Treatment Delivery Verification Using Thimble Chamber and IMRT Phantom

Treatment Delivery Verification Using Thimble Chamber and IMRT Phantom | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Treatment Delivery Verification Using Thimble Chamber and IMRT Phantom Muhammad Asif, Aasia Razzaq, Nauman Amjid, Tariq Siddique, Habib Ahmad, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7332345/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background In external beam radiotherapy, over radiation dose results in severe side-effects, but under radiation dose decreases the probability of treatment for cancer patients. The purpose of the article was to verify treatment delivery in radiotherapy of the cancer patients using single point dose verification method. Methods Computed tomography (CT) simulation of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) phantom with slot-in ion chamber was done. The IMRT phantom was set on the treatment table of LINAC (Siemens) with FC65-P Farmer type thimble chamber for radiation dose measurement. Different plans were prepared on prowess panther treatment planning system (TPS) using CT images of IMRT Phantom. The monitor units (MU) and doses were calculated for both photon algorithms i.e. Collapsed Cone Convolution Superposition (CCCS) and Fast Photon (FP) algorithms. The calculations for treatment verification were done for both 6MV and 15MV energies produced by LINAC (Siemens) at central axis as well as off axis beams. Results The percentage difference between the measured and calculated dose was less than 1% except for those plans which have greater number of posterior beams. These percentage errors were slightly greater than 1% but well within international recommended limits of ± 3%. Conclusion The percentage error in radiotherapy treatment delivery within limit confirms the best quality of radiotherapy treatment at the institute. The couch attenuation lessens the posterior beams’ dose slightly which can be reduced by incorporating the couch attenuation correction factor while calculating dose on treatment planning system. IMRT Dose verification Radiotherapy Ion chamber Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Background Radiotherapy is a useful technique for treatment of tumor ( 1 ). It is the most frequently used and successful treatment modality after surgery. It is used in more than half of all the cancer patients ( 2 ). The purpose of radiotherapy is to deliver optimum radiation dose to cancer cells and spare organs at risk (OARs), ( 3 – 5 ) which is the prime responsibility of medical physicist. About 60% of all cancer patients after being diagnosed do not have metastatic conditions which can be considered curable. About one third of these cannot be cured because radiotherapy fails to control tumor growth ( 2 ). Therefore treatment verification in radiotherapy of the cancer patients need to be strictly authenticated before radiation delivery ( 1 ). In treatment delivery verification of the cancer patients, it is assured that volume of interest (VOI) is treating as it is planned and it is also verified that the radiation dose is delivered accurately at the right place ( 6 ). Different new modalities like three dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT), stereotactic radiotherapy, and particle therapy have been developed ( 7 ) in last decades. However, it is not assured that the new modalities are always considered with best results than well tested conventional radiotherapy, in developing countries. Its superiority entirely rests on how much accurate the planning target volume (PTV) is and how dose distribution is with a potential of achieving very good results ( 8 ). Clinical radiation therapy process is complex and involves many steps. This process starts with diagnosis on the basis of CT, MRI, SPECT, PET etc. and then decision for radiation therapy is made by clinical oncologists. Treatment planning (TP) plays an important role in radiotherapy of cancer patients ( 6 ). TP in radiotherapy is done using this anatomical information which is further assessed by analyzing dose volume histograms ( 9 ). After treatment plans evaluation, quality assurance for treatment plan is performed. For 3D-CRT treatment plan, independent monitor units (MU) verification method, manually or computerized, is commonly used. We can also verify treatment plans by performing real time measurements using different dosimeters. MU calculation softwares are based on physical effects which are handled and accurately described by independent set of algorithms ( 10 ). It is very important to have high accuracy in TP of cancer patients in radiotherapy. Therefore a detailed and scheduled quality assurance program (QAP) is necessary to made in every cancer hospital in order to authenticate the treatment delivery in treatment planning of cancer patients ( 6 ). Cylindrical ionization chambers are used for point-dose measurements in megavoltage photon radiation therapy because of their excellent stability, linear response to absorbed dose, small directional dependence and especially for the beam-quality response independence ( 11 ). The purpose of the study is to verify treatment delivery in radiotherapy of the cancer patients using single point dose verification method. Also to compare the measured doses with the doses calculated by the Prowess TPS for both CCCS and FP algorithms, for 6MV and 15MV photon energies produced by LINAC (Siemens) at central axis as well as off axis beams. Methods The materials being used were IMRT phantom, Toshiba Aquilion 16 CT scanner, prowess panther TPS, ONCOR impression linear accelerator (LINAC) of Siemens, FC65-P farmer type thimble chamber and dose 1 electrometer ( 11 ). The IMRT phantom was assembled and farmer chamber was inserted into the slot of the phantom, and then it was taken for the CT simulation. The CT data was then transferred to the prowess TPS through DICOM interface where different plans were prepared for both 6MV and 15MV photon beams. MU were calculated using both FP and CCCS algorithms ( 6 ). The reference point for dose measurement and center of the chamber was located with the help of fiducial markers. The whole data was taken for both central axis and off axis in the experimental set-up as shown in the Figure-1. The gantry angles and MU as calculated by prowess panther TPS using CCCS algorithm were set for different fields like single field (AP), parallel opposed fields (AP/PA), box fields, four fields oblique, one anterior & two oblique fields, one anterior & two lateral fields, one posterior & two oblique fields and inverted Y-field for 6MV photon beam. All the plans were prepared at TPS as shown in Figure-2. Before verification of the mentioned plans correction factors for ion chamber, electrometer and temperature pressure were calculated to rule out the effect of ion recombination, electrometer and temperature pressure by the following formulae ( 12 ). \(\:{\varvec{K}}_{\varvec{s}}=\frac{{{(\varvec{V}}_{1}/{\varvec{V}}_{2})\:}^{2}-1}{{{(\varvec{V}}_{1}/{\varvec{V}}_{2})}^{2}-\frac{\varvec{M}1}{\varvec{M}2}}\) ---------------------- ( 1 ) \(\:{\varvec{K}}_{\varvec{T}\varvec{p}}=\frac{273.2+\varvec{T}}{273.2+{\varvec{T}}_{0}}\times\:\frac{\varvec{P}}{{\varvec{P}}_{0}}\:\) ------------------- ( 3 ) The charge was measured with an electrometer. The correction factors (Ks, Kpol, K TP ) and calibration factor N D,W were applied to convert charge into dose (cGy). Point dose was measured for both central and off axis by using