solution concentrations compared to the controls. For instance, cowpea seeds treated with high concentrations (C5%, C10%, and C20%) recorded the highest mean germination values. In contrast, the controls and cowpea seeds with a low C0.2% had the lowest values (Table 8 ). Table 8 Effects of the essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis diluted in 1.5 ml of DMSO and distilled water on the germination, radicle lengths and hypocotyl of cowpea, millet and sorghum seedlings Crops Concentrations GR (%) mean ± se AGT (days) mean ± se GS (number of germinated seeds/day) mean ± se IR (%) mean ± se RL (cm) mean ± se HL (cm) mean ± se IRL (%) mean ± se IHL (%) mean ± se Cowpea C0 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.17 ± 0.03 b 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 49.00 ± 2.31 a 80.00 ± 1.73 a 0.00 ± 0.00 d 0.00 ± 0.00 a C0.2% 93.33 ± 3.33 a 1.32 ± 0.07 b 4.67 ± 0.17 a 6.67 ± 3.33 c 43.67 ± 1.67 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 10.76 ± 2.22 c 100.00 ± 0.00 b C1% 96.67 ± 3.33 a 1.79 ± 0.12 a 4.83 ± 0.17 a 3.33 ± 3.33 c 42.67 ± 3.48 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 13.20 ± 3.00 c 100.00 ± 0.00 b C5% 10.00 ± 0.00 b 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.50 ± 0.00 b 90.00 ± 0.00 b 27.33 ± 1.86 b 0.00 ± 0.00 b 44.30 ± 1.57 b 100.00 ± 0.00 b C10% 0.00 ± 0.00 c 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 100.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 b 100.00 ± 0.00 a 100.00 ± 0.00 b C20% 0.00 ± 0.00 c 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 100.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 b 100.00 ± 0.00 a 100.00 ± 0.00 b Pr > F 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** Millet C0 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.07 ± 0.03 c 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 127.33 ± 4.91 a 53.67 ± 2.03 a 0.00 ± 0.00 d 0.00 ± 0.00 d C0.2% 86.67 ± 6.67 ab 1.53 ± 0.08 b 4.33 ± 0.33 ab 13.33 ± 6.67 bc 19.00 ± 1.53 b 15.00 ± 2.00 b 84.99 ± 1.54 c 72.23 ± 2.92 c C1% 76.67 ± 8.82 b 1.85 ± 0.10 a 3.83 ± 0.44 b 23.33 ± 8.82 b 7.33 ± 1.33 c 9.00 ± 1.53 b 94.17 ± 1.23 b 83.33 ± 2.36 b C5% 0.00 ± 0.00 c 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 100.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 c 100.00 ± 0.00 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a C10% 0.00 ± 0.00 c 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 100.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 c 100.00 ± 0.00 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a C20% 0.00 ± 0.00 c 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 100.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 c 100.00 ± 0.00 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a Pr > F 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** Sorghum C0 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.00 ± 0.00 b 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 63.67 ± 7.17 a 54.33 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 d C0.2% 76.67 ± 18.56 a 1.25 ± 0.13 b 3.83 ± 0.93 a 23.33 ± 18.56 b 4.33 ± 0.33 b 13.667 b 92.97 ± 1.10 b 74.85 ± 1.61 c C1% 16.67 ± 12.02 b 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.830.60 b 83.33 ± 12.02 a 1.00 ± 0.00 b 3.333 c 98.39 ± 0.16 a 93.86 ± 0.63 b C5% 0.00 ± 0.00 b 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 100.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 0.00 ± 0.00 d 100.00 ± 0.00 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a C10% 0.00 ± 0.00 b 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 100.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 0.00 ± 0.00 d 100.00 ± 0.00 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a C20% 0.00 ± 0.00 b 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 100.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 0.00 ± 0.00 d 100.00 ± 0.00 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a Pr > F 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** g *** : Very highly significant, ** : highly significant, * significant. Averages followed by the same letters are not statistically different Legend : GR : Germination rate (%), AGT : Average Germination Time (day), GS : Germination Speed (number of germinated seeds/day), IR : Inhibition or stimulation rate of germination (%), RL : Radicle Length of the seedlings (cm), HL : Hypocotyl Length of the seedlings (cm), IRL : Inhibition or stimulation rate of radicle length (%), IHL : Inhibition or stimulation rate of hypocotyl (%) Effects of the essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis diluted in 3 ml of DMSO and distilled water on the germination, radicle lengths and hypocotyl length of seedlings of cowpea, millet and sorghum The results indicated that all essential oil solutions, when combined with a mixture of 3 ml DMSO and distilled water, significantly inhibited GR, RL, HL, AGT, and GS, regardless of the type of crop (p < 0.000; Table 9 ). The controls displayed the highest values, in contrast to the significantly lower values of seeds treated with the essential oil solution (p < 0.000; Table 9 ). Additionally, the C5%, C10%, and C20% resulted in total germination inhibition, with some instances showing 100% inhibition rates. Table 9 Effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oil diluted in 3 ml of DMSO and distilled water on germination, radicle length and hypocotyl length of cowpea, millet and sorghum seedlings Crops Concentrations GR (%) mean ± se AGT (days) mean ± se GS (number of germinated seeds/day) mean ± se IR (%) mean ± se RL (cm) mean ± se HL (cm) mean ± se IRL (%) mean ± se IHL (%) mean ± se Cowpea C0 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.17 ± 0.03 b 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 49.00 ± 2.31 a 80.00 ± 1.73 a 0.00 ± 0.00 d 0.00 ± 0.00 a C0.2% 90.00 ± 5.77 a 1.19 ± 0.05 b 4.500 ± 0.29 a 10.00 ± 5.77 b 41.33 ± 1.86 b 0.00 ± 0.00 b 15.54 ± 2.69 c 100.00 ± 0.00 b C1% 66.67 ± 18.56 a 1.50 ± 0.29 ab 3.33 ± 0.93 a 33.33 ± 18.56 b 33.00 ± 1.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 b 32.18 ± 5.18 b 100.00 ± 0.00 b C5% 43.33 ± 21.86 ab 1.89 ± 0.06 a 2.17 ± 1.09 ab 56.67 ± 21.86 ab 32.33 ± 1.45 c 0.00 ± 0.00 b 33.62 ± 4.89 b 100.00 ± 0.00 b C10% 0.00 ± 0.00 b 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 100.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 d 0.00 ± 0.00 b 100.00 ± 0.00 a 100.00 ± 0.00 b C20% 0.00 ± 0.00 b 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 100.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 d 0.00 ± 0.00 b 100.00 ± 0.00 a 100.00 ± 0.00 b Pr > F 0.000*** 0.001** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** Millet C0 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.07 ± 0.03 b 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 127.33 ± 4.91 a 53.67 ± 2.03 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 d C0.2% 86.67 ± 6.67 a 1.33 ± 0.08 b 4.33 ± 0.33 a 13.33 ± 6.67 b 24.33 ± 3.33 b 10.00 ± 1.73 bc 81.03 ± 1.83 b 81.16 ± 3.82 bc C1% 56.67 ± 13.33 b 1.35 ± 0.12 b 2.83 ± 0.67 b 94.43 ± 1.85 a 8.00 ± 1.00 c 14.33 ± 0.88 b 89.45 ± 6.89 ab 73.09 ± 2.70 c C5% 0.00 ± 0.00 c 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 100.00 ± 0.00 a 5.00 ± 0.58 c 7.33 ± 1.33 c 100.00 ± 0.00 a 86.32 ± 2.46 b C10% 0.00 ± 0.00 c 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 100.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 d 100.00 ± 0.00 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a C20% 0.00 ± 0.00 c 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 100.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 d 100.00 ± 0.00 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a Pr > F 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** Sorghum C0 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.00 ± 0.00 c 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 64.00 ± 7.00 a 54.33 ± 0.33 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 d C0.2% 100.00 ± 0.00 a 1.07 ± 0.03 b 5.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 4.67 ± 0.33 b 10.330.88 b 92.43 ± 1.21 b 80.98 ± 1.66 c C1% 10.00 ± 0.00 b 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.50 ± 0.00 b 90.00 ± 0.00 b 0.67 ± 0.33 b 4.33 ± 0.88 c 98.83 ± 0.58 a 92.02 ± 1.64 b C5% 10.00 ± 0.00 b 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.50 ± 0.00 b 90.00 ± 0.00 b 0.33 ± 0.33 b 1.33 ± 0.33 d 99.57 ± 0.43 a 97.54 ± 0.62 a C10% 3.33 ± 3.33 c 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.17 ± 0.17 c 96.67 ± 3.33 a 0.33 ± 0.33 b 0.00 ± 0.00 d 99.41 ± 0.58 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a C20% 0.00 ± 0.00 c 2.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 c 100.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 0.00 ± 0.00 d 100.00 ± 0.00 a 100.00 ± 0.00 a Pr > F 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000*** h *** : Very highly significant, ** : highly significant, * significant. Averages followed by the same letters are not statistically different Legend : GR : Germination rate (%), AGT : Average Germination Time (day), GS : Germination Speed ((number of germinated seeds/day), IR : Inhibition or stimulation rate of germination (%), RL : Radicle Length of the seedlings (cm), HL : Hypocotyl Length of the seedlings (cm), IRL : Inhibition or stimulation rate of radicle length (%), IHL : Inhibition or stimulation rate of hypocotyl (%) Discussion This study revealed the presence of phenols and flavonoids in eucalyptus extracts. Germination tests showed that aqueous, alcoholic and essential oil extracts from the vegetative organs of E. camaldulensis significantly affected the germination of the three crops. However, aqueous leaf extracts did not significantly affect the germination of sorghum. Similarly, aqueous bark and alcoholic root extracts did not significantly affect the germination of millet and sorghum. Our results do not corroborate those of [12], who reported that ethanolic extracts of H. coronarium and L. lucidum, as well as hexanolic extract of S. inaequidens , inhibited the germination of millet and Sudanese sorghum seeds. The aqueous root extracts did not significantly affect millet germination compared with the controls. The greatest inhibitory effects on the germination of the three crops were observed at high concentrations of the extracts. These extracts resulted in a significant increase in average germination time and a notable reduction in germination speed. The lengths of the radicles and hypocotyls were also significantly reduced in seedlings treated with high concentrations. The inhibitory effects observed in this study with alcoholic extracts and essential oil solutions significantly increased with concentration, eventually leading to zero germination across all three crop types. Similarly, the essential oil solutions displayed the strongest inhibitory effect compared to the other extract types. This finding is consistent with the research by [13], which reported similar reductions in germination rates, radicle lengths, and hypocotyl elongation in maize, wheat, and soybean seedlings treated with aqueous extracts of Abutilon Theophrasti medic leaves and seeds. Germination itself is a complex biochemical