Nonconformist Creativity as a Protective Resource in Identity Formation Among Adults With ADHD Traits

Nonconformist Creativity as a Protective Resource in Identity Formation Among Adults With ADHD Traits | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Nonconformist Creativity as a Protective Resource in Identity Formation Among Adults With ADHD Traits Kamil Gajda, Bartłomiej Swebodziński This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9257351/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study examined whether creativity, particularly the dimension of nonconformism, may function as a protective factor in the identity formation of adults with elevated ADHD traits, both with and without a clinical diagnosis. A total of 228 adults (69.7% women; age range 18–59, M = 30.48, SD = 9.46) participated in the study. Measures included the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS v1.1), the Ways of Forming Identity Questionnaire (CIFM), and the KANH III Creative Behavior Questionnaire. Correlation analyses, multiple regression, and group comparisons were conducted to test associations between ADHD traits, creativity dimensions, and modes of identity formation. Higher ADHD trait severity was positively associated with less adaptive modes of identity formation (moratorium, defiance, petrification, diffusion) and negatively with consolidation and socialization. Nonconformism, as a creativity dimension, positively predicted consolidation and socialization, while reducing defiance and diffusion. Adults with a clinical ADHD diagnosis showed higher levels of nonconformism compared to those with elevated ADHD traits but no diagnosis. The findings suggest that creativity – especially nonconformism – can serve as a protective resource in the identity development of individuals with ADHD. Integrating creativity into psychoeducational and therapeutic approaches may foster more adaptive identity processes and support psychosocial functioning in this population. ADHD identity formation creativity nonconformism adults Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent difficulties in sustaining attention, inhibiting impulses, and regulating activity levels, which together affect academic, occupational, and interpersonal functioning (Danielson et al., 2024 ). Over the past decade, research has moved beyond a traditional focus on cognitive deficits toward a multidimensional understanding of ADHD that includes emotional regulation, motivation, and psychosocial development (Frick et al., 2025 ). This shift reflects growing recognition that ADHD is not merely a disorder of attention but a complex pattern of self-regulatory challenges shaping how individuals construct meaning, identity, and relationships across the lifespan (Attoe & Climie, 2023 ). Increasing diagnostic rates among adults – especially women previously overlooked in childhood – underscore the importance of viewing ADHD through a developmental and contextual lens (Danielson et al., 2024 ). For many adults, obtaining a diagnosis initiates a process of reinterpreting past experiences and rebuilding self-understanding, highlighting that identity formation and self-concept are central to the lived experience of ADHD (Attoe & Climie, 2023 ; Frick et al., 2025 ). Alongside this broader psychosocial perspective, recent work has begun to examine potential links between ADHD and creative attitudes and behaviors. Behavioral and neurocognitive findings suggest that certain ADHD-related traits – such as novelty seeking, impulsivity, and flexible attention – may facilitate the generation of original ideas and unconventional associations, particularly in nonclinical or high-trait samples (Girard-Joyal & Gauthier, 2022 ; Hoogman et al., 2020 ). Meta-analytic evidence indicates a positive but nonlinear association between ADHD symptom severity and creative performance, with stronger effects for divergent than for convergent thinking (Stolte et al., 2022 ). Motivational factors appear to be crucial: goal-directed engagement and personally meaningful tasks help individuals with ADHD translate ideational fluency into tangible creative outcomes (Boot et al., 2020 ). Importantly, pharmacological treatment with stimulants does not seem to suppress creativity, countering concerns that symptom control necessarily dampens originality (Hoogman et al., 2020 ). Within this evolving framework, creative attitude and creative behavior are increasingly conceptualized as a multidimensional construct that extends beyond cognitive ability to include affective, motivational, and attitudinal components. Scholars distinguish between creative performance – the observable production of novel outcomes – and creative attitude, defined as a dispositional orientation toward openness, autonomy, and resistance to conformity (Karwowski & Beghetto, 2019 ). In this perspective, creative attitude can be understood not only as an ability but as a psychological stance that shapes how individuals approach tasks, goals, and social norms. The theoretical background of the Creative Behavior Questionnaire KANH-III ( Kwestionariusz Twórczego Zachowania KANH-III; Popek, 2010 ) reflects this distinction by assessing both behavioral manifestations of creativity and attitudinal aspects such as nonconformity and independence. Developed within the Polish tradition of creative psychology, the KANH-III operationalizes a multidimensional model in which creative behavior is complemented by motivational and axiological dimensions of the creative attitude. In the present study, creativity is conceptualized primarily in attitudinal terms, with nonconformity and heuristic behavior representing motivational and self-regulatory dispositions that promote autonomy, openness, and flexible problem-solving. Such dispositions may serve as protective or compensatory psychological resources, helping adults with ADHD navigate experiences of self-doubt, stigma, and identity instability. This strength-based view aligns with emerging approaches that frame ADHD not solely as a deficit of inhibition but also as heightened sensitivity to novelty, context, and meaning, with potential adaptive value for psychosocial functioning (Nordby et al., 2023 ). The formation of personal identity in individuals with ADHD is increasingly recognized as a crucial domain of psychosocial functioning. Difficulties in sustaining attention, regulating emotions, and maintaining behavioral consistency can undermine a coherent and stable sense of self (Attoe & Climie, 2023 ). In adolescence – a key period for identity exploration and commitment – symptoms such as impulsivity and emotional dysregulation may intensify conflicts between authenticity and social adaptation. Qualitative and quantitative studies show that adolescents with ADHD often report lower self-concept, reduced perceived social acceptance, and heightened internalized stigma compared to peers, frequently mediated by anxiety and peer rejection (Becker et al., 2017 ). Such developmental experiences form the background for later identity work in adulthood, particularly among individuals whose ADHD remained unrecognized for many years. From a developmental perspective, identity formation involves two core regulatory processes – exploration and commitment – that interact to determine the maturity and adaptability of self-structure. The Circumplex of Identity Formation Modes (CIFM) model integrates these processes into a set of distinct identity modes – including exploration, consolidation, socialization, moratorium, defiance, diffusion, petrification, and normativity – that capture both adaptive and less adaptive patterns of identity functioning (Topolewska & Cieciuch, 2017 ). Adults with ADHD may show greater fluctuations between these modes due to impulsivity and sensitivity to external feedback, resulting in less stable commitments and more prolonged exploration phases. Yet such fluidity can also be adaptive, encouraging openness to alternative self-definitions and creative meaning-making. Nonconformist and autonomous tendencies – components of creative attitude – may thus foster more authentic identity trajectories by counteracting conformity pressure and internalized stigma (Nordby et al., 2023 ). The intersection between creative attitudes and identity formation has long been underexplored in psychological research, despite early theoretical insights linking these domains. Building on Erikson’s developmental view of identity, creative expression has been described as reflecting trust in one’s inner experience and curiosity about the world (Hoare, 2002 ). Dollinger and colleagues ( 2005 ) showed that individuals who actively explore and process identity-related information demonstrate higher creative potential and greater creative achievement than those primarily motivated by social conformity. Similarly, Gocłowska and Crisp ( 2014 ) proposed that integrating multiple social identities can foster cognitive flexibility, integrative thinking, and tolerance for ambiguity – traits associated with creative performance. Within Popek’s ( 2010 ) framework, nonconformity plays a particularly important role in shaping identity by allowing individuals to distance themselves from external pressures and pursue self-determined meaning. Thus, creative attitude – especially in its attitudinal dimension – can be seen as a process that supports identity exploration and autonomy rather than merely artistic output. Recent work has extended these ideas to ADHD, examining how neurodevelopmental differences shape identity and self-concept across the lifespan. Qualitative investigations show that individuals with ADHD often describe their diagnosis as central to self-definition, capturing tensions between feeling “different,” striving for authenticity, and accommodating social expectations (Frick et al., 2025 ). For some, diagnostic awareness becomes a catalyst for positive identity development, allowing past difficulties to be reinterpreted as expressions of neurodiversity rather than personal failure (Attoe & Climie, 2023 ). Adolescents who integrate ADHD into their self-concept in a balanced, accepting manner report higher social engagement and well-being, suggesting that a “balanced ADHD identity” supports adjustment (Abu Raya-Ghanayem et al., 2025 ). These findings align with the broader neurodiversity paradigm, which frames ADHD as a variant of human functioning associated not only with vulnerabilities but also with assets such as creativity, energy, and spontaneity (Nordby et al., 2023 ). Integrating these perspectives suggests that creativity and identity formation may be mutually reinforcing processes in ADHD. Nonconformist and exploratory tendencies – core features of the creative attitude – can facilitate identity work by promoting authenticity, openness, and resilience in the face of stigma. Conversely, individuals who achieve a coherent and accepting sense of self may experience greater freedom to express creativity in self-defining ways. Yet empirical studies that jointly examine creativity and identity in ADHD populations remain scarce. Most prior work has treated these domains separately, focusing either on cognitive aspects of creative performance or on identity and self-concept in relation to stigma and diagnosis. The present study addresses this gap by adopting an integrative framework that views creative attitude as a psychosocial resource potentially linked to more adaptive identity functioning in adults with ADHD. Drawing on the CIFM model (Topolewska & Cieciuch, 2017 ) and attitudinal measures of creativity, we examine whether nonconformity and heuristic behavior are associated with stronger identity commitment and exploration, and with lower levels of diffused and unstable identity modes. By investigating these associations, the study aims to contribute to a strength-based understanding of ADHD, highlighting creative attitudes as internal resources associated with self-definition and psychosocial adjustment beyond symptom management. Method Participants A total of 228 adults participated in the study, ranging in age from 18 to 59 years ( M = 30.48, SD = 9.46). The sample consisted of 69.7% women and 29.8% men, with 0.4% missing data for gender. Regarding educational attainment, 54.8% of participants had completed higher education, 24.1% were currently enrolled in university programs, and the remaining individuals reported secondary or lower levels of education. Participants were recruited from diverse residential settings, with 46.5% residing in large urban areas (> 250,000 inhabitants). Of the full sample, 26.3% ( n = 60) reported having received a formal ADHD diagnosis, while 73.7% ( n = 168) indicated no diagnosis. This diagnostic distinction was used only to describe sample composition; group-based analyses were conducted separately where relevant. Materials Adult ADHD symptoms were measured using the 18-item Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale v1.1 (ASRS v1.1), developed by the World Health Organization in collaboration with Kessler and colleagues (Kessler et al., 2005 ). The ASRS assesses DSM-IV Criterion A symptoms of ADHD in adults. Respondents rate the frequency of each symptom over the past six months on a 5-point scale (0 = never to 4 = very often), yielding a total severity score ranging from 0 to 72. In the present study, we administered a Polish-language translation of the 18-item ASRS v1.1 based on the original item wording; the exact version used is provided in Supplementary File 1. The ASRS has demonstrated good internal consistency and validity in prior research (Adler et al., 2006 ; Kessler et al., 2005 ). The exact Polish-language version used in this study is provided as Supplementary File 1. Identity-related functioning was assessed using the Circumplex Identity Modes Questionnaire (CIMQ), developed within the Circumplex of Identity Formation Modes (CIFM) framework (Cieciuch & Topolewska, 2017 ; Rogoza et al., 2021 ). The CIMQ comprises 40 items forming eight 5-item subscales representing distinct identity formation modes: Exploration , Consolidation , Socialization , Moratorium , Defiance , Diffusion , Normativity , and Petrification (Puchalska-Wasyl, 2023 ). Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all like me to 5 = very much like me), and subscale scores are obtained by averaging item responses. Earlier validation studies have demonstrated acceptable internal consistency for the CIMQ subscales, with Cronbach’s α typically ranging from approximately .60 to .86 across samples (Cieciuch & Topolewska, 2017 ). Creative attitudes and behaviours were measured with the Creative Behaviour Questionnaire – KANH III (CBQ III), revised by Bernacka, Popek, and Gierczyk (Bernacka et al., 2017 ). The instrument consists of 26 items rated on a 5-point scale (A-E), treated as an ordinal Likert-type response format. The questionnaire yields two bipolar dimensions: Conformism-Nonconformism (K-N) – reflecting the personality-related aspects of creative attitude, Algorithmic-Heuristic Behaviour (A-H) – reflecting cognitive preferences for routine versus flexible, exploratory problem-solving. Higher scores on the nonconformist and heuristic ends of the scales indicate a more creative orientation. In the present study, summed subscale scores were used. Psychometric evaluations of KANH III in large Polish samples ( N > 4,000) demonstrate very high test-retest reliability ( r ≈ .95), acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach’s α ≈ .69 for K-N; .65 for A-H), and satisfactory discriminative power of items. Participants completed a brief sociodemographic questionnaire assessing age, gender, education, employment status, and relationship status. These variables were used to characterize the sample and, where relevant, included as covariates in statistical analyses. Procedure The study was conducted online using Google Forms. Recruitment took place in April 2025 through announcements posted on the first author’s private Facebook profile as well as in several psychology- and ADHD-oriented online groups. After accessing the survey link, participants were presented with an informed consent form outlining the purpose of the study, confidentiality, and voluntary participation. Only individuals who confirmed consent proceeded to the questionnaire. The procedure consisted of completing demographic questions followed by the study measures in a fixed sequence. Participation was anonymous and required no compensation. The study was approved by the local ethics committee. Use of AI tools AI-assisted tools were used to support English-language editing and translation of the manuscript text. No AI tools were used to generate, modify, or analyze the study data, and all content was reviewed and approved by the authors. Statistical Analysis All analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 30. Pearson’s r correlations were calculated to examine bivariate associations among ADHD symptom severity, creative attitude (nonconformity and heuristic behavior), and identity formation modes. To identify unique predictors of identity functioning, multiple linear regression models were estimated with ADHD symptoms, nonconformity, and heuristic behavior entered simultaneously as predictors. Group comparisons were evaluated using two one-way multivariate analyses of variance (1-MANOVAs). The first compared adults with a formal ADHD diagnosis to control participants with lower vs. higher ADHD trait levels. The second assessed group differences in creative attitudes. Significant multivariate effects were followed by univariate ANOVAs and Bonferroni-corrected post-hoc tests. The significance threshold was set at α = .05. Effect sizes were interpreted using adjusted R ² for regression models and partial η² for ANOVA effects, following Cohen’s conventional benchmarks. Results Preliminary analyses Preliminary analyses focused on descriptive characteristics and distributional properties of all study variables. Shapiro-Wilk tests indicated significant deviations from normality for several measures; however, skewness and kurtosis values fell within the acceptable range of |2|, supporting the use of parametric procedures (George & Mallery, 2024). Missing data were minimal and occurred primarily in items assessing post-diagnostic experiences, which were presented only to participants reporting ADHD diagnosis. Descriptive statistics for the total sample and diagnostic subgroups are reported in Table 1. To further characterize the heterogeneity of adults with ADHD ( n = 60), additional subgroup analyses were performed. Attitudes toward the diagnosis showed substantial variability: 21.5% described the diagnosis as positive, 20.2% as neutral, and 1.8% as negative. Reported access to post-diagnostic support was similarly diverse. Among diagnosed individuals, 17.1% received pharmacotherapy, 8.8% reported access to psychoeducation, 1.8% participated in ADHD coaching, 4.8% reported receiving no support, and 2.6% indicated other forms of assistance. These findings highlight meaningful clinical and psychosocial variability within the ADHD subgroup, which provides important context for interpreting group-level comparisons. Table 1 Descriptives statistics for the total sample (N = 227) and subgroups: ADHD diagnosed (n = 60) and ADHD non-diagnosed (n = 167) Variable M Me SD Sk. Kurt. Min. Maks. W p α Total EXP 3.75 3.80 0.61 -0.41 0.40 1.60 5.00 0.97 < .001 .55 NOR 2.66 2.60 0.72 0.13 -0.19 1.00 4.60 0.99 .069 .65 DEF 3.02 3.00 1.07 0.08 -0.95 1.00 5.00 0.97 < .001 .86 CON 3.39 3.40 0.78 -0.23 -0.39 1.00 5.00 0.98 .010 .74 PET 2.00 1.90 0.75 0.90 0.80 1.00 4.80 0.94 < .001 .67 MOR 3.46 3.50 0.93 -0.45 -0.21 1.00 5.00 0.97 < .001 .81 SOC 2.99 3.00 0.98 0.00 -0.76 1.00 5.00 0.98 .003 .86 DIF 2.38 2.20 0.91 0.49 -0.55 1.00 4.60 0.96 < .001 .83 ADHD 55.76 57.00 10.64 -0.74 0.21 18.00 72.00 0.95 < .001 .91 NON 3.35 3.31 0.53 -0.14 -0.15 2.00 4.69 0.99 .056 .69 HEU 3.63 3.69 0.58 -0.33 0.12 1.85 4.91 0.99 .078 .75 ADHD diagnosed EXP 3.70 3.80 0.63 -0.42 0.56 1.60 5.00 0.97 .003 .42 NOR 2.64 2.60 0.68 0.05 -0.12 1.20 4.60 0.98 .049 .71 DEF 2.92 3.00 1.03 0.08 -0.87 1.00 5.00 0.97 .003 .88 CON 3.43 3.40 0.78 -0.15 -0.59 1.20 5.00 0.98 .024 .77 PET 1.98 1.80 0.72 0.74 0.30 1.00 4.20 0.94 < .001 .68 MOR 3.35 3.40 0.90 -0.40 -0.12 1.00 5.00 0.98 .005 .85 SOC 3.08 3.00 0.96 0.00 -0.78 1.00 5.00 0.98 .018 .85 DIF 2.39 2.20 0.87 0.48 -0.53 1.00 4.60 0.96 < .001 .86 ADHD 53.03 53.50 10.56 -0.49 0.06 18.00 71.00 0.97 .002 .90 NON 3.31 3.31 0.54 -0.02 -0.20 2.08 4.69 0.99 .104 .60 HEU 3.60 3.62 0.56 -0.20 0.02 1.85 4.91 0.99 .653 .78 ADHD non-diagnosed EXP 3.89 4.00 0.55 -0.17 -0.97 2.80 4.80 0.96 .028 .58 NOR 2.71 2.60 0.82 0.21 -0.47 1.00 4.60 0.98 .267 .62 DEF 3.29 3.20 1.13 -0.06 -1.19 1.20 5.00 0.95 .010 .85 CON 3.28 3.40 0.79 -0.47 0.06 1.00 4.80 0.98 .277 .73 PET 2.06 2.00 0.84 1.14 1.41 1.00 4.80 0.91 < .001 .67 MOR 3.76 4.00 0.94 -0.78 0.10 1.00 5.00 0.94 .004 .78 SOC 2.76 2.90 1.00 0.05 -0.76 1.00 4.80 0.97 .132 .87 DIF 2.36 2.20 1.03 0.52 -0.65 1.00 4.60 0.94 .004 .82 ADHD 63.42 64.00 6.22 -2.09 8.49 33.00 72.00 0.85 < .001 .79 NON 3.47 3.46 0.48 -0.48 0.53 2.00 4.31 0.97 .101 .71 HEU 3.74 3.77 0.61 -0.75 0.78 1.92 4.85 0.96 .040 .74 Note . EXP = Exploration; NOR = Normativity; DEF = Defiance; CON = Consolidation; PET = Petrification; MOR = Moratorium; SOC = Socialization; DIF = Diffusion; ADHD = ADHD symptom severity (ASRS-v1.1 total score); NON = Nonconformity; HEU = Heuristic behavior. W = Shapiro-Wilk test statistic. Cronbach’s α = internal consistency reliability coefficient. Correlational Analyses Pearson correlations were conducted to examine associations among ADHD symptoms, creative attitude components, and identity formation modes (Table 2). ADHD symptom severity showed positive associations with moratorium, opposition, diffusion, and petrification, and negative associations with consolidation and socialization, indicating a pattern of less coherent and more chaotic identity processes. Nonconformity was positively related to exploration, consolidation, and socialization, and negatively related to opposition, diffusion, normativity, and petrification, suggesting links with more adaptive and integrated identity functioning. Heuristic behavior showed a similar adaptive pattern, being positively associated with exploration, consolidation, and socialization, and negatively with normativity, petrification, and diffusion. Table 2 Correlations between ADHD symptoms, creative attitude, and identity formation modes (N = 227) Variable ADHD NON HEU EXP .06 .32*** .46*** NOR .11 − .24*** − .23*** DEF .40*** − .45*** − .12 CON − .27*** .58*** .38*** PET .16* − .24*** − .26*** MOR .50*** − .24*** .08 SOC − .38*** .52*** .21** DIF .25*** − .44*** − .16* ADHD — − .03 .16* Note. EXP = Exploration; NOR = Normativity; DEF = Defiance; CON = Consolidation; PET = Petrification; MOR = Moratorium; SOC = Socialization; DIF = Diffusion; ADHD = ADHD symptom severity (ASRS-v1.1 total score); NON = Nonconformity; HEU = Heuristic behavior. R -Pearson for all correlations. * p < .05. ** p < .01. *** p < .001. Regression Analyses Predicting Identity Formation Multiple regression analyses tested whether ADHD symptoms, nonconformity, and heuristic behavior predicted identity formation modes (Table 3). All models were significant (all p < .001). ADHD symptoms emerged as a positive predictor of moratorium, opposition, diffusion, and petrification, and a negative predictor of consolidation and socialization. Nonconformity predicted higher consolidation and socialization, and lower opposition, moratorium, and diffusion. Heuristic behavior predicted higher exploration, consolidation, and moratorium and lower normativity and petrification. The strongest explained variances were observed for consolidation, socialization, opposition, and moratorium, indicating that these identity modes were most closely tied to ADHD symptoms and creative attitude. Table 3 Regression models predicting identity formation modes from ADHD symptoms and creative attitude Variable Predictor b SE β t p F (3,223) p (model) R²adj EXP Model summary 20.16 < .001 .20 ADHD .00 .00 < .01 -0.10 .920 NON .10 .08 .09 1.21 .227 HEU .44 .08 .41 5.56 < .001 NOR Model summary 7.17 < .001 .00 ADHD .01 .00 .13 1.97 .051 NON − .20 .11 − .14 -1.84 .068 HEU − .21 .10 − .17 -2.17 .031 DEF Model summary 41.14 < .001 .35 ADHD .04 .01 .37 6.71 < .001 NON − .99 .13 − .49 -7.43 < .001 HEU .16 .12 .09 1.32 .187 CON Model summary 52.66 < .001 .41 ADHD − .02 .00 − .28 -5.32 < .001 NON .72 .09 .48 7.72 < .001 HEU .22 .09 .16 2.50 .013 PET Model summary 9.72 < .001 .10 ADHD .01 .00 .19 2.99 .003 NON − .14 .11 − .10 -1.27 .207 HEU − .31 .10 − .24 -3.07 .002 MOR Model summary 36.47 < .001 .32 ADHD .04 .00 .46 8.26 < .001 NON − .58 .12 − .33 -4.93 < .001 HEU .30 .11 .18 2.72 .007 SOC Model summary 48.72 < .001 .39 ADHD − .03 .00 − .35 -6.63 < .001 NON .96 .12 .52 8.13 < .001 HEU − .03 .11 − .02 -0.27 .784 DIF Model summary 24.37 < .001 .24 ADHD .02 .01 .21 3.58 < .001 NON − .81 .12 − .47 -6.63 < .001 HEU .10 .11 .07 0.92 .358 Note. EXP = Exploration; NOR = Normativity; DEF = Defiance; CON = Consolidation; PET = Petrification; MOR = Moratorium; SOC = Socialization; DIF = Diffusion; ADHD = ADHD symptom severity (ASRS-v1.1 total score); NON = Nonconformity; HEU = Heuristic behavior b = unstandardized regression coefficient; SE = standard error; β = standardized regression coefficient; t = t -Student’s test value; F = Fisher’s test value; R²adj = adjusted R -squared. Each block of rows represents one multiple regression model predicting a given identity formation mode from ADHD symptoms, nonconformity, and heuristic behavior. Group Differences in Identity Formation A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) compared adults with ADHD, adults with high ADHD traits, and adults with low ADHD traits (Fig. 1). The multivariate effect was significant, indicating group differences across identity formation modes (Table 4). Follow-up ANOVAs showed that individuals with ADHD and those with high ADHD traits scored higher on opposition, moratorium, and diffusion, and lower on consolidation and socialization, compared to low-ADHD participants. No differences emerged between the diagnosed ADHD group and the high-traits group. Note Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals for the mean results. ** p < .01. *** p < .001 – significance of post hoc tests with