Evaluating Sexual and Reproductive Health of Reproductive Age women in Dhaka City

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In urban Dhaka, despite health infrastructure improvements, reproductive-age women face multiple barriers such as poverty, low health literacy, and sociocultural constraints in accessing SRH services. Prior studies have focused largely on rural contexts, leaving a gap in urban-specific data necessary for effective policy and program design. Objective This study aims to evaluate the sexual and reproductive health practices, perceptions, and service utilization among reproductive-age women in Dhaka. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted among reproductive-age women (15–49 years) in Dhaka. Data on demographic variables, reproductive history, SRH knowledge, and service utilization were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression to determine associations between sociodemographic factors and SRH service use. Result Among 384 of participants, the mean age was 27.71 years. SRH service utilization was high (73.4%), with pharmacies and private hospitals being the main sources. However, 59.1% never discussed SRH topics, and only 45.3% were aware of specialized services like HIV testing and cervical cancer screening. Higher education levels correlated with better SRH knowledge and utilization. Logistic regression revealed that women aged 25–34 (COR = 14.49, p < 0.001) and ≥ 35 (COR = 5.89, p = 0.004), widowed status (COR = 1.88, p = 0.027), and employment were significantly associated with higher service use. Women living with partners or never discussing SRH topics were significantly less likely to utilize services. Conclusion Despite relatively high SRH service utilization in urban Dhaka, substantial gaps remain in SRH knowledge, early sexual initiation, and communication. Key sociodemographic factors including age, marital and employment status, and interpersonal communication strongly influence SRH service use. Targeted, culturally sensitive interventions promoting SRH education and dialogue, especially among young, married, and unemployed women, are essential to improving reproductive health outcomes in urban Bangladesh. Sexual and Reproductive Health Reproductive-Age Women Health Service Utilization SRH Awareness and Access Introduction Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is a critical aspect of women's overall well-being and a fundamental human right. It encompasses a wide range of issues including family planning, maternal health, prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and access to reproductive health services. The reproductive age group, generally defined as women aged 15 to 49 years, represents a pivotal demographic whose health directly influences maternal and child outcomes, population dynamics, and socioeconomic development [ 1 ]. Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is a densely populated urban center characterized by diverse socioeconomic backgrounds and varying levels of access to health services. Despite advancements in healthcare infrastructure, challenges remain in ensuring equitable access to quality SRH services among reproductive-age women in Dhaka. Rapid urbanization, poverty, cultural barriers, and limited health literacy contribute to disparities in SRH knowledge and service utilization [ 2 ], [ 3 ]. Previous studies in Bangladesh have highlighted significant gaps in SRH awareness and utilization. For instance, Haque et al. reported that while family planning methods are widely known, consistent use and access to comprehensive SRH services remain suboptimal, especially among low-income urban populations [ 4 ]. Similarly, Islam and colleagues found that misconceptions about STIs and inadequate antenatal care contribute to poor maternal health outcomes [ 5 ]. Studies focusing specifically on Dhaka have noted that urban poor women face unique barriers such as overcrowding, lack of privacy, and limited healthcare outreach [ 6 ]. Globally, the World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes that improving SRH for women of reproductive age is essential for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 3 on good health and well-being [ 7 ]. In the context of Bangladesh, national policies and programs have aimed to improve SRH services, but persistent