Determinants of Community Attitudes and Participation in Wildlife Conservation. A case of Swagaswaga Game Reserve, Dodoma, Tanzania

Determinants of Community Attitudes and Participation in Wildlife Conservation. 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A case of Swagaswaga Game Reserve, Dodoma, Tanzania Flora Felix Manyama, Leopody Gayo This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6648298/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Discover Sustainability → Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Understanding local peoples’ conservation attitudes is crucial to achieve effective wildlife conservation. This study aimed to assess the factors influencing communities’ attitudes and participation in wildlife conservation around Swagaswaga game reserve (SGR). A household questionnaire survey of 150 respondents were randomly selected from Handa, Mangoroma and Serya villages between February and June 2024. Results showed that most respondents (88.67%, n = 133) were aware of the SGR and (90.67%, n = 136) of respondents had positive attitudes influenced by accrued benefits such as ecosystem goods and services (74.26%, n = 101), social services (11.03%, n = 15) and economic benefits (14.71%, n = 20); (H = 35.66, df = 2, P < 0.001). Crop damage by wild animals (77.33%, n = 116) was the main challenge followed by livestock depredation (14%, n = 21) and people injury (8.67%, n = 13). The major determinants of peoples’ attitudes were benefits associated with SGR, distance of households from SGR boundary, sex and occupation of respondents (Table 2). Majority (72.67%, n = 109) of respondents participated in different conservation related activities such as tree planting (46.79%, n = 51), maintenance of protected area boundary (29.36%, n = 32) and ant-poaching activities (23.85%, n = 26); H = 28.32, df = 2, P < 0.001. The study highlights that respondents who benefit directly from conservation activities tend to have more positive attitudes and are more likely to participate in conservation efforts. We recommend active engagement of local communities in conservation activities alongside implementation of inclusive policies to ensure equitable benefit sharing and effective mitigation of conflicts to foster both sustainable conservation and improved local livelihoods. Wildlife conservation attitudes local communities conservation awareness Swagaswaga game reserve Figures Figure 1 Introduction Wildlife conservation has become a critical global concern as human activities continue to exert pressure on natural ecosystems [ 1 ]. Rapid increase in human population and their associated anthropogenic disturbances has been the major cause of biodiversity loss worldwide [ 2 ].The degradation of habitats, illegal poaching, and climate change are some of the factors threatening the survival of various species [ 3 ]. Wildlife conservation aims to protect animal species and their habitats to ensure biodiversity and ecosystem stability [ 4 ]. Over decades, wildlife conservation has been practiced through establishment of protected areas (PAs). However, effective conservation through PAs requires not only the involvement of governmental and non-governmental organizations but also the active participation of local communities who live in proximity to these natural resources [ 5 , 6 ]. Local communities’ attitudes towards conservation initiatives and their level of participation can significantly influence the outcomes of conservation projects [ 7 ]. Communities often have a deep connection with their natural environment, relying on it as food, water, and medicine [ 8 ]. Therefore, their support for conservation is essential to ensure the sustainability of wildlife populations and the preservation of natural habitats. Established PAs act as reserves for the preservation of biodiversity and control excessive use of wild plants and animals by humankind [ 9 ]. The strategy has been widely adopted, but it’s suitability and efficacy in guaranteeing sustainable conservation have been a subject of discussion for many years [ 10 ]. It’s protectionist policies, which frequently deny local communities’ access to vital natural resources have raised serious concerns [ 11 ]. Due to “fences and fines approach” most of the local people living adjacent to PAs are restricted to access natural resources [ 5 ]. This has paved a way for illegal utilization due to lack of alternative resources to sustain local livelihoods [ 12 ]. Furthermore, there is increase in loss of interest and willingness to participate in conservation efforts among local people bordering PAs [ 13 , 14 ]. Understanding the factors that shape community attitudes and participation is a key to designing effective conservation strategies that are inclusive and sustainable. In Tanzania a growing number of PAs has been established to conserve wildlife resources for economic development and source of foreign currency [ 15 ]. The National Wildlife Policy emphasizes the importance of involving local communities in wildlife conservation, though empirical evidence documented that recognition of local people in wildlife management activities without addressing livelihood challenges related with conservation is futile [ 6 , 16 ]. Local communities are less supportive and even hostile as they experience restrictions on resource use, loss of livelihoods, or inadequate compensation for conservation-related losses [ 17 ]. Local people disregarded in wildlife management have been non-compliance with conservation regulations resulting to failure of conservation initiatives [ 6 ]. Swagaswaga game reserve (SGR) gazzeted in 1997 with total coverage of 871 km 2 is located between Chemba and Kondoa districts in Dodoma region central Tanzania [ 18 ]. It serve as a habitat for a variety of wildlife species and plays a critical role in maintaining biodiversity in the region [ 19 ]. However, the surrounding communities are often faced with socio-economic challenges resulting to high dependence on natural resources that are illegally acquisitioned from SGR. Being agro-pastoralists relying on crop production and livestock keeping living in the vicinity of wildlife habitats they experience problems such as crop raiding and livestock predation from problem animals [ 18 ]. Moreover, the top-down approach mostly practiced by the state in conserving wildlife through game reserves has sometimes led to conflicts between conservation authorities and local residents, as conservation measures are perceived to threaten local livelihoods [ 20 ]. Recent shifts towards more community-based conservation models have recognized the importance of involving local communities in conservation efforts [ 21 ]. However, the success of these models depends on understanding the specific factors that influence community attitudes and participation. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of community involvement in wildlife conservation in southern Tanzania [ 22 ], influence of climatic and non-climatic factors on human-wildlife conflicts in SGR [ 18 ]. Communities’ perceptions regarding the impact of Hoima-Tanga crude oil pipeline on the loss of biodiversity in SGR [ 19 ], yet there is a need for more detailed studies that explore the specific determinants of community attitudes and participation, particularly in the context of African conservation areas. The SGR represents a unique context where traditional and modern conservation approaches intersect, making it an ideal case for exploring these issues. Therefore, this study assessed determinants of communities’ attitudes and participation in wildlife conservation around Swagaswaga game reserve. Specifically, we (1) assessed the attitudes of local communities towards wildlife conservation, (2) identified the key factors influencing these attitudes, including socio-economic, cultural, and environmental determinants and (3) examined the level and forms of community participation in conservation activities. Understanding the factors influencing community attitudes and participation in the SGR offers valuable insights for policymakers, conservation practitioners, and researchers to develop equitable and effective conservation