Assessing the Role of Fish Consumption and Trading on Socio-Economic Development in Mogadishu

Assessing the Role of Fish Consumption and Trading on Socio-Economic Development in Mogadishu | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Assessing the Role of Fish Consumption and Trading on Socio-Economic Development in Mogadishu Abdullahi Mohamud Omar, ABDULLAHI ILYAS OSMAN, Dr. Ahmed Ga ’al Ali, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7313203/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates the role of local fisheries, specifically fish consumption and trade, in socioeconomic development in the Banadir Region of Mogadishu, Somalia. Utilizing a descriptive research design with a quantitative approach, data were collected from 150 individuals involved in fishing activities through a survey questionnaire. The study employed Slovene's formula for sampling and SPSS Version 25.0 to conduct descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that 80% of the respondents were male and engaged in fishing, while 20% were female. For the independent variable of fish consumption, a high average mean score of 3.9 indicated strong agreement among respondents that fish contributes significantly to nutrition and economic well-being in the region. Similarly, for the independent variable of fish trade, a high average mean score of 3.96 demonstrated strong consensus that fish trade plays a crucial role in Mogadishu's socioeconomic growth, with respondents recognizing its importance in employment generation, income creation, and food security at both local and global levels. Multiple regression analysis showed that fish consumption and trade combined significantly predict socioeconomic development in the region (F = 18.572, p < 0.05). Fish consumption (B = 0.214, p < 0.05) and fish trade (B = 0.478, p < 0.05) both made statistically significant contributions to the prediction of the dependent variable. The study highlights the importance of local fishery practices, particularly fish consumption for food security and fish trading in markets, in motivating people to purchase and consume fish as a driver of economic development in the country. The findings emphasize the need for policymakers and local organizations to support and promote sustainable fishing practices to leverage this sector's potential for socioeconomic growth in Somalia. local fisheries fish consumption fish trading socio-economic development employment food security revenue generation 1.0 INTRODUCTION Fisheries play an important role in the livelihoods of a large section of the economically backward population of the country. This sector occupies a very important place in the country’s socio-economic development. It has become apparent that local fisheries are a major source of income and employment because they support the creation of several subsidiary industries and are one of the cheapest sources of nutritious food in the country compared to foreign imports. This usually makes a valuable contribution to the economic development of coastal regions. The relative spread of coastal small-scale fisheries helps keep rural areas economically viable while countering the trend of increasing coastal urbanization. Historically, fisheries have often been the basis for human settlements and coastal development in both rural and urban environments, and fish are a vital source of food, employment, recreation, trade, and economic well-being for people worldwide (Hassan & Gichinga, 2018 ). According to Abebe Wake et al. ( 2019 ), global fish consumption rates are growing faster than the global population growth because of increased income and awareness of the health benefits associated with consuming fish, as well as rising urbanization of coastal areas. The Indian fisheries sector contributes 60 percent of the country’s fish production and makes it more productive and sustainable to provide food security and generate employment for landless, small, and marginal farmers (Pau and Chakraborty, 2016 ). In Africa, the fishing industry contributes 3.2% to the Zambia Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and provides more than 70,0 0 0 metric tons of fish per annum. Traditionally, fishery livelihoods demand very few resources from those who work there, making them more accessible and vital for the poor. Fishery-based households are more important in terms of the scale and value of their contributions to the local economy through food security, nutrition, and employment (Ng’onga et al., 2019 ). In Somalia, 40,000 people (out of an estimated 12 million) rely on fishing as their primary source of income, with another 80,000 using it as a supplement. Domestic fish consumption is the lowest in Africa. This is predominantly due to cultural reasons, although consumer attitudes are slowly changing because of the increasing number of fish markets and restaurants in urban areas(Y. Mohamed & Simba, 2016 ). The domestic demand for fish remains high throughout the country, especially in the capital city of Mogadishu. Fish consumption is expected to exceed 9 tons per day, and redeveloping the fisheries industry has the potential to revitalize the Somali economy and improve food security. However, Somali fishery resources are mainly underexploited owing to a lack of good infrastructure and support from the government. Despite this, the researcher felt that the need for context could not be ignored in this area of the Banadir region, since researchers have scarcely touched the fishery sector. The first specific objective was to assess the role of fish consumption (feeding) on socioeconomic development among society in Mogadishu, and the second objective was to assess the role of fish trading on socioeconomic development in Mogadishu, Somalia. Consequently, local fisheries can contribute to economic growth and progress in terms of fish consumption, food security, poverty reduction, employment, and trade. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Theory of local fisheries The theory of local fisheries and their socioeconomic development explores the intricate relationships between fishing practices, community welfare and economic growth. This multidisciplinary field of study combines insights from economics, sociology, and environmental science to address how fisheries contribute to local livelihoods and the overall socioeconomic fabric of coastal communities in the Philippines. Local fisheries play a critical role in food security, cultural identity, and community resilience, particularly in small-scale fishing settings, where social ties and environmental stewardship are paramount (Henk et al., 2024). 2.1.1. Resource Dependency Theory (RDT) Resource Dependency Theory (RDT) is a pivotal framework in organizational studies that examines how organizations depend on external resources to survive and achieve their objectives. This theory is used to analyze the intricate dynamics between local fisheries and their management, focusing on how communities dependent on marine resources navigate challenges related to resource control, sustainability, and equity. According to Jabbour Al Maalouf et al. (2025), developed in the 1970s, RDT posits that organizations lacking control over essential resources must adapt their strategies to secure access, making it particularly relevant for fishing communities whose livelihoods hinge on the availability and health of fish stocks (Jabbour Al Maalouf et al., 2025). This theory highlights the interdependence between organizations and the resources they need, suggesting that the strategies they employ to secure these resources can increase their dependence on external entities.The significance of RDT lies in its emphasis on the interplay between power dynamics and resource acquisition. Organizations that effectively manage their dependencies can exert greater control over their environments, thereby enhancing their resilience to uncertainties related to resource availability (Jabbour Al Maalouf et al., 2025). 2.1.2 Sustainable development theory Sustainable development theory in the context of local fisheries emphasizes the integration of environmental stewardship, economic viability, and social equity to ensure the long-term health of marine resources and the communities that rely on them. This framework recognizes that fisheries management must balance ecological integrity with the socioeconomic needs of local populations, particularly in developing regions where small-scale fisheries play a crucial role in food security and livelihoods (Arkema et al., 2019). As global fish stocks face significant pressure from overfishing, climate change, and habitat degradation, sustainable practices are increasingly vital for preserving biodiversity and community well-being. This theory stresses the importance of balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability, which is central to the health of local fisheries and communities’ dependence on them. By fostering sustainable practices that engage local communities, the fishing industry can mitigate ecological impacts and contribute to broader societal objectives, reinforcing the interconnectedness of environmental health and socioeconomic stability. On the other hand, Sustainable development in fisheries is grounded in the recognition that marine resources are finite and must be managed responsibly to meet the needs of current and future generations (Roscher et al., 2022) 2.1.3 Social Capital Theory Social Capital Theory in local fisheries explores the significance of social networks, relationships, and community dynamics in the governance and management of fishery resources (Ridwan & In’am, 2021). Grounded in the interdisciplinary concepts of sociology and economics, social capital is defined as networks, norms, and trust that facilitate cooperation among individuals within a community and significantly impact collective actions and resource management. Notably, the application of social capital theory has shifted fisheries management from traditional top-down governance models to collaborative approaches, such as co-management (Ridwan & In’am, 2021).. These frameworks emphasize the importance of engaging local fishers in decision-making processes, thereby fostering trust and cooperation while addressing challenges such as overfishing, biodiversity loss, and socioeconomic disparities. This theory highlights the importance of community networks, relationships, and cooperation in managing common resources. For fisheries, social capital is the key to successful collective management practices, which can lead to improved socioeconomic outcomes by fostering trust and collaboration within fishing communities (Freeman et al. 2024). 2.2. Concept of local fisheries Research on the role of local fisheries in socioeconomic development has been diverse, reflecting the multidimensional nature of the topic. According to Ahmed et al. (2021) , socioeconomic contributions to fishing activities significantly contribute to income generation, employment, and food security in coastal communities. They emphasized the importance of sustainable management practices to ensure the long-term viability of fisheries and the well-being of fishing communities in the region. Another study (Cinner et al., 2018) discussed the social and economic impacts of marine protected areas (MPAs) on fishing communities and enhanced fishery yields, income, and food security for local fishers while supporting biodiversity conservation. Abubakar (2019) discussed local fishing in Somalia and showed that there are significant fish stocks off the coast of Somalia, which is considered one of the richest fishing grounds in the region. Fishing is also a particularly important source of protein for many African countries, especially for poorer segments of the population; therefore, it plays an important role in improving Africa’s food security and nutritional status. 2.2.1 Fish consumption and socio-economic Development The flesh of fish is easily digestible and instantly utilizable by the human body, making it ideal for supplementation of high-carbohydrate diets. Fish is one of the most traded agricultural commodities and is a major export for many developing countries, offering opportunities for trade agreements that contribute to the development of poor countries(D. A. M. De Silva, 2011). Local fisheries play an important role in increasing food availability, thereby addressing food security problems in various agrarian and extremely food-insecure countries in the region. The sector is also a source of employment for approximately 10 million people and the main or only source of animal protein for 20 percent of the population. (Dayib Abubakar, 2022). According to (W. M. Mohamed et al., 2022), Fish meals are an important economic source of protein compared to other animal protein sources. It is considered one of the most important traditional components of Egyptian food recipes, as it is a source of low-cost protein. Fish as food, the fishing industry, aquaculture, and fish farming are all economically important; however, their recreational importance includes fishkeeping, leisure fishing, and angling. Consumption of fish has several health, nutritional, environmental, and social advantages over other terrestrial animal meat, with low cost that could be affordable for poor families living in developing countries(Abraham, 2018). Developing markets, particularly in Asia, have shown steady growth in production and consumption in the global fish-food economy. As an emerging South Asian economy, Bangladesh has become the fourth largest fish-producing economy globally, with an extensive coastline and a delta system that feeds a large volume of capture and culture fisheries(Hoque et al., 2022). Thus, fish consumption seems to be an important factor in the development of poor families living in coastal areas, as it is positively related to monthly income. 