challenges call for localized research to identify barriers and opportunities for improvement in urban settings like Dhaka [ 8 ]. This study holds significant social importance as it addresses critical aspects of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) among reproductive-age women in Dhaka, a densely populated urban area with diverse socioeconomic groups. Understanding the SRH status and challenges faced by these women can contribute to improving health outcomes, reducing maternal and infant mortality, and empowering women with knowledge and access to appropriate health services. The findings can inform policymakers, healthcare providers, and NGOs to design targeted interventions, promote gender equity, and improve reproductive rights, ultimately enhancing the quality of life for women and their families in Dhaka. Despite the growing awareness of reproductive health issues globally, there is limited comprehensive data specific to urban reproductive-age women in Dhaka regarding their sexual and reproductive health status, knowledge, attitudes, and access to services. Existing studies often focus on rural populations or specific health indicators without capturing the multidimensional nature of SRH in this urban context. Furthermore, rapid urbanization and sociocultural dynamics in Dhaka have not been sufficiently explored in relation to SRH outcomes. This gap limits effective program development and policy formulation tailored to the unique needs of Dhaka’s reproductive-age women. This study aims to comprehensively assess the sociodemographic characteristics, reproductive and sexual health history, and utilization and awareness of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services among reproductive-age women in Dhaka. Methodology This study employed a cross-sectional quantitative design to evaluate the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) status, knowledge, and service utilization among women of reproductive age in Dhaka. The target population comprised women aged 15 to 49 years residing in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh. This age group was selected based on the standard definition of reproductive age used by national and international health agencies. A multi-stage stratified random sampling method was used to ensure representation across different socioeconomic strata and geographic areas of Dhaka. In the first stage, Dhaka was divided into administrative zones, from which several wards were randomly selected. In the second stage, households were randomly chosen from each selected ward, and one eligible woman from each household was interviewed. The sample size was determined using Cochran’s formula for proportions: \(\:n=\frac{{Z}^{2}p(1-p)}{{d}^{2}}\) where Z = 1.96 for 95% confidence, p = 0.5 (assuming 50% prevalence of SRH service utilization due to limited prior data), and d = 0.05. This yielded a minimum required sample of 384 women. Data were collected using a structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire developed based on prior literature and validated tools on SRH. The questionnaire was first developed in English, translated into Bangla, and pre-tested among 30 women in a non-sampled area to ensure clarity and cultural relevance. Necessary adjustments were made before full-scale data collection. Women aged 15–49 years residing in the selected areas of Dhaka for at least 6 months and willing to participate. Women with cognitive impairments or severe illnesses at the time of the interview were excluded. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Gono Bishwabidyalay (University). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. For respondents aged under 18, consent was obtained from a guardian, along with participant assent. Data confidentiality, privacy, and anonymity were strictly maintained throughout the study. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 27. All analyses employed an alpha level for statistical significance of 0.05 (two-tailed). Chi-square tests to examine associations between categorical sociodemographic variables and SRH knowledge or utilization. Binary logistic regression analysis to identify predictors of SRH service utilization. Crude Odds Ratios (COR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were reported, and a significance level of p 0.05). Data Analysis and Results Table 01 Background characteristics of respondent (n = 384) Characteristics Category Frequency Percentage (%) Age 15–24 Years 127 33.1% 25–34 Years 212 55.2% ≥ 35 Years 45 11.7% Mean age in years (mean ± SD) 27.71 ± 6.90 Education Illiterate 26 6.8% Primary 114 29.7% Secondary (SSC) 86 22.4% Higher Secondary (HSC) 77 20.1% Graduate and above 81 21.1% Marital status Singel 101 26.3 Married 270 70.3 Divorced 8 2.1 Widowed 5 1.3 Living With Parents 133 34.6% Partner 238 62.0% Children 13 3.4% Alone 0 0.0% Orphanage 0 0.0% Sexual Partner Education Illiterate 39 10.2% Primary 0 0.0% Secondary (SSC) 44 11.5% Higher Secondary (HSC) 55 14.3% Graduate and above 130 33.9% N/A (Single/Unmarred) 116 30.2% Employment Status Yes 235 61.2% No 149 38.8% Employment Types Housewife 121 31.5% Full-Time Employed 125 32.6% Part-Time Employed 71 18.5% Unemployed 35 9.1% Self-Employed 32 8.3% Religion Islam 284 74.0% Hinduism 92 24.0% Buddhists 0 0.0% Christan 8 2.1% Number of Children N/A (Single/Unmarred) 101 26.3% One 55 14.3% Two 81 21.1% Three or More 114 29.7% No 33 8.6% The study included reproductive-age women in Dhaka with a mean age of 27.71 ± 6.90 years. Age distribution showed that 33.1% were aged 15–24 years, 55.2% were 25–34 years, and 11.7% were 35 years or older. Regarding education, 29.7% had primary education, 22.4% completed secondary (SSC), 20.1% higher secondary (HSC), and 21.1% were graduates or above, while 6.8% were illiterate. Most participants were married (70.3%), with 26.3% single, 2.1% divorced, and 1.3% widowed. In terms of living arrangements, 62.0% lived with their partner, 34.6% with parents, and 3.4% with their children. Sexual partner education varied, with 33.9% having partners who graduated or above, 14.3% with higher secondary education, 11.5% with secondary education, 10.2% illiterate, and 30.2% single/unmarried women without partners. Employment status showed that 61.2% were employed, with employment types including 32.6% full-time employed, 31.5% housewives, 18.5% part-time employed, 9.1% unemployed, and 8.3% self-employed. Regarding religion, 74.0% of participants identified as Muslim, 24.0% Hindu, and 2.1% Christian. The number of children varied, with 29.7% having three or more children, 21.1% two children, 14.3% one child, 8.6% no children, and 26.3% single/unmarried without children. Table 02 Distribution of Reproductive and Sexual Health History and Service Utilization among Reproductive-Age Women Characteristics Category Frequency Percentage (%) Age of menarche Before 15 years of age 371 96.6% 15–18 years of age 13 3.4% Don't Know 0 0.0% Mean age in years (mean ± SD) 11.11 ± 3.72 First sexual intercourse 18 Years 119 31.0 Never 98 25.5 Do not remember 13 3.4 Mean age in years (mean ± SD) 12.50 ± 9.11 Age of First Pregnancy 18 Years 197 51.3% Never 16 4.2% N/A (Single/Unmarred) 101 26.3% Mean age in years (mean ± SD) 15.95 ± 9.34 Place of seeking care when ill Govt. Hospital 122 31.8% Private Hospital 218 56.8% Own House 34 8.9% Community, NGO and Mobile clinics, Pharmacy, Traditional healer 10 2.6% Primary source of SRH care services Govt. Hospital 70 18.2% Private Hospital 109 28.4% Pharmacy 128 33.3% Never Used 77 20.1% Receiving reproductive health services So Difficult 36 9.4% Difficult 70 18.2% Easy 278 72.4% Challenges in obtaining information on SRH services Problem 72 18.8% No Problem 266 69.3% Don't Know 46 12.0% Knowledge of service providers offering HIV/AIDS pregnancy testing, and cervical cancer screening Yes 174 45.3% No 210 54.7% Table 02 presents the distribution of reproductive and sexual health (SRH) history and service utilization among reproductive-age women. The majority (96.6%) experienced menarche before 15 years of age, with a mean age of 11.11 years (± 3.72). Regarding first sexual intercourse, 31.0% occurred after 18 years, while 25.5% reported never having sexual intercourse; the mean age was 12.50 years (± 9.11). The age of first pregnancy was predominantly over 18 years (51.3%), with a mean of 15.95 years (± 9.34). For healthcare when ill, most women sought care at private hospitals (56.8%), followed by government hospitals (31.8%). The primary sources for SRH services were pharmacies (33.3%) and private hospitals (28.4%), though 20.1% never used any SRH services. While 72.4% found it easy to receive reproductive