and physiological process that depends on water as an external trigger, alongside the action of the enzyme amylase, which is crucial for breaking down starches within the seed to provide the necessary energy for the embryo’s development [14]. The observed inhibition of germination can therefore be attributed to disruptions in essential enzyme activities due to allelochemicals present in the extracts. The mechanism behind the inhibition of germination is multifaceted and likely involves interference with various enzymatic processes. For example, enzymes such as phosphorylase, which play a significant role in seed germination, can be inhibited by certain allelochemicals, including chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and catechol [15]. This suggests that the inhibitory effects of these extracts are likely linked to a complex interplay of biochemical interactions that hinder seed development. Certain allelochemicals found in essential oils can affect germination by inhibiting the action of amylase or by occupying its membrane site, exerting mimetic or antagonistic effects [16]. Some oxygenated monoterpenes have also been shown to strongly inhibit radicle germination and elongation by reducing organelles such as mitochondria and the accumulation of lipid globules in the cytoplasm [17]. In this study, it was observed that the lengths of the radicle and hypocotyl of seedlings sprayed with extracts were significantly reduced, particularly at high concentrations, when compared to the control group. These findings align with those of [18], who noted a significant reduction in the height of peanut seedlings treated with aqueous extracts of E. camaldulensis leaves as compared to controls. This reduction may be related to the way allelopathic substances act as inhibitors of auxins and gibberellins, which are responsible for cell elongation in plants [19]. The action of growth phytohormones can be inhibited by allelopathic compounds, leading to a reduction in radicle length [20]. Our findings align with those of [21], who observed that eucalyptus monoterpenes can enlarge and shorten root cells by causing nuclear abnormalities and increasing the number of vacuoles. The extracts' effect on radicle length could be attributed to necrosis seen in the terminal parts of the radicle caused by the C20% of bark extract. High concentrations of these extracts may disrupt cell division in the root tip and potentially cause chromosomal aberrations [22]. Additionally, allelochemical monoterpenoids like 1,8-cineole found in eucalyptus extracts may impair cell proliferation and DNA synthesis in plant meristems [23], thus explaining the necrosis observed at root tips during this study. It is proposed that allelochemicals hinder root cell mitosis, agreeing with [24] who reported that the ethyl acetate fraction of Aglaia odorata L. leaves induced mitotic abnormalities in Allium cepa roots, damaging chromatin organisation and the mitotic spindle. The observed reduction in the hypocotyl length can be attributed to the inhibitory effects of allelochemicals on growth hormones. Research has shown that these substances can disrupt the levels of growth regulators, leading to imbalances in the plant hormones that are essential for growth [25]. For instance, phenolic compounds can enhance IAA oxidase activity by inhibiting the action of peroxidase that interacts with IAA and by binding with AGA or IAA, ultimately influencing the levels of endogenous hormones [26]. Additionally, allelochemicals may impact the function of enzymes in the recipient plants. These are laboratory experiments, and we cannot expect the observed effects to play out the same way in the real world. These effects might be mediated by soil (medium) and other processes. Conclusion The effects of aqueous and alcoholic extracts, as well as essential oil solutions, from Eucalyptus camaldulensis on the germination and growth of cowpea, millet, and sorghum were examined. The findings reveal the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in these extracts that have allelopathic properties, impacting the germination and growth of the seedlings. These compounds may disrupt the physiological processes of seed embryos of the three crops, leading to inhibited germination and stunted hypocotyl development as their concentration increases. However, the underlying mechanisms of these allelopathic interactions remain complex and require further investigation to clarify the exact pathways involved. This is what will constitute our future investigations. Declarations Ethics, Consent to Participate, and Consent to Publish declarations: not applicable. Funding statements This study was funded by to the Projet d’Appui à l’Enseignement Supérieur/ Burkina Faso (PAES)” Author Contribution SB: Conceptualisation, Funding acquisition, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualisation, Writing – original draft; BHR: Conceptualisation, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualisation, Writing – original; BP: Methodology, Review & Editing; NR: Investigation, Data curation, Writing-review; BJ: Investigation, Methodology, Review & Editing Acknowledgement We would also like to express our gratitude to the Projet d’Appui à l’Enseignement Supérieur/ Burkina Faso (PAES)” Data Availability The data that support this study cannot be publicly shared due to ethical or privacy reasons and may be shared upon reasonable request to the corresponding author if appropriate. References Soumaré, A., Diedhiou A. G., and A. Kane A., (2017). 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DC. on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Oryza sativa L., Advances in Agriculture , 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8882824. Siyar A. S., Majeed A. B., Muhammad Z. C., Hazrat A. H. C., Inayat N. C., (2018). Allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts of three weed species on the growth and leaf chlorophyll content of bread wheat, Acta Ecologica Sinica , (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.05.007. Danturai S. A., Bilyaminu H., Abubakar M. B., Aminu Y., (2024). Allelopathic Effect of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Aqueous Extract on the Growth Rate of Arachis hypogaea L., Journal of Agriculture, Environmental Resources and Management , 6(5)1-800, 61–70. Doré T., Sène M., Pellissier F., & Gallet C., (2004). Approche agronomique de l’allélopathie. Cahiers Agriculture , 2004, 13 , 249–256. https://agroparistech.hal.science/hal-01357168 Ben-Ghabrit S., Bouhache M. & Akkif M., (2017). Effets allélopathiques d’une adventice envahissante ( Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook. f.) sur la germination et la croissance du blé dur, 2017, 17–28 Pawlowski Â., Kaltchuk-Santos E., Zini C. A., Caramão E. B., & Soares G. L. G., (2012). Essential oils of Schinus terebinthifoliu s Raddi and Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae): Mitodepressive and aneugenic inducers in onion and lettuce root meristems. South African Journal of Botany , 80, 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2012.03.003. Cai S. L. & Mu X. Q., (2012). Allelopathic potential of aqueous leaf extracts of Datura stramonium L. on seed germination, seedling growth and root anatomy of Glycine max (L.) Merrill. Allelopathy Journal , 30 (2), 235–246. Nishida N., Tamotsu S., Nagata N., Saito C., & Sakai A., (2005). Allelopathic effects of volatile monoterpenoids produced by Salvia leucophylla Greene: Inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis in the root apical meristem of Brassica campestris seedlings. J ournal of Chemical Ecology , 31(5), 1187–1203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-4256-y. Teerarak, M., Charoenying P., & Laosinwattana C., (2012). Physiological and cellular mechanisms of natural herbicide resource from Aglaia odorata Lour. On bioassay plants. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum , 34 (4), 1579–1582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-011-0923-5. Huang L., Song L., & Xia X., (2013). Plant-Soil Feedbacks and Soil Sickness: From Mechanisms to Application in Agriculture. J. Chem. Ecol. (2013) 39:232–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-013-0244-9. Yang Y. H., Wan H., Liao F. L., (2005). Effects of Plant Allelochemicals on Seed Germination. Journal of Ecology , 24(11459–1465) Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 13 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 10 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 May, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 24 Apr, 2026 Editor invited by journal 24 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 14 Apr, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 14 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 11 Apr, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9390803","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":634263872,"identity":"cdd8ce9a-5e92-49d1-b920-4ce6b10ab1f1","order_by":0,"name":"Boukary Soro","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5UlEQVRIie3QuwrCMBSA4VMC1aHiWlHsK6QEsujDOOniIAjS0SkuulcE38HdIVKoS3BWXCqCc90dPN4nQ0bB/JCQIR8kB8Bm+9EILorLyXCrAbgAkSEhuFHvTpQhcX0jEowmh2MvSlh5pnh0FhevXBAtWC2/E6rWjMUq4f6my3dTQb3KOJUgTxrit91qSSRNUB7fl5DQbWdIcql5WPwkAZL+i4DUENg+CKdIyIO0pZZQlRL8S4eFyu1X4g27/aUldSQYCQcn1gjniizyfFCv48TCTPuwT0X6PpoBgEJmeNFms9n+rSuLs07tvkyv8gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Boukary","middleName":"","lastName":"Soro","suffix":""},{"id":634263873,"identity":"e96648c0-e1e3-4e98-8db9-c431832c287c","order_by":1,"name":"Hugues Roméo Bazié","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hugues","middleName":"Roméo","lastName":"Bazié","suffix":""},{"id":634263874,"identity":"459575c3-ec99-43fc-940b-be29310f7f32","order_by":2,"name":"Paulin Bazié","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Environment and Forestry Department, Institute for the Environment and Agricultural Research (INERA), 03 BP 7047 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Paulin","middleName":"","lastName":"Bazié","suffix":""},{"id":634263875,"identity":"240daf1e-6312-485d-b2fb-3fbbece877d8","order_by":3,"name":"Raymond Nana","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Raymond","middleName":"","lastName":"Nana","suffix":""},{"id":634263876,"identity":"29855093-bc22-4fdd-a142-be1909581ebc","order_by":4,"name":"Jules Bayala","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Center for International Forestry Research-World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), Sahel Office, Ouagadougou, 06 BP 9478, Burkina Faso","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jules","middleName":"","lastName":"Bayala","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-04-11 23:23:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9390803/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9390803/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":108804171,"identity":"bc9338a2-166c-46fa-8279-8f5ab3594de6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 15:17:03","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1780923,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9390803/v1/27783025-4fc6-4ba2-94a7-6e5c12f5dab6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Allelopathic