Nomenclatural revision of Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) in the Baltic and Nordic countries including their oversea territories and Iceland

Nomenclatural revision of Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) in the Baltic and Nordic countries including their oversea territories and Iceland | Authorea try { document.documentElement.classList.add('js'); } catch (e) { } var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'G-8VDV14Y67G']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); Skip to main content Preprints Collections Wiley Open Research IET Open Research Ecological Society of Japan All Collections About About Authorea FAQs Contact Us Quick Search anywhere Search for preprint articles, keywords, etc. Search Search ADVANCED SEARCH SCROLL This is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 18 February 2026 V2 Latest version Share on Nomenclatural revision of Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) in the Baltic and Nordic countries including their oversea territories and Iceland Author : Yoannis Domínguez 0000-0001-9972-1040 [email protected] Authors Info & Affiliations https://doi.org/10.22541/au.175256840.03284692/v2 Published Nordic Journal of Botany Version of record Peer review timeline 494 views 224 downloads Contents Abstract Information & Authors Metrics & Citations View Options References Figures Tables Media Share Abstract Names in the genus Pinguicula established for taxa from the Baltic and Nordic countries, including their oversea territories and Iceland, were analyzed to provide nomenclatural and taxonomic clarity. Of the 33 names retrieved from the literature and online databases, one is illegitimate, two are invalid and 16 were found to require typification. Nine lectotypes and three neotypes were designated, while four names remain untypified due to the absence of suitable material. Nomenclatural revision of Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) in the Baltic and Nordic countries including their oversea territories and Iceland Names in the genus Pinguicula established for taxa from the Baltic and Nordic countries, including their oversea territories and Iceland, were analyzed to provide nomenclatural and taxonomic clarity. Of the 33 names retrieved from the literature and online databases, one is illegitimate, two are invalid and 16 were found to require typification. Nine lectotypes and three neotypes were designated, while four names remain untypified due to the absence of suitable material. Keywords: butterwort, nomenclature, synonyms, taxonomy, typification Introduction The genus Pinguicula , first described by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum (1753, p. 17), is the second largest genus in the family Lentibulariaceae. It comprises approximately 120 species (updated from Roccia et al. 2016 who recognized 91 ones) distributed in all continents except Antarctica, Australia and most of Africa. While most species have limited geographic ranges, some occupy larger areas, particularly in temperate and subarctic environments. Among the species described by Linnaeus, Pinguicula alpina L., P. villosa L. and P. vulgaris L. have extensive distributional ranges and are commonly found in arctic and subarctic environments of the northern hemisphere. Since their first description, these three species have been reported from the Baltic and Nordic countries, including their overseas territories (Faroe Islands, Greenland, and the Svalbard archipelago) and Iceland. Over time, additional taxa associated with them have been described from this area; however, most of them are currently considered synonymous with the aforementioned species (Hassler 2025). During a taxonomic review of the genus, I realized that effective typifications have been published for the Linnaean names (Casper 1966, Blanca et al. 1999, Jarvis 2007). However, the synonyms have not been typified as they were proposed prior to the mandatory requirement of designating a holotype in the protologue. The absence of type specimens associated with these names hinders a clear understanding of the original concepts proposed by the authors and can lead to nomenclatural instability, necessitating further action and resolution in the future. Furthermore, records of some synonymyzed names in the literature and widely used taxonomic databases (e.g., International Plant Names Index: IPNI 2025; The World Checklist of Vascular Plants: Govaerts 2024; Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora: Hassler 2025) may contain errors. Therefore, the aim of the present work is to contribute to the nomenclature of the genus Pinguicula by analyzing the nomenclatural history of taxa described from the Baltic and Nordic countries, including their overseas