strategies that balance wildlife protection with local community needs and aspirations. Methodology 2.1 Description of the study area The study was conducted in three villages namely Handa, Mangoroma and Serya bordering the Swagaswaga game reserve (SGR) located in Dodoma region central Tanzania (Fig. 1 ). These villages are located close to SGR boundary from 0 to 5 Km and have more interactions either directly or indirectly with the wildlife that are found in the reserve through different human activities. The area experience a semi-arid climatic condition with an average temperatures of 31 and 18°C maximum and minimum, respectively [ 23 ]. The mean annual rainfall varies between 600 and 1000 mm, which falls between November and April with altitude ranges from 1200 to 1,500 meters above sea level [ 24 ]. Swagaswaga game reserve contain a variety of species both plants and animals and miombo woodlands are the main dominant plants which provide suitable habitats for many other wildlife species [ 19 ]. The main economic activities among communities living adjacent SGR include agriculture where people cultivate crops and keep livestock for subsistence, bee keeping, small scale local business, charcoal production, lumbering and hunting. The main crops grown in the area include maize, finger millet, sorghum, cassava, green peas, millet, beans, groundnuts and sunflowers. Illegal hunting is also practiced whereby local hunting tools particularly domestic dogs are mostly used for local hunting within the reserve. Other illegal activities include charcoal making and lumbering which involves clearing of forests thus, threaten wildlife populations in the area. The surveyed area is also characterized by rapid human population growth due to improved roads network, availability of social services like schools and hospitals and other benefits associated with being close to a protected area. 2.2 Data collection Handa, Mangoroma and Serya villages were preferentially sampled along the gradient distance of 0 to 5 km from SGR boundary over other villages because they experiences high human wildlife interactions with many cases of crop raiding, livestock depredation and illegal offtakes of wildlife resources [ 18 ]. A cross sectional research design was used where data were collected only once through household questionnaire survey, key informant interviews and focused group discussions. We employed Naing, Winn [ 25 ] formula to determine the sample size as n= [NZ 2 P(1-P)]/[d 2 (N-1) + Z 2 P(1-P)] whereby; n = sample size, N = estimated population size (2496 households as population from the study villages), Z = 1.96 as Z score value for a level of confidence, P = 0.5 as a proportion of the total surveyed population for the maximum sample size with normal distribution, d = 0.08 as precision at 92% level of confidence. From the formula, a sample size of 150 respondents were randomly sampled from the study villages based on the village populations obtained from the village register such that the village with many households constituted many respondents in the sample. Thus, respondents were distributed as follows; Serya (n = 58), Handa (n = 47) and Mangoroma (n = 45). All households’ heads or any adult individual found in the sampled households were administered with semi-structured questionnaire comprising both close and open ended questions between February and June, 2024. The questions assessed demographic and socioeconomic information such as age, gender, education level, occupation and income sources. Furthermore, the information regarding the attitudes of local communities towards wildlife conservation, key factors influencing their attitudes as well as the level and forms of their participation in conservation activities were collected. We also collected data on mechanisms to improve their community engagement and support to wildlife conservation in the study area. The qualitative data were collected through key informant and informal interviews, focused group discussions (FGDs) and literature reviews to supplement the quantitative data collected through household questionnaire survey. At least three FGDs were conducted per village composing 5–8 participants to include adult men, adult women and youth (both males and females). The discussion focused on the study objectives using checklist of questions. As for key informant interviews, individuals with specialized knowledge as per study themes were involved for interviews to include 3 wildlife officers from SGR, 2 district game officers from Chemba and Kondoa districts and 3 village executive officers from the study villages. Data were collected using checklists focusing on the study objectives. 2.3 Data analysis Data were analysed by the use of statistical software R, version 4.4.2 with descriptive analysis performed to summarise the information in frequency and percentage presented in tables. Content analysis techniques were used to analyze the qualitative data gathered from focus group discussions and key informant interviews (FGDs and KIIs). Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the distribution of the data and non-parametric tests were used due distribution of the data. Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to determine the variation in attitudes between respondents and their levels of participation in conservation activities at a significance level of P < 0.05. Finally, we used a multivariable binary logistic regression analysis to identify the best predictors on the factors influencing peoples’ attitudes and participation in conservation activities. Results 3.1 Communities’ attitudes towards wildlife conservation We assessed conservation attitude of the study community by evaluating their level of awareness, benefits received and conservation costs incurred by being living adjacent to SGR. The majority of respondents (91.33%, n = 137) showed a positive attitude by agreeing the statement that Swagaswaga game reserve should continue to be conserved and their difference was insignificant across the study villages; Kruskal Wallis test (H = 0.78, df = 2, P = 0.677). This means that, most of the respondents from all the study villages perceived the reserve as good due to accrued benefits either direct or indirect. Furthermore, the majority of respondents (90.67%, n = 136) acknowledged to receive different kind of benefits which are associated with the presence of a protected area around, the SGR; Kruskal Wallis test (H = 35.66, df = 2, P < 0.001). Such benefits include ecosystem goods and services (74.26%, n = 101), social services (11.03%, n = 15) and economic benefits (14.71%, n = 20). However, a minority of respondents expressed negative attitudes despite of the claimed benefits. This is probably driven by the costs associated with wildlife conservation resulting from human-wildlife conflicts (HWC). The study found that, crop damage by wild animals was the main challenge (77.33%, n = 116) followed by livestock depredation (14%, n = 21) and human injuries (8.67%, n = 13); Kruskal Wallis test (H = 0.17, df = 2, P = 0.92). The study also assessed levels of illegal activities within SGR. Most of respondents (92%, n = 138) acknowledged the existence of illegal activities within a protected area. Poaching was the leading (62.67%, n = 94) followed by deforestation (41.33%, n = 62) and illegal grazing (32%, n = 48). 