Eq. (4). \(\:\varvec{D}\varvec{o}\varvec{s}\varvec{e}\:\left(\varvec{c}\varvec{G}\varvec{y}\right)=\varvec{M}\varvec{e}\varvec{a}\varvec{s}\varvec{u}\varvec{r}\varvec{e}\varvec{d}\:\varvec{c}\varvec{h}\varvec{a}\varvec{r}\varvec{g}\varvec{e}\:\left(\varvec{n}\varvec{C}\right)\times\:{\varvec{N}}_{\varvec{D},\varvec{w}\:}(\varvec{c}\varvec{G}\varvec{y}/\varvec{n}\varvec{C})\times\:{\varvec{K}}_{\varvec{s}}\:\times\:{\varvec{K}}_{\varvec{p}0\varvec{l}}\times\:{\varvec{K}}_{\varvec{T}\varvec{P}}\:\) ------- ( 4 ) In Equation-4, N D,W is 4.788 (cGy/nC). Finally the percent errors were evaluated by comparing point doses with the doses calculated by the TPS by using equation-5 ( 6 , 13 , 14 ). \(\:\%E=\frac{{D}_{ref}-\:{D}_{m}}{{D}_{ref}}*100\%\) --------------------- ( 5 ) Similar steps were followed when FP algorithm was used but here physical wedges were used unlike CCCS algorithm, in which virtual wedges were used. The whole procedure was also repeated for 15MV beam for both central axis & off axis and for both algorithms. Results The data calculated at central axis and off axis for 6MV & 15MV photon beams for both CCCS and FP algorithms is tabulated in Table-1-4. In taking the data individual beams of different plans, their gantry and collimator angles, type of wedge used, MU calculated by CCCS and PF algorithms, dose calculated by the TPS and dose measured by ion chamber were applied for symmetric field size of 10 x 10cm 2 for the verification of data. Table 1 Measured versus CCCS & FP calculated dose for 6MV photon beam. Wedge CCCS FP Single Field NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 175.61 179.44 NIL TPS Dose (cGy) 176.76 178.20 NIL % Error 0.65% -0.69% AP/PA NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 98.96 99.36 NIL TPS Dose (cGy) 100 100 NIL % Error 1.04% 0.64% 4 field box NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 49.87 50.07 NIL TPS Dose (cGy) 50 50 NIL % Error 0.26% -0.14% 4 field oblique NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 49.52 49.50 NIL TPS Dose (cGy) 50 50 NIL % Error 0.96% 1.00% 1Ant. 2Post. oblique NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 65.69 65.97 1VW30/4RW30M TPS Dose (cGy) 66.67 66.67 2VW30/3RW30M % Error 1.47% 1.05% 1Ant. 2lateral NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 66.75 67.32 2VW30/3RW30M TPS Dose (cGy) 66.67 66.67 2VW30/4RW30M % Error -0.12% -0.97% Inverted Y NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 99.29 98.93 NIL TPS Dose (cGy) 100 100 NIL % Error 0.71% 1.07% 1 Post. 2 Anterior oblique NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 65.97 66.46 2VW30/3RW30 TPS Dose (cGy) 66.67 66.67 1VW30/4RW30 % Error 1.05% 0.31% Table 2 Measured versus CCCS & FP calculated dose for 15MV photon beam. Wedge CCCS FP Single Field NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 198.00 190.79 NIL TPS Dose (cGy) 195.42 191.71 NIL % Error -1.32% 0.48% AP/PA NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 98.98 99.01 NIL TPS Dose (cGy) 100.00 100.00 NIL % Error 1.02% 0.99% 4 field box NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 49.94 49.98 NIL TPS Dose (cGy) 50.00 50.00 NIL % Error 0.12% 0.04% 4 field oblique NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 49.32 49.47 NIL TPS Dose (cGy) 50.00 50.00 NIL % Error 1.36% 1.06% 1Ant. 2Post. oblique NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 65.91 65.93 1VW30/4RW30M TPS Dose (cGy) 66.67 66.67 2VW30/3RW30M % Error 1.14% 1.11% 1Ant. 2lateral NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 66.90 66.58 2VW30/3RW30M TPS Dose (cGy) 66.67 66.67 2VW30/4RW30M % Error -0.34% 0.13% Inverted Y NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 98.66 100.00 NIL TPS Dose (cGy) 100 100.00 NIL % Error 1.34% 0.00% 1 Post. 2 Anterior oblique NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 66.09 66.07 2VW30/3RW30 TPS Dose (cGy) 66.67 66.67 1VW30/4RW30 % Error 0.87% 0.90% Table 3 Measured vs CCCS and FP calculated dose for 6MV off axis photon beam. Wedge CCCS FP Single Field NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 146.10 146.82 NIL TPS Dose (cGy) 147.42 147.16 NIL % Error 0.90% 0.23% AP/PA NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 99.10 99.61 NIL TPS Dose (cGy) 100.00 100.00 NIL % Error 0.90% 0.39% 4 field box NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 49.72 50.00 NIL TPS Dose (cGy) 50.00 50.00 NIL % Error 0.56% 0.00% 4 field oblique NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 49.56 49.65 NIL TPS Dose (cGy) 50.00 50.00 NIL % Error 0.88% 0.7% 1Ant. 2Post. oblique NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 65.70 66.36 1VW30/4RW30M TPS Dose (cGy) 66.67 66.67 2VW30/3RW30M % Error 1.46% 0.46% 1Ant. 2lateral NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 66.84 66.65 2VW30/3RW30M TPS Dose (cGy) 66.67 66.67 2VW30/4RW30M % Error -0.25% 0.03% Inverted Y NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 98.83 98.89 NIL TPS Dose (cGy) 100.00 100.00 NIL % Error 1.17% 1.11% 1 Post. 2 Anterior oblique NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 65.95 66.06 2VW30/3RW30 TPS Dose (cGy) 66.67 66.67 1VW30/4RW30 % Error 1.08% 0.91% Table 4 Measured versus CCCS & FP calculated dose for 15MV off axis photon beam. Wedges CCCS FP Single Field NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 165.62 157.88 NIL TPS Dose (cGy) 166.10 158.03 NIL % Error 0.29% 0.09% AP/PA NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 99.31 99.71 NIL TPS Dose (cGy) 100.00 100.00 NIL % Error 0.70% 0.29% 4 field box NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 49.87 50.13 NIL TPS Dose (cGy) 50.00 50.00 NIL % Error 0.26% -0.26% 4 field oblique NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 49.57 49.62 NIL TPS Dose (cGy) 50.00 50.00 NIL % Error 0.86% 0.76% 1Ant. 2Post. oblique NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 65.91 66.13 1VW30/4RW30M TPS Dose (cGy) 66.67 66.67 2VW30/3RW30M % Error 1.14% 0.81% 1Ant. 2lateral NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 66.78 66.76 2VW30/3RW30M TPS Dose (cGy) 66.67 66.67 2VW30/4RW30M % Error -0.16% -0.13% Inverted Y NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 99.74 99.47 NIL TPS Dose (cGy) 100.00 100.00 NIL % Error 0.26% 0.53% 1 Post. 2 Anterior oblique NIL Mean Measured Dose (cGy) 65.87 65.93 2VW30/3RW30 TPS Dose (cGy) 66.67 66.67 1VW30/4RW30 % Error 1.20% 1.11% The cumulative percentage errors between the thimble chamber’s measured point doses and doses calculated by the TPS for off axis and central axis photon beams are shown in Figure-03. The frequency of cumulative percent errors in Figure-3 are in good agreement with the international permissible limit of ± 3.00%. The data verified experimentally for central and off-axis 6 MV and 15 MV photon beams for different gantry angles and anterior (AP) beams are well within permissible limits and have very less percentage error i.e. less than 1% as shown in Tables- 1 - 4 . However all posterior (PA) beams have percentage errors relatively greater than 1%, still within ± 3% ( 15 ), as shown in Table-5 (as highlighted). Table 5 Mean percent errors for different plans, CCCS, FP algorithms and 6 MV & 15 MV photon beams. Plans Gantry Angles Mean % Error, CCCS, 6 MV Photon Beam (central) Mean %Error, FP, 6 MV Photon Beam (central) Mean %Error, CCCS, 15 MV Photon Beam (central) Mean %Error, FP, 15 MV Photon Beam (central) Mean % Error, CCCS, 6 MV Photon Beam (off-axis) Mean %Error, FP, 6 MV Photon Beam (off-axis) Mean %Error, CCCS, 15 MV Photon Beam (off-axis) Mean %Error, FP, 15 MV Photon Beam (off-axis) Single Field 0 0.65 -0.69 -1.32 0.48 0.90 0.23 0.29 0.09 AP/PA 0, 180 1.04 (0.20, 1.88 ) 0.64 (0.02, 1.27 ) 1.02 (0.58, 1.45 ) 0.99 (0.43, 1.55 ) 0.90 (0.23, 1.61 ) 0.39 (0.21, 0.57 ) 0.70 (0.23, 1.16 ) 0.29 (0.03, 0.55 ) 4 field box 0, 90, 180, 270 0.26 (0.67, -0.70, 1.93 , -0.87) -0.14 (0.60, 1.34, - 1.53 , -1.00) 0.12 (0.54, -0.66, - 0.90 , 1.47) 0.04 (0.50, -1.26, - 0.30 , 1.23) 0.56 (0.94, -0.28, 1.82 , -O.28) 0.00 (0.10, -0.85, 1.58 , -0.81) 0.26 (0.43, -0.51, 1.31 , -0.21) -0.26 (0.16, -0.92, 0.30 , -0.61) 4 field oblique 45, 135, 225, 315 0.96 (0.05, 1.93, 1.81 , 0.06) 1.00 (0.43, 1.84, 1.69 , 0.07) 1.36 (0.72, 1.83, 2.00 , 0.85) 1.06 (0.64, 1.43, 1.46 , 0.70) 0.88 (0.47, 1.58, 1.14 , 0.30) 0.70 (0.54, 1.14, 0.74 , 0.37) 0.86 (0.30, 1.38, 1.45 , 0.30) 0.76 (0.27, 1.04, 1.07 , 0.64) 1Ant. 2Post. oblique 0, 120, 240 1.47 (0.53, 1.90, 1.95 ) 1.05 (-0.56, 1.88, 1.85 ) 1.14 (0.51, 1.48, 1.43 ) 1.11 (0.48, 1.43, 1.41 ) 1.46 (0.95, 1.51, 1.91 ) 0.46 (0.47, 1.53, 0.90 ) 1.14 (0.35, 1.59, 1.51 ) 0.81 (0.14, 1.26, 1.03 ) 1Ant. 2lateral 0, 90, 270 -0.12 (0.51, -0.42, -0.47) -0.97 (0.61, -1.97, -1.57) -0.34 (0.80, -0.54, -1.29) 0.13 (0.56, -0.74, 0.61) -0.25 (1.48, -1.45, -0.79) 0.03 (0.57, -0.26, -0.24) -0.16 (0.35, -0.59, -0.24) -0.13 (0.14, -0.36, -0.19,) Inverted Y 0, 180 0.71 (0.35, 1.07) 1.07 (0.38, 1.75) 1.34 (0.95, 1.73) 0.00 (-1.31, 1.32) 1.17 (0.60, 1.75) 1.11 (0.32, 1.09) 0.26 (-0.31, 0.82 ) 0.53 (0.05, 1.01 ) 1 Post. 2 Anterior Oblique 180, 45, 315 1.05 (1.91, 0.25, 0.98) 0.31 (1.84, -0.14, -0.79) 0.87 (1.46, -0.29, 0.78) 0.90 (1.46, 0.75, 0.47) 1.08 (1.89, 0.55, 0.80) 0.91 (1.79, 0.88, 0.07) 1.20 ( 1.26 , 1.53, 0.83) 1.11 ( 1.69 , 0.67, 0.98) It is worthy to mention that those plans which had greater number of posterior beams have percentage errors slightly greater than 1%, which may be due to couch attenuation ( 16 ), improper positioning of active volume of thimble chamber and difference in actual filed setting in taking data experimentally and field for calibration of LINAC. The percent errors in dose verification using thimble chamber are well in agreement with international limit verified high quality of radiation treatment delivery with LINAC at Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology Lahore (INMOL) Punjab, Pakistan. Conclusion It was concluded that very small percent errors in radiation treatment delivery confirms high quality radiation treatment facilities at the institute. Present study shows the applicability of conventional ionization chamber in 3D-CRT. Also, the couch attenuation lessens the posterior beams’ doses, very slightly but should be incorporated while calculating dose on treatment planning system in order to further improve efficacy of radiation treatment delivery. Future work is also needed to compare this simple method with well-established small field dosimeters like diamond detectors. Abbreviations CT Computed tomography IMRT Intensity-modulated radiation therapy IGRT Image-guided radiotherapy VIO Volume of interest 3D-CRT Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy MRI Magnetic resonance imaging TPS Treatment planning system CCC Collapsed cone convolution superposition FP Fast photon PET Photon emission tomography SPECT Single photon emission tomography Declarations *Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate Not applicable. *Consent for Publication Not applicable. *Funding Not applicable. Author Contribution The idea and study design represented the role of AR. Experimental work, detailed analysis and writing manuscript were done by MA. Execution of practical challenges in experimental work was supported by NA. Editing, statistical analysis and formatting the manuscript was done by JA. The manuscript was reviewed by TS, HA and SS. All the authors have contributed in interpretation of data and the manuscript preparation. The authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgement The authors are giving credit or appreciation to Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Oncology Lahore (INMOL) Punjab, Pakistan that provided support and equipment for acquiring the data for this research article. Data Availability The datasets used and analyzed in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. References Zhang J, Li X, Lu M, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Yang R, et al. A method for in vivo treatment verification of IMRT and VMAT based on electronic portal imaging device. Radiation Oncology. 2021;16:1-15. Schlegel W, Bortfeld T, Grosu A-L, Pan T, Luo D. New Technologies in Radiation Oncology. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2008;49(4):683-4. Emami B. Tolerance of normal tissue to therapeutic radiation. Reports of radiotherapy and Oncology. 2013;1(1):123-7. Abdollahi H, Chin E, Clark H, Hyde DE, Thomas S, Wu J, et al. Radiomics-guided radiation therapy: opportunities and challenges. Physics in Medicine & Biology. 2022;67(12):12TR02. Zhang W, Oraiqat I, Litzenberg D, Chang K-W, Hadley S, Sunbul NB, et al. Real-time, volumetric imaging of radiation dose delivery deep into the liver during cancer treatment. Nature Biotechnology. 2023:1-8. Singh S, Raina P, Gurjar O. Point Dose Measurement for Verification of Treatment Planning System using an Indigenous Heterogeneous Pelvis Phantom for Clarkson, Convolution, Superposition, and Fast Superposition Algorithms. Journal of Biomedical Physics & Engineering. 2019;9(6):613. Koka K, Verma A, Dwarakanath BS, Papineni RV. Technological advancements in external beam radiation therapy (EBRT): An indispensable tool for cancer treatment. Cancer Management and Research. 2022:1421-9. Khan FM. The physics of radiation therapy: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010. Sharpe MB. IAEA Technical Reports Series No. 430: Commissioning and Quality Assurance of Computerized Planning Systems for Radiation Treatment of Cancer. Medical Physics. 2006;33(2):561-. Al Amri I, Ravichandran R, Sivakumar SS, Binukumar JP, Davis CA, Al Rahbi Z, et al. Radiotherapy pre-treatment dose validation: A second verification of monitor units (MU) with a commercial software. Journal of medical physics/Association of Medical Physicists of India. 2012;37(4):235. Low DA, Moran JM, Dempsey JF, Dong L, Oldham M. Dosimetry tools and techniques for IMRT. Medical physics. 2011;38(3):1313-38. TRS I. 398" Absorbed dose determination in external beam radiotherapy: An international code of practice for dosimetry based on standards of absorbed dose to water. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna. 2000. Ali J, Shah S, Samad A, Tariq I, Biradr G, Sohail M, et al. Estimation of net percent error in radioiodine-131 activity during administration to patients. Pakistan Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2023;13(1):20-. Ali J, Khan AU, Ali S. Theoretical comparison of absorbed dose estimation using dose commitment formula and medical internal radiation dose in radioactive iodine-131 therapy. Pakistan Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2020;10(1):1-4. Bhangle JR, Narayanan VS, Deshpande SA. Dose linearity and uniformity of Siemens ONCOR impression plus linear accelerator designed for step-and-shoot intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Journal of Medical Physics/Association of Medical Physicists of India. 2007;32(3):103. Botha JJ. The evaluation of an algorithmic model, created for the image guided radiotherapy treatment couch for integration into the Pinnacle Treatment Planning System: Cape Peninsula University of Technology; 2020. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Medicine and Oncology Lahore (INMOL)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aasia","middleName":"","lastName":"Razzaq","suffix":""},{"id":504107032,"identity":"afdb5c06-efc6-4bfb-a8a3-79cdbfeb6bc6","order_by":2,"name":"Nauman Amjid","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology Lahore (INMOL)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nauman","middleName":"","lastName":"Amjid","suffix":""},{"id":504107033,"identity":"83a53df8-71ad-4ccf-9d5e-a686b2b10d49","order_by":3,"name":"Tariq Siddique","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Pakistan Institute of Engineering \u0026 Applied Sciences (PIEAS)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tariq","middleName":"","lastName":"Siddique","suffix":""},{"id":504107034,"identity":"0d5e9db2-f17a-4c7d-9b15-65b50891d50c","order_by":4,"name":"Habib Ahmad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Swat Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology \u0026 Radiotherapy (SINOR)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Habib","middleName":"","lastName":"Ahmad","suffix":""},{"id":504107035,"identity":"ffeddab9-2eb8-436a-aa51-ab2b3bc63b26","order_by":5,"name":"Shoab Shah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Swat Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology \u0026 Radiotherapy (SINOR)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shoab","middleName":"","lastName":"Shah","suffix":""},{"id":504107036,"identity":"11b107ad-2140-4227-a333-099401b7c398","order_by":6,"name":"Javaid Ali","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Swat Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology \u0026 Radiotherapy (SINOR)","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Javaid","middleName":"","lastName":"Ali","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-09 08:08:30","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7332345/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7332345/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":90364825,"identity":"a89d2054-1e2c-4365-a520-61dc7f6ae59f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 02:22:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":58450,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eExperimental set-up for taking the point doses.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7332345/v1/c23e11a5771c545834a98c7a.jpg"},{"id":90364145,"identity":"fb479912-5d02-4675-8e19-034e39d95d67","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 02:14:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":250623,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Single field (b) two fields AP/PA (c) Box fields (d) four oblique fields (e) one anterior two posterior oblique beams (f) one anterior two lateral beams (g) one posterior two anterior oblique beams (h) inverted Y field (i) console reading (Courtesy INMOL).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7332345/v1/080513b47c790979bd501c32.jpg"},{"id":90364147,"identity":"fd31f269-5da7-481a-93ec-556608f6e8c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 02:14:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":49077,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFrequency of Cumulative % errors of the entire off axis and central axis photon beams.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7332345/v1/09503b4e7a406f63afb14f5a.jpg"},{"id":98433230,"identity":"22a73776-8f47-454c-8558-4bdaff1cb02c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:50:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1313911,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7332345/v1/585d1a8c-b965-4bd7-bf8c-c3e402917f75.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Treatment Delivery Verification Using Thimble Chamber and IMRT Phantom","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eRadiotherapy is a useful technique for treatment of tumor (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). It is the most frequently used and successful treatment modality after surgery. It is used in more than half of all the cancer patients (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The purpose of radiotherapy is to deliver optimum radiation dose to cancer cells and spare organs at risk (OARs), (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) which is the prime responsibility of medical physicist. About 60% of all cancer patients after being diagnosed do not have metastatic conditions which can be considered curable. About one third of these cannot be cured because radiotherapy fails to control tumor growth (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore treatment verification in radiotherapy of the cancer patients need to be strictly authenticated before radiation delivery (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In treatment delivery verification of the cancer patients, it is assured that volume of interest (VOI) is treating as it is planned and it is also verified that the radiation dose is delivered accurately at the right place (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Different new modalities like three dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT), stereotactic radiotherapy, and particle therapy have been developed (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e) in last decades. However, it is not assured that the new modalities are always considered with best results than well tested conventional radiotherapy, in developing countries. Its superiority entirely rests on how much accurate the planning target volume (PTV) is and how dose distribution is with a potential of achieving very good results (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). Clinical radiation therapy process is complex and involves many steps. This process starts with diagnosis on the basis of CT, MRI, SPECT, PET etc. and then decision for radiation therapy is made by clinical oncologists. Treatment planning (TP) plays an important role in radiotherapy of cancer patients (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). TP in radiotherapy is done using this anatomical information which is further assessed by analyzing dose volume histograms (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). After treatment plans evaluation, quality assurance for treatment plan is performed. For 3D-CRT treatment plan, independent monitor units (MU) verification method, manually or computerized, is commonly used. We can also verify treatment plans by performing real time measurements using different dosimeters. MU calculation softwares are based on physical effects which are handled and accurately described by independent set of algorithms (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). It is very important to have high accuracy in TP of cancer patients in radiotherapy. Therefore a detailed and scheduled quality assurance program (QAP) is necessary to made in every cancer hospital in order to authenticate the treatment delivery in treatment planning of cancer patients (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Cylindrical ionization chambers are used for point-dose measurements in megavoltage photon radiation therapy because of their excellent stability, linear response to absorbed dose, small directional dependence and especially for the beam-quality response independence (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). The purpose of the study is to verify treatment delivery in radiotherapy of the cancer patients using single point dose verification method. Also to compare the measured doses with the doses calculated by the Prowess TPS for both CCCS and FP algorithms, for 6MV and 15MV photon energies produced by LINAC (Siemens) at central axis as well as off axis beams.