territories. Material and methods A detailed checklist of Pinguicula names including synonyms was built in Plant of the World Online (POWO 2025) by applying the following filters: Family = Lentibulariaceae, Genus = Pinguicula , TDWG distribution level and abbreviations = Botanical Countries = Baltic states, Denmark, Finland, Føroyar, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Svalbard, Sweden, and Type of Taxa = Native taxa only. Additionally, regional floras and checklists (Kuusk et al. 1996, Karlsson 1998, Jóhansen et al. 2000, Elven et al. 2005, Eidesen et al. 2013, Kurtto et al. 2019, Jacobsen et al. 2020, Kukk et al. 2020, Wąsowicz 2020, Elven 2023, Lange C & Hermann 2023), and other relevant literature and datasets, as well as the World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP: Govaerts et al. 2021, Govaerts 2024) and the Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora (Hassler 2025), were consulted to assess the use of synonymized names and the distribution of the genus within the delimited geographic area. Particular attention was paid to infraspecific names (subspecies, varieties and forms) since historical ranking systems often do not correspond to the taxonomic ranks used nowadays. After that, the protologue of each name was analyzed to trace putative original material and to compile diagnostic characters of each taxon. The specimens related to the treated names were searched in online databases (JSTOR Global Plants: JSTOR 2025, and specific institutional databases). Curators of herbaria were contacted to obtain further information and high-resolution images of the relevant material. The consulted herbaria include AAU, AMD, BG, BR, C, F, G, H, K, L, LD, LE, LINN, LW, LWS, MO, MW, NY, O, OHN, OULU, P, PH, S, TAA, TALL, TAM, TRH, TU, TUR, U, UME, UPS, US, WAG, and WU. Additional taxonomic literature was used to identify any cases of inadvertent typification (Prado et al. 2015, Turland et al. 2025; Art. 7.11, Note 2, Ex. 13). When only one specimen of a taxon was known to exist at the time of my analysis and the describing authors did not explicitly designate a herbarium for the type specimen, I considered the distribution of specimens by the collector and information on the author’s other species to determine whether the existing specimen should be considered a holotype or syntype (Turland et al. 2025; Art. 9.1, 9.6). When typification was necessary, I followed the rules outlined in the ICN (Turland et al. 2025), as well as suggestions by McNeill (2014), Prado et al. (2015) and Turland (2019). Specimens are cited by the herbarium acronym followed by their barcode or accession number. Additionally, incorrect or incomplete information on the designated types was corrected or completed by inserting details within square brackets. Results and discussion The checklist of Pinguicula for the covered area resulted in 33 names: six species, one subspecies, 14 varieties and 12 forms. Among them, two names were invalidly published without a description or diagnosis, and one name is illegitimate. Sixteen names were found to require typification. Nine lectotypes and three neotypes are designated here, while four names remain untypified due to the absence of suitable material. Table 1 summarizes Pinguicula names published to date for the area covered, their taxonomic status, and their type material. The treated names are arranged alphabetically by accepted names, followed by their taxonomic synonyms in chronological order. Each entry includes the type locality as published in the protologue, the type material, and the distribution of the accepted taxa within the geographic area defined for this study. Notes are provided to clarify the nomenclatural history of each name and to discuss the selection of the designated types. Figure 1 shows the distribution of the three species within the covered geographic area and the approximate type locality of each treated name. Table 1. Summary of Pinguicula names described for the geographic area covered in this work, their nomenclatural status and types. Accepted name Taxonomic synonyms Nomenclatural status and type Pinguicula alpina L. Lectotype: [icon] Pinguicula alpina in Linnaeus, Fl. Lapp., t. 12, f. 3. 1737. Pinguicula alpina var. bimaculata Wahlenb. Pinguicula alpina f. bimaculata (Wahlenb.) Sondén Lectotype: UPS [V-197494!]. Pinguicula brachyloba Ledeb. ex Roem. & Schult. Pinguicula alpina var. brachyloba (Ledeb. ex Roem & Schult.) Gand. Pinguicula alpina f. brachyloba (Ledeb. ex Roem. & Schult.) Beck ex Hegi Lectotype: WU [0076045!]. Pinguicula villosa L. Lectotype: LINN [33.3!]. Pinguicula villosa f. albiflora J.Frödin ex Casper Holotype: LD [1301001!]. Pinguicula vulgaris L. Lectotype: LINN [33.1!]