effects of the extracts and essential oils of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh on seed germination of cowpea, sorghum, and millet in laboratory","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e Dehnh is a fast-growing exotic species that is utilised in reforestation efforts across Sahelian countries [1]. These eucalyptus trees are valued for their ability to provide energy and timber, largely due to their rapid growth rates. However, the benefits of these plantations are contested among researchers who raise concerns about their detrimental effects on soil health and plant biodiversity in the surrounding areas [2, 3]. It has also been reported that the decomposition of plant residues, along with exudates and leachates, can adversely influence the germination and growth of seedlings from other plant species [4, 5]. These chemical compounds, referred to as allelochemicals, can interact with the germination and growth of different plant species, either positively or negatively [5, 6]. Several studies have investigated the potential allelopathic properties of various plants as part of biopesticide research. These studies indicate that certain plant species synthesise allelopathic compounds that can either inhibit or stimulate the germination and growth of neighbouring plants [6, 7]. Although eucalyptus plantations are expanding in Burkina Faso [1], no studies have been conducted on the allelopathic effects of this species on the germination, radicle and hypocotyl length of associated crops. Farmers frequently report a reduction in the yield of annual crops growing near \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis.\u003c/em\u003e Our findings from on-farm trials corroborated farmers' claims, highlighting that crop yields under the eucalyptus canopy were significantly lower than those in control plots [8]. If that is due to allelopathic effects, as suspected, when does this start? It might be at the germination stage as reported by previous studies [7]. To elucidate that question, we initiated this laboratory study to investigate the mechanisms employed by Eucalyptus to reduce the germination and growth rates of certain crop species. The present research aims to examine the allelopathic effects of aqueous and alcoholic extracts from leaves, roots, and bark of \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e, as well as essential oil solutions, on the germination and early seedling growth of cowpea, sorghum, and millet in Burkina Faso. It was hypothesised that these extracts would affect seed germination as well as radicle and hypocotyl growth.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy sites\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFresh leaves, roots, and bark were collected from \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e plants growing in the fields at Gons\u0026eacute; village, in the municipality of Saaba, Kadiogo province (12\u0026deg;25' north latitude, 1\u0026deg;20' west longitude), at an average altitude of 200 m. This site belongs to the Sudano-Sahelian climatic zone, characterised by two seasons such as a rainy season from May to October and a dry season from November to April. The different extractions for leaves, bark and root of Eucalyptus have been realised in the laboratory of the Department of Natural Substances at the Institute of Research in Applied Sciences and Technology (IRSAT-DSN) in Burkina Faso. The germination test was conducted in the Biosciences Laboratory at Joseph Ki-Zerbo University in Ouagadougou, the capital of Burkina Faso.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePlant material\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe collected fresh leaves, roots, and bark from the same \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e individuals of our on-trials [8], and the samples of these organs were used for aqueous, alcoholic and essential oils extraction. The seeds of the varieties used were obtained from the National Institute for the Environment and Agricultural Research (INERA). We also utilised seeds of the same three annual crops from the on-farm trials: millet (\u003cem\u003ePennisetum glaucum\u003c/em\u003e L.) R. Br.) of the \u003cem\u003eMISARI 1\u003c/em\u003e variety, sorghum (\u003cem\u003eSorghum bicolor\u003c/em\u003e L.) of the \u003cem\u003eSoumbatimi\u003c/em\u003e variety, and cowpea (\u003cem\u003eVigna unguiculata\u003c/em\u003e Linn Walp.) of the \u003cem\u003eTiligr\u0026eacute;\u003c/em\u003e variety.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDetermination and identification of chemical families\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDue to financial constraints, we were unable to identify the chemical families and determine the dosage in the bark. Only the leaves and roots were analysed. Before the extraction process, the determination and identification of chemical families were conducted in leaves and roots and samples at the Laboratory of the Department of Natural Substances of the Institute of Research in Applied Sciences and Technology (IRSAT/DSN). Various chemical families, including phenolic compounds (tannins and flavonoids), terpenes, and sterols, were identified through two methods: the tube test and thin-layer chromatography. For the assessment of flavonoid content, the method developed by [9]. was adapted for microplate use. This procedure utilised aluminium trichloride as a reagent. A standard curve was established using quercetin, with results derived by inputting absorbance readings at 515 nm into the corresponding curve equation (y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.2217x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.0227; R\u0026sup2; = 0.996). However, alkaloids and other nitrogen derivatives could not be identified due to a lack of compatible standards and inadequate supplies of Dragendorff and Mayer reagents. Total phenolic compound content was evaluated with the Folin\u0026ndash;Ciocalteu reagent (FFC) [10]. Like the flavonoid analysis, a standard curve was developed using quercetin, and the results were calculated using the equation of the curve (y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.1336x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.4107; R\u0026sup2; = 0.9805) to ascertain the total phenolic compound content. The anti-free radical activity of the compounds was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical assay. To determine the IC₅₀, which represents the concentration of extract needed to neutralise 50% of DPPH radicals, regression curves were developed for each extract. The half-optical density of the DPPH solution was then plugged into the corresponding regression equation for each extract (y = -2.365x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.4795; R\u0026sup2; = 0.9728). Additionally, the antioxidant compound content was measured using the ABTS radical cation [11]. This blue-green, metastable cation is generated through the oxidation of 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and is widely utilised in antioxidant tests due to its reactivity with antioxidants. The concentration of the radical cation is directly proportional to its absorbance, which allows for the use of spectrophotometry to assess antioxidant capacity. A standard curve was established to calculate the values for each sample, with Trolox serving as the reference antioxidant [11]. The data were calculated by applying the absorbance values recorded at 734 nm to the corresponding standard curve equation (y = -15.842x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.594; R\u0026sup2; = 0.9997).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAqueous extracts of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eorgans (leaves, roots and bark)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFresh leaves, roots and bark samples were collected directly from \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e trees in the field. These samples were thoroughly washed and shade-dried to preserve their allelopathic properties and minimise oxidation. Once dried, each sample was ground using an electric grinder, and the resulting powders were stored in sterile vials. Each vial was labelled with the organ name and the mass of the powder and kept in the dark at room temperature until needed. Aqueous extracts were obtained by macerating powdered plant organs (0.2, 1, 5, 10, 20, and 50 g) in 100 mL of distilled water for 24 h at room temperature. The suspensions were subsequently agitated using a magnetic vortex stirrer for 1 h to achieve final concentrations of 0.2%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 50%. The mixtures were then filtered through Whatman filter paper to yield crude aqueous extracts for each plant organ. This filtrate was then used to soak cotton wool placed in Petri dishes for subsequent experiments with the following treatments: 0% (control), 0.2%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 50%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAlcoholic Extracts of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eorgans (leaves and roots)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthanol extracts were prepared by the maceration method. For maceration, 2.5 g of fine powder from the Eucalyptus leaf or root sample was added to 25 ml of pure ethanol. The solution was then filtered through Whatman filter paper. The solvent in the filtrate was subsequently evaporated under vacuum at a temperature of 60\u0026deg;C using a Rotavapor, resulting in residues obtained in powder form. The final residues obtained in powder form were collected in a flask and stored in a cool environment until the germination tests were conducted. Several rounds of maceration were carried out to obtain the volume of ethanolic extract required for the test. Six different concentrations of alcoholic extracts 0% (control), 0.2%, 1%, 5%, 10% and 20% were compared using the three crops.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eExtraction of the essential oil of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eleaves\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe essential oils are extracted only from leaves using a vapo-hydrodistillation process. This method starts by filling the bottom of the still with water until it reaches the grate. Fresh leaves are then placed on a perforated stainless-steel grid to ensure they do not touch the water. The still is heated with a lit gas bottle to create low pressure. As the water boils, steam is produced, which extracts the essential oils from the leaves. This steam, now containing the essential oils, moves into the condenser where it cools and condenses. The resulting mixture of floral water and essential oils is collected from the outlet of the cooler. Finally, a separator is used to separate the floral water from the essential oil. A total of fifteen 150 ml bottles, each wrapped in aluminium foil, were used to prepare the essential oil solutions. As essential oils pose problems in water-based culture media due to their low solubility, we used dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the absence of Tween 20 solution to facilitate proper dispersion of the essential oil. Three concentrations were tested including essential oil diluted in distilled water alone, 1.5 ml DMSO and 3 ml DMSO. To ensure uniform mixing, all bottles containing the mixtures were shaken for one hour using a magnetic Vortex mixer.