3.2 Determinants of community attitudes towards wildlife conservation Most respondents (90.67%, n = 136) significantly agreed that their positive attitude is strongly influenced by the benefits associated with the PA; Kruskal Wallis test (H = 35.66, df = 2, P < 0.001). However, the majority of respondents (83.33%, n = 125) claimed that, different levels of conflicts between local people, wildlife and PA authority are among the factors that influence peoples’ negative attitudes; Kruskal Wallis test (H = 79.23, P < 0.001). Unclear boundaries (78.67%, n = 118) was claimed to be the main cause for conflicts between local communities and PA authority followed by Unsatisfied government compensation (14%, n = 21) for wildlife related costs to people and poor communication (7.3%, n = 11) between local people and PA management authority. It was the aim of our study to know factors motivating community attitudes towards wildlife conservation. Thus, we performed multivariable binary logistic regression analysis and found that sex, occupation, distance of households from SGR boundary (village or district) and benefits associated with PA are predictors of community attitudes (Table 2). Respondents in the group of females had more negative attitudes than males and peasants who were more affected by problem animals through crop damage had more negative attitudes. However, respondents from the closest village (0.5 Km) Handa of Chemba district had more positive attitude than distant villages of Serya (4 Km) and Mangoroma (5 Km) from Kondoa district. Table 2 Determinants of community attitudes and participation in wildlife conservation from a multivariable binary logistic regression model Variables Coefficients Standard error (SE) Z value P value Age -0.026 0.475 -0.054 0.957 Sex -3.193 0.671 -4.762 < 0.001*** Education level 0.398 0.443 0.900 0.368 Occupation -1.929 0.697 -2.769 0.0056** Village 0.654 0.331 1.976 0.048 * Benefits from PA 2.221 0.993 2.236 0.026* Significance level is set at P < 0.05 3.3 Community awareness and participation in wildlife conservation On the assessment of community awareness of SGR and its associated conservation activities, most respondents (88.67%, n = 133) from all the study villages claimed to be aware of the SGR (Table 3). Furthermore, nearly three quarter (72.67%, n = 109) of the respondents claimed to be involved in different conservation related activities around the area; Kruskal Wallis test (H = 7.33, df = 2, P = 0.026). Such activities include, tree planting (46.79%, n = 51), maintenance of protected area boundaries (29.36%, n = 32) and ant-poaching activities as informers and village game scouts (23.85%, n = 26); Kruskal Wallis test (H = 28.32, df = 2, P < 0.001). However, despite of the good relationships claimed, the majority (83.33%, n = 125) of respondents from all the study villages claimed not be involved in decision making for conservation related issues around the area; Kruskal Wallis test (H = 1.37, df = 2, P = 0.505). This claim is in line with the sign of developing negative attitudes towards the reserve despite of the positive attitudes observed. Table 3 Community awareness and participation in wildlife conservation in the three study villages (Handa (n = 47), Mangoroma (n = 45) and Serya (n = 58)) Variables Response Handa (%) Mangoroma (%) Serya (%) Total (%) (n = 150) Test (H) P-value Community awareness Yes 84 92 90 88.67 2.53 0.283 No 16 8 10 11.33 Conservation involvement Yes 74.47 68.89 74.13 72.67 7.33 0.026 No 25.53 31.11 25.86 27.33 Tree planting Yes 48.94 46.67 50.00 46.79 28.32 < 0.001 PA boundary maintenance Yes 14.89 15.56 15.52 29.36 Ant-poaching activities Yes 10.64 6.67 8.60 23.85 Source: Field data, 2024 Discussion 4.1 Communities’ attitudes towards wildlife conservation Local communities’ attitudes toward conservation significantly impact the success of protected areas. Positive perceptions foster support for conservation, while negative attitudes can lead to resistance and illegal activities. This study found a strong positive attitude among residents near Swagaswaga game reserve (SGR), likely due to perceived benefits. Similar findings were also observed in Tanzania’s Serengeti and Ruaha national parks, where employment and ecosystem benefits enhanced community support [ 26 , 27 ]. Across Africa, attitudes vary where Zimbabwe’s CAMPFIRE program showed increased support with direct benefits [ 28 ], while Uganda’s Bwindi national park faced opposition due to limited incentives [ 29 ]. Effective benefit-sharing and community engagement are key to strengthening conservation efforts [ 30 ]. Like other studies in Sub-Saharan Africa, respondents in this research acknowledged receiving benefits from the reserve, including ecosystem services, social services, and economic gains. Similar findings in Tanzania’s Tarangire national park also highlight the role of ecosystem benefits in conservation support [ 31 ]. In South Africa’s Kruger national park and Namibia’s conservancies, tourism-related income enhances positive attitudes [ 32 , 33 ]. However, where benefits are limited, communities often view conservation as restrictive, leading to negative attitude [ 34 ]. Despite the overall positive attitudes, a minority of respondents expressed negative perceptions perhaps due to conservation costs they incur, particularly crop damage, as agriculture is the main livelihood strategy near SGR. Similar findings in Tanzania’s Selous game reserve highlight crop raiding and livestock predation as major human-wildlife conflict drivers [ 30 ]. These challenges are common across Sub-Saharan Africa, necessitate mitigation strategies like compensation and land-use planning [ 35 ]. Additionally, illegal activities reported, particularly poaching, could persist due to poverty and food insecurity, as seen in other Tanzanian protected areas [ 34 ]. Addressing these issues through economic support and conflict mitigation is essential for fostering sustainable conservation efforts. 4.2 Determinants of community attitudes towards wildlife conservation Community attitudes towards wildlife conservation are influenced by various socio-economic and demographic factors as they shape perceptions, support, or resistance to conservation initiatives [ 36 ]. In the current study we found that respondents in the group of females had more negative attitudes than males possibly because majority of them were engaged in farming activities and therefore, incur more cost due to crop losses as a result of crop raiding by wild animals. The nature of an individual's occupation significantly affects their perception of conservation [ 24 ]. People whose livelihoods directly depend on natural resources, such as farmers and pastoralists, often view conservation negatively due to conflicts with wildlife [ 37 ]. Conversely, those engaged in ecotourism or conservation-related work tends to have more positive attitudes [ 33 ]. Similar to our study, agriculture including crop production and livestock keeping significantly influenced negative attitude towards conservation efforts in the reserve. This could be due to restrictions experienced in land use particularly on expansion of farm fields beyond reserve boundary or seeking grazing grounds in SGR. Likewise, negative attitudes may be attributed by crop raiding and livestock attacks they face from problem animals. Our finding is supported by the study of Tumusiime and Sjaastad [ 29 ] in Uganda's Bwindi Impenetrable national park that, local community’s dependent on agriculture perceived conservation efforts negatively due to crop damage by wildlife. As for distance of households from SGR, we also found that those living closer to protected areas were more positive despite the incurred costs associated with conservation probably because they have greater chance of receiving more benefits compared to distant villages. 4.3 Community awareness and participation in wildlife conservation Community involvement is pivotal for the success of wildlife conservation initiatives, particularly in areas like the SGR in Tanzania. The findings of this study indicate that local communities around the reserve are actively engaged in various conservation activities, including tree planting, maintenance of protected area boundaries, and anti-poaching efforts.​ Tree planting initiatives in the study area aim to restore degraded habitats, enhance biodiversity, and provide alternative resources for local use, thereby reducing pressure on natural forests. Such practice supports the ongoing afforestation programs across Central Tanzania and Dodoma semi-arid region in particular to counteract environmental degradation and foster conservation [ 38 , 39 ]. Moreover, the delineation and upkeep of protected area boundaries are crucial to minimize human-wildlife conflicts. In the vicinity of SGR, local communities have been involved in constructing and maintaining physical barriers such as steel bars and cleaning of the boundary to demarcate clearly the end of village lands and preventing encroachment. Such community-driven efforts contribute significantly to the overall health of the ecosystem and support wildlife conservation objectives [ 33 , 40 ].