2.2.2 Fish trading and socio-economic Development Fishing and fish trading have been steadily increasing, as growing trade volumes are leading to larger provisioning actors engaging in speculation. The expansion of aquaculture, together with the development of mobile banking infrastructure, means that more sales are transacted remotely (Tezzo et al., 2024). Another study (Hassan & Gichinga, 2018) discussed fish as the most valuable agricultural commodity traded internationally, with annual sales of nearly US$80 billion, which are increasing each year. According to (Fishery et al., 2022), fish is one of the most traded food commodities worldwide, and 54 per cent of this trade originates from developing countries, generating more income than most other food commodities combined. Thus, the sustainability of fisheries is fundamental to the livelihoods of people in coastal communities around the world, especially in poor countries. Fishers and traders in each country negotiate their positions within trade networks through a broad set of cultural and societal factors, including the availability of marketable fish, low-interest finance, and the ability to negotiate trade relations with traders and middlemen(Bush, 2006). During fish trading, retailers attempt to improve their socioeconomic conditions to maximize profits. Fish trading is a competitive job, as reported by the traders. Understanding baseline information is critical for the appropriate growth of the fish sellers' community and for improving their livelihoods (Adhikary et al., 2018). Wholesalers are significant players in seafood markets and have strong relationships with other intermediaries such as retailers. Wholesalers work as intermediaries for fish sales for a short period of time (two to three hours) and earn much more than retailers. It was found that almost all traders in the six markets spend around 8 to 12 h selling fish if sufficient quantities are available. However, some traders can sell their fish earlier and engage in other homestead work (Hossain et al. 2015). During local fish trading, it is normally offered only near manufacturing centers; however, middlemen, sellers, and retailers distribute fresh fish to most major centers accessible by road. Fishers sell their fish to independent supply agents, local market traders, local fish processors, fish processing factories, and consumers (Implications and Trade, 2002). 2.3 Socio-Economic development Socioeconomic development in relation to local fisheries involves the interplay between economic growth, social well-being, and sustainable practices within fishing communities. The fisheries sector usually makes a valuable contribution to the economic development of coastal areas, and economic growth is the process by which a country improves its citizens’ economic, political and social well-being. Local fisheries play a critical role in socioeconomic development by providing livelihoods, ensuring food security, and maintaining cultural traditions ( Abubakar, 2022). Furthermore, fisheries benefit ancillary sectors such as transportation, cold storage, and seafood processing, causing a ripple effect across the local economy. Fish products provide economic nutrition, making them important food sources for low-income families. Furthermore, the presence of active local fisheries fosters community solidarity and promotes the sustainable use of marine resources. When properly managed, fisheries not only provide immediate cash but also help to conserve resources and promote rural development. Thus, local fisheries are critical for fostering inclusive growth and poverty reduction in coastal and marginalized communities (Dayib Abubakar, 2022). 2.4 Conceptual Model of the Research Study Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study, in which we show the role of local fisheries in socio-economic development in Mogadishu, Somalia. Moreover, we have shown the role of fish consumption and trade in the socio-economic development of Mogadishu. Independent variables Dependent variables 3.0 MATERIAL AND METHODS This study employed a descriptive, quantitative design. This study aimed to assess the role of local fisheries and socio-economic development in the Banadir region of Mogadishu, Somalia. Quantitative research was used on numerical data and measurable variables because it was appropriate for the research objectives. The researcher populated 240 respondents and sampled 150 questionnaires. The researcher employed Slovene’s formula and distributed it to workers involved in fishing fields, such as salespersons and mediators. The respondents included staff in domestic fisheries and excluded non-staff or those working in other fields of organizations (Oluigbo & Anyiam, 2014 ). The researchers used this formula because of fewer errors and because it was appropriate for this study. The examiners also used these few samples to determine the availability of the population with knowledge about questions related to the fishing sector in Mogadishu, Somalia. The study adopted a simple random sampling technique, which is a probability sampling technique to select equal chances that can be representative of the target population (Oluigbo & Anyiam, 2014 ). This study used self-administered questionnaires with Likert-formulated questions for the respondents using an online method. Data were gathered from 1st to15th March 2025. These questions were structured and developed based on a literature review using Likert scales (1 = very satisfied, 2 = satisfied, 3 = neutral, 4 = dissatisfied, and 5 = very dissatisfied). The research instrument consisted of three sections: demographics, fish consumption, and trading for socio-economic development in this region. To check data quality, the questionnaire was reviewed by experts in fisheries and socio-economic development to ensure that it covered all relevant aspects of the study. This means that it conveys accurate data that is consistent with the information expected from the respondent. The validity of the research instrument is determined by the amount of built-in error in the measurement (Leung, 2015 ). The questionnaires were pilot tested with a small group of respondents to check their reliability and rectify any issues before the main data collection phase. Reliability is the degree to which measures are free from error and, therefore, yield consistent results (Khidzir et al., 2018 ). Based on both variables, the Cronbach's Alpha Values were 0.70 and 0.71, respectively, which were acceptable in the study. The examiners chose primary data using questionnaires through the Kobo toolbox to collect data from the fishery sector staff within one week in this region. This method is also suitable for this study because of its ability to provide clear, measurable, and objective insights, making it a dominant tool for research, analysis, and decision-making in diverse disciplines. It also supports the collection of data from large populations. According to (Omar, 2017) data analysis refers to examining what has been collected in a study and making deductions and inferences. The data collected through the Kobo Toolbox were downloaded in Excel format and cleaned by verifying the completeness of the questionnaire. The data were uploaded directly into SPSSV20 software for quantitative analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to organize, summarize, and present informative methods in the table as frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations to measure the central tendency and dispersion. 4.0. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Demographic characteristics of the respondents This section presents the background information of the respondents who participated in this study. Its purpose was to determine the characteristics of the respondents’ socio-demographic profiles. In total, 150 respondents completed the questionnaires through the Kobo toolbox of selected fish consumption and trading among socio-economic development in the Banadir region of Mogadishu, Somalia. Table 4.1Profile of the respondents Demographics frequency Percent Gender Male 120 80% Female 30 20% Marital status Single 102 69% Married 46 29% Divorced 2 2% Age in yrs Under 18 2 2% 18-25 86 58% 26-35 43 29% Above 35 19 12% Education level Secondary 45 30.0% Bachelor 38 25.3% Primary 54 36.0% Master 13 8.7% Table 4.1 The demographic data shows that 80% of the respondents are male as compared to the females, indicating imbalance in the number of participants on gender basis. Of the respondents, 69% were single, 29% were married, and 2% were divorced. In relation to age distribution, 58% of the participants were between the ages of 18 and 25, and this was the largest group represented. 29% for 26-35 years olds, 12% over 35 and people below 18 is only 2%. Regarding education, 50.7% of the respondents possessed a bachelor’s degree, which suggests a high level of education among the participants. The levels of secondary and primary education were represented in equal measures, both accounting for 17.3%. Meanwhile, 14.7% of the participants had a master’s degree. A small percentage of respondents under 18 (2%) indicates minimal contribution from minors. A high percentage of single respondents (69%) may represent a youthful age profile. Finally, from the educational data, it can be seen that a considerable percentage of respondents are at the primary level, representing 36.0% of the population sample, and the secondary level follows closely with a percentage of 30.0%. Of all the respondents, 25.3% had a bachelor’s degree. The number of people with a master’s degree was the smallest at 8.7%. 4.2 Descriptive analysis of variables 4.2.1 Objective one: Fish consumption analysis This study investigates fish consumption for socio-economic development in the Banadir region of Mogadishu, Somalia. Table 4.1 Fish consumption IV1 Mean Std 1.1 Fish flesh is readily digestible and utilizable by the human body. 3.99 1.28 1.2. Local fisheries play a vital role in food availability. 3.87 1.19 1.3. Fish consumption is a key factor in developing poor families. 3.58 1.26 1.4. Fish meal is a vital economic source of protein compared to others. 4.11 10.16 Table 4.2 presents four statements under IV1, focusing on the role of fish consumption. The highest mean score (4.11) was for the statement, “Fish meal is a vital economic source of protein compared to others” which shows a strong agreement on the part of respondents in terms of the affordability and nutritional value of fish protein. This was followed by “flesh of a fish is readily digestible and utilizable by the human body” with a mean of 3.99, revealing that the majority of the respondents recognized the advantages of consuming fish. The statement of opinion “The local fisheries play a vital role in the availability of food” also received a lot of support (mean 3.87). This highlights the community’s understanding of fisheries as important for food security. The lowest mean score of 3.58 was registered for the statement “Fish consumption is a key factor in developing poor families,” which implied less agreement, yet still above the center, thus, partial agreement for the statement that fish can combat poverty. The standard deviation values varied from 1.16 to 1.28, meaning that there was a moderate variation level of the responses to all statements. The slight increase in the standard deviation for the first and third statements implies that there were differences in opinion among the participants. Generally, the perception of the nutritional and economic significance of fish and fisheries was found to be positive. 4.2.2 Objective two: Fish trading analysis This study investigates fish trading for a descriptive analysis of socio-economic development in the Banadir region-Mogadishu-Somalia. Table 4.3 Fish trading IV2 Mean Std 1.1 Fish are the most valuable agricultural commodities traded globally. 3.8 1.237 1.2. Fish play a vital role in domestic trade. 4.05 1.058 1.3. Local fish trade is generally marketed only near the production centers. 3.97 1.11 1.4. Fish retailers are trying to improve their profits. 4.03 1.01 This table presents the descriptive statistics for Independent Variable 2 (IV2), which investigates fish trade and economic relevance. The statement "Fish plays a vital role in domestic trade" had the highest mean value of 4.05, suggesting that respondents strongly agreed on the relevance of fish in national market activities. Similarly, the statement "Retailers of fish are trying to improve their profit" had a high mean of 4.03, indicating that most respondents believed fish retailers were actively working to increase profits. The statement "Local fish trade is generally marketed only near production centres" earned strong approval, with a mean score of 3.97, emphasizing the localized character of fish marketing in many locations.The lowest mean, 3.80, was found for the statement "Fish is the most valuable agricultural commodity traded globally," yet the score still indicates a positive view. The standard deviation values ranged from 1.01 to 1.237, indicating substantial variation in responses, with the perception of fish as a globally traded commodity showing the most variation. Overall, the findings suggest a generally positive attitude toward fish's economic relevance in both domestic and international trading situations. 4.3 Regression analysis In addition, the researcher used multiple linear regression analysis to analyze the role of fish consumption (IV1), fish trading (IV2), and socioeconomic development (DV) among societies in the Bandar Region and applied SPSS V 25.0 to compute the measurements of the multiple regressions for the study. The coefficient of determination explains the extent to which changes in the DVs are caused by the change in the IVs or the percentage of variation in the dependent variable (socio-economic development), which is explained by all the independent variables of fish consumption and its trade in this region. Table 4. Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .449a 0.202 0.191 1.007 a. Predictors: (Constant), Challenges, and opportunities. Table 4 demonstrates that the coefficient of determination R square is 0.202, and R is 0.449 at a significance level of 0.05. The coefficient of determination indicates that 20.0% of the variation in the response to socioeconomic development among societies was explained by fish consumption and trade in this region. Table 5 ANOVAb Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 37.653 2 18.287 18.572 b Residual 149.02 147 1.014 Total 186.673 149 a. Predictors: (Constant); independent variables: challenges and opportunities. b. Dependent variable: Potential member state autonomy The analysis of variance (ANOVA) in Table 5 indicates that the combination of fish consumption and fish trading significantly predicts socioeconomic development in the region. This model was highly significant in predicting the analysis of the IVS, DV, and F calculated (F=18.572, P< 0.05), indicating that the overall model was significant when the P-value was <0.05. Table 6 Coefficients Predictors Un standardized Coefficients (B) Std. Error Standardized Coefficients (Beta) T Sig. (Constant) 1.321 0.458 0.29 0.004 IV1 0.214 0.105 0.169 2.03 0.044 IV2 0.478 0.115 0.345 4.14 a. Dependent variable: DV (socio economic development) Table 6 shows the multiple regression model for OP as per indicators: Y= 1.321+ .214X1+.478X2+.458, Fishc consumption IV1 (B= .214, p< 0.05) and fragmentation challenges of IV2 (B= .478, p<0.05) both indicate that significantly contribute much to the prediction and have statistically great significant which contribute meaningfully to the estimation of the dependent variable. In the model, 1.321 shows the intercept of beta, and .458 indicates the standard error in unstandardized coefficients. The results indicated a significant relationship between fish consumption and trade in the Banadir region and socio-economic development among society in the region. This means that the combination of the above independent variables was vital for the overall socioeconomic development in Mogadishu, Somalia. 5.0. DISCUSSION This chapter presents a summary of the findings, conclusions and recommendations. Research findings highlight the importance of fisheries, especially fish consumption and trade, as drivers of economic growth and livelihoods for many households in coastal cities such as Mogadishu and Somalia. The first objective of this study was to demonstrate a strong correlation between fish consumption and socioeconomic development in Mogadishu, Somalia. The majority of respondents agreed that fish consumption plays a positive role in improving socioeconomic conditions, with an average mean score of 3.9 and a standard deviation of 1.22. This average indicates that the community values fish for its digestibility and health advantages, role in food availability, importance to low-income households, and economic value as a protein source. The moderate standard deviation indicates that the responses varied but not to an extreme degree. Overall, the table highlights how fish benefit human nutrition and economic growth, particularly in terms of food security and reducing poverty. This conclusion was based on the average responses to the four key questions, which indicated a high level of agreement among the participants. The study also examined in depth the fish consumption patterns of Mogadishu households, revealing significant differences between households that participated in fishing activities and those that did not participate. A similar study (Godos et al., 2024 ) argued that it is important to consider the importance of food availability and accessibility globally, as fish consumption occurs naturally in coastal areas or, more commonly, in countries with historical and cultural habits that include fish in traditional dietary patterns. In the second objective, the researchers’ findings suggest that the fish trade plays a modest role in improving the socio-economic development of Mogadishu. This is supported by the participants’ responses, who agreed that fishery trade has a positive impact on socioeconomic development. A mean score of 3.96 on the scale indicated a high level of agreement among the respondents. A significant number of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that fish trade is important both internationally and domestically for all statements. Fish trade provides jobs, generates income, and contributes to food security, all of which are essential for socioeconomic development in the region. Therefore, the survey results provide valuable insights into the perceptions of fish trade, and there is strong agreement on the localized trade and empowerment of retailers. These findings are consistent with the broader literature on the role of fisheries and fish trade in supporting livelihoods, particularly in coastal and urban communities. A similar study (Biondo et al., 2024 ) investigated the role of fish trade in poverty reduction and found that it provides employment opportunities, particularly for women, and contributes to income generation in coastal and urban areas in Brazil. In contrast, Ahmed et al. ( 2021 )) argue that fisheries have a low status in society because of their low economic potential and limited skills and livelihood opportunities. Their limited expertise makes it difficult for them to transition to other occupations. The socioeconomic status of fishers and the risks they face in maintaining their livelihoods sometimes lead them to resort to illegal fishing activities, which ultimately increases the risk of serious fishery collapse. In addition, it is important to understand the theory of maximum sustainable yield to overcome the decline in fish populations and estimate the number of fish that can be caught in the ocean without jeopardizing fish populations (Jamaluddin et al., 2019 ). The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) for a given fish stock is the maximum annual production that can be maintained over time while maintaining the stock at a level that allows maximum growth. 6.0. Conclusions This study aimed to assess the role of local fisheries, focusing on the consumption and trading of fish, in influencing socio-economic development in the Bandar Region, Mogadishu, and Somalia. The findings revealed that approximately two-thirds of the respondents supported both fish consumption and trading, which can foster socioeconomic development in this area of Mogadishu. This study contributes to the limited body of research on fishing practices and their impact on socioeconomic status, particularly in the context of local fisheries operating in the challenging environment of Mogadishu City. Considering the empirical contribution, this study highlights the importance of statistical and mathematical tests, data screening, and data analysis techniques for obtaining reliable and high-quality results from data collection to analysis. In practical terms, this study provides a solid foundation for policymakers to study the role of local fisheries in socioeconomic development in Mogadishu, Somalia, demonstrating their potential to guide policy. However, it is crucial to acknowledge the limitations of this study, such as the relatively small sample size and the potential for response bias inherent in self-reported survey data. Future research could employ larger and more diverse samples, incorporate qualitative approaches to gain deeper insights, and explore additional domestic fishery advantages beyond consumption and trade in this region’s society. Furthermore, the study recommends that local organizations involved in fish activities and the government provide awareness of the importance of fish and its benefits in society to promote local fisheries, encourage fish consumption, and trade in the country. By addressing societal challenges in fish consumption and trading, local fisheries require a multifaceted approach involving community engagement, consumer awareness, and government policies to sell and use their products domestically and internationally. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the critical role of local fisheries in fostering socioeconomic development, particularly in the context of fishing practices in Mogadishu and Somalia. By implementing effective fish trading and consumption in feeding, society can leverage its limited resources to motivate its workforce and ultimately drive sustainable growth and economic success in the country. Suggestions for further study This study recommends that local organizations involved in fish activities and the government provide awareness of the importance of fish and its benefits to society. By addressing societal challenges in fish consumption and trading, local fisheries require a multi-faceted approach involving community engagement, consumer awareness, and government policies to sell and use their products domestically and internationally. Limitations This study used only quantitative methodologies and self-administered questionnaires, which may not have captured the full range of community viewpoints or experiences with regard to fishing. A sample size of 150 respondents, while statistically adequate, restricts generalizability to all parties active in fishing in the Banadir region. Implications The findings emphasize the important role that local fisheries may play in addressing food security, poverty alleviation, and job creation in coastal communities such as Mogadishu. Policymakers and local organizations should consider improving fishery infrastructure, conducting awareness campaigns, and increasing capacity. This study provides a useful evidence base for future research and strategic interventions aimed at improving sustainable fish consumption and commerce in Somalia's economic development agenda. Declarations Contributions of the Authors Mr.Abdullahi Mohamud Omar provided Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing –original draft, Writing – review & editing; Dr. Ahmed Ga’al Ali contributed to the conception, supervision, validation, writing–original draft, writing–review & editing; Mr.Abdullahi Ilyas Osman handled data curation, formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft; Mr. Mohamed Daud Mohamud contributed methodology, data curation, writing–review, and editing. Funding There are no available funds to undertake this study. Acknowledgements The authors have no one to acknowledge in this study. Data availability statement The data were not publicly accessible because of privacy and other ethical restrictions. This is available upon request from the corresponding author. Author contribution Credit: Abdullahi Mohamud Omar was responsible for the conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, formal analysis, methodology, writing – original draft, and writing – review. Abdullahi Ilyas Osman was responsible for the visualization, editing, supervision, validation, and visualization. Dr. Ahmed Ga ’al Ali and Mohamed Daud Mohamud were responsible for the project administration, resources, and software. Potential conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. No financial, personal, or professional relationships influenced the results or interpretation of this study. This transparency ensured the reliability and objectivity of the study and increased the validity of its results. Gratitude The authors would like to thank the participants of this study for their time and valuable insights. Special thanks to the Faculty of Economics and Management, Capital University of Somalia for their support throughout the research. Ethical approval The Capital University of Somalia Research Ethics Committee examined and authorized this study involving human subjects. This regulates research ethics according to global standards. The study was approved under the reference number CUR&D0055/2025, guaranteeing that all study operations complied with the committee's ethical guidelines. Informed consent Individual participants provided informed consent in compliance with ethical approval standards. The participants received thorough information about the purpose of the study, the goals of the research, and how the data would be used. Given the circumstances of the study, the ethics committee deemed verbal consent adequate. In accordance with ethical research norms, the participants were guaranteed confidentiality of their answers and anonymity. Consent to publish declaration Not applicable Clinical Trial Number in the manuscript No Clinical Trial Registration References Abebe Wake, A., Chalchisa Geleto, T., Alemayehu Abebe Wake Batu Fish, C., & Aquatic, O. (2019). Socio-economic importance of fish production and consumption status in Ethiopia: A review. ~ 206 ~ International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies , 7 (4), 206–211. www.fisheriesjournal.com Abraham, S. (2018). Challenges and Socioeconomic Importance of Fish Production in Ethiopia: A Review. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development Www.Iiste.Org ISSN , 9 (3), 17–21. www.iiste.org Adhikary, M. R., Rahman, M. A., Asif, A. Al, & Adhikary, R. K. (2018). Socio-economic status of fish retailers in Jashore Sadar, Bangladesh. Asian-Australasian Journal of Food Safety and Security , 2 (2), 100–108. https://doi.org/10.3329/aajfss.v2i2.55915 Ahmed, M., Mitu, S. J., Schneider, P., Alam, M., Mozumder, M. M. H., & Shamsuzzaman, M. M. (2021). Socio-economic conditions of small-scale hilsa fishers in the Meghna River Estuary of Chandpur, Bangladesh. Sustainability (Switzerland) , 13 (22). https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212470 Arkema, K. K., Rogers, L. A., Toft, J., Mesher, A., Wyatt, K. H., Albury-Smith, S., Moultrie, S., Ruckelshaus, M. H., & Samhouri, J. (2019). Integrating fisheries management into sustainable development planning. Ecology and Society , 24 (2). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-10630-240201 Biondo, M. V., & Burki, R. P., Aguayo, F., & Calado, R. (2024). An Updated Review of the Marine Ornamental Fish Trade in the European Union. Animals , 14 (12), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14121761 Bush, S. R. L. N. M. (2006). Fish trade, food, and income security: an overview of the constraints and barriers faced by small-scale fishers, farmers, and traders in the Lower Mekong Basin. Fish for the People , 8–16. Cinner, J. E., Maire, E., Huchery, C., Aaron MacNeil, M., Graham, N. A. J., Mora, C., McClanahan, T. R., Barnes, M. L., Kittinger, J. N., Hicks, C. C., D’Agata, S., Hoey, A. S., Gurney, G. G., Feary, D. A., Williams, I. D., Kulbicki, M., Vigliola, L., Wantiez, L., Edgar, G. J., … Mouillot, D. (2018). Gravity of human impact mediates coral reef conservation gains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 115 (27), E6116–E6125. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1708001115 D.A.M De Silva. (2011). Faces of women in global fishery value chains: Female involvement, impact, and importance in the fisheries of developed and developing countries . 50. Dayib Abubakar, M. (2019). EFFECT OF PESTICIDES ON THE AGRO ECOSYSTEM IN SOMALIA The socio-economic impact of fishing on food security in Mogadishu The socio-economic impact of fishing on food security in Mogadishu View project . July . www.sonrrec.org Dayib Abubakar, M. (2022). Land Restoration & Re-Greening Project in Somalia The socio-economic impact of fishing on food security in Mogadishu The socio-economic impact of fishing on food security in mogadishu View project Land Restoration & Re-Greening Project in Somalia . July . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361169364 Fishery, H., For, R., & Development, S. (2022). Harnessing Fishery Resources for Socioeconomic Development. United Nations Publication, New York and Geneva, 2022 . Freeman, R., Phillipson, J., Gorton, M., & Tocco, B. (2024). Social capital and short food supply chains: Evidence from Fisheries Local Action Groups. Sociologia Ruralis , 64 (3), 510–528. https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12455 Godos, J., Micek, A., Currenti, W., Franchi, C., Poli, A., Battino, M., Dolci, A., Ricci, C., Ungvari, Z., & Grosso, G. (2024). Fish consumption, cognitive impairment, and dementia: an updated dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research , 36 (1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-024-02823-6 Hassan, H. M., & Gichinga, L. (2018). Influence of Fisheries Management on Economic Development of Mogadishu Influence of Fisheries Management on Economic Development of Mugadishu , 5 (4), 11–24. Henk, O., Bourmistrov, A., & Argento, D. (2024). Unintended use of a calculative practice: Conflicting institutional logics in the Norwegian fishing industry. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal , 37 (9), 29–52. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-04-2022-5740 Hoque, M. Z., Sultana, N., Haque, A., & Mahamud Foisal, M. T. (2022). Personal and socioeconomic factors affecting the perceived knowledge of farmed fish. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research , 8 (April). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100310 Hossain, A. M., Al-Asif, A., Zafar, A. M., Hossain, T. M., Alam, S. M., & Islam, A. M. (2015). Marketing of fish and fishery products in Dinajpur and Livelihoods of the fish retailers. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies , 3 (1), 86–92. Implications, S., & Trade, F. E. (2002). Socio-Economic Implications of Fish Export Trade in Uganda . Jabbour Al Maalouf, N., Sawaya, C., & Elia, J. (2025). Evaluating the influence of organizational capability on fundraising success in Lebanese non-governmental organizations. Heliyon , 11 (2), e41891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e41891 Jamaluddin, N. A., Hussin, S. A. S., Zahid, Z., & Khairi, S. S. M. (2019). Estimation of Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) for Sustainable Fish Catch. Journal of Physics: Conference Series , 1366 (1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1366/1/012074 Khidzir, K. A. M., Ismail, N. Z., & Abdullah, A. R. (2018). Validity and River. International Journal of Development and Sustainability , 7 (3), 1026–1037. www.isdsnet.com/ijds Leung, L. (2015). Validity, reliability, and generalizability in qualitative research . 4 (3), 324–327. https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.161306 Mohamed, W. M., Taha, E., & Osman, A. A. A. (2022). An economic study of fish production and consumption in Egypt and its role in achieving food security. SVU-International Journal of Agricultural Sciences , 4 (1), 223–235. https://doi.org/10.21608/svuijas.2022.120401.1173 Mohamed, Y., & Simba, F. (2016). Role of Fishing in the Economic Development of Somalia: A Case Study of Lido Beach, Mogadishu, Somalia. Finance Management , 99 (2016), 42944–42951. Ng’onga, M., Kalaba, F. K., & Mwitwa, J. (2019). The contribution of fisheries-based households to the local economy (capital and labor) and national fish yield: A case of Lake Bangweulu fishery, Zambia. Scientific African , 5 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00120 Oluigbo, I. & Anyiam, K. (2014). The Role of compensation on employee performance in an information technology organization. International Journal of Research in Information Technology, 2 (4), p. 548 - 558. 2 (4), 548–558. Omar, A. M. (n.d.). Effect of Leadership Style on School Performance of Secondary Schools in Wadajir District, Mogadishu, Somalia . 2 (5), 51–70. Pau P, Chakraborty S. (2016). Impact of Inland Fisheries on Socioeconomic Development : A Focus on Perspectives on. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture , 6 (1), 59–76. https://www.ripublication.com/irph/ijfas16/ijfasv6n1_06.pdf Ridwan, M., & In’am, A. (2021). Social Capital Deviation in Capital Assistance System: Socio-Economic Studies of Coastal Communities. Economies , 9 (4). https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9040204 Roscher, M. B., Allison, E. H., Mills, D. J., Eriksson, H., Hellebrandt, D., & Andrew, N. L. (2022). Sustainable development outcomes of livelihood diversification in small-scale fisheries. Fish and Fisheries , 23 (4), 910–925. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12662 Tezzo, X., Bush, S. R., Belton, B., Oosterveer, P., & Mon, A. H. (2024). Changing fish trade practices in Myanmar’s rapidly transforming food system. Human Organization , 83 (1), 55–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/00187259.2023.2286175 Figure 1 Figure 1 is not available with this version. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7313203","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":509398119,"identity":"9e4c1d42-3e70-4ce1-82c3-7140d2e05126","order_by":0,"name":"Abdullahi Mohamud Omar","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAwklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACZgYGAwkeNvYGINvAglgtBRYyfDwHQFokiNXyocJGTiIBxCFCi+6MHGODDyCHST6/uuFHgQQDf3t3Al4tZjdyjBNngLRI55Td7AE6TOLM2Q0EtRzmgWhJuwFkAL2TS4SWP2CHnUm7+YdYLcngQJZgP3abOFvOPCs27AFp4clhuy0DZBD2y/HkzRI//tTZy7cff3bzzR8bOf72XvxakACPAZgkVjkIsD8gRfUoGAWjYBSMIAAAd5Y/rE6bLCsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Capital University of Somalia","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdullahi","middleName":"Mohamud","lastName":"Omar","suffix":""},{"id":509398120,"identity":"87ca1c67-44a8-4fe7-9898-54c662d6a895","order_by":1,"name":"ABDULLAHI ILYAS OSMAN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Capital University of Somalia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"ABDULLAHI","middleName":"ILYAS","lastName":"OSMAN","suffix":""},{"id":509398121,"identity":"8008db64-60fd-47c3-b971-d39c8312b4e6","order_by":2,"name":"Dr. Ahmed Ga ’al Ali","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Capital University of Somalia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"Dr.","firstName":"Ahmed","middleName":"Ga ’al","lastName":"Ali","suffix":""},{"id":509398122,"identity":"e1cb9e10-7dc1-4911-8fad-14a07255ba2d","order_by":3,"name":"Mohamed Daud Mohamud","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Capital university","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"Daud","lastName":"Mohamud","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-06 22:23:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7313203/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7313203/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":95614835,"identity":"f53f9624-0e66-417e-aec5-09b14bdbabe0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 08:39:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":948152,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7313203/v1/20fbcd05-bdef-49bf-8e0a-41875f559b81.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Assessing the Role of Fish Consumption and Trading on Socio-Economic Development in Mogadishu","fulltext":[{"header":"1.0 INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eFisheries play an important role in the livelihoods of a large section of the economically backward population of the country. This sector occupies a very important place in the country\u0026rsquo;s socio-economic development. It has become apparent that local fisheries are a major source of income and employment because they support the creation of several subsidiary industries and are one of the cheapest sources of nutritious food in the country compared to foreign imports. This usually makes a valuable contribution to the economic development of coastal regions. The relative spread of coastal small-scale fisheries helps keep rural areas economically viable while countering the trend of increasing coastal urbanization. Historically, fisheries have often been the basis for human settlements and coastal development in both rural and urban environments, and fish are a vital source of food, employment, recreation, trade, and economic well-being for people worldwide (Hassan \u0026amp; Gichinga, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). According to Abebe Wake et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), global fish consumption rates are growing faster than the global population growth because of increased income and awareness of the health benefits associated with consuming fish, as well as rising urbanization of coastal areas. The Indian fisheries sector contributes 60 percent of the country\u0026rsquo;s fish production and makes it more productive and sustainable to provide food security and generate employment for landless, small, and marginal farmers (Pau and Chakraborty, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Africa, the fishing industry contributes 3.2% to the Zambia Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and provides more than 70,0 0 0 metric tons of fish per annum. Traditionally, fishery livelihoods demand very few resources from those who work there, making them more accessible and vital for the poor. Fishery-based households are more important in terms of the scale and value of their contributions to the local economy through food security, nutrition, and employment (Ng\u0026rsquo;onga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Somalia, 40,000 people (out of an estimated 12\u0026nbsp;million) rely on fishing as their primary source of income, with another 80,000 using it as a supplement. Domestic fish consumption is the lowest in Africa. This is predominantly due to cultural reasons, although consumer attitudes are slowly changing because of the increasing number of fish markets and restaurants in urban areas(Y. Mohamed \u0026amp; Simba, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The domestic demand for fish remains high throughout the country, especially in the capital city of Mogadishu. Fish consumption is expected to exceed 9 tons per day, and redeveloping the fisheries industry has the potential to revitalize the Somali economy and improve food security. However, Somali fishery resources are mainly underexploited owing to a lack of good infrastructure and support from the government. Despite this, the researcher felt that the need for context could not be ignored in this area of the Banadir region, since researchers have scarcely touched the fishery sector. The first specific objective was to assess the role of fish consumption (feeding) on socioeconomic development among society in Mogadishu, and the second objective was to assess the role of fish trading on socioeconomic development in Mogadishu, Somalia. Consequently, local fisheries can contribute to economic growth and progress in terms of fish consumption, food security, poverty reduction, employment, and trade.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1. Theory of local fisheries\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe theory of local fisheries and their socioeconomic development explores the intricate relationships between fishing practices, community welfare and economic growth. This multidisciplinary field of study combines insights from economics, sociology, and environmental science to address how fisheries contribute to local livelihoods and the overall socioeconomic fabric of coastal communities\u0026nbsp;in the Philippines. Local fisheries play a critical role in food security, cultural identity, and community resilience, particularly in small-scale fishing settings, where social ties and environmental stewardship are paramount (Henk et al., 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1.1. Resource Dependency Theory (RDT)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResource Dependency Theory (RDT) is a pivotal framework in organizational studies that examines how organizations depend on external resources to survive and achieve their objectives. This theory is used to analyze the intricate dynamics between local fisheries and their management, focusing on how communities dependent on marine resources navigate challenges related to resource control, sustainability, and equity. According to Jabbour Al Maalouf et al. (2025), developed in the 1970s, RDT posits that organizations lacking control over essential resources must adapt their strategies to secure access, making it particularly relevant for fishing communities whose livelihoods hinge on the availability and health of fish stocks (Jabbour Al Maalouf et al., 2025). This theory highlights the interdependence between organizations and the resources they need, suggesting that the strategies they employ to secure these resources can increase their dependence on external entities.The significance of RDT lies in its emphasis on the interplay between power dynamics and resource acquisition. Organizations that effectively manage their dependencies can exert greater control over their environments, thereby enhancing their resilience to uncertainties related to resource availability (Jabbour Al Maalouf et al., 2025).