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExperimental design\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA randomized complete block design with three replications was established, focusing on concentration as the study factor for each type of extraction. For the aqueous extracts from leaves, roots, and bark, seven concentration levels were evaluated: 0%, 0.2%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 50% (giving 9 individual experiments). In the case of alcoholic leaf and root extracts, six concentration levels were tested: 0%, 0.2%, 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% (giving 6 experiments). Lastly, for essential oil, 0%, 0.2%, 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% concentration levels for distilled water alone, 1.5 ml DMSO and 3 ml DMSO with the three crops (giving 9 individual experiments).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eGermination test\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo assess the impact of various extracts and essential oil solutions on the germination of cowpea, sorghum, and millet seeds, we utilised 90 mm diameter Petri dishes. Each dish was lined with hydrophilic cotton and then soaked with 5 mL of the aqueous solution. Control dishes received 5 mL of distilled water. In each dish, 10 seeds from the specimens, which had been disinfected with a 2% sodium hypochlorite solution and thoroughly rinsed with tap water, were sown. Each treatment was replicated three times, and to minimise evaporation and contamination, the dishes were sealed hermetically right after sowing. The germination test was carried out at room temperature under laboratory conditions\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysiological germination, indicated by radicle emergence, was assessed daily post-sowing. We counted the number of germinated and ungerminated seeds in each dish every 24 hours over five days. This period was chosen based on the maximum germination time at a temperature of 30\u0026ndash;35\u0026deg;C. This period is four days for cowpea and 2\u0026ndash;4 days for millet and sorghum. This data allowed us to calculate the germination rate, average germination time, and the rates of inhibition or stimulation. On the fifth day after sowing, the length of the radicle and hypocotyl of germinated seeds was measured using graph paper.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe germination rate (\u003cb\u003eGR)\u003c/b\u003e was calculated using the following formula:\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:GR\\:\\left(\\%\\right)=\\frac{\\left(NSG*100\\right)}{TNSS}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith \u003cb\u003eGR\u003c/b\u003e: The germination rate; \u003cb\u003eNSG\u003c/b\u003e: The number of seeds that germinated; and \u003cb\u003eTNSS\u003c/b\u003e: The total number of seeds sown.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe average germination time (\u003cb\u003eAGT\u003c/b\u003e) was calculated using the formula:\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\text{A}\\text{G}\\text{T}\\:\\left(\\text{d}\\text{a}\\text{y}\\right)=\\frac{N1xD1+N2xD2+\\dots\\:+NnDn}{N1+N2+\\dots\\:+Nn}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith, \u003cb\u003eAGT\u003c/b\u003e: average germination time, expressed in days, \u003cb\u003eN1\u003c/b\u003e: cumulative number of germinations on the first day (\u003cb\u003eD1\u003c/b\u003e), \u003cb\u003eN2\u003c/b\u003e: cumulative number of germinations on the second day (\u003cb\u003eD2\u003c/b\u003e), \u003cb\u003eN1\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;N2\u003c/b\u003e: total cumulative number of germinations during the two days, \u003cb\u003eNn\u003c/b\u003e: the cumulative number of germinations on the last day (\u003cb\u003eDn\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe inhibition or stimulation rate was calculated using the formula:\u003cdiv id=\"Equc\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equc\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:IR\\:\\left(\\%\\right)\\:or\\:\\left(SR\\%\\right)=\\frac{\\left(\\text{T}-\\text{E}\\right)}{\\text{T}}x\\:100$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith, \u003cb\u003eIR\u003c/b\u003e (%): inhibition rate; \u003cb\u003eSR\u003c/b\u003e (%): stimulation rate; \u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e: value of the studied parameter (percentage of germination, length of the hypocotyl or root part in the control, i.e. distilled water); \u003cb\u003eE\u003c/b\u003e: value of the studied parameter (percentage of germination, hypocotyl length or root part in the presence of the extract or solution concentration in question). If IR (%)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0, there is inhibition; if IR (%)\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0, there is stimulation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data were organised and entered into Excel 2016, and statistical analyses were performed using R software (version 4.3.0). All experiments were conducted in triplicate, and results were expressed as means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation. Data normality and homogeneity of variances were first verified. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, considering concentration as the main factor. Each crop and extract type was analysed as a separate experiment, with no comparisons made between different crops or extract types. When significant differences were detected at the 5% significance level (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), mean values were separated using Tukey\u0026rsquo;s HSD post hoc test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eChemical families identified in the roots and leaves of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chemical analysis of \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e leaves and roots has shown the presence of various bioactive compounds, including tannins, flavonoids, terpenes, and sterols, known for their allelopathic effects (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). However, the identification of alkaloids was hindered by compatibility problems and insufficient reagents for the analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical families of compounds identified in \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e leaf and root extracts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical families identified\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVegetative organs used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoot\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenolic compounds (tannins and flavonoid)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenolic compounds identified\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenolic compounds identified\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerpenes and sterols\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenolic compounds identified\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenolic compounds identified\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlkaloids and other nitrogen derivatives\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnidentified\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnidentified\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncompatible standard and insufficient reagents (Dragendof and Mayer)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncompatible standard and insufficient reagents (Dragendof and Mayer)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEffect of aqueous extracts of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eleaves on the germination and length of the radicle\u0026rsquo;s hypocotyl of cowpea, millet and sorghum.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe observed the shortest germination duration in the control with an increasing number of days as the concentration in the extract increased for cowpea (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). A similar trend was observed for GR, IR, IRL and IHL, whereas the opposite was shown by GS, RL and HL. Patterns for various parameters in cereals (millet and sorghum) were almost the same as in cowpea for AGT, GS and RL, for which only C50% differed significantly from the rest of the concentrations (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). No significant difference was observed in the germination rates of sorghum treated with aqueous leaf extracts when compared to controls (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.099; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The C50% of aqueous leaf extracts inhibited germination by 95.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.17% for cowpea, 33.33%\u0026plusmn;3.33% for millet and 10.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.77% for sorghum. Radicle elongation was inhibited by 73.91% \u0026plusmn;0.61% for cowpea, 96.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77% for millet and 94.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.83% for sorghum. It also affected the length of the hypocotyl, with values of 100% for cowpea, 98.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01% for millet, and 100% for sorghum. Finally, the germination time of millet (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.209) and the germination speed of sorghum ( p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.099) were not significantly affected (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of aqueous extracts of \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e leaves on the germination and hypocotyl length of seedlings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrops\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentrations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGT (Days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGS (number of germinated seeds/day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRL (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIRL (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIHL (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCowpea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.51\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.55\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.76\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.73\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.17\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.23\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.87\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.55\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.89\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.18\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.83\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.15\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.55\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.67\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.86\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.83\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.13\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC10%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e 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\u003cp\u003e1.