. Pinguicula borealis Salisb. Nom. illeg. superfl. for Pinguicula vulgaris L. Pinguicula hirta Wormsk. ex Lange No material found. Pinguicula vulgaris var. albida Behm. Pinguicula vulgaris f. albida (Behm) Neuman Neotype: LD [1333504!]. Pinguicula vulgaris var. bicolor Nordst. ex Hartm. Pinguicula vulgaris f. bicolor (Nordst. ex Hartm.) Neuman Lectotype: LD [1357977!]. Pinguicula vulgaris f. brevicalcarata Lindblom No material found. Pinguicula vulgaris f. coerulescens O.A.Eklund Lectotype: H [1631290!]. Pinguicula vulgaris var. ecalcarata Wirzén. Pinguicula vulgaris f. ecalcarata (Wirzén) Wormsk. ex Lange No material found. Pinguicula vulgaris f. macrantha Lindblom Lectotype: UPS [V-159800!]. Pinguicula vulgaris subsp. grandiflora Hartm. Pinguicula vulgaris var. grandiflora (Hartm.) Hartm. Lectotype: UPS [V-159800!]. Pinguicula vulgaris f. micrantha Lindblom. Pinguicula vulgaris var. micrantha (Lindblom) Fr. No material found. Pinguicula vulgaris var. obtusa Sommerf. Lectotype: O [V-531582!]. Pinguicula vulgaris var. obtusata Hartm. Neotype: LD [1303900!]. Pinguicula vulgaris var. pallida Lange Lectotype: C [10024126!]. Pinguicula vulgaris var. semiflava P.Olsson. Pinguicula vulgaris f. semiflava (P.Olsson) Neuman Lectotype: LD [1558332!]. Pinguicula vulgaris var. tenuior Wahlenb. Neotype: O [V-622765!]. Figure 1. Distribution of Pinguicula species in the area covered in this work with the approximate type locality of each treated name. Taxonomic treatment Pinguicula alpina L. (Linnaeus 1753, p. 17) Type locality Described from northern Europe (‘Habitat in Alpibus Lapponicis’). Type : (lectotype, designated by Blanca and Jarvis (Blanca et al. 1999, p. 351)): [icon] Pinguicula alpina in Linnaeus, Fl. Lapp., t. 12, f. 3 (1737). Distribution in the covered area Estonia (Kuusk et al. 1996, Kukk et al. 2020), Finland (Kurtto et al. 2019), Iceland (without recent records, Wąsowicz 2020), Latvia (probably extinct, Kuusk et al. 1996), Norway (Elven et al. 2005), Svalbard archipelago (Eidesen et al. 2013) and Sweden (Karlsson 1998). Taxonomic synonyms Pinguicula alpina β. [var.] bimaculata Wahlenb. (Wahlenberg 1812, p. 9). Pinguicula alpina f. bimaculata (Wahlenb.) Sondén (Sondén 1907, p. 227). Type locality Described from Sweden (‘…in alpibus circa Virih-jaur passim lecta’). Type : [Sweden, Lule lappmark, Jokkmokk], Luleå fjällen vid Stor Tokin [Stuorra Tuki, vid västra delen av Virihaure], 26 July 1807, G. Wahlenberg s.n. (lectotype, designated here: UPS [V-197494!], Fig. 2). Notes In Flora Lapponica, Wahlenberg (1812) published Pinguicula alpina β. [var.] bimaculata , citing a locality at the mountains around Virih-jaur (Lake Virihaure); however, no specific collection was associated with the protologue. Wahlenberg’s types are mainly housed at UPS (Stafleau and Cowan 1988, Moberg and Nilsson 1991), and one specimen from his herbarium that corresponds to the cited locality was traced in this collection (Fig. 2). This specimen predates the publication of the name by Wahlenberg (1812); therefore, it was available to the author when preparing his diagnosis and qualifies as original material (ICN Art. 9.4). The distinctive characteristics described in the protologue—margin of the middle lobe of the lower lip emarginate and with two spots—are only partially visible, as the color of the flower is not well preserved; nevertheless, the specimen is annotated as “ Pinguicula alpina β. bimac .” in Wahlenberg’s handwriting. Although it is uncertain whether this was the only material used as the basis for the diagnosis, it is here designated as lectotype. Image (image2.png) is missing or otherwise invalid. Figure 2. Lectotype of Pinguicula alpina var. bimaculata (UPS V-197494). Image by courtesy of Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, reproduced with permission. Pinguicula brachyloba Ledeb. ex Roem. & Schult. (Roemer & Schultes 1822, p. 167). Pinguicula alpina var. brachyloba (Ledeb. ex Roem. & Schult.) Gand. (Gandoger 1910, p. 394). Pinguicula alpina f. brachyloba (Ledeb. ex Roem. & Schult.) Beck ex Hegi (Hegi 1914, p. 159). Type locality Described from Estonia (‘Copiose in uliginosis circa Dorpat, vulgari nonnihil praecocior’). Type : [Estonia, Tartu], Dorpat, 1820, C. F. von Ledebour s.n. (lectotype, designated here: WU [0076045!], image of the lectotype available at: https://wu.jacq.org/WU0076045 ). Notes The first description of Pinguicula brachyloba was published by Roemer & Schultes (1822), based on a gathering by Ledebour identified as “ Pinguicula brachyloba ” and characterized by a conical nectary with ascending calyx, upper lip tridentate, subequal with blunt teeth. However, the authors did not indicate the herbarium where the specimen was seen. Many type specimens from Roemer and Schultes’ work are now at BM (Stafleu and Cowan 1985). Specimens collected by Ledebour from the type