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1.2 Sustainable development theory\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSustainable development theory in the context of local fisheries emphasizes the integration of environmental stewardship, economic viability, and social equity to ensure the long-term health of marine resources and the communities that rely on them. This framework recognizes that fisheries management must balance ecological integrity with the socioeconomic needs of local populations, particularly in developing regions where small-scale fisheries play a crucial role in food security and livelihoods (Arkema et al., 2019). As global fish stocks face significant pressure from overfishing, climate change, and habitat degradation, sustainable practices are increasingly vital for preserving biodiversity and community well-being. This theory stresses the importance of balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability, which is central to the health of local fisheries and communities\u0026rsquo; dependence on them. \u0026nbsp;By fostering sustainable practices that engage local communities, the fishing industry can mitigate ecological impacts and contribute to broader societal objectives, reinforcing the interconnectedness of environmental health and socioeconomic stability. On the other hand, Sustainable development in fisheries is grounded in the recognition that marine resources are finite and must be managed responsibly to meet the needs of current and future generations (Roscher et al., 2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1.3 Social Capital Theory\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocial Capital Theory in local fisheries explores the significance of social networks, relationships, and community dynamics in the governance and management of fishery resources (Ridwan \u0026amp; In\u0026rsquo;am, 2021). Grounded in the interdisciplinary concepts of sociology and economics, social capital is defined as networks, norms, and trust that facilitate cooperation among individuals within a community\u0026nbsp;and significantly impact collective actions and resource management. Notably, the application of social capital theory has shifted fisheries management from traditional top-down governance models to collaborative approaches, such as co-management (Ridwan \u0026amp; In\u0026rsquo;am, 2021).. These frameworks emphasize the importance of engaging local fishers in decision-making processes, thereby fostering trust and cooperation while addressing challenges such as overfishing, biodiversity loss, and socioeconomic disparities. This theory highlights the importance of community networks, relationships, and cooperation in managing common resources. For fisheries, social capital is the key to successful collective management practices, which can lead to improved socioeconomic outcomes by fostering trust and collaboration within fishing communities (Freeman et al. 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2. Concept of local fisheries\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch on the role of local fisheries in socioeconomic development has been diverse, reflecting the multidimensional nature of the topic. According to Ahmed et al.\u0026nbsp;(2021)\u003cstrong\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003esocioeconomic contributions to fishing activities significantly contribute to income generation, employment, and food security in coastal communities. They emphasized the importance of sustainable management practices to ensure the long-term viability of fisheries and the well-being of fishing communities\u0026nbsp;in the region. Another study (Cinner et al., 2018)\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;discussed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ethe social and economic impacts of marine protected areas (MPAs) on fishing communities and enhanced fishery yields, income, and food security for local fishers while supporting biodiversity conservation. Abubakar\u0026nbsp;(2019) discussed local fishing in Somalia and showed that there are significant fish stocks off the coast of Somalia, which is considered one of the richest fishing grounds in the region. Fishing is also a particularly important source of protein for many African countries, especially for poorer segments of the population; therefore, it\u0026nbsp;plays an important role in improving Africa\u0026rsquo;s food security and nutritional status.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2.1 Fish consumption and socio-economic Development\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe flesh of fish is easily digestible and instantly utilizable by the human body, making it ideal for supplementation of high-carbohydrate diets. Fish is one of the most traded agricultural commodities and is a major export for many developing countries, offering opportunities for trade agreements that contribute to the development of poor countries(D. A. M. De Silva, 2011). Local fisheries play an important role in increasing food availability, thereby addressing food security problems in various agrarian and extremely food-insecure countries in the region. The sector is also a source of employment for approximately 10 million people and the main or only source of animal protein for 20 percent of the population. (Dayib Abubakar, 2022). According to (W. M. Mohamed et al., 2022), Fish meals are an important economic source of protein compared to other animal protein sources. It is considered one of the most important traditional components of Egyptian food recipes, as it is a source of low-cost protein. Fish as food, the fishing industry, aquaculture, and fish farming are all economically important; however, their recreational importance includes fishkeeping, leisure fishing, and angling. Consumption of fish has several health, nutritional, environmental, and social advantages over other terrestrial animal meat, with low cost that could be affordable for poor families living in developing countries(Abraham, 2018). \u0026nbsp;Developing markets, particularly in Asia, have shown steady growth in production and consumption in the global fish-food economy. As an emerging South Asian economy, Bangladesh has become the fourth largest fish-producing economy globally, with an extensive coastline and a delta system that feeds a large volume of capture and culture fisheries(Hoque et al., 2022). Thus, fish consumption seems to be an important factor in the development of poor families living in coastal areas, as it is positively related to monthly income.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;2.2.2 Fish trading and socio-economic Development\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFishing and fish trading have been steadily increasing, as growing trade volumes are leading to larger provisioning actors engaging in speculation. The expansion of aquaculture, together with the development of mobile banking infrastructure, means that more sales are transacted remotely (Tezzo et al., 2024). Another study (Hassan \u0026amp; Gichinga, 2018) discussed fish as the most valuable agricultural commodity traded internationally, with annual sales of nearly US$80 billion, which are increasing each year. According to (Fishery et al., 2022), fish is one of the most traded food commodities worldwide, and 54 per cent of this trade originates from developing countries, generating more income than most other food commodities combined. Thus, the sustainability of fisheries is fundamental to the livelihoods of people in coastal communities around the world, especially in poor countries. Fishers and traders in each country negotiate their positions within trade networks through a broad set of cultural and societal factors, including the availability of marketable fish, low-interest finance, and the ability to negotiate trade relations with traders and middlemen(Bush, 2006). During fish trading, retailers attempt to improve their socioeconomic conditions to maximize profits. Fish trading is a competitive job, as reported by the traders. Understanding baseline information is critical for the appropriate growth of the fish sellers\u0026apos; community and for improving their livelihoods (Adhikary et al., 2018). \u0026nbsp;Wholesalers are significant players in seafood markets and have strong relationships with other intermediaries such as retailers. Wholesalers work as intermediaries for fish sales for a short period of time (two to three hours) and earn much more than retailers. It was found that almost all traders in the six markets spend around 8 to 12 h selling fish if sufficient quantities are available. However, some traders can sell their fish earlier and engage in other homestead work (Hossain et al. 2015). During local fish trading, it is normally offered only near manufacturing centers; however, middlemen, sellers, and retailers distribute fresh fish to most major centers accessible by road. Fishers sell their fish to independent supply agents, local market traders, local fish processors, fish processing factories, and consumers (Implications and Trade, 2002).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3 Socio-Economic development\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocioeconomic development in relation to local fisheries involves the interplay between economic growth, social well-being, and sustainable practices within fishing communities. The fisheries sector usually makes a valuable contribution to the economic development of coastal areas, and economic growth is the process by which a country improves its citizens\u0026rsquo; economic, political and social well-being. Local fisheries play a critical role in socioeconomic development by providing livelihoods, ensuring food security, and maintaining cultural traditions ( Abubakar, 2022). Furthermore, fisheries benefit ancillary sectors such as transportation, cold storage, and seafood processing, causing a ripple effect across the local economy. Fish products provide economic nutrition, making them important food sources for low-income families. Furthermore, the presence of active local fisheries fosters community solidarity and promotes the\u0026nbsp;sustainable use of marine resources. When properly managed, fisheries not only provide immediate cash but also help to\u0026nbsp;conserve resources and promote rural development. Thus, local fisheries are critical for fostering inclusive growth and poverty reduction in coastal and marginalized communities (Dayib Abubakar, 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4 Conceptual Model of the Research Study\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study, in which we show the \u0026nbsp;role of local fisheries in socio-economic development in Mogadishu, Somalia. Moreover, we have shown the role of fish consumption and trade in the socio-economic development of Mogadishu. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndependent variables \u0026nbsp;Dependent variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3.0 MATERIAL AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study employed a descriptive, quantitative design. This study aimed to assess the role of local fisheries and socio-economic development in the Banadir region of Mogadishu, Somalia. Quantitative research was used on numerical data and measurable variables because it was appropriate for the research objectives. The researcher populated 240 respondents and sampled 150 questionnaires. The researcher employed Slovene\u0026rsquo;s formula and distributed it to workers involved in fishing fields, such as salespersons and mediators. The respondents included staff in domestic fisheries and excluded non-staff or those working in other fields of organizations (Oluigbo \u0026amp; Anyiam, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The researchers used this formula because of fewer errors and because it was appropriate for this study. The examiners also used these few samples to determine the availability of the population with knowledge about questions related to the fishing sector in Mogadishu, Somalia. The study adopted a simple random sampling technique, which is a probability sampling technique to select equal chances that can be representative of the target population (Oluigbo \u0026amp; Anyiam, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study used self-administered questionnaires with Likert-formulated questions for the respondents using an online method. Data were gathered from 1st to15th March 2025. These questions were structured and developed based on a literature review using Likert scales (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;very satisfied, 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;satisfied, 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;neutral, 4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;dissatisfied, and 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;very dissatisfied). The research instrument consisted of three sections: demographics, fish consumption, and trading for socio-economic development in this region.