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.46\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC50%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.77\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.77\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.83\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.099\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.099\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.099\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e: Very highly significant, \u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e: highly significant, \u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003esignificant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverages followed by the same letters are not statistically different.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eLegend\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cb\u003eGR\u003c/b\u003e: Germination rate (%), \u003cb\u003eAGT\u003c/b\u003e: Average Germination Time, \u003cb\u003eGS\u003c/b\u003e: Germination Speed, \u003cb\u003eIR\u003c/b\u003e: Inhibition or stimulation rate of germination, \u003cb\u003eRL\u003c/b\u003e: Radicle Length of the seedlings, \u003cb\u003eHL\u003c/b\u003e: Hypocotyl Length of the seedlings, \u003cb\u003eIRL\u003c/b\u003e: Inhibition or stimulation rate of radicle length, \u003cb\u003eIHL\u003c/b\u003e: Inhibition or stimulation rate of hypocotyl length.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEffect of aqueous extracts of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ebark on the germination and early growth of cowpea, millet and sorghum seedlings\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe trends observed with the bark seem to be the same as with the leaves, but with some noise in the data, reflected by some odd values blurring the trends. Only cowpea showed a significant difference in AGT, GS and GR between the control and seeds treated with bark extracts (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Conversely, no significant differences were observed in millet for either AGT (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.177) or GS (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.266). For sorghum, AGT differed significantly (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), but there was no significant difference in GS (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.463) between the control and seeds subjected to high concentrations of extracts (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). High concentrations of aqueous bark extracts significantly inhibited the GR of cowpea and radicle lengths of all crops (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.000; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). However, the 0.2% concentration stimulated RL by 3.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.00% in cowpea. In millet and sorghum, however, no concentration of aqueous bark extracts significantly inhibited germination (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.266 and p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.463, respectively) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The C50% of aqueous bark extracts inhibited 84.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.52% of millet RL and 90.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.91% of millet HL, respectively. For sorghum, the inhibition rates were 94.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73% for RL and 89.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.32% for HL (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The C20% of bark extract caused necrosis of the radicle tips of sorghum and millet.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of aqueous extracts of \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e bark on the germination and growth of seedlings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrops\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentrations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGT (day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGS (number of germinated seeds/day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRL (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIRL (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIHL (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCowpea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.93\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.77\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.77\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.86\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.33\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.30\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.33\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.15\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.98\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.76\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" 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\u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.67\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.17\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.50\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC20%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.33\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC50%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.32\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.463\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.463\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.463\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e: Very highly significant, \u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e: highly significant, \u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003esignificant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverages followed by the same letters are not statistically different\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eLegend\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cb\u003eGR\u003c/b\u003e: Germination rate (%), \u003cb\u003eAGT\u003c/b\u003e: Average Germination Time (day), \u003cb\u003eGS\u003c/b\u003e: Germination Speed (number of germinated seeds/day), \u003cb\u003eIR\u003c/b\u003e: Inhibition or stimulation rate of germination (%), \u003cb\u003eRL\u003c/b\u003e: Radicle Length of the seedlings (cm), \u003cb\u003eHL\u003c/b\u003e: Hypocotyl Length of the seedlings (cm), \u003cb\u003eIRL\u003c/b\u003e: Inhibition or stimulation rate of radicle length (%), \u003cb\u003eIHL\u003c/b\u003e: Inhibition or stimulation rate of hypocotyl (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEffect of aqueous extract of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eroots on germination and early growth of cowpea, millet and sorghum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese results indicate that aqueous root extracts had a significant effect on all parameters measured for cowpea (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In contrast, millet showed a marked inhibition in both RL and HL (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000). Specifically, the C50% led to a remarkable inhibition of 87.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.98% in RL and 59.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.68% in HL. This concentration inhibited GR of cowpea (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.000) and sorghum (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.015; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, the aqueous root extracts did not have a significant impact on millet's GR (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.442), AGT (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.099), or GS (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.442) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Regarding sorghum, elevated concentrations of aqueous root extracts resulted in significant reductions in both RL (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000) and HL (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000). Despite this, no substantial difference was found in the AGT (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.715). Interestingly, 1% concentration even enhanced the HL of sorghum seedlings by 13.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.73% (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of aqueous extract of \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e roots on germination and early growth of cowpea, millet and sorghum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrops\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentrations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGT (day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGS (number of germinated seeds/day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRL (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIRL (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIHL (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCowpea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.51\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.99\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.02\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.02\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.81\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.23\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.14\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e 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\u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.13\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.49\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC10%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.93\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.20\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.36\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.79\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC20%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.20\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.76\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC50%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.52\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.02\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.80\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.79\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.015*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.715\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.015*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.015*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e: Very highly significant, \u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e: highly significant, \u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003esignificant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverages followed by the same letters are not statistically different\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eLegend\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cb\u003eGR\u003c/b\u003e: Germination rate (%), \u003cb\u003eAGT\u003c/b\u003e: Average Germination Time (day), \u003cb\u003eGS\u003c/b\u003e: Germination Speed (number of germinated seeds/day), \u003cb\u003eIR\u003c/b\u003e: Inhibition or stimulation rate of germination (%), \u003cb\u003eRL\u003c/b\u003e: Radicle Length of the seedlings (cm), \u003cb\u003eHL\u003c/b\u003e: Hypocotyl Length of the seedlings (cm), \u003cb\u003eIRL\u003c/b\u003e: Inhibition or stimulation rate of radicle length (%), \u003cb\u003eIHL\u003c/b\u003e: Inhibition or stimulation rate of hypocotyl (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEffect of alcoholic extracts of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eleaves on germination and early growth of cowpea, millet and sorghum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe alcoholic extracts significantly inhibited the RL, HL, GR (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), AGT and GS of all crops (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), except the C0.2%, which stimulated 26.