Bonferroni correction Table 4 MANOVA/ANOVA for Identity Modes in ADHD diagnosed group (n = 60) and two control groups – with lower severity of ADHD symptoms (n = 62) and higher severity of ADHD symptoms (n = 105) Variable Control group – lower severity of ADHD symptoms Control group – higher severity of ADHD symptoms Diagnosis of ADHD F (2,225) P η 2 EXP 3.73 (0.58) a 3.69 (0.66) a 3.89 (0.55) a 2.11 .124 .018 NOR 2.63 (0.61) a 2.65 (0.72) a 2.71 (0.82) a 0.22 .806 .002 DEF 2.41 (0.93) a 3.22 (0.97) b 3.29 (1.13) b 15.75 < .001 .123 CON 3.78 (0.70) a 3.21 (0.75) b 3.28 (0.79) b 12.38 < .001 .099 PET 1.90 (0.64) a 2.03 (0.76) a 2.06 (0.84) a 0.87 .420 .008 MOR 2.78 (0.81) a 3.70 (0.77) b 3.76 (0.94) b 29.02 < .001 .205 SOC 3.58 (0.88) a 2.78 (0.88) b 2.76 (1.00) b 17.97 < .001 .138 DIF 2.10 (0.78) a 2.56 (0.87) b 2.36 (1.03) ab 5.46 .005 .046 Note. EXP = Exploration; NOR = Normativity; DEF = Defiance; CON = Consolidation; PET = Petrification; MOR = Moratorium; SOC = Socialization; DIF = Diffusion; The table shows M (SD) values, F = Fisher’s test value; η² = effect size indicator. a = the difference in means is significant at the .05 level, b = Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Group Differences in Creative Attitude A second MANOVA examined differences in nonconformity and heuristic behavior (Fig. 2). A significant multivariate effect was observed (Table 5). Follow-up ANOVAs showed that adults with self-reported ADHD diagnosis reported higher nonconformity than adults with high ADHD traits, while no significant differences were found for heuristic behavior. The advantage observed in the ADHD group was specific to nonconformity. Note Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals for the mean results. * p < .05. – significance of post hoc tests with Bonferroni correction Table 5 MANOVA/ANOVA for Creative Attitude in ADHD diagnosed group (n = 60) and two control groups – with lower severity of ADHD symptoms (n = 62) and higher severity of ADHD symptoms (n = 105) Variable Control group – lower severity of ADHD symptoms Control group – higher severity of ADHD symptoms Diagnosis of ADHD F (2,225) p η 2 NON 3.43 (0.52) ab 3.24 (0.54) a 3.47 (0.48) b 4.59 .011 .039 HEU 3.53 (0.46) a 3.64 (0.61) a 3.74 (0.61) a 1.92 .148 .017 Note. NON = Nonconformity; HEU = Heuristic behavior. The table shows M (SD) values, F = Fisher’s test value; η² = effect size indicator. a = the difference in means is significant at the .05 level, b = Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Discussion The present study examined how ADHD symptoms, creative attitudes, and heuristic behavior jointly relate to identity formation in adults. Across correlational, regression, and group-comparison analyses, ADHD symptoms consistently predicted less integrated identity functioning, including higher moratorium, opposition, diffusion, and petrification, and lower consolidation and socialization. In contrast, components of creative attitude – particularly nonconformity – were associated with more adaptive and coherent identity patterns. Adults with ADHD and those with high ADHD traits displayed similarly elevated levels of identity instability compared to individuals with low ADHD traits. Differences in creativity were more limited and were primarily reflected in elevated nonconformity among adults with ADHD. Together, these results support the view that identity development constitutes a meaningful psychosocial domain affected in ADHD, while creative dispositions may serve as compensatory resources associated with more adaptive identity functioning. Beyond symptom severity, the findings highlight the distinct contribution of creative attitude to identity functioning. Consistent with conceptualizations of creativity as an attitudinal and motivational orientation rather than a purely cognitive skill (Karwowski & Beghetto, 2019 ; Popek, 2010 ), nonconformity emerged as a robust positive predictor of consolidation and socialization – identity modes reflecting coherent commitments and social integration. This pattern aligns with theoretical and empirical accounts indicating that autonomous, self-determined thinking can promote values clarification, reduce susceptibility to external pressures, and support the formation of stable identity commitments (Dollinger et al., 2005 ; Gocłowska & Crisp, 2014 ). Nonconformity was concurrently associated with lower defiance, moratorium, and diffusion, suggesting that independence of thought does not equate to oppositionality or prolonged identity crisis. Instead, it may represent an adaptive form of autonomy conducive to reflective identity work. These findings echo distinctions drawn in personality research between constructive nonconformity and reactive noncompliance (Rogoza et al., 2021 ). Heuristic behavior demonstrated a complementary pattern, predicting exploration, consolidation, and moratorium while negatively relating to normativity and petrification. This suggests that flexible, exploratory problem-solving may facilitate both adaptive identity exploration and the dynamic restructuring of self-concept. Such results align with cognitive accounts linking heuristic processing to broader attentional scope, ambiguity tolerance, and integrative thinking – capacities relevant to identity development. Taken together, the findings support emerging perspectives proposing that creativity-related dispositions can function as psychosocial strengths in adults with ADHD (Nordby et al., 2023 ). Creative attitudes appear to contribute uniquely to identity development, beyond the influence of symptom severity. Higher ADHD symptom severity was consistently associated with identity patterns characterized by instability, such as moratorium, defiance, and diffusion. These results align with longitudinal and qualitative studies showing disruptions in self-coherence among individuals with ADHD, especially during adolescence and early adulthood (Becker et al., 2017 ; Frick et al., 2025 ). Emotional reactivity, attentional variability, and sensitivity to external evaluation – core features of ADHD – may intensify the challenges involved in forming stable commitments and maintaining a coherent self-concept (Attoe & Climie, 2023 ). At the same time, adults with ADHD in this study reported higher levels of nonconformity, an attitudinal component of creativity linked to autonomy, openness, and flexible meaning-making. This is consistent with research suggesting that characteristics associated with ADHD – novelty seeking, spontaneous associative thinking, and cognitive flexibility – may facilitate creative ideation when paired with motivation and goal engagement (Boot et al., 2020 ; Girard-Joyal & Gauthier, 2022 ; Hoogman et al., 2020 ). This duality reflects a developmental dynamic in which vulnerabilities and strengths coexist within the same regulatory system (Nordby et al., 2023 ). While symptoms may predispose individuals to unstable identity processes, creative attitudes – particularly nonconformity – may scaffold adaptive meaning-making and support identity consolidation. This perspective aligns with studies showing that individuals who integrate ADHD into a balanced, accepting self-concept experience improved psychosocial functioning and well-being (Abu Raya-Ghanayem et al., 2025 ). A key insight from the present study concerns the marked heterogeneity within adults with ADHD. Descriptive analyses demonstrated wide variability in diagnostic experiences, perceived support, and attitudes toward the diagnosis. Such heterogeneity mirrors the broader understanding of ADHD as a spectrum of neurodevelopmental profiles differing in emotional regulation, compensatory strategies, and developmental histories (Danielson et al., 2024 ; Nordby et al., 2023 ). Adults diagnosed earlier may have had more opportunity to integrate ADHD into their identity narratives, whereas those diagnosed later often describe prolonged periods of self-doubt, misattribution of difficulties, and masking behaviors (Attoe & Climie, 2023 ). These divergent trajectories likely shape identity development in distinct ways. Similarly, variation in creative tendencies, motivation, and symptom profiles may produce a wide range of identity outcomes – from chronic diffusion to active exploration and adaptive consolidation. The present findings reinforce that identity profiles are not uniformly impaired in ADHD. Instead, creative attitudes appear to moderate the relationship between symptom severity and identity functioning. Recognizing these individual differences is essential for both research and clinical practice, as it cautions against homogeneous interpretations of identity outcomes in ADHD. The findings carry several implications for clinical practice. First, identity-related difficulties in adults with ADHD should not be viewed solely as secondary to executive dysfunction or emotional dysregulation. Rather, they may reflect broader challenges of constructing a coherent life narrative. Interventions incorporating identity work – such as narrative therapy, strengths-based CBT, or ADHD coaching – may help individuals articulate how ADHD has shaped their experiences and integrate both challenges and strengths into a cohesive self-concept. Second, creative attitudes may represent valuable therapeutic assets. Validating and cultivating nonconformity and heuristic thinking may help clients counteract internalized stigma, reinforce autonomy, and support the formation of stable commitments. Third, identity instability may function as a clinically relevant signal of psychosocial strain. Heightened diffusion, moratorium, or defiance could indicate unmet needs related to self-acceptance, agency, and meaning-making. Finally, the heterogeneity within ADHD highlights the need for individualized interventions sensitive to diagnostic history, coping styles, emotional regulation patterns, and creative strengths. This study has several strengths, including the integration of two underexamined psychosocial domains – creativity and identity – within a single empirical framework in adult ADHD. The use of validated instruments capturing both dimensional symptom severity and nuanced identity modes, together with a relatively large and diverse adult sample, contributes to the robustness of the findings. However, several limitations should be acknowledged. The cross-sectional design prevents causal inference. All measures relied on self-report, which may introduce bias. Additionally, ADHD diagnosis was based on participants’ self-report and was not independently verified through clinical assessment, which may limit the precision of group classification. Online recruitment limits generalizability to clinical populations. The Polish translation of the ASRS-v1.1, although informed by prior adaptations, is not a WHO-validated version. Finally, although heterogeneity within ADHD was descriptively explored, a deeper analysis of diagnostic subgroups would be beneficial for future studies. Conclusions In sum, the study demonstrates that creative attitudes and identity formation processes are meaningfully intertwined in adulthood ADHD. Symptom severity was associated with less coherent identity functioning, while creative dispositions – especially nonconformity – were linked to more adaptive profiles. These findings highlight ADHD as a multifaceted developmental condition involving tensions between vulnerability and strength, instability and exploration, disruption and authentic self-definition. Future work incorporating longitudinal designs, multi-method assessments, and finer analyses of diagnostic pathways will be essential for clarifying how creative dispositions and identity processes evolve across adulthood. Supporting adults with ADHD in recognizing and integrating both challenges and strengths may foster more coherent, self-accepting, and resilient identity trajectories. Abbreviations ADHD attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder ASRS v1.1 Adult ADHD Self–Report Scale (version 1.1) CIFM Ways of Forming Identity Questionnaire KANH III KANH III Creative Behavior Questionnaire Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The study was approved by the Ethical Board for Scientific Research, Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Poland (approval no. 24/2025). All participants provided online informed consent before taking part in the study. Participation was voluntary, and individuals could withdraw at any time without consequences. All procedures adhered to institutional guidelines and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ information (optional) Not applicable. Funding This research received no external funding. Author Contribution KG and BS conceptualized the study. KG designed the methodology, collected the data, and performed the statistical analyses. KG and BS contributed to the literature review and interpretation of the findings. BS drafted the manuscript and led the editing and revisions. KG critically revised the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgement The authors thank Dr. Ewa Topolewska-Siedzik for her guidance and helpful input during the conceptual stage of this study. Data Availability The dataset generated and analyzed during the current study is openly available in the Open Science Framework (OSF) repository: https://osf.io/zw7vk/ References Abu Raya-Ghanayem N, Stern A, Lamash L. Diagnosis identity perception of adolescents with ADHD and its relationship to social participation and quality of life. Res Dev Disabil. 