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe materials being used were IMRT phantom, Toshiba Aquilion 16 CT scanner, prowess panther TPS, ONCOR impression linear accelerator (LINAC) of Siemens, FC65-P farmer type thimble chamber and dose 1 electrometer (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). The IMRT phantom was assembled and farmer chamber was inserted into the slot of the phantom, and then it was taken for the CT simulation. The CT data was then transferred to the prowess TPS through DICOM interface where different plans were prepared for both 6MV and 15MV photon beams. MU were calculated using both FP and CCCS algorithms (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The reference point for dose measurement and center of the chamber was located with the help of fiducial markers. The whole data was taken for both central axis and off axis in the experimental set-up as shown in the Figure-1.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe gantry angles and MU as calculated by prowess panther TPS using CCCS algorithm were set for different fields like single field (AP), parallel opposed fields (AP/PA), box fields, four fields oblique, one anterior \u0026amp; two oblique fields, one anterior \u0026amp; two lateral fields, one posterior \u0026amp; two oblique fields and inverted Y-field for 6MV photon beam. All the plans were prepared at TPS as shown in Figure-2. Before verification of the mentioned plans correction factors for ion chamber, electrometer and temperature pressure were calculated to rule out the effect of ion recombination, electrometer and temperature pressure by the following formulae (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\varvec{K}}_{\\varvec{s}}=\\frac{{{(\\varvec{V}}_{1}/{\\varvec{V}}_{2})\\:}^{2}-1}{{{(\\varvec{V}}_{1}/{\\varvec{V}}_{2})}^{2}-\\frac{\\varvec{M}1}{\\varvec{M}2}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ---------------------- (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" style=\"width: 369px; height: 61.0638px;\" width=\"369\" height=\"61.0638\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\varvec{K}}_{\\varvec{T}\\varvec{p}}=\\frac{273.2+\\varvec{T}}{273.2+{\\varvec{T}}_{0}}\\times\\:\\frac{\\varvec{P}}{{\\varvec{P}}_{0}}\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ------------------- (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe charge was measured with an electrometer. The correction factors (Ks, Kpol, K\u003csub\u003eTP\u003c/sub\u003e) and calibration factor N\u003csub\u003eD,W\u003c/sub\u003e were applied to convert charge into dose (cGy). Point dose was measured for both central and off axis by using Eq.\u0026nbsp;(4).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\varvec{D}\\varvec{o}\\varvec{s}\\varvec{e}\\:\\left(\\varvec{c}\\varvec{G}\\varvec{y}\\right)=\\varvec{M}\\varvec{e}\\varvec{a}\\varvec{s}\\varvec{u}\\varvec{r}\\varvec{e}\\varvec{d}\\:\\varvec{c}\\varvec{h}\\varvec{a}\\varvec{r}\\varvec{g}\\varvec{e}\\:\\left(\\varvec{n}\\varvec{C}\\right)\\times\\:{\\varvec{N}}_{\\varvec{D},\\varvec{w}\\:}(\\varvec{c}\\varvec{G}\\varvec{y}/\\varvec{n}\\varvec{C})\\times\\:{\\varvec{K}}_{\\varvec{s}}\\:\\times\\:{\\varvec{K}}_{\\varvec{p}0\\varvec{l}}\\times\\:{\\varvec{K}}_{\\varvec{T}\\varvec{P}}\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ------- (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Equation-4, N\u003csub\u003eD,W\u003c/sub\u003e is 4.788 (cGy/nC).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinally the percent errors were evaluated by comparing point doses with the doses calculated by the TPS by using equation-5 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\%E=\\frac{{D}_{ref}-\\:{D}_{m}}{{D}_{ref}}*100\\%\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e --------------------- (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilar steps were followed when FP algorithm was used but here physical wedges were used unlike CCCS algorithm, in which virtual wedges were used. The whole procedure was also repeated for 15MV beam for both central axis \u0026amp; off axis and for both algorithms.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe data calculated at central axis and off axis for 6MV \u0026amp; 15MV photon beams for both CCCS and FP algorithms is tabulated in Table-1-4. In taking the data individual beams of different plans, their gantry and collimator angles, type of wedge used, MU calculated by CCCS and PF algorithms, dose calculated by the TPS and dose measured by ion chamber were applied for symmetric field size of 10 x 10cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e for the verification of data.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasured versus CCCS \u0026amp; FP calculated dose for 6MV photon beam.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWedge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCCCS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle Field\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e175.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e179.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e176.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e178.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.69%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAP/PA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 field box\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.14%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 field oblique\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1Ant. 2Post. oblique\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1VW30/4RW30M\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2VW30/3RW30M\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.47%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.05%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1Ant. 2lateral\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2VW30/3RW30M\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2VW30/4RW30M\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.12%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInverted Y\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.07%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 Post. 2 Anterior oblique\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2VW30/3RW30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1VW30/4RW30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.05%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasured versus CCCS \u0026amp; FP calculated dose for 15MV photon beam.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWedge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCCCS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle Field\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e198.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e190.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e195.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e191.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.32%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAP/PA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 field box\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 field oblique\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.36%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.06%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1Ant. 2Post. oblique\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1VW30/4RW30M\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2VW30/3RW30M\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.14%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.11%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1Ant. 2lateral\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2VW30/3RW30M\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2VW30/4RW30M\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.34%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInverted Y\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.34%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 Post. 2 Anterior oblique\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2VW30/3RW30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1VW30/4RW30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasured vs CCCS and FP calculated dose for 6MV off axis photon beam.