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.76% RL of cowpea. Indeed, the C20% of alcoholic leaf extracts inhibited the HL of all three crops by 100% (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of alcoholic extracts of \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e leaves on germination, radicle and hypocotyl lengths of cowpea, millet and sorghum seedlings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrops\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentrations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGT (days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGS (number of germinated seeds/day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRL (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIRL (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIHL (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCowpea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.26\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.84\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.00\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-26.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.76\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.23\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.53\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.53\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.33\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.67\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.86\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.99\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e 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\u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e: Very highly significant, \u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e: highly significant, \u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003esignificant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverages followed by the same letters are not statistically different\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eLegend\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cb\u003eGR\u003c/b\u003e: Germination rate (%), \u003cb\u003eAGT\u003c/b\u003e: Average Germination Time (day), \u003cb\u003eGS\u003c/b\u003e: Germination Speed (number of germinated seeds/day), \u003cb\u003eIR\u003c/b\u003e: Inhibition or stimulation rate of germination (%), \u003cb\u003eRL\u003c/b\u003e: Radicle Length of the seedlings (cm), \u003cb\u003eHL\u003c/b\u003e: Hypocotyl Length of the seedlings (cm), \u003cb\u003eIRL\u003c/b\u003e: Inhibition or stimulation rate of radicle length (%), \u003cb\u003eIHL\u003c/b\u003e: Inhibition or stimulation rate of hypocotyl (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEffects of alcoholic extracts of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eroots on germination, radicle length and hypocotyl length of cowpea, millet and sorghum seedlings\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results showed that alcoholic extracts of \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e roots significantly inhibited the RL and HL, as well as the GR, AGT and GS of cowpea (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The C5% alcoholic extract reduced the hypocotyl length by 78.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.40%, while the C0.2% extract stimulated radicle elongation by 9.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.06%. In millet, the controls showed higher values for these parameters (34.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73 cm and 59.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.48 cm, respectively), while the seeds irrigated with the C5% extracts showed lower values (23.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.19 cm and 13.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.85 cm, respectively). In contrast, the GR (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.728), AGT (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.052) and GS (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.728) were not significantly affected by the root extracts compared with the control. In sorghum, root alcoholic extracts significantly reduced RL (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.000) and HL (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.000) compared with the control. However, no significant differences were observed in the GR (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.052), AGT (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.441) or GS (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.052; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of alcoholic extracts of \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e roots on germination, radicle lengths and above-ground parts of cowpea, millet and sorghum seedlings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrops\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentrations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGT (days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGS (number of germinated seeds/day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRL (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIRL (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIHL (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCowpea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.48\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.77\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.77\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.76\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.06\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.41\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.67\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.67\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.33\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.61\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.49\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.02\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.19\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.85\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.66\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.40\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.014*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.005**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.014*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.014*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.006**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMillet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" 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\u003cp\u003e22.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.03\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.333\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.86\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.15\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.79\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.28\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e: Very highly significant, \u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e: highly significant, \u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003esignificant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverages followed by the same letters are not statistically different\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eLegend\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cb\u003eGR\u003c/b\u003e: Germination rate (%), \u003cb\u003eAGT\u003c/b\u003e: Average Germination Time (day), \u003cb\u003eGS\u003c/b\u003e: Germination Speed (number of germinated seeds/day), \u003cb\u003eIR\u003c/b\u003e: Inhibition or stimulation rate of germination (%), \u003cb\u003eRL\u003c/b\u003e: Radicle Length of the seedlings (cm), \u003cb\u003eHL\u003c/b\u003e: Hypocotyl Length of the seedlings (cm), \u003cb\u003eIRL\u003c/b\u003e: Inhibition or stimulation rate of radicle length (%), \u003cb\u003eIHL\u003c/b\u003e: Inhibition or stimulation rate of hypocotyl (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEffects of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eessential oil diluted in distilled water on germination, radicle length and hypocotyl length of cowpea, millet and sorghum seedlings\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe essential oil solution, when diluted in distilled water, significantly reduced RL, HL, GS, and GR (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The controls and seeds sprayed with low C0.2% and C1% exhibited high values. In contrast, seeds treated with C5%, C10%, and C20% showed either zero or nearly zero values across all crops. Additionally, the AGT increased significantly from the controls to those treated with the higher concentrations of the essential oil solution in all three crops. At these concentrations, eucalyptus essential oil diluted in water completely inhibited the germination of cowpea and sorghum seeds. In millet, the inhibition of germination was recorded at 50.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25.17%, 96.