2025;165:105102. doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105102 . Adler LA, Spencer T, Faraone SV, Kessler RC, Howes MJ, Biederman J, Secnik K. Validity of pilot Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) to Rate Adult ADHD symptoms. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2006;18(3):145–8. doi.org/10.1080/10401230600801077 . Attoe DE, Climie EA. Miss. Diagnosis: A systematic review of ADHD in adult women. J Atten Disord. 2023;27(7):645–57. doi.org/10.1177/10870547231161533 . Becker SP, Mehari KR, Langberg JM, Evans SW. Rates of peer victimization in young adolescents with ADHD and associations with internalizing symptoms and self-esteem. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;26(2):201–14. doi.org/10.1007/s00787-016-0881-y . Bernacka RE, Popek SL, Gierczyk M. Kwestionariusz Twórczego Zachowania KANH III – prezentacja właściwości psychometrycznych. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. sectio J – Paedagogia-Psychologia. 2017;29(3):33. doi.org/10.17951/j.2016.29.3.33 . Boot N, Nevicka B, Baas M. Creativity in ADHD: Goal-directed motivation and domain specificity. J Atten Disord. 2020;24(13):1857–66. doi.org/10.1177/1087054717727352 . Cieciuch J, Topolewska E. Circumplex of identity formation modes: A proposal for the integration of identity constructs developed in the Erikson–Marcia tradition. Self Identity. 2017;16(1):37–61. doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2016.1216008 . Danielson ML, Claussen AH, Bitsko RH, Katz SM, Newsome K, Blumberg SJ, Kogan MD, Ghandour R. ADHD prevalence among U.S. children and adolescents in 2022: Diagnosis, severity, co-occurring disorders, and treatment. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2024;53(3):343–60. doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2024.2335625 . Dollinger SJ, Dollinger C, S. M., Centeno L. Identity Creativity Identity. 2005;5(4):315–39. doi.org/10.1207/s1532706xid0504_2 . Frick MA, Brandt A, Hellund S, Grimell J. ADHD and identity formation: Adolescents’ experiences from the healthcare system and peer relationships. J Atten Disord. 2025;29(7):541–53. doi.org/10.1177/10870547251318484 . George D, Mallery P. IBM SPSS Statistics 29 Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference. 18th ed. Routledge; 2024. doi.org/10.4324/9781032622156 . Girard-Joyal O, Gauthier B. Creativity in the predominantly inattentive and combined presentations of ADHD in adults. J Atten Disord. 2022;26(9):1187–98. doi.org/10.1177/10870547211060547 . Gocłowska MA, Crisp RJ. How Dual-Identity Processes Foster Creativity. Rev Gen Psychol. 2014;18(3):216–36. doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000008 . Hoare CH. Erikson on development in adulthood: New insights from the unpublished papers. Oxford University Press; 2002. Hoogman M, Stolte M, Baas M, Kroesbergen E. Creativity and ADHD: A review of behavioral studies, the effect of psychostimulants and neural underpinnings. Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews. 2020;119:66–85. doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.029 . Karwowski M, Beghetto RA. Creative behavior as agentic action. Psychol Aesthet Creativity Arts. 2019;13(4):402–15. doi.org/10.1037/aca0000190 . Kessler RC, Adler L, Ames M, Demler O, Faraone S, Hiripi E, Howes MJ, Jin R, Secnik K, Spencer T, Ustun TB, Walters EE. The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): A short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychol Med. 2005;35(2):245–56. doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704002892 . Nordby ES, Guribye F, Nordgreen T, Lundervold AJ. (2023). Silver linings of ADHD: A thematic analysis of adults’ positive experiences with living with ADHD. doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072052 Popek S. Kwestionariusz Twórczego Zachowania KANH-III: Podręcznik. Lublin: UMCS; 2010. Puchalska-Wasyl MM. Personality Underpinnings of Identity: The Mediating Role of Internal Dialogs. Youth Soc. 2023;55(2):351–71. doi.org/10.1177/0044118X211051762 . Rogoza R, Cieciuch J, Strus W. A three-step procedure for analysis of circumplex models: An example of narcissism located within the circumplex of personality metatraits. Pers Indiv Differ. 2021;169:109775. doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109775 . Stolte M, Trindade-Pons V, Vlaming P, Jakobi B, Franke B, Kroesbergen EH, Baas M, Hoogman M. Characterizing Creative Thinking and Creative Achievements in Relation to Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2022. doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.909202 . 13. Topolewska E, Cieciuch J. Empirical verification of the circumplex of identity formation modes and its potential to integrate different models of identity development in the Erikson–Marcia tradition. Self Identity. 2017;16(2):123–42. doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2016.1229690 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9257351","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":634365462,"identity":"6d8676c6-d716-4eaf-a658-0c066a6c2902","order_by":0,"name":"Kamil Gajda","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kamil","middleName":"","lastName":"Gajda","suffix":""},{"id":634365463,"identity":"40f3e956-9bd2-40e0-9472-74fdea9c44ee","order_by":1,"name":"Bartłomiej Swebodziński","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABD0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAxDB2ABEzCDawIZBAizOBsTsxGlJQ9LCTEgLhD5MWIs5A/sziY87bGTnt/Me/jij4HzizP4zBgwfyg4zmOPQYtnAYyY580yacWMzX5rkBoPbibMlcgwYZ5w7zGDZjMNhB3jYbvO2HU5sZuYxY3wA1DJPgncDM1CEweAwLi3sz27/BWppY+Yx/vjA4FziPP6zG5j/4tXCYHabEailh5nHAOiwA4mzGXI3MDPi0WLZzGP+sxfolxlAh0nOMEg2njkj/8PBnnPpPLj8Ys7e/tjgJyjE+s8Yf+z5Yyc74/yxxAc/yqzlzNkbsOvBGpIHgJjHALsGfIAMLaNgFIyCUTA8AQAPyV7vysl6YQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bartłomiej","middleName":"","lastName":"Swebodziński","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-29 08:23:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9257351/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9257351/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":108597969,"identity":"b8fadd66-4c98-4398-b1b7-fee4d400b46c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-06 10:58:39","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":154126,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIdentity Modes Across Groups\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9257351/v1/1f3c36c5f43dca2a215e6745.png"},{"id":108805069,"identity":"4bc44b47-254a-4722-afd1-546a84340f82","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 15:24:40","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":75973,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCreative Attitude Across Groups\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9257351/v1/771014de8cf49206bf0a022f.png"},{"id":108812117,"identity":"e3dfa104-2333-4793-a618-b91f0775b4c7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 16:09:10","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":947849,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9257351/v1/698268d9-0012-4a8d-b958-86d140545060.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Nonconformist Creativity as a Protective Resource in Identity Formation Among Adults With ADHD Traits","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent difficulties in sustaining attention, inhibiting impulses, and regulating activity levels, which together affect academic, occupational, and interpersonal functioning (Danielson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Over the past decade, research has moved beyond a traditional focus on cognitive deficits toward a multidimensional understanding of ADHD that includes emotional regulation, motivation, and psychosocial development (Frick et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). This shift reflects growing recognition that ADHD is not merely a disorder of attention but a complex pattern of self-regulatory challenges shaping how individuals construct meaning, identity, and relationships across the lifespan (Attoe \u0026amp; Climie, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Increasing diagnostic rates among adults \u0026ndash; especially women previously overlooked in childhood \u0026ndash; underscore the importance of viewing ADHD through a developmental and contextual lens (Danielson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). For many adults, obtaining a diagnosis initiates a process of reinterpreting past experiences and rebuilding self-understanding, highlighting that identity formation and self-concept are central to the lived experience of ADHD (Attoe \u0026amp; Climie, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Frick et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlongside this broader psychosocial perspective, recent work has begun to examine potential links between ADHD and creative attitudes and behaviors. Behavioral and neurocognitive findings suggest that certain ADHD-related traits \u0026ndash; such as novelty seeking, impulsivity, and flexible attention \u0026ndash; may facilitate the generation of original ideas and unconventional associations, particularly in nonclinical or high-trait samples (Girard-Joyal \u0026amp; Gauthier, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Hoogman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Meta-analytic evidence indicates a positive but nonlinear association between ADHD symptom severity and creative performance, with stronger effects for divergent than for convergent thinking (Stolte et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Motivational factors appear to be crucial: goal-directed engagement and personally meaningful tasks help individuals with ADHD translate ideational fluency into tangible creative outcomes (Boot et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Importantly, pharmacological treatment with stimulants does not seem to suppress creativity, countering concerns that symptom control necessarily dampens originality (Hoogman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin this evolving framework, creative attitude and creative behavior are increasingly conceptualized as a multidimensional construct that extends beyond cognitive ability to include affective, motivational, and attitudinal components. Scholars distinguish between creative performance \u0026ndash; the observable production of novel outcomes \u0026ndash; and creative attitude, defined as a dispositional orientation toward openness, autonomy, and resistance to conformity (Karwowski \u0026amp; Beghetto, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). In this perspective, creative attitude can be understood not only as an ability but as a psychological stance that shapes how individuals approach tasks, goals, and social norms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe theoretical background of the \u003cem\u003eCreative Behavior Questionnaire\u003c/em\u003e KANH-III (\u003cem\u003eKwestionariusz Tw\u0026oacute;rczego Zachowania\u003c/em\u003e KANH-III; Popek, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) reflects this distinction by assessing both behavioral manifestations of creativity and attitudinal aspects such as nonconformity and independence. Developed within the Polish tradition of creative psychology, the KANH-III operationalizes a multidimensional model in which creative behavior is complemented by motivational and axiological dimensions of the creative attitude. In the present study, creativity is conceptualized primarily in attitudinal terms, with nonconformity and heuristic behavior representing motivational and self-regulatory dispositions that promote autonomy, openness, and flexible problem-solving. Such dispositions may serve as protective or compensatory psychological resources, helping adults with ADHD navigate experiences of self-doubt, stigma, and identity instability. This strength-based view aligns with emerging approaches that frame ADHD not solely as a deficit of inhibition but also as heightened sensitivity to novelty, context, and meaning, with potential adaptive value for psychosocial functioning (Nordby et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe formation of personal identity in individuals with ADHD is increasingly recognized as a crucial domain of psychosocial functioning. Difficulties in sustaining attention, regulating emotions, and maintaining behavioral consistency can undermine a coherent and stable sense of self (Attoe \u0026amp; Climie, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In adolescence \u0026ndash; a key period for identity exploration and commitment \u0026ndash; symptoms such as impulsivity and emotional dysregulation may intensify conflicts between authenticity and social adaptation. Qualitative and quantitative studies show that adolescents with ADHD often report lower