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWedge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCCCS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle Field\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e146.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e146.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e147.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e147.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAP/PA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.39%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 field box\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.56%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 field oblique\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1Ant. 2Post. oblique\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1VW30/4RW30M\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2VW30/3RW30M\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.46%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.46%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1Ant. 2lateral\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2VW30/3RW30M\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2VW30/4RW30M\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.25%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInverted Y\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.17%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.11%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 Post. 2 Anterior oblique\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2VW30/3RW30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1VW30/4RW30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.08%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasured versus CCCS \u0026amp; FP calculated dose for 15MV off axis photon beam.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWedges\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCCCS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle Field\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e165.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e157.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e166.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e158.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAP/PA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.70%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 field box\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.26%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 field oblique\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1Ant. 2Post. oblique\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1VW30/4RW30M\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2VW30/3RW30M\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.14%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1Ant. 2lateral\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2VW30/3RW30M\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2VW30/4RW30M\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.16%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.13%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInverted Y\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 Post. 2 Anterior oblique\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNIL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Measured Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2VW30/3RW30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTPS Dose (cGy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1VW30/4RW30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.20%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.11%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe cumulative percentage errors between the thimble chamber\u0026rsquo;s measured point doses and doses calculated by the TPS for off axis and central axis photon beams are shown in Figure-03.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe frequency of cumulative percent errors in Figure-3 are in good agreement with the international permissible limit of \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.00%. The data verified experimentally for central and off-axis 6 MV and 15 MV photon beams for different gantry angles and anterior (AP) beams are well within permissible limits and have very less percentage error i.e. less than 1% as shown in Tables-\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e-\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. However all posterior (PA) beams have percentage errors relatively greater than 1%, still within \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e), as shown in Table-5 (as highlighted).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean percent errors for different plans, CCCS, FP algorithms and 6 MV \u0026amp; 15 MV photon beams.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlans\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGantry Angles\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean % Error, CCCS, 6 MV Photon Beam (central)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean %Error, FP, 6 MV Photon Beam (central)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean %Error, CCCS, 15 MV Photon Beam (central)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean %Error, FP, 15 MV Photon Beam (central)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean % Error, CCCS, 6 MV Photon Beam (off-axis)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean %Error, FP, 6 MV Photon Beam (off-axis)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean %Error, CCCS, 15 MV Photon Beam (off-axis)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean %Error, FP, 15 MV Photon Beam (off-axis)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle Field\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAP/PA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0, 180\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04 (0.20, \u003cb\u003e1.88\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64 (0.02, \u003cb\u003e1.27\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02 (0.58, \u003cb\u003e1.45\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99 (0.43, \u003cb\u003e1.55\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90 (0.23, \u003cb\u003e1.61\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.39 (0.21, \u003cb\u003e0.57\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.70 (0.23, \u003cb\u003e1.16\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29 (0.03, \u003cb\u003e0.55\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 field box\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0, 90, 180, 270\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26 (0.67, -0.70, \u003cb\u003e1.93\u003c/b\u003e, -0.87)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.14 (0.60, 1.34, -\u003cb\u003e1.53\u003c/b\u003e, -1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12 (0.54, -0.66, -\u003cb\u003e0.90\u003c/b\u003e, 1.47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04 (0.50, -1.26, -\u003cb\u003e0.30\u003c/b\u003e, 1.23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.56 (0.94, -0.28, \u003cb\u003e1.82\u003c/b\u003e, -O.28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00 (0.10, -0.85, \u003cb\u003e1.58\u003c/b\u003e, -0.81)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26 (0.43, -0.51, \u003cb\u003e1.31\u003c/b\u003e, -0.21)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.26 (0.16, -0.92, \u003cb\u003e0.30\u003c/b\u003e, -0.61)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 field oblique\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45, 135, 225, 315\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96 (0.05, \u003cb\u003e1.93, 1.81\u003c/b\u003e, 0.06)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00 (0.43, \u003cb\u003e1.84, 1.69\u003c/b\u003e, 0.