​ Additionally, community participation in anti-poaching efforts is another critical aspect of community engagement in conservation around SGR. Some local residents were engaged as village game scouts and informers of wildlife illegal activities within and around the reserve. These community-led patrols not only enhance the security of wildlife but also foster a sense of ownership and responsibility among locals towards conservation efforts [ 37 ]. Conclusion and Recommendations The success of conservation efforts in protected areas is highly dependent on local community attitudes, which are shaped by the perceived benefits and costs of conservation. This study found a generally positive attitude among residents near SGR, similar to findings across various African conservation areas where economic benefits, employment opportunities, and ecosystem services enhanced community support. However, a minority of respondents expressed negative perceptions due to conservation-related costs, including crop damage and restrictions on land use. Socio-economic and demographic factors, such as sex, occupation, and proximity to the reserve, significantly influenced community attitudes. Females and young individuals had more negative attitudes due to conservation related costs to adjacent communities, while farmers and pastoralists viewed conservation negatively due to human-wildlife conflicts caused by problem animals. To sustain and enhance positive perceptions, we recommend effective community engagement, equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms, and policy informed mitigation strategies for conservation-related challenges to foster wildlife management in the reserve and local livelihood development. Declarations Acknowledgements Thanks to the district councils of Chemba and Kondoa for permission to conduct research within the villages in their districts. We are also grateful to research assistants Ester and Ruth for their support during field data collection. Lastly, special thanks goes to the University of Dodoma for supporting this work in terms of facilities and time to accomplish this work. Author contributions F.F.M, designed the study, supervised data collection, data analysis and manuscript writing. L.G was involved in manuscript writing and review. All authors review the manuscript. Data availability statement Data supporting the study findings are available at the University of Dodoma and can be shared upon request after acceptance of the manuscript for publication. Ethical approval and consent to participate Ethical protocols were followed throughout this research with permits and approval letters from the University of Dodoma research and publication committee and District councils with Ref. No. DC/232/300/05, CM/DC/RP.15/21Vol.9/3 and KN/DC/RP.19/41Vol.13/7 respectively. All methods were carried out in accordance with the research and publication guidelines and regulations of the University of Dodoma. The study involved only adult respondents whose informed consents were obtained from all participants before the interview and all respondents agreed to use the information provided for research purposes. Consent for publication The study collected data through household questionnaire surveys, and prior to the interviewing respondents, verbal consent for publishing the results was obtained. Clinical trial declaration Not applicable since this study did not involve any clinical trial. Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that, there is no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Funding declaration This research was supported by the authors and no any other sources of funding. References Castillo-Huitrón, N.M., et al., The Importance of Human Emotions for Wildlife Conservation. Frontiers in Psychology, 2020. 11 . Holechek, J. and R. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6648298","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":474762722,"identity":"82d23afa-2715-4436-bfed-efcebecb2092","order_by":0,"name":"Flora Felix Manyama","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACA4YHNhYMDOwNDMzEa0lIk2Bg4DlAshaJBCK16LY3b/yQkCAhpzvzjeHnggobBv727gS8WszOHCuWAGoxNrudYyw940wag8SZsxvwa7mRYyCR+EMicdvtHANp3rbDDAYSuQS1GP8A2pK47eYZ49/EajGTAGu5wWNGpC1njpVZgP1yJq3MmudMGg9hvxxv3nzjQ4KNnNnxw5tv81TYyPG39+LXggQ4DEAkD7HKQYD9ASmqR8EoGAWjYAQBAKGgR5aPoyFNAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Dodoma","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Flora","middleName":"Felix","lastName":"Manyama","suffix":""},{"id":474762723,"identity":"6a96baee-9b81-482a-9f8c-8bdc9ab34572","order_by":1,"name":"Leopody Gayo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Dodoma","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Leopody","middleName":"","lastName":"Gayo","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-12 15:53:32","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6648298/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6648298/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-026-03046-7","type":"published","date":"2026-03-24T16:09:50+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":85278656,"identity":"e07fa9ac-e19a-457a-a85b-bfe07499d2c8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-24 07:48:27","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":304319,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA map showing the location of study villages adjacent Swagaswaga game reserve.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6648298/v1/ce0f667df44bef8119037fa5.png"},{"id":105754941,"identity":"e05b2dbb-3c86-48a3-8fe3-daac37705008","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-30 16:23:15","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1120346,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6648298/v1/2e4b8201-e4ce-4876-ba93-93101bd72575.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Determinants of Community Attitudes and Participation in Wildlife Conservation. A case of Swagaswaga Game Reserve, Dodoma, Tanzania","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWildlife conservation has become a critical global concern as human activities continue to exert pressure on natural ecosystems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Rapid increase in human population and their associated anthropogenic disturbances has been the major cause of biodiversity loss worldwide [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].The degradation of habitats, illegal poaching, and climate change are some of the factors threatening the survival of various species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Wildlife conservation aims to protect animal species and their habitats to ensure biodiversity and ecosystem stability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Over decades, wildlife conservation has been practiced through establishment of protected areas (PAs). However, effective conservation through PAs requires not only the involvement of governmental and non-governmental organizations but also the active participation of local communities who live in proximity to these natural resources [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Local communities\u0026rsquo; attitudes towards conservation initiatives and their level of participation can significantly influence the outcomes of conservation projects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Communities often have a deep connection with their natural environment, relying on it as food, water, and medicine [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, their support for conservation is essential to ensure the sustainability of wildlife populations and the preservation of natural habitats.