self-concept, reduced perceived social acceptance, and heightened internalized stigma compared to peers, frequently mediated by anxiety and peer rejection (Becker et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Such developmental experiences form the background for later identity work in adulthood, particularly among individuals whose ADHD remained unrecognized for many years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom a developmental perspective, identity formation involves two core regulatory processes \u0026ndash; exploration and commitment \u0026ndash; that interact to determine the maturity and adaptability of self-structure. The Circumplex of Identity Formation Modes (CIFM) model integrates these processes into a set of distinct identity modes \u0026ndash; including exploration, consolidation, socialization, moratorium, defiance, diffusion, petrification, and normativity \u0026ndash; that capture both adaptive and less adaptive patterns of identity functioning (Topolewska \u0026amp; Cieciuch, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Adults with ADHD may show greater fluctuations between these modes due to impulsivity and sensitivity to external feedback, resulting in less stable commitments and more prolonged exploration phases. Yet such fluidity can also be adaptive, encouraging openness to alternative self-definitions and creative meaning-making. Nonconformist and autonomous tendencies \u0026ndash; components of creative attitude \u0026ndash; may thus foster more authentic identity trajectories by counteracting conformity pressure and internalized stigma (Nordby et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe intersection between creative attitudes and identity formation has long been underexplored in psychological research, despite early theoretical insights linking these domains. Building on Erikson\u0026rsquo;s developmental view of identity, creative expression has been described as reflecting trust in one\u0026rsquo;s inner experience and curiosity about the world (Hoare, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Dollinger and colleagues (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) showed that individuals who actively explore and process identity-related information demonstrate higher creative potential and greater creative achievement than those primarily motivated by social conformity. Similarly, Gocłowska and Crisp (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) proposed that integrating multiple social identities can foster cognitive flexibility, integrative thinking, and tolerance for ambiguity \u0026ndash; traits associated with creative performance. Within Popek\u0026rsquo;s (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) framework, nonconformity plays a particularly important role in shaping identity by allowing individuals to distance themselves from external pressures and pursue self-determined meaning. Thus, creative attitude \u0026ndash; especially in its attitudinal dimension \u0026ndash; can be seen as a process that supports identity exploration and autonomy rather than merely artistic output.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecent work has extended these ideas to ADHD, examining how neurodevelopmental differences shape identity and self-concept across the lifespan. Qualitative investigations show that individuals with ADHD often describe their diagnosis as central to self-definition, capturing tensions between feeling \u0026ldquo;different,\u0026rdquo; striving for authenticity, and accommodating social expectations (Frick et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). For some, diagnostic awareness becomes a catalyst for positive identity development, allowing past difficulties to be reinterpreted as expressions of neurodiversity rather than personal failure (Attoe \u0026amp; Climie, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Adolescents who integrate ADHD into their self-concept in a balanced, accepting manner report higher social engagement and well-being, suggesting that a \u0026ldquo;balanced ADHD identity\u0026rdquo; supports adjustment (Abu Raya-Ghanayem et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). These findings align with the broader neurodiversity paradigm, which frames ADHD as a variant of human functioning associated not only with vulnerabilities but also with assets such as creativity, energy, and spontaneity (Nordby et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntegrating these perspectives suggests that creativity and identity formation may be mutually reinforcing processes in ADHD. Nonconformist and exploratory tendencies \u0026ndash; core features of the creative attitude \u0026ndash; can facilitate identity work by promoting authenticity, openness, and resilience in the face of stigma. Conversely, individuals who achieve a coherent and accepting sense of self may experience greater freedom to express creativity in self-defining ways. Yet empirical studies that jointly examine creativity and identity in ADHD populations remain scarce. Most prior work has treated these domains separately, focusing either on cognitive aspects of creative performance or on identity and self-concept in relation to stigma and diagnosis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study addresses this gap by adopting an integrative framework that views creative attitude as a psychosocial resource potentially linked to more adaptive identity functioning in adults with ADHD. Drawing on the CIFM model (Topolewska \u0026amp; Cieciuch, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and attitudinal measures of creativity, we examine whether nonconformity and heuristic behavior are associated with stronger identity commitment and exploration, and with lower levels of diffused and unstable identity modes. By investigating these associations, the study aims to contribute to a strength-based understanding of ADHD, highlighting creative attitudes as internal resources associated with self-definition and psychosocial adjustment beyond symptom management.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 228 adults participated in the study, ranging in age from 18 to 59 years (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30.48, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.46). The sample consisted of 69.7% women and 29.8% men, with 0.4% missing data for gender. Regarding educational attainment, 54.8% of participants had completed higher education, 24.1% were currently enrolled in university programs, and the remaining individuals reported secondary or lower levels of education. Participants were recruited from diverse residential settings, with 46.5% residing in large urban areas (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;250,000 inhabitants). Of the full sample, 26.3% (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;60) reported having received a formal ADHD diagnosis, while 73.7% (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;168) indicated no diagnosis. This diagnostic distinction was used only to describe sample composition; group-based analyses were conducted separately where relevant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMaterials\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdult ADHD symptoms were measured using the 18-item Adult ADHD \u003cem\u003eSelf-Report Scale\u003c/em\u003e v1.1 (ASRS v1.1), developed by the World Health Organization in collaboration with Kessler and colleagues (Kessler et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). The ASRS assesses DSM-IV Criterion A symptoms of ADHD in adults. Respondents rate the frequency of each symptom over the past six months on a 5-point scale (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;never to 4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;very often), yielding a total severity score ranging from 0 to 72. In the present study, we administered a Polish-language translation of the 18-item ASRS v1.1 based on the original item wording; the exact version used is provided in Supplementary File 1. The ASRS has demonstrated good internal consistency and validity in prior research (Adler et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Kessler et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). The exact Polish-language version used in this study is provided as Supplementary File 1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentity-related functioning was assessed using the \u003cem\u003eCircumplex Identity Modes Questionnaire\u003c/em\u003e (CIMQ), developed within the Circumplex of Identity Formation Modes (CIFM) framework (Cieciuch \u0026amp; Topolewska, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Rogoza et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The CIMQ comprises 40 items forming eight 5-item subscales representing distinct identity formation modes: \u003cem\u003eExploration\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eConsolidation\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSocialization\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMoratorium\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eDefiance\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eDiffusion\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eNormativity\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePetrification\u003c/em\u003e (Puchalska-Wasyl, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;not at all like me to 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;very much like me), and subscale scores are obtained by averaging item responses. Earlier validation studies have demonstrated acceptable internal consistency for the CIMQ subscales, with Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s α typically ranging from approximately .60 to .86 across samples (Cieciuch \u0026amp; Topolewska, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCreative attitudes and behaviours were measured with the \u003cem\u003eCreative Behaviour Questionnaire\u003c/em\u003e \u0026ndash; KANH III (CBQ III), revised by Bernacka, Popek, and Gierczyk (Bernacka et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The instrument consists of 26 items rated on a 5-point scale (A-E), treated as an ordinal Likert-type response format. The questionnaire yields two bipolar dimensions: \u003cem\u003eConformism-Nonconformism\u003c/em\u003e (K-N) \u0026ndash; reflecting the personality-related aspects of creative attitude, \u003cem\u003eAlgorithmic-Heuristic Behaviour\u003c/em\u003e (A-H) \u0026ndash; reflecting cognitive preferences for routine versus flexible, exploratory problem-solving. Higher scores on the nonconformist and heuristic ends of the scales indicate a more creative orientation. In the present study, summed subscale scores were used. Psychometric evaluations of KANH III in large Polish samples (\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;4,000) demonstrate very high test-retest reliability (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e \u0026asymp; .95), acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s α\u0026thinsp;\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;.69 for K-N; .65 for A-H), and satisfactory discriminative power of items.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants completed a brief sociodemographic questionnaire assessing age, gender, education, employment status, and relationship status. These variables were used to characterize the sample and, where relevant, included as covariates in statistical analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eProcedure\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted online using Google Forms. Recruitment took place in April 2025 through announcements posted on the first author\u0026rsquo;s private Facebook profile as well as in several psychology- and ADHD-oriented online groups. After accessing the survey link, participants were presented with an informed consent form outlining the purpose of the study, confidentiality, and voluntary participation. Only individuals who confirmed consent proceeded to the questionnaire. The procedure consisted of completing demographic questions followed by the study measures in a fixed sequence. Participation was anonymous and required no compensation. The study was approved by the local ethics committee.