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33%, and 100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00% for the respective concentrations (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e essential oil diluted in distilled water on germination, radicle length and hypocotyl length of cowpea, millet and sorghum seedlings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrops\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentrations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGT (days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGS (number of germinated seeds/day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRL (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIRL (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIHL (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecowpea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.31\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.51\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.46\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.85\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.81\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.55\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.55\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.71\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC10%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.91\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e 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\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSorghum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.52\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.60\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.90\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.09\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC10%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99,38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC20%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e: Very highly significant, \u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e: highly significant, \u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003esignificant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverages followed by the same letters are not statistically different\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eLegend\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cb\u003eGR\u003c/b\u003e: Germination rate (%), \u003cb\u003eAGT\u003c/b\u003e: Average Germination Time (day), \u003cb\u003eGS\u003c/b\u003e: Germination Speed (number of germinated seeds/day), \u003cb\u003eIR\u003c/b\u003e: Inhibition or stimulation rate of germination (%), \u003cb\u003eRL\u003c/b\u003e: Radicle Length of the seedlings (cm), \u003cb\u003eHL\u003c/b\u003e: Hypocotyl Length of the seedlings (cm), \u003cb\u003eIRL\u003c/b\u003e: Inhibition or stimulation rate of radicle length (%), \u003cb\u003eIHL\u003c/b\u003e: Inhibition or stimulation rate of hypocotyl (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEffects of the essential oil of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ediluted in 1.5 ml of DMSO and distilled water on the germination, radicle lengths and hypocotyl length of seedlings of cowpea, millet and sorghum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiluting the essential oil in 1.5 ml of DMSO and distilled water significantly reduced the RL, HL, and GR (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.000; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e) in all three crops. The controls exhibited higher values, while the seeds treated with the solution showed lower values. The extracts delayed germination since the mean germination time was notably higher for seeds treated with essential oil solution concentrations compared to the controls. For instance, cowpea seeds treated with high concentrations (C5%, C10%, and C20%) recorded the highest mean germination values. In contrast, the controls and cowpea seeds with a low C0.2% had the lowest values (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of the essential oil of \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e diluted in 1.5 ml of DMSO and distilled water on the germination, radicle lengths and hypocotyl of cowpea, millet and sorghum seedlings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrops\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentrations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGT (days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGS (number of germinated seeds/day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRL (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIRL (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIHL (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCowpea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.31\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.22\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.48\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.86\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.57\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC10%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC20%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMillet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.91\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" 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\u003cp\u003e74.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.61\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.02\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.830.60\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.333\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC10%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC20%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e: Very highly significant, \u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e: highly significant, \u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003esignificant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverages followed by the same letters are not statistically different\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eLegend\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cb\u003eGR\u003c/b\u003e: Germination rate (%), \u003cb\u003eAGT\u003c/b\u003e: Average Germination Time (day), \u003cb\u003eGS\u003c/b\u003e: Germination Speed (number of germinated seeds/day), \u003cb\u003eIR\u003c/b\u003e: Inhibition or stimulation rate of germination (%), \u003cb\u003eRL\u003c/b\u003e: Radicle Length of the seedlings (cm), \u003cb\u003eHL\u003c/b\u003e: Hypocotyl Length of the seedlings (cm), \u003cb\u003eIRL\u003c/b\u003e: Inhibition or stimulation rate of radicle length (%), \u003cb\u003eIHL\u003c/b\u003e: Inhibition or stimulation rate of hypocotyl (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEffects of the essential oil of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ediluted in 3 ml of DMSO and distilled water on the germination, radicle lengths and hypocotyl length of seedlings of cowpea, millet and sorghum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results indicated that all essential oil solutions, when combined with a mixture of 3 ml DMSO and distilled water, significantly inhibited GR, RL, HL, AGT, and GS, regardless of the type of crop (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.000; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). The controls displayed the highest values, in contrast to the significantly lower values of seeds treated with the essential oil solution (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.000; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, the C5%, C10%, and C20% resulted in total germination inhibition, with some instances showing 100% inhibition rates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e essential oil diluted in 3 ml of DMSO and distilled water on germination, radicle length and hypocotyl length of cowpea, millet and sorghum seedlings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrops\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentrations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGT (days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGS (number of germinated seeds/day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRL (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIRL (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIHL (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCowpea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.31\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.77\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.500\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.77\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.86\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e 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\u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e: Very highly significant, \u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e: highly significant, \u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003esignificant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverages followed by the same letters are not statistically different\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eLegend\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cb\u003eGR\u003c/b\u003e: Germination rate (%), \u003cb\u003eAGT\u003c/b\u003e: Average Germination Time (day), \u003cb\u003eGS\u003c/b\u003e: Germination Speed ((number of germinated seeds/day), \u003cb\u003eIR\u003c/b\u003e: Inhibition or stimulation rate of germination (%), \u003cb\u003eRL\u003c/b\u003e: Radicle Length of the seedlings (cm), \u003cb\u003eHL\u003c/b\u003e: Hypocotyl Length of the seedlings (cm), \u003cb\u003eIRL\u003c/b\u003e: Inhibition or stimulation rate of radicle length (%), \u003cb\u003eIHL\u003c/b\u003e: Inhibition or stimulation rate of hypocotyl (%)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study revealed the presence of phenols and flavonoids in eucalyptus extracts. Germination tests showed that aqueous, alcoholic and essential oil extracts from the vegetative organs of \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e significantly affected the germination of the three crops. However, aqueous leaf extracts did not significantly affect the germination of sorghum. Similarly, aqueous bark and alcoholic root extracts did not significantly affect the germination of millet and sorghum. Our results do not corroborate those of [12], who reported that ethanolic extracts of \u003cem\u003eH. coronarium\u003c/em\u003e and L. lucidum, as well as hexanolic extract of \u003cem\u003eS. inaequidens\u003c/em\u003e, inhibited the germination of millet and Sudanese sorghum seeds. The aqueous root extracts did not significantly affect millet germination compared with the controls. The greatest inhibitory effects on the germination of the three crops were observed at high concentrations of the extracts. These extracts resulted in a significant increase in average germination time and a notable reduction in germination speed. The lengths of the radicles and hypocotyls were also significantly reduced in seedlings treated with high concentrations. The inhibitory effects observed in this study with alcoholic extracts and essential oil solutions significantly increased with concentration, eventually leading to zero germination across all three crop types. Similarly, the essential oil solutions displayed the strongest inhibitory effect compared to the other