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstablished PAs act as reserves for the preservation of biodiversity and control excessive use of wild plants and animals by humankind [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. The strategy has been widely adopted, but it\u0026rsquo;s suitability and efficacy in guaranteeing sustainable conservation have been a subject of discussion for many years [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. It\u0026rsquo;s protectionist policies, which frequently deny local communities\u0026rsquo; access to vital natural resources have raised serious concerns [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Due to \u0026ldquo;fences and fines approach\u0026rdquo; most of the local people living adjacent to PAs are restricted to access natural resources [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. This has paved a way for illegal utilization due to lack of alternative resources to sustain local livelihoods [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, there is increase in loss of interest and willingness to participate in conservation efforts among local people bordering PAs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Understanding the factors that shape community attitudes and participation is a key to designing effective conservation strategies that are inclusive and sustainable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Tanzania a growing number of PAs has been established to conserve wildlife resources for economic development and source of foreign currency [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The National Wildlife Policy emphasizes the importance of involving local communities in wildlife conservation, though empirical evidence documented that recognition of local people in wildlife management activities without addressing livelihood challenges related with conservation is futile [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Local communities are less supportive and even hostile as they experience restrictions on resource use, loss of livelihoods, or inadequate compensation for conservation-related losses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Local people disregarded in wildlife management have been non-compliance with conservation regulations resulting to failure of conservation initiatives [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Swagaswaga game reserve (SGR) gazzeted in 1997 with total coverage of 871 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e is located between Chemba and Kondoa districts in Dodoma region central Tanzania [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. It serve as a habitat for a variety of wildlife species and plays a critical role in maintaining biodiversity in the region [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the surrounding communities are often faced with socio-economic challenges resulting to high dependence on natural resources that are illegally acquisitioned from SGR. Being agro-pastoralists relying on crop production and livestock keeping living in the vicinity of wildlife habitats they experience problems such as crop raiding and livestock predation from problem animals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, the top-down approach mostly practiced by the state in conserving wildlife through game reserves has sometimes led to conflicts between conservation authorities and local residents, as conservation measures are perceived to threaten local livelihoods [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Recent shifts towards more community-based conservation models have recognized the importance of involving local communities in conservation efforts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the success of these models depends on understanding the specific factors that influence community attitudes and participation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have highlighted the importance of community involvement in wildlife conservation in southern Tanzania [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], influence of climatic and non-climatic factors on human-wildlife conflicts in SGR [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Communities\u0026rsquo; perceptions regarding the impact of Hoima-Tanga crude oil pipeline on the loss of biodiversity in SGR [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], yet there is a need for more detailed studies that explore the specific determinants of community attitudes and participation, particularly in the context of African conservation areas. The SGR represents a unique context where traditional and modern conservation approaches intersect, making it an ideal case for exploring these issues. Therefore, this study assessed determinants of communities\u0026rsquo; attitudes and participation in wildlife conservation around Swagaswaga game reserve. Specifically, we (1) assessed the attitudes of local communities towards wildlife conservation, (2) identified the key factors influencing these attitudes, including socio-economic, cultural, and environmental determinants and (3) examined the level and forms of community participation in conservation activities. Understanding the factors influencing community attitudes and participation in the SGR offers valuable insights for policymakers, conservation practitioners, and researchers to develop equitable and effective conservation strategies that balance wildlife protection with local community needs and aspirations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Description of the study area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in three villages namely Handa, Mangoroma and Serya bordering the Swagaswaga game reserve (SGR) located in Dodoma region central Tanzania (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). These villages are located close to SGR boundary from 0 to 5 Km and have more interactions either directly or indirectly with the wildlife that are found in the reserve through different human activities. The area experience a semi-arid climatic condition with an average temperatures of 31 and 18\u0026deg;C maximum and minimum, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. The mean annual rainfall varies between 600 and 1000 mm, which falls between November and April with altitude ranges from 1200 to 1,500 meters above sea level [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Swagaswaga game reserve contain a variety of species both plants and animals and miombo woodlands are the main dominant plants which provide suitable habitats for many other wildlife species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. The main economic activities among communities living adjacent SGR include agriculture where people cultivate crops and keep livestock for subsistence, bee keeping, small scale local business, charcoal production, lumbering and hunting. The main crops grown in the area include maize, finger millet, sorghum, cassava, green peas, millet, beans, groundnuts and sunflowers. Illegal hunting is also practiced whereby local hunting tools particularly domestic dogs are mostly used for local hunting within the reserve. Other illegal activities include charcoal making and lumbering which involves clearing of forests thus, threaten wildlife populations in the area. The surveyed area is also characterized by rapid human population growth due to improved roads network, availability of social services like schools and hospitals and other benefits associated with being close to a protected area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Data collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHanda, Mangoroma and Serya villages were preferentially sampled along the gradient distance of 0 to 5 km from SGR boundary over other villages because they experiences high human wildlife interactions with many cases of crop raiding, livestock depredation and illegal offtakes of wildlife resources [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. A cross sectional research design was used where data were collected only once through household questionnaire survey, key informant interviews and focused group discussions. We employed Naing, Winn [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] formula to determine the sample size as