health services, 18.8% reported difficulties obtaining SRH information. Less than half (45.3%) were aware of service providers offering HIV/AIDS testing, pregnancy testing, and cervical cancer screening, highlighting gaps in SRH awareness and access. Table 03 Association Between Education Level and Key Sociodemographic and Sexual Reproductive Health Variables Among Reproductive-Age Women Education χ2 p-value Variables and Category Illiterate Primary Secondary Higher Secondary Graduate and above Age 222.88 < 0.001 15–24 Years 17 (4.4%) 0 (0.0%) 15 (3.9%) 30 (7.8%) 65 (16.9%) 25–34 Years 0 (0.0%) 99 (25.8%) 66 (17.2%) 47 (12.2%) 0 (0.0%) ≥ 35 Years 9 (2.3%) 15 (3.9%) 5 (1.3%) 0 (0.0%) 16 (4.2%) Marital status 168.58 < 0.001 Singel 12 (3.1%) 0 (0.0%) 7 (1.8%) 30 (7.8%) 52 (13.5%) Married 14 (3.6%) 110 (28.6%) 79 (20.6%) 38 (9.9%) 29 (7.6%) Divorced 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 8 (2.1%) 0 (0.0%) Widowed 0 (0.0%) 4 (1.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (0.3%) 0 (0.0%) Knowing where HIV/AIDS/Pregnancy testing, and cervical cancer screening is provided 16.35 0.003 Yes 3 (0.8%) 54 (14.1%) 48 (12.5%) 35 (9.1%) 34 (8.9%) No 23 (6.0%) 60 (15.6%) 38 (9.9%) 42 (10.9%) 47 (12.2%) Ever utilize any SRH services 119.96 < 0.001 Yes 11 (2.9%) 113 (29.4%) 77 (20.1%) 51 (13.3%) 30 (7.8%) No 15 (3.9%) 1 (0.3%) 9 (2.3%) 26 (6.8%) 51 (13.3%) The Table 03 presents the distribution and association between education levels and selected sociodemographic and sexual reproductive health (SRH) variables among reproductive-age women in Dhaka. Among women aged 15–24 years, 4.4% were illiterate, 3.9% had secondary education, 7.8% higher secondary, and 16.9% were graduates or above. Women aged 25–34 were predominantly in the primary (25.8%) and secondary (17.2%) education groups. Those aged ≥ 35 years showed lower education levels, with 2.3% illiterate and 4.2% graduates or above (χ² = 222.88, p < 0.001). The majority of single women were graduates or higher (13.5%) and higher secondary educated (7.8%), while married women were mostly primary (28.6%) and secondary educated (20.6%). Divorced and widowed women were fewer and mostly in the higher secondary and primary education categories (χ² = 168.58, p < 0.001). Knowledge was higher among women with primary (14.1%) and secondary education (12.5%) compared to illiterate women (0.8%) (χ² = 16.35, p = 0.003). Utilization was most common among women with primary (29.4%) and secondary education (20.1%). Illiterate women had lower utilization rates (2.9%), while graduates also showed significant utilization (7.8%) (χ² = 119.96, p < 0.001). These results show a strong positive relationship between higher education levels and better knowledge and utilization of sexual and reproductive health services among women in Dhaka. Table 04 Utilization and Sources of Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) Services among Respondents Characteristics Category Frequency Percentage (%) Have ever used any SRH services Yes 282 73.4% No 102 26.6% From where she hears SRH services (Multiple Answer) Family 282 61.6% HIV / AIDS and others SITs testing and treatment 34 7.4% Cervical cancer screening 16 3.5% Antenatal Care 26 5.7% Postnatal Care 24 5.2% Intrapartum Care 28 6.1% Abortion and Post abortion care 48 10.5% Discussed about Sexual and reproductive Yes 157 40.9% No 227 59.1% Types of family planning used by the Respondents Oral Contraceptive pills 217 56.5% Injectable 15 3.9% Implanon 46 12.0% N/A (Single/Unmarred) 106 27.6% Source of SRH information (Multiple Answer) TV / Radio 125 10.4% Newspaper 19 1.6% School Teachers 91 7.6% Parents 171 14.3% Partners 141 11.8% Friends 384 32.1% Health Professionals 122 10.2% Associations 45 3.8% Trainings 30 2.5% None (I have no idea) 57 4.8% Family Members/Neighbors 12 1.0% Table 04 presents comprehensive data on the utilization and sources of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services among respondents. The majority of respondents (73.4%) reported having used sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services. Family was the most common source of hearing about SRH services (61.6%), while specific services like abortion and post-abortion care (10.5%) and intrapartum care (6.1%) were less frequently mentioned. A significant portion (59.1%) had never discussed SRH issues. Among