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eUse of AI tools\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eAI-assisted tools were used to support English-language editing and translation of the manuscript text. No AI tools were used to generate, modify, or analyze the study data, and all content was reviewed and approved by the authors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 30. Pearson\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e correlations were calculated to examine bivariate associations among ADHD symptom severity, creative attitude (nonconformity and heuristic behavior), and identity formation modes. To identify unique predictors of identity functioning, multiple linear regression models were estimated with ADHD symptoms, nonconformity, and heuristic behavior entered simultaneously as predictors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup comparisons were evaluated using two one-way multivariate analyses of variance (1-MANOVAs). The first compared adults with a formal ADHD diagnosis to control participants with lower vs. higher ADHD trait levels. The second assessed group differences in creative attitudes. Significant multivariate effects were followed by univariate ANOVAs and Bonferroni-corrected post-hoc tests. The significance threshold was set at α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.05. Effect sizes were interpreted using adjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2; for regression models and partial η\u0026sup2; for ANOVA effects, following Cohen\u0026rsquo;s conventional benchmarks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003ePreliminary analyses\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePreliminary analyses focused on descriptive characteristics and distributional properties of all study variables. Shapiro-Wilk tests indicated significant deviations from normality for several measures; however, skewness and kurtosis values fell within the acceptable range of |2|, supporting the use of parametric procedures (George \u0026amp; Mallery, 2024). Missing data were minimal and occurred primarily in items assessing post-diagnostic experiences, which were presented only to participants reporting ADHD diagnosis.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics for the total sample and diagnostic subgroups are reported in Table\u0026nbsp;1. To further characterize the heterogeneity of adults with ADHD (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;60), additional subgroup analyses were performed. Attitudes toward the diagnosis showed substantial variability: 21.5% described the diagnosis as positive, 20.2% as neutral, and 1.8% as negative. Reported access to post-diagnostic support was similarly diverse. Among diagnosed individuals, 17.1% received pharmacotherapy, 8.8% reported access to psychoeducation, 1.8% participated in ADHD coaching, 4.8% reported receiving no support, and 2.6% indicated other forms of assistance. These findings highlight meaningful clinical and psychosocial variability within the ADHD subgroup, which provides important context for interpreting group-level comparisons.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDescriptives statistics for the total sample (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;227) and subgroups: ADHD diagnosed (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;60) and ADHD non-diagnosed (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;167)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMe\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSk.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKurt.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMin.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaks.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eW\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\" style=\"width: 47.8264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEXP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDEF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCON\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDIF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADHD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNON\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHEU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\" style=\"width: 47.8264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eADHD diagnosed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEXP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n 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char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDIF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADHD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNON\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHEU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.653\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\" style=\"width: 47.8264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eADHD non-diagnosed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEXP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.267\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDEF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCON\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.277\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDIF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADHD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNON\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" style=\"width: 7.0979%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHEU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" style=\"width: 4.2249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" style=\"width: 4.7319%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" style=\"width: 4.4784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" style=\"width: 5.2389%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" style=\"width: 3.549%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" style=\"width: 4.9854%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" style=\"width: 2.6195%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e. EXP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Exploration; NOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Normativity; DEF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Defiance; CON\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Consolidation; PET\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Petrification; MOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Moratorium; SOC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Socialization; DIF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Diffusion; ADHD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;ADHD symptom severity (ASRS-v1.1 total score); NON\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Nonconformity; HEU\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Heuristic behavior. \u003cem\u003eW\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Shapiro-Wilk test statistic. Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s \u0026alpha;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;internal consistency reliability coefficient.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCorrelational Analyses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePearson correlations were conducted to examine associations among ADHD symptoms, creative attitude components, and identity formation modes (Table\u0026nbsp;2). ADHD symptom severity showed positive associations with moratorium, opposition, diffusion, and petrification, and negative associations with consolidation and socialization, indicating a pattern of less coherent and more chaotic identity processes. Nonconformity was positively related to exploration, consolidation, and socialization, and negatively related to opposition, diffusion, normativity, and petrification, suggesting links with more adaptive and integrated identity functioning. Heuristic behavior showed a similar adaptive pattern, being positively associated with exploration, consolidation, and socialization, and negatively with normativity, petrification, and diffusion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCorrelations between ADHD symptoms, creative attitude, and identity formation modes (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;227)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADHD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNON\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHEU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEXP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.32***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.46***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.24***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.23***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDEF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.40***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.45***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCON\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.27***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.58***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.38***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.16*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.24***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.26***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.50***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.24***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.38***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.52***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.21**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDIF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.25***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.44***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.16*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADHD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.16*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote.\u003c/em\u003e EXP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Exploration; NOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Normativity; DEF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Defiance; CON\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Consolidation; PET\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Petrification; MOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Moratorium; SOC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Socialization; DIF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Diffusion; ADHD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;ADHD symptom severity (ASRS-v1.1 total score); NON\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Nonconformity; HEU\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Heuristic behavior. \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e-Pearson for all correlations. * \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .05. ** \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01. *** \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eRegression Analyses Predicting Identity Formation\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultiple regression analyses tested whether ADHD symptoms, nonconformity, and heuristic behavior predicted identity formation modes (Table\u0026nbsp;3). All models were significant (all \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001). ADHD symptoms emerged as a positive predictor of moratorium, opposition, diffusion, and petrification, and a negative predictor of consolidation and socialization. Nonconformity predicted higher consolidation and socialization, and lower opposition, moratorium, and diffusion. Heuristic behavior predicted higher exploration, consolidation, and moratorium and lower normativity and petrification. The strongest explained variances were observed for consolidation, socialization, opposition, and moratorium, indicating that these identity modes were most closely tied to ADHD symptoms and creative attitude.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRegression models predicting identity formation modes from ADHD symptoms and creative attitude\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePredictor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(3,223)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e (model)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u0026sup2;adj\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEXP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel summary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADHD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.920\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNON\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHEU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel summary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADHD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNON\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.068\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHEU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDEF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel summary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADHD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNON\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHEU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCON\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel summary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADHD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNON\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHEU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel summary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADHD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNON\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.207\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHEU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel summary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADHD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNON\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHEU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel summary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADHD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNON\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHEU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.784\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDIF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel summary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADHD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNON\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHEU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.358\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote.\u003c/em\u003e EXP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Exploration; NOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Normativity; DEF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Defiance; CON\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Consolidation; PET\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Petrification; MOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Moratorium; SOC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Socialization; DIF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Diffusion; ADHD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;ADHD symptom severity (ASRS-v1.1 total score); NON\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Nonconformity; HEU\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Heuristic behavior \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;unstandardized regression coefficient; \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;standard error; \u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;standardized regression coefficient; \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e-Student\u0026rsquo;s test value; \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Fisher\u0026rsquo;s test value; \u003cem\u003eR\u0026sup2;adj\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;adjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e-squared. Each block of rows represents one multiple regression model predicting a given identity formation mode from ADHD symptoms, nonconformity, and heuristic behavior.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eGroup Differences in Identity Formation\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) compared adults with ADHD, adults with high ADHD traits, and adults with low ADHD traits (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1). The multivariate effect was significant, indicating group differences across identity formation modes (Table\u0026nbsp;4). Follow-up ANOVAs showed that individuals with ADHD and those with high ADHD traits scored higher on opposition, moratorium, and diffusion, and lower on consolidation and socialization, compared to low-ADHD participants. No differences emerged between the diagnosed ADHD group and the high-traits group.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eError bars represent 95% confidence intervals for the mean results.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e** \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01. *** \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001 \u0026ndash; significance of post hoc tests with Bonferroni correction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMANOVA/ANOVA for Identity Modes in ADHD diagnosed group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;60) and two control groups \u0026ndash; with lower severity of ADHD symptoms (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;62) and higher severity of ADHD symptoms (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;105)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl group \u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elower severity of\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADHD symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl group \u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehigher severity of\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADHD symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiagnosis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eof ADHD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(2,225)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026eta;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEXP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.73 (0.58)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.69 (0.66)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89 (0.55)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.63 (0.61)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.65 (0.72)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.71 (0.82)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.806\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDEF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.41 (0.93)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.22 (0.97)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.29 (1.13)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCON\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.78 (0.70)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.21 (0.75)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.28 (0.79)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.90 (0.64)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.03 (0.76)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.06 (0.84)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.420\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.78 (0.81)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.70 (0.77)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.76 (0.94)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.58 (0.88)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.78 (0.88)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.76 (1.00)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.138\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDIF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.10 (0.78)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.56 (0.87)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.36 (1.03)\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote.\u003c/em\u003e EXP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Exploration; NOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Normativity; DEF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Defiance; CON\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Consolidation; PET\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Petrification; MOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Moratorium; SOC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Socialization; DIF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Diffusion; The table shows \u003cem\u003eM (SD)\u003c/em\u003e values, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Fisher\u0026rsquo;s test value; \u0026eta;\u0026sup2; = effect size indicator.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;the difference in means is significant at the .05 level, b\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eGroup Differences in Creative Attitude\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA second MANOVA examined differences in nonconformity and heuristic behavior (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2). A significant multivariate effect was observed (Table\u0026nbsp;5). Follow-up ANOVAs showed that adults with self-reported ADHD diagnosis reported higher nonconformity than adults with high ADHD traits, while no significant differences were found for heuristic behavior. The advantage observed in the ADHD group was specific to nonconformity.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eError bars represent 95% confidence intervals for the mean results.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .05. \u0026ndash; significance of post hoc tests with Bonferroni correction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMANOVA/ANOVA for Creative Attitude in ADHD diagnosed group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;60) and two control groups \u0026ndash; with lower severity of ADHD symptoms (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;62) and higher severity of ADHD symptoms (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;105)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl group \u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elower severity of\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADHD symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl group \u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehigher severity of\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADHD symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiagnosis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eof ADHD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(2,225)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026eta;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNON\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.43 (0.52)\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.24 (0.54)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.47 (0.48)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHEU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.53 (0.46)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.64 (0.61)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.74 (0.61)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote.\u003c/em\u003e NON\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Nonconformity; HEU\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Heuristic behavior. The table shows \u003cem\u003eM (SD)\u003c/em\u003e values, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Fisher\u0026rsquo;s test value; \u0026eta;\u0026sup2; = effect size indicator.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;the difference in means is significant at the .05 level, b\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study examined how ADHD symptoms, creative attitudes, and heuristic behavior jointly relate to identity formation in adults. Across correlational, regression, and group-comparison analyses, ADHD symptoms consistently predicted less integrated identity functioning, including higher moratorium, opposition, diffusion, and petrification, and lower consolidation and socialization. In contrast, components of creative attitude \u0026ndash; particularly nonconformity \u0026ndash; were associated with more adaptive and coherent identity patterns. Adults with ADHD and those with high ADHD traits displayed similarly elevated levels of identity instability compared to individuals with low ADHD traits. Differences in creativity were more limited and were primarily reflected in elevated nonconformity among adults with ADHD. Together, these results support the view that identity development constitutes a meaningful psychosocial domain affected in ADHD, while creative dispositions may serve as compensatory resources associated with more adaptive identity functioning.