n= [NZ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eP(1-P)]/[d\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(N-1)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Z\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eP(1-P)] whereby; n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;sample size, N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;estimated population size (2496 households as population from the study villages), Z\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.96 as Z score value for a level of confidence, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.5 as a proportion of the total surveyed population for the maximum sample size with normal distribution, d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.08 as precision at 92% level of confidence. From the formula, a sample size of 150 respondents were randomly sampled from the study villages based on the village populations obtained from the village register such that the village with many households constituted many respondents in the sample. Thus, respondents were distributed as follows; Serya (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;58), Handa (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;47) and Mangoroma (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;45). All households\u0026rsquo; heads or any adult individual found in the sampled households were administered with semi-structured questionnaire comprising both close and open ended questions between February and June, 2024. The questions assessed demographic and socioeconomic information such as age, gender, education level, occupation and income sources. Furthermore, the information regarding the attitudes of local communities towards wildlife conservation, key factors influencing their attitudes as well as the level and forms of their participation in conservation activities were collected. We also collected data on mechanisms to improve their community engagement and support to wildlife conservation in the study area. The qualitative data were collected through key informant and informal interviews, focused group discussions (FGDs) and literature reviews to supplement the quantitative data collected through household questionnaire survey. At least three FGDs were conducted per village composing 5\u0026ndash;8 participants to include adult men, adult women and youth (both males and females). The discussion focused on the study objectives using checklist of questions. As for key informant interviews, individuals with specialized knowledge as per study themes were involved for interviews to include 3 wildlife officers from SGR, 2 district game officers from Chemba and Kondoa districts and 3 village executive officers from the study villages. Data were collected using checklists focusing on the study objectives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Data analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were analysed by the use of statistical software R, version 4.4.2 with descriptive analysis performed to summarise the information in frequency and percentage presented in tables. Content analysis techniques were used to analyze the qualitative data gathered from focus group discussions and key informant interviews (FGDs and KIIs). Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the distribution of the data and non-parametric tests were used due distribution of the data. Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to determine the variation in attitudes between respondents and their levels of participation in conservation activities at a significance level of P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. Finally, we used a multivariable binary logistic regression analysis to identify the best predictors on the factors influencing peoples\u0026rsquo; attitudes and participation in conservation activities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\"\u003e3.1 Communities’ attitudes towards wildlife conservation\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWe assessed conservation attitude of the study community by evaluating their level of awareness, benefits received and conservation costs incurred by being living adjacent to SGR. The majority of respondents (91.33%, n = 137) showed a positive attitude by agreeing the statement that Swagaswaga game reserve should continue to be conserved and their difference was insignificant across the study villages; Kruskal Wallis test (H = 0.78, df = 2, P = 0.677). This means that, most of the respondents from all the study villages perceived the reserve as good due to accrued benefits either direct or indirect. Furthermore, the majority of respondents (90.67%, n = 136) acknowledged to receive different kind of benefits which are associated with the presence of a protected area around, the SGR; Kruskal Wallis test (H = 35.66, df = 2, P \u0026lt; 0.001). Such benefits include ecosystem goods and services (74.26%, n = 101), social services (11.03%, n = 15) and economic benefits (14.71%, n = 20). However, a minority of respondents expressed negative attitudes despite of the claimed benefits. This is probably driven by the costs associated with wildlife conservation resulting from human-wildlife conflicts (HWC). The study found that, crop damage by wild animals was the main challenge (77.33%, n = 116) followed by livestock depredation (14%, n = 21) and human injuries (8.67%, n = 13); Kruskal Wallis test (H = 0.17, df = 2, P = 0.92). The study also assessed levels of illegal activities within SGR. Most of respondents (92%, n = 138) acknowledged the existence of illegal activities within a protected area. Poaching was the leading (62.67%, n = 94) followed by deforestation (41.33%, n = 62) and illegal grazing (32%, n = 48).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Determinants of community attitudes towards wildlife conservation\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMost respondents (90.67%, n = 136) significantly agreed that their positive attitude is strongly influenced by the benefits associated with the PA; Kruskal Wallis test (H = 35.66, df = 2, P \u0026lt; 0.001). However, the majority of respondents (83.33%, n = 125) claimed that, different levels of conflicts between local people, wildlife and PA authority are among the factors that influence peoples’ negative attitudes; Kruskal Wallis test (H = 79.23, P \u0026lt; 0.001). Unclear boundaries (78.67%, n = 118) was claimed to be the main cause for conflicts between local communities and PA authority followed by Unsatisfied government compensation (14%, n = 21) for wildlife related costs to people and poor communication (7.3%, n = 11) between local people and PA management authority. It was the aim of our study to know factors motivating community attitudes towards wildlife conservation. Thus, we performed multivariable binary logistic regression analysis and found that sex, occupation, distance of households from SGR boundary (village or district) and benefits associated with PA are predictors of community attitudes (Table\u0026nbsp;2). Respondents in the group of females had more negative attitudes than males and peasants who were more affected by problem animals through crop damage had more negative attitudes. However, respondents from the closest village (0.5 Km) Handa of Chemba district had more positive attitude than distant villages of Serya (4 Km) and Mangoroma (5 Km) from Kondoa district.