those using family planning methods, oral contraceptive pills were the most common (56.5%), followed by Implanon (12.0%). Friends (32.1%) were the primary source of SRH information, followed by parents (14.3%) and partners (11.8%). A small proportion (4.8%) reported having no knowledge of SRH information sources. Table 05 Binary logistic regression analysis of factors associated with Have ever used any SRH services Variables Category Unadjusted model COR (95% CI) p-value Age 15–24 Years Reference 0.031 25–34 Years 14.49(1.28–163.68) 0.000 ≥ 35 Years 5.885 (3.144–11.016) 0.004 Education Illiterate Reference 0.063 Primary 0.418 (0.167–1.045) 0.980 Secondary 0.557 (0.209–1.484) 0.006 Higher Secondary 0.405 (0.054–3.018) 0.725 Graduate and above 1.405 (0.280–4.264) 0.061 Marital status Singel Reference 0.213 Married 0.07 (0.000–0.688) 0.034 Divorced 0.000 (0.023–1.921) 0.998 Widowed 1.877 (1.074–3.281) 0.027 Religion Islam Reference 0.872 Hinduism 1.508 (0.323–7.052) 0.601 Christan 1.877 (1.074–3.281) 0.982 Number of Children One Reference 1.000 Two 0.796 (0.391–1.621) 0.985 Three or More 1.387 (0.967–1.988) 0.996 No 1.542 (1.060–2.242) 1.000 Living With Parents Reference 0.000 Partner 0.004 (0.001–0.015) 0.000 Children 0.004 (0.001–1.62) 0.998 Employment Types Housewife Reference 0.000 Full-Time Employed 0.175 (0.017–1.796) 0.142 Part-Time Employed 1.345 (0.129–13.990) 0.804 Unemployed 1.801 .0.331–9.809) 0.496 Self-Employed 0.303 (0.027–3.360) 0.331 Employment Status Yes Reference No 0.025 (0.003–0.206) 0.001 Discussed about Sexual and reproductive Yes Reference No 59.671 (14.391–247.427 0.000 Knowledge of service providers offering HIV/AIDS pregnancy testing, and cervical cancer screening Yes Reference No 0.944 (0.503–1.771) 0.858 Receiving reproductive health services So Difficult Reference 0.280 Difficult 0.848 (0.257–2.800) 0.787 Easy 1.634 (0.539–4.955) 0.385 The binary logistic regression analysis identified several factors significantly associated with the utilization of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services in Table 05 . Respondents aged 25–34 years were significantly more likely to have used SRH services compared to those aged 15–24 (COR = 14.49, p = 0.000), as were those aged ≥ 35 (COR = 5.89, p = 0.004). Marital status showed significance, with widowed individuals more likely to use SRH services (COR = 1.88, p = 0.027), while married respondents were less likely (COR = 0.07, p = 0.034). Living arrangement was a strong predictor: those living with a partner had significantly lower odds of using SRH services (COR = 0.004, p = 0.000) compared to those living with parents. Employment status also showed a significant association; unemployed individuals were less likely to use services (COR = 0.025, p = 0.001). Notably, those who had not discussed SRH issues had substantially higher odds of non-utilization (COR = 59.67, p = 0.000). Other factors, including education, religion, number of children, knowledge of service providers, and ease of access to services, showed no statistically significant associations in the unadjusted model. Discussion This study reveals a high level of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) service utilization (73.4%) among reproductive-age women in urban Dhaka, with notable influences from age, marital status, living arrangements, and employment status. These findings align with prior studies that highlight how sociodemographic factors play a pivotal role in SRH access and decision-making. The increased likelihood of SRH service utilization among women aged 25–34 and those ≥ 35 years is consistent with previous research from sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where age positively correlates with SRH knowledge and health-seeking behavior due to increased exposure and life experiences [ 9 ], [ 10 ]. This study further emphasizes that younger women (15–24 years) underutilize SRH services, which may be due to stigma, lack of autonomy, or limited awareness. Education showed a positive association with SRH knowledge and utilization, although not statistically significant in the unadjusted regression model. Previous literature confirms that higher education levels are strongly associated with increased SRH awareness, informed decision-making, and greater health service utilization [ 11 ], [ 12 ]. In this study, illiterate