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeyond symptom severity, the findings highlight the distinct contribution of creative attitude to identity functioning. Consistent with conceptualizations of creativity as an attitudinal and motivational orientation rather than a purely cognitive skill (Karwowski \u0026amp; Beghetto, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Popek, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), nonconformity emerged as a robust positive predictor of consolidation and socialization \u0026ndash; identity modes reflecting coherent commitments and social integration. This pattern aligns with theoretical and empirical accounts indicating that autonomous, self-determined thinking can promote values clarification, reduce susceptibility to external pressures, and support the formation of stable identity commitments (Dollinger et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Gocłowska \u0026amp; Crisp, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Nonconformity was concurrently associated with lower defiance, moratorium, and diffusion, suggesting that independence of thought does not equate to oppositionality or prolonged identity crisis. Instead, it may represent an adaptive form of autonomy conducive to reflective identity work. These findings echo distinctions drawn in personality research between constructive nonconformity and reactive noncompliance (Rogoza et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Heuristic behavior demonstrated a complementary pattern, predicting exploration, consolidation, and moratorium while negatively relating to normativity and petrification. This suggests that flexible, exploratory problem-solving may facilitate both adaptive identity exploration and the dynamic restructuring of self-concept. Such results align with cognitive accounts linking heuristic processing to broader attentional scope, ambiguity tolerance, and integrative thinking \u0026ndash; capacities relevant to identity development. Taken together, the findings support emerging perspectives proposing that creativity-related dispositions can function as psychosocial strengths in adults with ADHD (Nordby et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Creative attitudes appear to contribute uniquely to identity development, beyond the influence of symptom severity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher ADHD symptom severity was consistently associated with identity patterns characterized by instability, such as moratorium, defiance, and diffusion. These results align with longitudinal and qualitative studies showing disruptions in self-coherence among individuals with ADHD, especially during adolescence and early adulthood (Becker et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Frick et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Emotional reactivity, attentional variability, and sensitivity to external evaluation \u0026ndash; core features of ADHD \u0026ndash; may intensify the challenges involved in forming stable commitments and maintaining a coherent self-concept (Attoe \u0026amp; Climie, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). At the same time, adults with ADHD in this study reported higher levels of nonconformity, an attitudinal component of creativity linked to autonomy, openness, and flexible meaning-making. This is consistent with research suggesting that characteristics associated with ADHD \u0026ndash; novelty seeking, spontaneous associative thinking, and cognitive flexibility \u0026ndash; may facilitate creative ideation when paired with motivation and goal engagement (Boot et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Girard-Joyal \u0026amp; Gauthier, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Hoogman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). This duality reflects a developmental dynamic in which vulnerabilities and strengths coexist within the same regulatory system (Nordby et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). While symptoms may predispose individuals to unstable identity processes, creative attitudes \u0026ndash; particularly nonconformity \u0026ndash; may scaffold adaptive meaning-making and support identity consolidation. This perspective aligns with studies showing that individuals who integrate ADHD into a balanced, accepting self-concept experience improved psychosocial functioning and well-being (Abu Raya-Ghanayem et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA key insight from the present study concerns the marked heterogeneity within adults with ADHD. Descriptive analyses demonstrated wide variability in diagnostic experiences, perceived support, and attitudes toward the diagnosis. Such heterogeneity mirrors the broader understanding of ADHD as a spectrum of neurodevelopmental profiles differing in emotional regulation, compensatory strategies, and developmental histories (Danielson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Nordby et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Adults diagnosed earlier may have had more opportunity to integrate ADHD into their identity narratives, whereas those diagnosed later often describe prolonged periods of self-doubt, misattribution of difficulties, and masking behaviors (Attoe \u0026amp; Climie, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). These divergent trajectories likely shape identity development in distinct ways. Similarly, variation in creative tendencies, motivation, and symptom profiles may produce a wide range of identity outcomes \u0026ndash; from chronic diffusion to active exploration and adaptive consolidation. The present findings reinforce that identity profiles are not uniformly impaired in ADHD. Instead, creative attitudes appear to moderate the relationship between symptom severity and identity functioning. Recognizing these individual differences is essential for both research and clinical practice, as it cautions against homogeneous interpretations of identity outcomes in ADHD.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings carry several implications for clinical practice. First, identity-related difficulties in adults with ADHD should not be viewed solely as secondary to executive dysfunction or emotional dysregulation. Rather, they may reflect broader challenges of constructing a coherent life narrative. Interventions incorporating identity work \u0026ndash; such as narrative therapy, strengths-based CBT, or ADHD coaching \u0026ndash; may help individuals articulate how ADHD has shaped their experiences and integrate both challenges and strengths into a cohesive self-concept. Second, creative attitudes may represent valuable therapeutic assets. Validating and cultivating nonconformity and heuristic thinking may help clients counteract internalized stigma, reinforce autonomy, and support the formation of stable commitments. Third, identity instability may function as a clinically relevant signal of psychosocial strain. Heightened diffusion, moratorium, or defiance could indicate unmet needs related to self-acceptance, agency, and meaning-making. Finally, the heterogeneity within ADHD highlights the need for individualized interventions sensitive to diagnostic history, coping styles, emotional regulation patterns, and creative strengths.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study has several strengths, including the integration of two underexamined psychosocial domains \u0026ndash; creativity and identity \u0026ndash; within a single empirical framework in adult ADHD. The use of validated instruments capturing both dimensional symptom severity and nuanced identity modes, together with a relatively large and diverse adult sample, contributes to the robustness of the findings. However, several limitations should be acknowledged. The cross-sectional design prevents causal inference. All measures relied on self-report, which may introduce bias. Additionally, ADHD diagnosis was based on participants\u0026rsquo; self-report and was not independently verified through clinical assessment, which may limit the precision of group classification. Online recruitment limits generalizability to clinical populations. The Polish translation of the ASRS-v1.1, although informed by prior adaptations, is not a WHO-validated version. Finally, although heterogeneity within ADHD was descriptively explored, a deeper analysis of diagnostic subgroups would be beneficial for future studies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn sum, the study demonstrates that creative attitudes and identity formation processes are meaningfully intertwined in adulthood ADHD. Symptom severity was associated with less coherent identity functioning, while creative dispositions \u0026ndash; especially nonconformity \u0026ndash; were linked to more adaptive profiles. These findings highlight ADHD as a multifaceted developmental condition involving tensions between vulnerability and strength, instability and exploration, disruption and authentic self-definition. Future work incorporating longitudinal designs, multi-method assessments, and finer analyses of diagnostic pathways will be essential for clarifying how creative dispositions and identity processes evolve across adulthood. Supporting adults with ADHD in recognizing and integrating both challenges and strengths may foster more coherent, self-accepting, and resilient identity trajectories.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eADHD\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eattention\u0026ndash;deficit/hyperactivity disorder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eASRS v1.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult ADHD Self\u0026ndash;Report Scale (version 1.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCIFM\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWays of Forming Identity Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eKANH III\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKANH III Creative Behavior Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e The study was approved by the Ethical Board for Scientific Research, Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Poland (approval no. 24/2025). All participants provided online informed consent before taking part in the study. Participation was voluntary, and individuals could withdraw at any time without consequences. All procedures adhered to institutional guidelines and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; information (optional)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research received no external funding.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eKG and BS conceptualized the study. KG designed the methodology, collected the data, and performed the statistical analyses. KG and BS contributed to the literature review and interpretation of the findings. BS drafted the manuscript and led the editing and revisions. KG critically revised the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors thank Dr. Ewa Topolewska-Siedzik for her guidance and helpful input during the conceptual stage of this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe dataset generated and analyzed during the current study is openly available in the Open Science Framework (OSF) repository: https://osf.io/zw7vk/\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbu Raya-Ghanayem N, Stern A, Lamash L. Diagnosis identity perception of adolescents with ADHD and its relationship to social participation and quality of life. 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Empirical verification of the circumplex of identity formation modes and its potential to integrate different models of identity development in the Erikson\u0026ndash;Marcia tradition. Self Identity. 2017;16(2):123\u0026ndash;42. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003edoi.org/10.1080/15298868.2016.1229690\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/15298868.2016.1229690\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"ADHD, identity formation, creativity, nonconformism, adults","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9257351/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9257351/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study examined whether creativity, particularly the dimension of nonconformism, may function as a protective factor in the identity formation of adults with elevated ADHD traits, both with and without a clinical diagnosis. A total of 228 adults (69.7% women; age range 18\u0026ndash;59, M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30.48, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.46) participated in the study. Measures included the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS v1.1), the Ways of Forming Identity Questionnaire (CIFM), and the KANH III Creative Behavior Questionnaire. Correlation analyses, multiple regression, and group comparisons were conducted to test associations between ADHD traits, creativity dimensions, and modes of identity formation. Higher ADHD trait severity was positively associated with less adaptive modes of identity formation (moratorium, defiance, petrification, diffusion) and negatively with consolidation and socialization. Nonconformism, as a creativity dimension, positively predicted consolidation and socialization, while reducing defiance and diffusion. Adults with a clinical ADHD diagnosis showed higher levels of nonconformism compared to those with elevated ADHD traits but no diagnosis. The findings suggest that creativity \u0026ndash; especially nonconformism \u0026ndash; can serve as a protective resource in the identity development of individuals with ADHD. Integrating creativity into psychoeducational and therapeutic approaches may foster more adaptive identity processes and support psychosocial functioning in this population.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Nonconformist Creativity as a Protective Resource in Identity Formation Among Adults With ADHD Traits","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-05-06 10:58:30","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9257351/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-27T09:54:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-04-23T08:49:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-03T12:25:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-04-02T15:21:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Psychology","date":"2026-04-02T14:06:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6ae021a8-badc-4af2-a957-f07be4ae7354","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 6th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-06T10:58:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-05-06 10:58:30","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9257351","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9257351","identity":"rs-9257351","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}