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.36 (0.72, \u003cb\u003e1.83, 2.00\u003c/b\u003e, 0.85)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.06 (0.64, \u003cb\u003e1.43, 1.46\u003c/b\u003e, 0.70)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88 (0.47, \u003cb\u003e1.58, 1.14\u003c/b\u003e, 0.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.70 (0.54, \u003cb\u003e1.14, 0.74\u003c/b\u003e, 0.37)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86 (0.30, \u003cb\u003e1.38, 1.45\u003c/b\u003e, 0.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76 (0.27, \u003cb\u003e1.04, 1.07\u003c/b\u003e, 0.64)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1Ant. 2Post. oblique\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0, 120, 240\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.47 (0.53, \u003cb\u003e1.90, 1.95\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.05 (-0.56, \u003cb\u003e1.88, 1.85\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.14 (0.51, \u003cb\u003e1.48, 1.43\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.11 (0.48, \u003cb\u003e1.43, 1.41\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.46 (0.95, \u003cb\u003e1.51, 1.91\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.46 (0.47, \u003cb\u003e1.53, 0.90\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.14 (0.35, \u003cb\u003e1.59, 1.51\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81 (0.14, \u003cb\u003e1.26, 1.03\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1Ant. 2lateral\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0, 90, 270\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.12 (0.51, -0.42, -0.47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.97 (0.61, -1.97, -1.57)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.34 (0.80, -0.54, -1.29)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13 (0.56, -0.74, 0.61)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.25 (1.48, -1.45, -0.79)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03 (0.57, -0.26, -0.24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.16 (0.35, -0.59, -0.24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.13 (0.14, -0.36, -0.19,)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInverted Y\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0, 180\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71 (0.35, 1.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.07 (0.38, 1.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.34 (0.95, 1.73)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00 (-1.31, 1.32)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.17 (0.60, 1.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.11 (0.32, 1.09)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26 (-0.31, \u003cb\u003e0.82\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53 (0.05, \u003cb\u003e1.01\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 Post. 2 Anterior Oblique\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e180, 45, 315\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.05 (1.91, 0.25, 0.98)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31 (1.84, -0.14, -0.79)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87 (1.46, -0.29, 0.78)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90 (1.46, 0.75, 0.47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.08 (1.89, 0.55, 0.80)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91 (1.79, 0.88, 0.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.20 (\u003cb\u003e1.26\u003c/b\u003e, 1.53, 0.83)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.11 (\u003cb\u003e1.69\u003c/b\u003e, 0.67, 0.98)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is worthy to mention that those plans which had greater number of posterior beams have percentage errors slightly greater than 1%, which may be due to couch attenuation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e), improper positioning of active volume of thimble chamber and difference in actual filed setting in taking data experimentally and field for calibration of LINAC. The percent errors in dose verification using thimble chamber are well in agreement with international limit verified high quality of radiation treatment delivery with LINAC at Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology Lahore (INMOL) Punjab, Pakistan.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt was concluded that very small percent errors in radiation treatment delivery confirms high quality radiation treatment facilities at the institute. Present study shows the applicability of conventional ionization chamber in 3D-CRT. Also, the couch attenuation lessens the posterior beams\u0026rsquo; doses, very slightly but should be incorporated while calculating dose on treatment planning system in order to further improve efficacy of radiation treatment delivery. Future work is also needed to compare this simple method with well-established small field dosimeters like diamond detectors.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eCT \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Computed tomography\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIMRT \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Intensity-modulated radiation therapy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIGRT \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Image-guided radiotherapy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVIO \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Volume of interest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3D-CRT \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMRI \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Magnetic resonance imaging\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTPS \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Treatment planning system\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCCC \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Collapsed cone convolution superposition\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFP \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Fast photon\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePET \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Photon emission tomography\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSPECT \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Single photon emission tomography\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*Consent for Publication\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*Funding\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe idea and study design represented the role of AR. Experimental work, detailed analysis and writing manuscript were done by MA. Execution of practical challenges in experimental work was supported by NA. Editing, statistical analysis and formatting the manuscript was done by JA. The manuscript was reviewed by TS, HA and SS. All the authors have contributed in interpretation of data and the manuscript preparation. The authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors are giving credit or appreciation to Institute of Nuclear Medicine \u0026amp; Oncology Lahore (INMOL) Punjab, Pakistan that provided support and equipment for acquiring the data for this research article.