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeterminants of community attitudes and participation in wildlife conservation from a multivariable binary logistic regression model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoefficients\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard error (SE)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.957\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.193\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.671\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.762\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.398\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.443\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.900\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.368\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.929\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.697\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.769\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0056**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVillage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.654\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.331\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.976\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.048 *\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBenefits from PA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.993\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eSignificance level is set at P \u0026lt; 0.05\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Community awareness and participation in wildlife conservation\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOn the assessment of community awareness of SGR and its associated conservation activities, most respondents (88.67%, n = 133) from all the study villages claimed to be aware of the SGR (Table\u0026nbsp;3). Furthermore, nearly three quarter (72.67%, n = 109) of the respondents claimed to be involved in different conservation related activities around the area; Kruskal Wallis test (H = 7.33, df = 2, P = 0.026). Such activities include, tree planting (46.79%, n = 51), maintenance of protected area boundaries (29.36%, n = 32) and ant-poaching activities as informers and village game scouts (23.85%, n = 26); Kruskal Wallis test (H = 28.32, df = 2, P \u0026lt; 0.001). However, despite of the good relationships claimed, the majority (83.33%, n = 125) of respondents from all the study villages claimed not be involved in decision making for conservation related issues around the area; Kruskal Wallis test (H = 1.37, df = 2, P = 0.505). This claim is in line with the sign of developing negative attitudes towards the reserve despite of the positive attitudes observed.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommunity awareness and participation in wildlife conservation in the three study villages (Handa (n = 47), Mangoroma (n = 45) and Serya (n = 58))\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResponse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHanda (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMangoroma (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSerya (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal (%) (n = 150)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest (H)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommunity awareness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.283\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConservation involvement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTree planting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePA boundary maintenance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnt-poaching activities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eSource: Field data, 2024\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Communities\u0026rsquo; attitudes towards wildlife conservation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal communities\u0026rsquo; attitudes toward conservation significantly impact the success of protected areas. Positive perceptions foster support for conservation, while negative attitudes can lead to resistance and illegal activities. This study found a strong positive attitude among residents near Swagaswaga game reserve (SGR), likely due to perceived benefits. Similar findings were also observed in Tanzania\u0026rsquo;s Serengeti and Ruaha national parks, where employment and ecosystem benefits enhanced community support [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Across Africa, attitudes vary where Zimbabwe\u0026rsquo;s CAMPFIRE program showed increased support with direct benefits [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], while Uganda\u0026rsquo;s Bwindi national park faced opposition due to limited incentives [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Effective benefit-sharing and community engagement are key to strengthening conservation efforts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Like other studies in Sub-Saharan Africa, respondents in this research acknowledged receiving benefits from the reserve, including ecosystem services, social services, and economic gains. Similar findings in Tanzania\u0026rsquo;s Tarangire national park also highlight the role of ecosystem benefits in conservation support [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. In South Africa\u0026rsquo;s Kruger national park and Namibia\u0026rsquo;s conservancies, tourism-related income enhances positive attitudes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. However, where benefits are limited, communities often view conservation as restrictive, leading to negative attitude [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite the overall positive attitudes, a minority of respondents expressed negative perceptions perhaps due to conservation costs they incur, particularly crop damage, as agriculture is the main livelihood strategy near SGR. Similar findings in Tanzania\u0026rsquo;s Selous game reserve highlight crop raiding and livestock predation as major human-wildlife conflict drivers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. These challenges are common across Sub-Saharan Africa, necessitate mitigation strategies like compensation and land-use planning [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, illegal activities reported, particularly poaching, could persist due to poverty and food insecurity, as seen in other Tanzanian protected areas [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. Addressing these issues through economic support and conflict mitigation is essential for fostering sustainable conservation efforts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Determinants of community attitudes towards wildlife conservation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity attitudes towards wildlife conservation are influenced by various socio-economic and demographic factors as they shape perceptions, support, or resistance to conservation initiatives [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. In the current study we found that respondents in the group of females had more negative attitudes than males possibly because majority of them were engaged in farming activities and therefore, incur more cost due to crop losses as a result of crop raiding by wild animals. The nature of an individual's occupation significantly affects their perception of conservation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. People whose livelihoods directly depend on natural resources, such as farmers and pastoralists, often view conservation negatively due to conflicts with wildlife [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. Conversely, those engaged in ecotourism or conservation-related work tends to have more positive attitudes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Similar to our study, agriculture including crop production and livestock keeping significantly influenced negative attitude towards conservation efforts in the reserve. This could be due to restrictions experienced in land use particularly on expansion of farm fields beyond reserve boundary or seeking grazing grounds in SGR. Likewise, negative attitudes may be attributed by crop raiding and livestock attacks they face from problem animals. Our finding is supported by the study of Tumusiime and Sjaastad [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] in Uganda's Bwindi Impenetrable national park that, local community\u0026rsquo;s dependent on agriculture perceived conservation efforts negatively due to crop damage by wildlife. As for distance of households from SGR, we also found that those living closer to protected areas were more positive despite the incurred costs associated with conservation probably because they have greater chance of receiving more benefits compared to distant villages.