locality and identified as P. brachyloba were found at PH, TAA, and WU. Among these, only the specimen housed at WU was certainly collected before the publication of the protologue and bears Ledebour’s handwritten annotation “ Pinguicula brachyloba mihi .” It is likely that this specimen was used by Roemer and Schultes to recognize Ledebour’s new species and provide its description. However, since it is uncertain whether the protologue was based solely on this specimen, it is here designated as lectotype. Pinguicula villosa L. (Linnaeus 1753, p. 17) Type locality Described from northern Europe and Russia (‘Habitat in Lapponia, Sibiria’). Type: Herb. Linnaeus 33.3 (lectotype, designated by Casper (1966, p. 180): LINN!). Distribution in the covered area Finland (Kurtto et al. 2019), Norway (Elven et al. 2005), Sweden (Karlsson 1998). Taxonomic synonym Pinguicula villosa f. albiflora J.Frödin ex Casper (Casper 1962, p. 44). Pinguicula villosa f. albiflora J.Frödin (Frödin 1915, p. 129), nom. inval., nom. nud. [ICN Art. 38.1]. Type locality Described from Sweden (‘Gell. [Gällivare]: Sjaunjauluokte’). Type : [Sweden, Lule Lappmark, Gällivare] L. Lpm., Myr vid Sjaunjaluokte, 19 July 1910, G. Jönsson s.n. (holotype: LD [1301001!], image of the holotype available at: http://www.botmus.lu.se/Lund/Images/1301001.jpg ). Notes When Frödin (1915) proposed the name “ Pinguicula villosa f. albiflora ”, no diagnosis or description was provided, although he referred to a specimen collected by G. Jönsson (LD 1301001) representing individuals of P. villosa with whitish flowers. Later, Casper (1962) cited Frödin’s name, referred to the original publication, and provided the brief diagnosis “ corolla albescens ”, thereby fulfilling all the requirements for valid publication under Art. 33.1 of the ICN (Turland et al. 2025). The name P. villosa f. albiflora Frödin ex Casper (1962) was thereby validly published, with the type material corresponding to Jönsson’s collection at LD (1301001). Pinguicula vulgaris L. (Linnaeus 1753, p. 17) Pinguicula borealis Salisb. (Salisbury 1796, p. 90), nom. illeg. superfl. [ICN Art. 52.1]. Type locality Described from Europe (‘Habitat in Europæ uliginosis’). Type: Herb. Linnaeus 33.1 (lectotype, designated by Casper (1966, p. 171): LINN!). Distribution in the covered area Denmark (Lange C & Hermann 2023), Estonia (Kuusk et al. 1996; Kukk et al. 2020), Faroe Islands (Johánsen et al. 2000), Finland (Kurtto et al. 2019), Greenland (Jacobsen et al. 2020), Iceland (Wąsowicz 2020), Latvia (rare, Kuusk et al. 1996), Lithuania (rare, Kuusk et al. 1996), Norway (Elven et al. 2005), Sweden (Karlsson 1998). Taxonomic synonyms Pinguicula vulgaris var. albida Behm (Behm 1881, p. 93). Pinguicula vulgaris f. albida (Behm) Neuman (Neuman 1901, p. 119). Type locality Described from Sweden (‘Vid vintervägen mellan sjöarne Grötingen och Idsjön i Bräcke sn.’). Type : [Sweden], Medelpad, Njurunda, July 1903, J. A. Holm s.n. (neotype, designated here: LD [1333504!], image of the neotype available at: http://www.botmus.lu.se/Lund/Images/1333504_a.jpg ). Notes The protologue of Pinguicula vulgaris var. albida mentions a locality in Bräcke, between the lakes Grötingen and Idsjön (Behm 1881). However, no specific collection was cited, and the herbarium housing the material was not indicated. Specimens of Pinguicula collected by F. Behm were located in several Nordic herbaria (BG, GB, LD, OHN, S, TROM, TUR, UME, and UPS). However, only a few of these represent P. vulgaris , and none match the description in the protologue. The new taxon was described as having a distinct white corolla with a yellow-greenish spur—features that are not well preserved in dried plants. Neuman (1901) ranked Behm’s variety as a form but did not cite any associated specimen. Two specimens found at LD (1326552! and 1333504!), identified as “ P. vulgaris f. albida ”, exhibit a paler corolla consistent with the protologue. Although these specimens were not collected in the type locality, they represent the only traced material that matches the morphological characteristics described by Behm. Therefore, the specimen at LD (1333504!) is here designated as neotype. Pinguicula vulgaris γ. [var.] bicolor Nordst. ex Hartm. (Hartman 1870, p. 70). Pinguicula vulgaris var. bicolor Nordst. ex Fr. (Fries 1865, p. 22), nom. inval., nom. nud. [ICN Art. 38.1]. Pinguicula vulgaris f. bicolor (Nordst. ex Hartm.) Neuman (1901, p. 119). Type locality Described from Sweden (‘Lul. Lpm. [Lule Lappmark] Stenbäcken mell. Jokkmokk och Pajarim.’, ‘VG. [Västergötland] Sandhem sn flerest.’) and Norway (‘N. Dovre’). Type : [Sweden] Västergötland, Sandhem, s.d. [1858], O. Nordstedt s.n. (lectotype, designated here: LD [1357977!], image of the lectotype available at: http://www.botmus.lu.se/Lund/Images/1357977_a.jpg ). Notes The name Pinguicula vulgaris var. bicolor was first introduced on labels of specimens distributed by E. M. Fries in fascicle XVI (no. 22) of Herbarium Normale Plantarum Rariorum et Criticarum Sueciæ , where it appears as “ Pinguicula vulgaris v. bicolor Nordst.” (Fries 1865). Although the epithet has been attributed to Nordstedt, a validating diagnosis was provided only later by Hartman (Hartman 1870), who adopted the name as “ P. vulgaris γ. bicolor Nordst.” Accordingly, the correct authorship is Pinguicula vulgaris var. bicolor Nordst. ex Hartm. The protologue mentioned three localities (two in Sweden and one in Norway). A survey of potentially original material revealed four Herbarium Normale sheets (C s.n.!, MO 3089796!, O V-893383! and UPS V-109076!) and three specimens housed at LD (1357977!), O (V-845526!) and UPS (V-198173!), all of which represent the taxon as diagnosed by Hartman—corolla violet with a white lip. Among these materials, only the specimens at LD and UPS bear the locality “Sandhem”, partially matching one of the citations in the protologue (“VG. Sandhem sn flerest.”); however, the UPS specimen was collected in 1886, and thus could not have been used by Nordstedt when preparing the protologue. Because the LD specimen is the only sheet that unambiguously corresponds to the protologue and represents original material associated with the validating diagnosis, it is here designated as lectotype. Pinguicula vulgaris f. coerulescens O.A.Eklund (Eklund 1929, p. 101). Type locality Described from Vormsi island, Estonia (‘Borby, östl. vorn Dorf, im Kalkmoor’). Type : Estonia, insula Wormsö [Vormsi], Borby [Borrby], kalkkärr, rcc tills.[ammans] m.[ed] huvudformen, 16 June 1926, O. A. Eklund s.n. (lectotype, designated here: H [1631290!], image of the lectotype available at: http://id.luomus.fi/C.374558 ). Notes The protologue of Pinguicula vulgaris f. coerulescens mentions a location east of Borby, Estonia, without providing precise locality information. In a footnote, Eklund (1929) compared his new taxon to a collection made by Lindberg in 1912, identified as “ f. floris pallidioribus ”, and concluded that Lindberg’s material also represents his new form since all specimens differed from P. vulgaris by its whitish-blue flowers. Although the cited collections were poorly documented and no herbarium housing the material was indicated, three specimens potentially corresponding to Eklund’s citations were located at H. These include a specimen collected by Eklund (1631290!) and two by Lindberg (1631298! and 1631321!). Eklund’s specimen at H is clearly labeled as “ Pinguicula vulgaris f. coerulescens mihi n. f .”, and the plant on the sheet conforms to the diagnosis provided—whitish-blue flowers. All three specimens qualify as original material (ICN Art. 9.4), although one of Lindberg’s collections is a mixed specimen containing two plants with whitish flowers and two with the typical violet flowers of P. vulgaris . From the available material, Eklund’s specimen at H (1631290!) is herewith designated as lectotype. Pinguicula vulgaris f. macrantha Lindblom (Lindblom 1845, p. 69). Type locality Described from Norway (‘…i buskregionen på Norefjeld i Krydsherred ofvanföre Sorteberg…’). Type : [Norway, Buskerud], in alpe Norfjället, supra Sortebergs Sätter, 23 July 1844, C. J. Hartman s.n. (lectotype, designated here: UPS [V-159800!], Fig. 3). Notes The protologue of Pinguicula vulgaris f. macrantha cites a locality in Norway—“in shrub regions at Norefjell in Krydsherred above Sorteberg”—where the taxon was observed by Lindblom together with C. J. Hartman during their summer excursion in 1844 (Lindblom 1845). No specimen was explicitly cited, nor the herbarium in which any material might have been deposited was indicated. According to Stafleu and Cowan (1981), Lindblom’s herbarium and types were destroyed, and only occasional material survives in Swedish herbaria. Two specimens collected by Hartman during that same 1844 excursion were located at GB and UPS. Their localities and dates correspond closely to those reported by Lindblom, and both exhibit the diagnostic features described in the protologue: a corolla two or three times the size of typical P. vulgaris and a lower corolla lip divided into three to five lobes. Under Art. 9.4 of the ICN (Turland et al. 2025), specimens examined during the fieldwork that are associated with the protologue are considered original material. Among the available material, the specimen at UPS (V-159800!) provides the closest and most complete correspondence to the information given in Lindblom’s protologue, including matching locality, date, and diagnostic floral characters. As it represents original material, it is here designated as lectotype. Figure 