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and analyzed in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang J, Li X, Lu M, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Yang R, et al. A method for in vivo treatment verification of IMRT and VMAT based on electronic portal imaging device. Radiation Oncology. 2021;16:1-15.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchlegel W, Bortfeld T, Grosu A-L, Pan T, Luo D. New Technologies in Radiation Oncology. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2008;49(4):683-4.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEmami B. Tolerance of normal tissue to therapeutic radiation. Reports of radiotherapy and Oncology. 2013;1(1):123-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdollahi H, Chin E, Clark H, Hyde DE, Thomas S, Wu J, et al. Radiomics-guided radiation therapy: opportunities and challenges. Physics in Medicine \u0026amp; Biology. 2022;67(12):12TR02.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang W, Oraiqat I, Litzenberg D, Chang K-W, Hadley S, Sunbul NB, et al. Real-time, volumetric imaging of radiation dose delivery deep into the liver during cancer treatment. Nature Biotechnology. 2023:1-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSingh S, Raina P, Gurjar O. Point Dose Measurement for Verification of Treatment Planning System using an Indigenous Heterogeneous Pelvis Phantom for Clarkson, Convolution, Superposition, and Fast Superposition Algorithms. Journal of Biomedical Physics \u0026amp; Engineering. 2019;9(6):613.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKoka K, Verma A, Dwarakanath BS, Papineni RV. Technological advancements in external beam radiation therapy (EBRT): An indispensable tool for cancer treatment. Cancer Management and Research. 2022:1421-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhan FM. The physics of radiation therapy: Lippincott Williams \u0026amp; Wilkins; 2010.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSharpe MB. IAEA Technical Reports Series No. 430: Commissioning and Quality Assurance of Computerized Planning Systems for Radiation Treatment of Cancer. Medical Physics. 2006;33(2):561-.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl Amri I, Ravichandran R, Sivakumar SS, Binukumar JP, Davis CA, Al Rahbi Z, et al. Radiotherapy pre-treatment dose validation: A second verification of monitor units (MU) with a commercial software. Journal of medical physics/Association of Medical Physicists of India. 2012;37(4):235.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLow DA, Moran JM, Dempsey JF, Dong L, Oldham M. Dosimetry tools and techniques for IMRT. Medical physics. 2011;38(3):1313-38.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTRS I. 398\u0026quot; Absorbed dose determination in external beam radiotherapy: An international code of practice for dosimetry based on standards of absorbed dose to water. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna. 2000.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAli J, Shah S, Samad A, Tariq I, Biradr G, Sohail M, et al. Estimation of net percent error in radioiodine-131 activity during administration to patients. Pakistan Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2023;13(1):20-.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAli J, Khan AU, Ali S. Theoretical comparison of absorbed dose estimation using dose commitment formula and medical internal radiation dose in radioactive iodine-131 therapy. Pakistan Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2020;10(1):1-4.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBhangle JR, Narayanan VS, Deshpande SA. Dose linearity and uniformity of Siemens ONCOR impression plus linear accelerator designed for step-and-shoot intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Journal of Medical Physics/Association of Medical Physicists of India. 2007;32(3):103.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBotha JJ. The evaluation of an algorithmic model, created for the image guided radiotherapy treatment couch for integration into the Pinnacle Treatment Planning System: Cape Peninsula University of Technology; 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"IMRT, Dose verification, Radiotherapy, Ion chamber","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7332345/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7332345/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn external beam radiotherapy, over radiation dose results in severe side-effects, but under radiation dose decreases the probability of treatment for cancer patients. The purpose of the article was to verify treatment delivery in radiotherapy of the cancer patients using single point dose verification method.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eComputed tomography (CT) simulation of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) phantom with slot-in ion chamber was done. The IMRT phantom was set on the treatment table of LINAC (Siemens) with FC65-P Farmer type thimble chamber for radiation dose measurement. Different plans were prepared on prowess panther treatment planning system (TPS) using CT images of IMRT Phantom. The monitor units (MU) and doses were calculated for both photon algorithms i.e. Collapsed Cone Convolution Superposition (CCCS) and Fast Photon (FP) algorithms. The calculations for treatment verification were done for both 6MV and 15MV energies produced by LINAC (Siemens) at central axis as well as off axis beams.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe percentage difference between the measured and calculated dose was less than 1% except for those plans which have greater number of posterior beams. These percentage errors were slightly greater than 1% but well within international recommended limits of \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe percentage error in radiotherapy treatment delivery within limit confirms the best quality of radiotherapy treatment at the institute. The couch attenuation lessens the posterior beams\u0026rsquo; dose slightly which can be reduced by incorporating the couch attenuation correction factor while calculating dose on treatment planning system.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Treatment Delivery Verification Using Thimble Chamber and IMRT Phantom","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-02 02:13:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7332345/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"835814b4-b841-4192-80e7-dc7c79978590","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 2nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-15T10:24:22+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-02 02:13:58","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7332345","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7332345","identity":"rs-7332345","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}