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Community awareness and participation in wildlife conservation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity involvement is pivotal for the success of wildlife conservation initiatives, particularly in areas like the SGR in Tanzania. The findings of this study indicate that local communities around the reserve are actively engaged in various conservation activities, including tree planting, maintenance of protected area boundaries, and anti-poaching efforts.​ Tree planting initiatives in the study area aim to restore degraded habitats, enhance biodiversity, and provide alternative resources for local use, thereby reducing pressure on natural forests. Such practice supports the ongoing afforestation programs across Central Tanzania and Dodoma semi-arid region in particular to counteract environmental degradation and foster conservation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, the delineation and upkeep of protected area boundaries are crucial to minimize human-wildlife conflicts. In the vicinity of SGR, local communities have been involved in constructing and maintaining physical barriers such as steel bars and cleaning of the boundary to demarcate clearly the end of village lands and preventing encroachment. Such community-driven efforts contribute significantly to the overall health of the ecosystem and support wildlife conservation objectives [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e].​ Additionally, community participation in anti-poaching efforts is another critical aspect of community engagement in conservation around SGR. Some local residents were engaged as village game scouts and informers of wildlife illegal activities within and around the reserve. These community-led patrols not only enhance the security of wildlife but also foster a sense of ownership and responsibility among locals towards conservation efforts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion and Recommendations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe success of conservation efforts in protected areas is highly dependent on local community attitudes, which are shaped by the perceived benefits and costs of conservation. This study found a generally positive attitude among residents near SGR, similar to findings across various African conservation areas where economic benefits, employment opportunities, and ecosystem services enhanced community support. However, a minority of respondents expressed negative perceptions due to conservation-related costs, including crop damage and restrictions on land use. Socio-economic and demographic factors, such as sex, occupation, and proximity to the reserve, significantly influenced community attitudes. Females and young individuals had more negative attitudes due to conservation related costs to adjacent communities, while farmers and pastoralists viewed conservation negatively due to human-wildlife conflicts caused by problem animals. To sustain and enhance positive perceptions, we recommend effective community engagement, equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms, and policy informed mitigation strategies for conservation-related challenges to foster wildlife management in the reserve and local livelihood development.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThanks to the district councils of Chemba and Kondoa for permission to conduct research within the villages in their districts. We are also grateful to research assistants Ester and Ruth for their support during field data collection. Lastly, special thanks goes to the University of Dodoma for supporting this work in terms of facilities and time to accomplish this work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF.F.M, designed the study, supervised data collection, data analysis and manuscript writing. L.G was involved in manuscript writing and review. All authors review the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData supporting the study findings are available at the University of Dodoma and can be shared upon request after acceptance of the manuscript for publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical protocols were followed throughout this research with permits and approval letters from the University of Dodoma research and publication committee and District councils with Ref. No. DC/232/300/05, CM/DC/RP.15/21Vol.9/3 and KN/DC/RP.19/41Vol.13/7 respectively.\u0026nbsp;All methods were carried out in accordance with the research and publication guidelines and regulations of the University of Dodoma. The study involved only adult respondents whose informed consents were obtained from all participants before the interview and all respondents agreed to use the information provided for research purposes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study collected data through household questionnaire surveys, and prior to the interviewing respondents, verbal consent for publishing the results was obtained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable since this study did not involve any clinical trial.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of competing interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that, there is no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was supported by the authors and no any other sources of funding.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCastillo-Huitr\u0026oacute;n, N.M., et al., \u003cem\u003eThe Importance of Human Emotions for Wildlife Conservation.\u003c/em\u003e Frontiers in Psychology, 2020. \u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHolechek, J. and R. 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This study aimed to assess the factors influencing communities\u0026rsquo; attitudes and participation in wildlife conservation around Swagaswaga game reserve (SGR). A household questionnaire survey of 150 respondents were randomly selected from Handa, Mangoroma and Serya villages between February and June 2024. Results showed that most respondents (88.67%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;133) were aware of the SGR and (90.67%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;136) of respondents had positive attitudes influenced by accrued benefits such as ecosystem goods and services (74.26%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;101), social services (11.03%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15) and economic benefits (14.71%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20); (H\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;35.66, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Crop damage by wild animals (77.33%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;116) was the main challenge followed by livestock depredation (14%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21) and people injury (8.67%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13). The major determinants of peoples\u0026rsquo; attitudes were benefits associated with SGR, distance of households from SGR boundary, sex and occupation of respondents (Table\u0026nbsp;2). Majority (72.67%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;109) of respondents participated in different conservation related activities such as tree planting (46.79%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;51), maintenance of protected area boundary (29.36%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32) and ant-poaching activities (23.85%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26); H\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;28.32, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001. The study highlights that respondents who benefit directly from conservation activities tend to have more positive attitudes and are more likely to participate in conservation efforts. We recommend active engagement of local communities in conservation activities alongside implementation of inclusive policies to ensure equitable benefit sharing and effective mitigation of conflicts to foster both sustainable conservation and improved local livelihoods.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Determinants of Community Attitudes and Participation in Wildlife Conservation. 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