3. Lectotype of Pinguicula vulgaris f. macrantha and Pinguicula vulgaris subsp. grandiflora (UPS V-159800). Image by courtesy of Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, reproduced with permission. Pinguicula vulgaris * [subsp.] grandiflora Hartm. (Hartman 1846, p. 5). Pinguicula vulgaris δ. [var.] grandiflora (Hartm.) Hartm. (Hartman 1849, p. 68). Type locality Described from Norway (‘N. i fjellen; den sista på Norfjellet i Buskeruds fögderi samt vid Christiania’). Type : [Norway, Buskerud], in alpe Norfjället, supra Sortebergs Sätter, 23 July 1844, C. J. Hartman s.n. (lectotype, designated here: UPS [V-159800!], Fig. 3). Notes Hartman described P. vulgaris subsp. grandiflora shortly after Lindblom published P. vulgaris f. macrantha , based on plants observed during their joint 1844 excursion (see previous note). However, while Lindblom’s material appears to have been lost, Hartman is known to have collected specimens during that trip, and his collection was also associated with the protologue of the new taxon. The specimen housed at UPS (V-159800!) matches the locality, date, and diagnostic features reported by Hartman’s himself, originally annotated as “ Pinguicula vulgaris var. macrantha ”, but its morphological characters fully correspond to his concept of subsp. grandiflora : a corolla about twice the size of typical P. vulgaris and a lower lip divided into three to five lobes (Hartman 1849). Although Hartman did not cite any particular specimen nor he indicated a herbarium, the UPS specimen clearly derives from his own collection and is consistent with the material he used when preparing the diagnosis. As it cannot be confirmed that it was the only specimen available to him, the specimen UPS V-159800! is here designated as the lectotype of P. vulgaris subsp. grandiflora . Pinguicula vulgaris β. [var.] obtusa Sommerf. (Sommerfelt 1826, p. 2). Type locality Described from north Norway (‘Hab in alpibus inferioribus Saltdalen Nordlandiæ’). Type : [Norway, Nordland] Saltd[alen], in alp. Rosnær, July, S. C. Sommerfelt s.n. (lectotype, designated here: O [V-531582!, plants annotated ‘a’], image of the lectotype available at: https://www.unimus.no/felles/bilder/web_hent_bilde.php?id=13643981&type=jpeg ). Notes The protologue of Pinguicula vulgaris β. [var.] obtusa mentions the locality Saltdalen in Norway but does not cite any specific material or indicate the herbarium of deposit. According to Stafleu and Cowan (1985), Sommerfelt’s types are housed at O, with additional material in other Nordic and European herbaria. During a search of several collections containing Sommerfelt’s material, two specimens partially matching the cited locality were found at O (V-531582! and V-552126!). Specimen V-531582 includes three flowering plants that exhibit the characteristics described by Sommerfelt (1826), such as flowers with obtuse and shorter spurs. In contrast, specimen V-552126 corresponds to the typical morphology of P. vulgaris . Therefore, the specimen V-531582, which conforms to Sommerfelt’s concept of P. vulgaris var. obtusa , is here designated as lectotype. Pinguicula vulgaris γ. [var.] obtusata Hartm. (Hartman 1832, p. 6). Type locality Described from Norway (‘N. i fjellen’). Type : [Sweden], Vg. [Västergötland], Sandhem, Dintestorp, 4 July 1862, C. F. O. Norsdstedt s.n. (neotype, designated here: LD [1303900!, single flower annotated ‘ obtusata ’], image of the neotype available at: https://www.botmus.lu.se/Lund/Images/1303900_a.jpg ). Notes The protologue of Pinguicula vulgaris var. obtusata mentions only an unnamed locality in Norway and does not cite any specimen. Hartman’s original description refers to flowers with shorter and blunter spurs, likely representing developmental malformations. No original material has been located. However, this name was later applied by Krok (1863) to material collected by C. F. O. Nordstedt in Sweden (Sandhem, Västergötland). This specimen, housed at LD (1303900!), contains two flowering plants and one inflorescence showing the typical morphology of P. vulgaris , as well as a single flower lacking a spur and annotated “ obtusata ”. As this element corresponds to the diagnostic features provided in the protologue (Hartman 1832), the flower annotated “ obtusata ” on specimen LD 1303900! is here designated as the neotype. Pinguicula vulgaris var. pallida Lange (Lange 1887, p. 261). Type locality Described from west Greenland (‘V. Gr.: Sigsarigsok Næs v. Pakitsok Fjord 69° 30’…’). Type : [Greenland, Vestgrönland], Naes ved Pakitsok Fjord (V. Gronland), 13 July 1883, P. L. P. Sylow s.n. (lectotype, designated here: C [10024126!], Fig. 4, isolectotype: UPS [V-1015053!]). Notes Although the protologue of Pinguicula vulgaris var. pallida explicitly mentions a single collection by Sylow (Lange 1887), the term “type” was not used, and the herbarium housing the examined material was not indicated. Upon examining Sylow’s collections from Greenland, two specimens matching the cited collection were located at C and UPS. Both specimens bear Lange’s determination as “ P. vulgaris var. pallida ” and correspond well with the diagnosis provided, characterized by an almost white corolla and a very thin spur—different from the typical P. vulgaris . Lange’s original herbarium and types are housed at C (Stafleu and Cowan 1979), and the author’s determination on both specimens suggests that he examined—and likely used—both when preparing the protologue. The specimen at UPS may have been distributed later, as appears to have occurred with other duplicates of Sylow’s collection (O. Ryding, pers. comm. on 1 December, 2021). The specimen at C is labeled as “holotype” (Fig. 4), but since both sheets were annotated by the author and no formal type designation was made, they are to be considered syntypes (ICN Art. 9.6). The specimen at C (10024126!) is here designated as lectotype. Figure 4. Lectotype of Pinguicula vulgaris var. pallida (C 10024126). Image by courtesy of the Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, reproduced with permission. Pinguicula vulgaris var. semiflava P.Olsson (Olsson 1884, p. 73). Pinguicula vulgaris f. semiflava (P.Olsson) Neuman (Neuman 1901, p. 119). Type locality Described from Sweden (‘...vid Långtjärn i Bräcke’). Type : [Sweden], Jemtl.[Jämtland], Långtjärn i Bräcke by, 1884, P. Olsson s.n. (lectotype, designated here: LD [1558332!], image of the lectotype available at: http://www.botmus.lu.se/Lund/Images/1558332_a.jpg ). Notes The protologue of Pinguicula vulgaris var. semiflava explicitly refers to a single collection by the author (Olsson 1884), without designating a type or specifying the herbarium housing the material. According to Stafleu and Cowan (1981), Olsson’s specimens are housed at several herbaria. However, after examining these collections, only one specimen matching the cited gathering was found at LD. This specimen contains a single plant that corresponds to the distinctive features described in the protologue, exhibiting a violet flower with a light yellow lower midlobe (which appears lighter in the dried specimen). Additionally, the specimen is labeled as “ Pinguicula vulgaris var. semiflava .” However, it remains uncertain whether the protologue was based on this single specimen. Therefore, it is here designated as lectotype. Pinguicula vulgaris β. [var.] tenuior Wahlenb. (Wahlenberg 1812, p. 10). Type locality Described from northern Europe (‘Hab. Locis uliginosis per universam Lapponiam […] in alpibus locis spongiosis sphagno abundantibus parcius’). Type : [Norway, Viken, Hole] in paludosii sylvaticii Krokskove, s.d., M. N. Bl.[ytt] s.n. (neotype, designated here: O [V-622765!], image of the neotype available at: https://www.unimus.no/felles/bilder/web_hent_bilde.php?id=13621413&type=jpeg ). Notes Wahlenberg (1812) did not cite any specific collection when describing Pinguicula vulgaris β. [var.] tenuior . According to Stafleu and Cowan (1988) and Moberg and Nilsson (1991), Wahlenberg’s types are primarily housed at UPS. However, after searching through this collection, none of Wahlenberg’s specimens were found to match the given diagnosis. Further searches in other herbaria housing Wahlenberg’s specimens also failed to yield any original material. Therefore, the selection of a neotype appears to be the only alternative for typifying Wahlenberg’s name. Several specimens of P. vulgaris labeled as “ Pinguicula vulgaris β. tenuior ” and determined by M. N. Blytt were found at O. While these specimens are suitable as neotypes, some contain plants representing Linnaeus’ concept of P. vulgaris , mixed with Wahlenberg’s concept of his variety characterized by smaller flowers, and the scape more densely villous toward the upper part. Thus, the only specimen (O V-622765!) in which the entire sample aligns with the features described in the protologue is here designated as neotype. Untypified names Pinguicula hirta Wormsk. ex Lange (Lange 1887, p. 261). Type locality Described from Greenland (‘Kanginguak pr. Julianehaab’). Type : No suitable material found. Notes The name Pinguicula hirta appeared in Conspectus Florae Groenlandicae (Lange 1887), where it was mentioned as a manuscript annotation in M. Wormskjold’s diary [ P. hirta Wormsk. mscr.], associated with the locality “Kanginguak pr. Julianehaab”, recorded for P. vulgaris f. ecalcarata . Althought Lange provided a brief diagnosis—it shows occasional variation in the upper leaf surface, with the scape and calyx shortly villous—it appears that the author’s intention was not to describe a new taxon or formally propose