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo check data quality, the questionnaire was reviewed by experts in fisheries and socio-economic development to ensure that it covered all relevant aspects of the study. This means that it conveys accurate data that is consistent with the information expected from the respondent. The validity of the research instrument is determined by the amount of built-in error in the measurement (Leung, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The questionnaires were pilot tested with a small group of respondents to check their reliability and rectify any issues before the main data collection phase. Reliability is the degree to which measures are free from error and, therefore, yield consistent results (Khidzir et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Based on both variables, the Cronbach's Alpha Values were 0.70 and 0.71, respectively, which were acceptable in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe examiners chose primary data using questionnaires through the Kobo toolbox to collect data from the fishery sector staff within one week in this region. This method is also suitable for this study because of its ability to provide clear, measurable, and objective insights, making it a dominant tool for research, analysis, and decision-making in diverse disciplines. It also supports the collection of data from large populations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to (Omar, 2017) data analysis refers to examining what has been collected in a study and making deductions and inferences. The data collected through the Kobo Toolbox were downloaded in Excel format and cleaned by verifying the completeness of the questionnaire. The data were uploaded directly into SPSSV20 software for quantitative analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to organize, summarize, and present informative methods in the table as frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations to measure the central tendency and dispersion.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4.0. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.1 Demographic characteristics of the respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis section presents the background information of the respondents who participated in this study. Its purpose was to determine the characteristics of the respondents\u0026rsquo; socio-demographic profiles. In total, 150 respondents completed the questionnaires through the Kobo toolbox of selected fish consumption and trading among socio-economic development \u0026nbsp; in the Banadir region of Mogadishu, Somalia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.1Profile of the respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDemographics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge in yrs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnder 18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18-25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26-35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbove 35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBachelor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaster\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4.1 The demographic data shows that 80% of the respondents are male as compared to the females, indicating imbalance in the number of participants on gender basis. Of the respondents, 69% were single, 29% were married, and 2% were divorced. In relation to age distribution, 58% of the participants were between the ages of 18 and 25, and this was the largest group represented. 29% for 26-35 years olds, 12% over 35 and people below 18 is only 2%. Regarding education, 50.7% of the respondents possessed a bachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree, which suggests a high level of education among the participants. The levels of secondary and primary education were represented in equal measures, both accounting for 17.3%. Meanwhile, 14.7% of the participants had a master\u0026rsquo;s degree. A small percentage of respondents under 18 (2%) indicates minimal contribution from minors. A high percentage of single respondents (69%) may represent a youthful age profile. Finally, from the educational data, it can be seen that a considerable percentage of respondents are at the primary level, representing 36.0% of the population sample, and the secondary level follows closely with a percentage of 30.0%. Of all the respondents, 25.3% had a bachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree. The number of people with a master\u0026rsquo;s degree was the smallest at 8.7%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.2 Descriptive analysis of variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.2.1 Objective one: Fish consumption analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates fish consumption for socio-economic development in the Banadir region of Mogadishu, Somalia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.1 Fish consumption\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIV1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1 Fish flesh is \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; readily digestible and utilizable by \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; the human body.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2. Local fisheries play a vital role in food availability.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3. Fish consumption is a key factor in developing poor families.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4. Fish meal is a vital economic source of protein compared to others.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4.2 presents four statements under IV1, focusing on the role of fish consumption. The highest mean score (4.11) was for the statement, \u0026ldquo;Fish meal is a vital economic source of protein compared to others\u0026rdquo; which shows a strong agreement on the part of respondents in terms of the affordability and nutritional value of fish protein. This was followed by \u0026ldquo;flesh of a fish is readily digestible and utilizable by the human body\u0026rdquo; with a mean of 3.99, revealing that the majority of the respondents recognized the advantages of consuming fish. The statement of opinion \u0026ldquo;The local fisheries play a vital role in the availability of food\u0026rdquo; also received a lot of support (mean 3.87). This highlights the community\u0026rsquo;s understanding of fisheries as important for food security. The lowest mean score of 3.58 was registered for the statement \u0026ldquo;Fish consumption is a key factor in developing poor families,\u0026rdquo; which implied less agreement, yet still above the center, thus, partial agreement for the statement that fish can combat poverty. The standard deviation values varied from 1.16 to 1.28, meaning that there was a moderate variation level of the responses to all statements. The slight increase in the standard deviation for the first and third statements implies that there were differences in opinion among the participants. Generally, the perception of the nutritional and economic significance of fish and fisheries was found to be positive.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.2.2 Objective two: Fish trading analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates fish trading for a descriptive analysis of socio-economic development in the Banadir region-Mogadishu-Somalia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.3 Fish trading\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIV2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1 Fish are the most valuable agricultural commodities traded globally.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.237\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2. Fish play a vital role in domestic trade.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3. Local fish trade is generally marketed only near the production centers.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4. Fish retailers are trying to improve their \u0026nbsp;profits.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis table presents the descriptive statistics for Independent Variable 2 (IV2), which investigates fish trade and economic relevance. The statement \u0026quot;Fish plays a vital role in domestic trade\u0026quot; had the highest mean value of 4.05, suggesting that respondents strongly agreed on the relevance of fish in national market activities. Similarly, the statement \u0026quot;Retailers of fish are trying to improve their profit\u0026quot; had a high mean of 4.03, indicating that most respondents believed fish retailers were actively working to increase profits. The statement \u0026quot;Local fish trade is generally marketed only near production centres\u0026quot; earned strong approval, with a mean score of 3.97, emphasizing the localized character of fish marketing in many locations.The lowest mean, 3.80, was found for the statement \u0026quot;Fish is the most valuable agricultural commodity traded globally,\u0026quot; yet the score still indicates a positive view. The standard deviation values ranged from 1.01 to 1.237, indicating substantial variation in responses, with the perception of fish as a globally traded commodity showing the most variation. Overall, the findings suggest a generally positive attitude toward fish\u0026apos;s economic relevance in both domestic and international trading situations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.3 Regression analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, the researcher used multiple linear regression analysis to analyze the role of fish consumption (IV1), fish trading (IV2), and socioeconomic development (DV) among societies in the Bandar Region and applied SPSS V 25.0 to compute the measurements of the multiple regressions for the study. The coefficient of determination explains the extent to which changes in the DVs are caused by the change in the IVs or the percentage of variation in the dependent variable (socio-economic development), which is explained by all the independent variables of fish consumption and its trade in this region.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 4. Model Summary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR Square\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted R Square\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStd. Error of the Estimate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.449a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.191\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea. Predictors: (Constant), Challenges, and opportunities.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 demonstrates that the coefficient of determination R square is 0.202, and R is 0.449 at a significance level of 0.05. The coefficient of determination indicates that 20.0% of the variation in the response to socioeconomic development among societies was explained by fish consumption and trade in this region.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 5 ANOVAb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSum of Squares\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean Square\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegression\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.653\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.572\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidual\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186.673\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea. Predictors: (Constant); independent variables: challenges and opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eb. Dependent variable: Potential member state autonomy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of variance (ANOVA) in Table 5 indicates that the combination of fish consumption and fish trading significantly predicts socioeconomic development in the region. This model was highly significant in predicting the analysis of the IVS, DV, and F calculated (F=18.572, P\u0026lt; 0.05), indicating that the overall model was significant when the P-value was \u0026lt;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 6 Coefficients\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePredictors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUn standardized Coefficients (B)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStd. Error\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandardized Coefficients (Beta)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Constant)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.321\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.458\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIV1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIV2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.345\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea. Dependent variable: DV (socio economic development)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6 shows the multiple regression model for OP as per indicators: Y= 1.321+ .214X1+.478X2+.458, Fishc consumption IV1 (B= .214, p\u0026lt; 0.05) and fragmentation challenges of IV2 (B= .478, p\u0026lt;0.05) both indicate that significantly contribute much to the prediction and have statistically great significant which contribute meaningfully to the estimation of the dependent variable. In the model, 1.321 shows the intercept of beta, and .458 indicates the standard error in unstandardized coefficients. The results indicated a significant relationship between fish consumption and trade in the Banadir region and socio-economic development among society in the region. This means that the combination of the above independent variables was vital for the overall socioeconomic development in Mogadishu, Somalia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5.0. DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis chapter presents a summary of the findings, conclusions and recommendations. Research findings highlight the importance of fisheries, especially fish consumption and trade, as drivers of economic growth and livelihoods for many households in coastal cities such as Mogadishu and Somalia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe first objective of this study was to demonstrate a strong correlation between fish consumption and socioeconomic development in Mogadishu, Somalia. The majority of respondents agreed that fish consumption plays a positive role in improving socioeconomic conditions, with an average mean score of 3.9 and a standard deviation of 1.22. This average indicates that the community values fish for its digestibility and health advantages, role in food availability, importance to low-income households, and economic value as a protein source. The moderate standard deviation indicates that the responses varied but not to an extreme degree. Overall, the table highlights how fish benefit human nutrition and economic growth, particularly in terms of food security and reducing poverty. This conclusion was based on the average responses to the four key questions, which indicated a high level of agreement among the participants. The study also examined in depth the fish consumption patterns of Mogadishu households, revealing significant differences between households that participated in fishing activities and those that did not participate. A similar study (Godos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) argued that it is important to consider the importance of food availability and accessibility globally, as fish consumption occurs naturally in coastal areas or, more commonly, in countries with historical and cultural habits that include fish in traditional dietary patterns.