extract types. This finding is consistent with the research by [13], which reported similar reductions in germination rates, radicle lengths, and hypocotyl elongation in maize, wheat, and soybean seedlings treated with aqueous extracts of Abutilon \u003cem\u003eTheophrasti medic\u003c/em\u003e leaves and seeds. Germination itself is a complex biochemical and physiological process that depends on water as an external trigger, alongside the action of the enzyme amylase, which is crucial for breaking down starches within the seed to provide the necessary energy for the embryo\u0026rsquo;s development [14]. The observed inhibition of germination can therefore be attributed to disruptions in essential enzyme activities due to allelochemicals present in the extracts. The mechanism behind the inhibition of germination is multifaceted and likely involves interference with various enzymatic processes. For example, enzymes such as phosphorylase, which play a significant role in seed germination, can be inhibited by certain allelochemicals, including chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and catechol [15]. This suggests that the inhibitory effects of these extracts are likely linked to a complex interplay of biochemical interactions that hinder seed development. Certain allelochemicals found in essential oils can affect germination by inhibiting the action of amylase or by occupying its membrane site, exerting mimetic or antagonistic effects [16]. Some oxygenated monoterpenes have also been shown to strongly inhibit radicle germination and elongation by reducing organelles such as mitochondria and the accumulation of lipid globules in the cytoplasm [17]. In this study, it was observed that the lengths of the radicle and hypocotyl of seedlings sprayed with extracts were significantly reduced, particularly at high concentrations, when compared to the control group. These findings align with those of [18], who noted a significant reduction in the height of peanut seedlings treated with aqueous extracts of \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e leaves as compared to controls. This reduction may be related to the way allelopathic substances act as inhibitors of auxins and gibberellins, which are responsible for cell elongation in plants [19]. The action of growth phytohormones can be inhibited by allelopathic compounds, leading to a reduction in radicle length [20]. Our findings align with those of [21], who observed that eucalyptus monoterpenes can enlarge and shorten root cells by causing nuclear abnormalities and increasing the number of vacuoles. The extracts' effect on radicle length could be attributed to necrosis seen in the terminal parts of the radicle caused by the C20% of bark extract. High concentrations of these extracts may disrupt cell division in the root tip and potentially cause chromosomal aberrations [22]. Additionally, allelochemical monoterpenoids like 1,8-cineole found in eucalyptus extracts may impair cell proliferation and DNA synthesis in plant meristems [23], thus explaining the necrosis observed at root tips during this study. It is proposed that allelochemicals hinder root cell mitosis, agreeing with [24] who reported that the ethyl acetate fraction of \u003cem\u003eAglaia odorata\u003c/em\u003e L. leaves induced mitotic abnormalities in \u003cem\u003eAllium cepa\u003c/em\u003e roots, damaging chromatin organisation and the mitotic spindle. The observed reduction in the hypocotyl length can be attributed to the inhibitory effects of allelochemicals on growth hormones. Research has shown that these substances can disrupt the levels of growth regulators, leading to imbalances in the plant hormones that are essential for growth [25]. For instance, phenolic compounds can enhance IAA oxidase activity by inhibiting the action of peroxidase that interacts with IAA and by binding with AGA or IAA, ultimately influencing the levels of endogenous hormones [26]. Additionally, allelochemicals may impact the function of enzymes in the recipient plants. These are laboratory experiments, and we cannot expect the observed effects to play out the same way in the real world. These effects might be mediated by soil (medium) and other processes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe effects of aqueous and alcoholic extracts, as well as essential oil solutions, from \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e on the germination and growth of cowpea, millet, and sorghum were examined. The findings reveal the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in these extracts that have allelopathic properties, impacting the germination and growth of the seedlings. These compounds may disrupt the physiological processes of seed embryos of the three crops, leading to inhibited germination and stunted hypocotyl development as their concentration increases. However, the underlying mechanisms of these allelopathic interactions remain complex and require further investigation to clarify the exact pathways involved. This is what will constitute our future investigations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":" \u003cp\u003eEthics, Consent to Participate, and Consent to Publish declarations: not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding statements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study was funded by to the Projet d\u0026rsquo;Appui \u0026agrave; l\u0026rsquo;Enseignement Sup\u0026eacute;rieur/ Burkina Faso (PAES)\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSB: Conceptualisation, Funding acquisition, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualisation, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft; BHR: Conceptualisation, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualisation, Writing \u0026ndash; original; BP: Methodology, Review \u0026amp; Editing; NR: Investigation, Data curation, Writing-review; BJ: Investigation, Methodology, Review \u0026amp; Editing\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe would also like to express our gratitude to the Projet d\u0026rsquo;Appui \u0026agrave; l\u0026rsquo;Enseignement Sup\u0026eacute;rieur/ Burkina Faso (PAES)\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data that support this study cannot be publicly shared due to ethical or privacy reasons and may be shared upon reasonable request to the corresponding author if appropriate.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Soumar\u0026eacute;, A., Diedhiou A. 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Ecol.\u003c/em\u003e (2013) 39:232\u0026ndash;242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-013-0244-9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Yang Y. H., Wan H., Liao F. L., (2005). Effects of Plant Allelochemicals on Seed Germination. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Ecology\u003c/em\u003e, 24(11459\u0026ndash;1465)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-agriculture","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Agriculture](https://www.springer.com/journal/44279)","snPcode":"44279","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44279/3","title":"Discover Agriculture","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Allelopathy, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, germination, radicle, hypocotyl","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9390803/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9390803/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis research evaluates the effect of Eucalyptus camaldulensis extracts on the germination of various crop seeds. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts were obtained by macerating of \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e organ in distilled water and absolute ethanol. The extracts were then diluted in 100 ml of distilled water to prepare solutions at concentrations of 0%, 0.2%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 50% for the aqueous extracts and 0%, 0.2%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20% for alcoholic extracts. Essential oil obtained from \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e leaves was diluted at a rate of 0 ml, 1.5 ml, and 3 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide to create three different solutions. Each Petri dish was lined with hydrophilic cotton and received 5 ml of the above concentrations of each extract or essential oil. 10 seeds from each crop were placed, with 3 repetitions per treatment. The alcoholic extracts from the leaves and the essential oil solutions significantly inhibited seed germination and radicle length (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.000). The most damaging concentration for germination was 50% for aqueous extracts, 20% for alcoholic extracts and essential oil. These results suggest that \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e has allelopathic effects, influencing seed germination, as well as radicle and hypocotyl length. The mechanisms behind constitute the areas of our future investigations.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Allelopathic effects of the extracts and essential oils of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh on seed germination of cowpea, sorghum, and millet in laboratory","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-05-05 13:01:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9390803/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"195242204235131675710483778937012710583","date":"2026-05-13T17:51:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-10T08:07:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"292598613298600391125447048476741006420","date":"2026-05-03T17:33:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-24T15:27:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-24T13:28:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-04-15T03:43:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-04-15T03:43:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Agriculture","date":"2026-04-11T23:06:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-agriculture","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Agriculture](https://www.springer.com/journal/44279)","snPcode":"44279","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44279/3","title":"Discover Agriculture","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d1855359-5f35-42d4-bf59-d96591dd96f8","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 5th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"195242204235131675710483778937012710583","date":"2026-05-13T17:51:51+00:00","index":36,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-10T08:07:28+00:00","index":21,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"292598613298600391125447048476741006420","date":"2026-05-03T17:33:01+00:00","index":20,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-05T13:01:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-05-05 13:01:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9390803","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9390803","identity":"rs-9390803","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}