a new name, but rather to refer to Wormskjold’s unpublished notes. Despite efforts to locate specimens associated with this name, no material has been found and the name cannot presently be typified. Pinguicula hirta is listed as a synonym of P. vulgaris in the Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora (Hassler 2025); and it is treated here as an untypified synonym of P. vulgaris . Pinguicula vulgaris f. brevicalcarata Lindblom (Lindblom 1845, p. 69). Type locality Described from Norway (‘…på några ställen på Häckfjeld, t. ex. vid Vattendal’). Type : No suitable material found. Notes Lindblom’s herbarium and types were largerly destroyed by fire in 1865. The remaining specimens of the original herbarium were housed at the Karlstad grammar school and later transferred to LD and UPS. Meanwhile, ocassional specimens are found in most Swedish herbaria (Stafleau and Cowan 1981). After searches, no original material of P. vulgaris f. brevicalcarata was found in the revised collections. Lindlom (1845) described this taxon based on the spur being bent and shorter than in P. vulgaris , more resembling that of P. alpina . No material was found to match these characteristics; therefore, the name remains untypified. Pinguicula vulgaris β. [var.] ecalcarata Wirzén (Wirzén and Strandberg 1843, p. 10). Pinguicula vulgaris f. ecalcarata (Wirzén) Wormsk. ex Lange (Lange 1887, p. 261). Type locality Described from Finland (‘…ad Maunu lapponiae tornensis et in Sotkamo legi’). Type : No suitable material found. Notes Wirzén (in Wirzén and Strandberg 1843) described P. vulgaris β. [var.] ecalcarata as “ nectario destituta ”, indicating that the flower lacked a spur. No original material was found in the herbaria examined, and althought some specimens traced at O are determined as “ Pinguicula vulgaris var. ecalcarata ”, they do not clearly exhibit the characters described in the protologue. In specimen O V-270261!, one plant bears a flower without a spur; however, another flower on the same plant shows the regular P. vulgaris , making the specimen unsuitable as a type. Therefore, this name remains untypified. Pinguicula vulgaris f. micrantha Lindblom (Lindblom 1845, p. 69). Pinguicula vulgaris var. micrantha (Lindblom) Fr. (Fries 1845, p. 20). Type locality Described from southeast Norway (‘…i sydvestra Norge…’). Type : No suitable material found. N otes As stated above (see note on P. vulgaris f. brevicalcarata ), Lindblom’s herbarium and types were destroyed, and occasional material can still be found in various Swedish herbaria. Despite extensive searches in all available databases and relevant herbaria, no material related to the name Pinguicula vulgaris f. micrantha , nor any other material suitable for typification, was found. References Behm, F. 1881. Anteckningar till Jemtlands flora. – Botaniska Notiser 1881(3): 92–98. 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Fjölrit Náttúrufræðistofnunar 57: 1–193. Wirzén, J. E. A. and Strandberg, S. A. F. 1843. Prodromus Florae Fennicae I. 16 s. – Frenckelliana. Figure legends Figure 1. Distribution of Pinguicula species in the area covered in this work with the approximate type locality of each treated name. Figure 2. Lectotype of Pinguicula alpina var. bimaculata (UPS V-197494). Image by courtesy of Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, reproduced with permission. Figure 3. Lectotype of Pinguicula vulgaris f. macrantha and Pinguicula vulgaris subsp. grandiflora (UPS V-159800). Image by courtesy of Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, reproduced with permission. Figure 4. Lectotype of Pinguicula vulgaris var. pallida (C 10024126). Image by courtesy of the Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, reproduced with permission. Information & Authors Information Version history V1 Version 1 15 July 2025 V2 Version 2 18 February 2026 Peer review timeline Published Nordic Journal of Botany Version of Record 3 Apr 2026 Published Copyright This work is licensed under a Non Exclusive No Reuse License. Keywords butterwort nomenclature synonyms taxonomy typification Authors Affiliations Yoannis Domínguez 0000-0001-9972-1040 [email protected] Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) View all articles by this author Metrics & Citations Metrics Article Usage 494 views 224 downloads .FvxKWukQNSOunydq8rnd { width: 100px; } Citations Download citation Yoannis Domínguez. Nomenclatural revision of Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) in the Baltic and Nordic countries including their oversea territories and Iceland. Authorea . 18 February 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.175256840.03284692/v2 If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. 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