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the second objective, the researchers\u0026rsquo; findings suggest that the fish trade plays a modest role in improving the socio-economic development of Mogadishu. This is supported by the participants\u0026rsquo; responses, who agreed that fishery trade has a positive impact on socioeconomic development. A mean score of 3.96 on the scale indicated a high level of agreement among the respondents. A significant number of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that fish trade is important both internationally and domestically for all statements. Fish trade provides jobs, generates income, and contributes to food security, all of which are essential for socioeconomic development in the region. Therefore, the survey results provide valuable insights into the perceptions of fish trade, and there is strong agreement on the localized trade and empowerment of retailers. These findings are consistent with the broader literature on the role of fisheries and fish trade in supporting livelihoods, particularly in coastal and urban communities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA similar study (Biondo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) investigated the role of fish trade in poverty reduction and found that it provides employment opportunities, particularly for women, and contributes to income generation in coastal and urban areas in Brazil.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, Ahmed et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)) argue that fisheries have a low status in society because of their low economic potential and limited skills and livelihood opportunities. Their limited expertise makes it difficult for them to transition to other occupations. The socioeconomic status of fishers and the risks they face in maintaining their livelihoods sometimes lead them to resort to illegal fishing activities, which ultimately increases the risk of serious fishery collapse. In addition, it is important to understand the theory of maximum sustainable yield to overcome the decline in fish populations and estimate the number of fish that can be caught in the ocean without jeopardizing fish populations (Jamaluddin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) for a given fish stock is the maximum annual production that can be maintained over time while maintaining the stock at a level that allows maximum growth.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6.0. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to assess the role of local fisheries, focusing on the consumption and trading of fish, in influencing socio-economic development in the Bandar Region, Mogadishu, and Somalia. The findings revealed that approximately two-thirds of the respondents supported both fish consumption and trading, which can foster socioeconomic development in this area of Mogadishu.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study contributes to the limited body of research on fishing practices and their impact on socioeconomic status, particularly in the context of local fisheries operating in the challenging environment of Mogadishu City.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsidering\u0026nbsp;the empirical contribution, this study highlights the importance of statistical and mathematical tests, data screening, and data analysis techniques for obtaining reliable and high-quality results from data collection to analysis. In practical terms, this study provides a solid foundation for policymakers to study the role of local fisheries in socioeconomic development in Mogadishu, Somalia, demonstrating their potential to guide policy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, it is crucial to acknowledge the limitations of this study, such as the relatively small sample size and the potential for response bias inherent in self-reported survey data. Future research could employ larger and more diverse samples, incorporate qualitative approaches to gain deeper insights, and explore additional domestic fishery advantages beyond consumption and trade in this region’s society.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the study recommends that local organizations involved in fish activities and the government provide awareness of the importance of fish and its benefits in society to promote local fisheries, encourage fish consumption, and trade in the country. By addressing societal challenges in fish consumption and trading, local fisheries require a multifaceted approach involving community engagement, consumer awareness, and government policies to sell and use their products domestically and internationally.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this study emphasizes the critical role of local fisheries in fostering socioeconomic development, particularly in the context of fishing practices in Mogadishu and Somalia. By implementing effective fish trading and consumption in feeding, society can leverage its limited resources to motivate its workforce and ultimately drive sustainable growth and economic success in the country.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSuggestions for further study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study recommends that local organizations involved in fish activities and the government provide awareness of the importance of fish and its benefits to society. By addressing societal challenges in fish consumption and trading, local fisheries require a multi-faceted approach involving community engagement, consumer awareness, and government policies to sell and use their products domestically and internationally.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimitations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study used only quantitative methodologies and self-administered questionnaires, which may not have captured the full range of community viewpoints or experiences with regard to\u0026nbsp;fishing. A sample size of 150 respondents, while statistically adequate, restricts generalizability to all parties active in fishing in the Banadir region.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImplications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings emphasize the important role that local fisheries may play in addressing food security, poverty alleviation, and job creation in coastal communities such as Mogadishu. Policymakers and local organizations should consider improving fishery infrastructure, conducting awareness campaigns, and increasing capacity. This study provides a useful evidence base for future research and strategic interventions aimed at improving sustainable fish consumption and commerce in Somalia's economic development agenda.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContributions of the Authors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMr.Abdullahi Mohamud\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eOmar\u003c/strong\u003e provided Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing –original draft, Writing – review \u0026amp; editing; \u003cstrong\u003eDr. Ahmed Ga’al Ali\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003econtributed to the conception, supervision, validation, writing–original draft, writing–review \u0026amp; editing; \u003cstrong\u003eMr.Abdullahi Ilyas Osman\u003c/strong\u003e handled data curation, formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft; \u003cstrong\u003eMr. Mohamed Daud Mohamud\u003c/strong\u003e contributed methodology, data curation, writing–review, and editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are no available funds to undertake this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no one to acknowledge in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data were not publicly accessible because of privacy and other ethical restrictions. This is available upon request from the corresponding author.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCredit:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eAbdullahi Mohamud Omar\u003c/strong\u003e was responsible for the conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, formal analysis, methodology, writing – original draft, and writing – review. \u003cstrong\u003eAbdullahi Ilyas Osman\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ewas\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eresponsible for the visualization, editing, supervision, validation, and visualization. \u003cstrong\u003eDr. Ahmed Ga ’al Ali and Mohamed Daud Mohamud\u003c/strong\u003e were responsible for the project administration, resources, and software.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePotential conflicts of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest. No financial, personal, or professional relationships influenced the results or interpretation of this study. This transparency ensured the reliability and objectivity of the study and increased the validity of its results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGratitude\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank the participants of this study for their time and valuable insights. Special thanks to the Faculty of Economics and Management, Capital University of Somalia for their support throughout the research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Capital University of Somalia Research Ethics Committee examined and authorized this study\u0026nbsp;involving human subjects. This regulates research ethics according to global standards. The study was approved under the reference number CUR\u0026amp;D0055/2025, guaranteeing that all study operations complied with the committee's ethical guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed consent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndividual participants provided informed consent in compliance with ethical approval standards. The participants received thorough information about the purpose of the study, the goals of the research, and how the data would be used. Given the circumstances of the study, the ethics committee deemed verbal consent adequate. In accordance with ethical research norms, the\u0026nbsp;participants were guaranteed confidentiality of their answers and anonymity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to publish declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical Trial Number in the manuscript\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo Clinical Trial Registration\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbebe Wake, A., Chalchisa Geleto, T., Alemayehu Abebe Wake Batu Fish, C., \u0026amp; Aquatic, O. (2019). Socio-economic importance of fish production and consumption status in Ethiopia: A review. \u003cem\u003e~ 206 ~ International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e(4), 206\u0026ndash;211. www.fisheriesjournal.com\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbraham, S. (2018). Challenges and Socioeconomic Importance of Fish Production in Ethiopia: A Review. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Economics and Sustainable Development Www.Iiste.Org ISSN\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e9\u003c/em\u003e(3), 17\u0026ndash;21. www.iiste.org\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdhikary, M. R., Rahman, M. A., Asif, A. Al, \u0026amp; Adhikary, R. K. (2018). Socio-economic status of fish retailers in Jashore Sadar, Bangladesh. \u003cem\u003eAsian-Australasian Journal of Food Safety and Security\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e(2), 100\u0026ndash;108. https://doi.org/10.3329/aajfss.v2i2.55915\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAhmed, M., Mitu, S. J., Schneider, P., Alam, M., Mozumder, M. M. H., \u0026amp; Shamsuzzaman, M. M. (2021). Socio-economic conditions of small-scale hilsa fishers in the Meghna River Estuary of Chandpur, Bangladesh. \u003cem\u003eSustainability (Switzerland)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212470\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArkema, K. K., Rogers, L. A., Toft, J., Mesher, A., Wyatt, K. H., Albury-Smith, S., Moultrie, S., Ruckelshaus, M. H., \u0026amp; Samhouri, J. (2019). Integrating fisheries management into sustainable development planning. \u003cem\u003eEcology and Society\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c/em\u003e(2). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-10630-240201\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiondo, M. V., \u0026amp; Burki, R. P., Aguayo, F., \u0026amp; Calado, R. (2024). An Updated Review of the Marine Ornamental Fish Trade in the European Union. \u003cem\u003eAnimals\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e(12), 1\u0026ndash;27. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14121761\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBush, S. R. L. N. M. (2006). Fish trade, food, and income security: an overview of the constraints and barriers faced by small-scale fishers, farmers, and traders in the Lower Mekong Basin. \u003cem\u003eFish for the People\u003c/em\u003e, 8\u0026ndash;16.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCinner, J. E., Maire, E., Huchery, C., Aaron MacNeil, M., Graham, N. A. J., Mora, C., McClanahan, T. R., Barnes, M. L., Kittinger, J. N., Hicks, C. C., D\u0026rsquo;Agata, S., Hoey, A. S., Gurney, G. G., Feary, D. A., Williams, I. D., Kulbicki, M., Vigliola, L., Wantiez, L., Edgar, G. J., \u0026hellip; Mouillot, D. (2018). Gravity of human impact mediates coral reef conservation gains. \u003cem\u003eProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e115\u003c/em\u003e(27), E6116\u0026ndash;E6125. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1708001115\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eD.A.M De Silva. (2011). \u003cem\u003eFaces of women in global fishery value chains: Female involvement, impact, and importance in the fisheries of developed and developing countries\u003c/em\u003e. 50.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDayib Abubakar, M. (2019). \u003cem\u003eEFFECT OF PESTICIDES ON THE AGRO ECOSYSTEM IN SOMALIA The socio-economic impact of fishing on food security in Mogadishu The socio-economic impact of fishing on food security in Mogadishu View project\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJuly\u003c/em\u003e. www.sonrrec.org\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDayib Abubakar, M. (2022). \u003cem\u003eLand Restoration \u0026amp; Re-Greening Project in Somalia The socio-economic impact of fishing on food security in Mogadishu The socio-economic impact of fishing on food security in mogadishu View project Land Restoration \u0026amp; Re-Greening Project in Somalia\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJuly\u003c/em\u003e. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361169364\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFishery, H., For, R., \u0026amp; Development, S. (2022). Harnessing Fishery Resources for Socioeconomic Development. \u003cem\u003eUnited Nations Publication, New York and Geneva, 2022\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFreeman, R., Phillipson, J., Gorton, M., \u0026amp; Tocco, B. (2024). Social capital and short food supply chains: Evidence from Fisheries Local Action Groups. \u003cem\u003eSociologia Ruralis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e64\u003c/em\u003e(3), 510\u0026ndash;528. https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12455\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGodos, J., Micek, A., Currenti, W., Franchi, C., Poli, A., Battino, M., Dolci, A., Ricci, C., Ungvari, Z., \u0026amp; Grosso, G. (2024). Fish consumption, cognitive impairment, and dementia: an updated dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. \u003cem\u003eAging Clinical and Experimental Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e36\u003c/em\u003e(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-024-02823-6\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHassan, H. M., \u0026amp; Gichinga, L. (2018). Influence of Fisheries Management on Economic Development of Mogadishu \u003cem\u003eInfluence of Fisheries Management on Economic Development of Mugadishu\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e5\u003c/em\u003e(4), 11\u0026ndash;24.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHenk, O., Bourmistrov, A., \u0026amp; Argento, D. (2024). Unintended use of a calculative practice: Conflicting institutional logics in the Norwegian fishing industry. \u003cem\u003eAccounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e37\u003c/em\u003e(9), 29\u0026ndash;52. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-04-2022-5740\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHoque, M. Z., Sultana, N., Haque, A., \u0026amp; Mahamud Foisal, M. T. (2022). Personal and socioeconomic factors affecting the perceived knowledge of farmed fish. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Agriculture and Food Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e8\u003c/em\u003e(April). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100310\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHossain, A. M., Al-Asif, A., Zafar, A. M., Hossain, T. M., Alam, S. M., \u0026amp; Islam, A. M. (2015). Marketing of fish and fishery products in Dinajpur and Livelihoods of the fish retailers. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e(1), 86\u0026ndash;92.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eImplications, S., \u0026amp; Trade, F. E. (2002). \u003cem\u003eSocio-Economic Implications of Fish Export Trade in Uganda\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJabbour Al Maalouf, N., Sawaya, C., \u0026amp; Elia, J. (2025). Evaluating the influence of organizational capability on fundraising success in Lebanese non-governmental organizations. \u003cem\u003eHeliyon\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e(2), e41891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e41891\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJamaluddin, N. A., Hussin, S. A. S., Zahid, Z., \u0026amp; Khairi, S. S. M. (2019). Estimation of Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) for Sustainable Fish Catch. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Physics: Conference Series\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e1366\u003c/em\u003e(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1366/1/012074\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhidzir, K. A. M., Ismail, N. Z., \u0026amp; Abdullah, A. R. (2018). Validity and River. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Development and Sustainability\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e(3), 1026\u0026ndash;1037. www.isdsnet.com/ijds\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLeung, L. (2015). \u003cem\u003eValidity, reliability, and generalizability in qualitative research\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e(3), 324\u0026ndash;327. https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.161306\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMohamed, W. M., Taha, E., \u0026amp; Osman, A. A. A. (2022). An economic study of fish production and consumption in Egypt and its role in achieving food security. \u003cem\u003eSVU-International Journal of Agricultural Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e(1), 223\u0026ndash;235. https://doi.org/10.21608/svuijas.2022.120401.1173\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMohamed, Y., \u0026amp; Simba, F. (2016). Role of Fishing in the Economic Development of Somalia: A Case Study of Lido Beach, Mogadishu, Somalia. \u003cem\u003eFinance Management\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e99\u003c/em\u003e(2016), 42944\u0026ndash;42951.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNg\u0026rsquo;onga, M., Kalaba, F. K., \u0026amp; Mwitwa, J. (2019). The contribution of fisheries-based households to the local economy (capital and labor) and national fish yield: A case of Lake Bangweulu fishery, Zambia. \u003cem\u003eScientific African\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e5\u003c/em\u003e. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00120\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOluigbo, I. \u0026amp; Anyiam, K. (2014). \u003cem\u003eThe Role of compensation on employee performance in an information technology organization. International Journal of Research in Information Technology, 2 (4), p. 548 - 558.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e(4), 548\u0026ndash;558.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOmar, A. M. (n.d.). \u003cem\u003eEffect of Leadership Style on School Performance of Secondary Schools in Wadajir District, Mogadishu, Somalia\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e(5), 51\u0026ndash;70.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePau P, Chakraborty S. (2016). Impact of Inland Fisheries on Socioeconomic Development : A Focus on Perspectives on. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e(1), 59\u0026ndash;76. https://www.ripublication.com/irph/ijfas16/ijfasv6n1_06.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRidwan, M., \u0026amp; In\u0026rsquo;am, A. (2021). Social Capital Deviation in Capital Assistance System: Socio-Economic Studies of Coastal Communities. \u003cem\u003eEconomies\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e9\u003c/em\u003e(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9040204\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRoscher, M. B., Allison, E. H., Mills, D. J., Eriksson, H., Hellebrandt, D., \u0026amp; Andrew, N. L. (2022). Sustainable development outcomes of livelihood diversification in small-scale fisheries. \u003cem\u003eFish and Fisheries\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e23\u003c/em\u003e(4), 910\u0026ndash;925. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12662\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTezzo, X., Bush, S. R., Belton, B., Oosterveer, P., \u0026amp; Mon, A. H. (2024). Changing fish trade practices in Myanmar\u0026rsquo;s rapidly transforming food system. \u003cem\u003eHuman Organization\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e83\u003c/em\u003e(1), 55\u0026ndash;69. https://doi.org/10.1080/00187259.2023.2286175\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Figure 1","content":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 1 is not available with this version.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"local fisheries, fish consumption, fish trading, socio-economic development, employment, food security, revenue generation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7313203/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7313203/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the role of local fisheries, specifically fish consumption and trade, in socioeconomic development in the Banadir Region of Mogadishu, Somalia. Utilizing a descriptive research design with a quantitative approach, data were collected from 150 individuals involved in fishing activities through a survey questionnaire. The study employed Slovene's formula for sampling and SPSS Version 25.0 to conduct descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that 80% of the respondents were male and engaged in fishing, while 20% were female. For the independent variable of fish consumption, a high average mean score of 3.9 indicated strong agreement among respondents that fish contributes significantly to nutrition and economic well-being in the region. Similarly, for the independent variable of fish trade, a high average mean score of 3.96 demonstrated strong consensus that fish trade plays a crucial role in Mogadishu's socioeconomic growth, with respondents recognizing its importance in employment generation, income creation, and food security at both local and global levels.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultiple regression analysis showed that fish consumption and trade combined significantly predict socioeconomic development in the region (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18.572, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Fish consumption (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.214, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and fish trade (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.478, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) both made statistically significant contributions to the prediction of the dependent variable. The study highlights the importance of local fishery practices, particularly fish consumption for food security and fish trading in markets, in motivating people to purchase and consume fish as a driver of economic development in the country. The findings emphasize the need for policymakers and local organizations to support and promote sustainable fishing practices to leverage this sector's potential for socioeconomic growth in Somalia.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessing the Role of Fish Consumption and Trading on Socio-Economic Development in Mogadishu","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-08 14:38:59","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7313203/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5682d0d9-bd47-4b3b-985f-f55a18586659","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 8th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-11T08:39:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-08 14:38:59","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7313203","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7313203","identity":"rs-7313203","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}