women had markedly lower SRH knowledge and service uptake, a trend echoed by similar findings in studies from Nepal and rural Bangladesh [ 13 ]. The role of marital status, particularly the lower likelihood of service use among married women compared to widowed ones, might reflect sociocultural barriers that discourage married women from independently seeking SRH services [ 14 ]. Conversely, widowed women, who are often in more autonomous or vulnerable situations, may actively seek out these services. Living with a partner was associated with significantly lower odds of SRH service utilization, perhaps due to reliance on partner decisions or restricted mobility, as highlighted in other South Asian contexts [ 15 ], [ 16 ]. Unemployed women also showed lower service use, aligning with economic literature suggesting that financial dependency limits healthcare access for women in low-income settings [ 17 ]. Discussion about SRH emerged as a powerful determinant, where women who had never discussed SRH issues were substantially less likely to use services. This supports the idea that open communication and awareness are critical for improving SRH outcomes [ 18 ]. Moreover, although 45.3% of participants were aware of providers offering services like HIV/AIDS testing or cervical cancer screening, this indicates a knowledge gap that persists despite high overall service utilization. Similar knowledge deficits have been reported in studies conducted in India and Kenya, which emphasize the need for more targeted community-based education programs [ 19 ]. In summary, this study reinforces those sociodemographic factors, especially age, marital and employment status, and interpersonal communication, significantly influence SRH service utilization. Addressing these disparities requires multi-level interventions targeting education, awareness, economic empowerment, and sociocultural norms. Conclusion This study highlights that while a substantial proportion of reproductive-age women in urban Dhaka utilize sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services, significant disparities persist based on age, marital status, living arrangements, employment, and communication about SRH. Women aged 25–34 years, the employed, and those with higher education levels showed greater utilization and awareness of SRH services, whereas younger, unemployed, and illiterate women were more likely to face barriers. Notably, the lack of discussion around SRH was a strong predictor of non-utilization, underscoring the importance of open communication and targeted awareness programs. These findings emphasize the need for context-specific, multidimensional interventions that address sociodemographic inequities, promote SRH education, and enhance access to quality services for underserved populations in urban Dhaka. Declarations Acknowledgments We thank the young people in Dhaka who took part in this study and shared their time and views. Their help made this research possible. We also thank the data collectors for their hard work and respectful attitude. We are grateful to local schools, and health centers in Savar for helping us reach the participants. We appreciate the advice and feedback from public health experts, advisors, and ethics committees, which helped improve the quality and ethics of the study. This research is part of our efforts to improve youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health programs in urban Bangladesh. Funding The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript. Ethical Approval The Institutional Review Board of the Center for Multidisciplinary Research of Gono Bishwabidyalay (ID: CMREC-0025) granted ethical approval for this study, which includes human subjects. 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WHO guidelines on preventing early pregnancy and poor reproductive outcomes among adolescents in developing countries. The Journal of adolescent health: official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine , 52 (5), 517–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.03.002 Nanyonga, M. M., Kutyabami, P., Kituuka, O., & Sewankambo, N. K. (2024). Exploration of clinical ethics consultation in Uganda: a case study of Uganda Cancer Institute. BMC medical ethics , 25 (1), 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-024-01085-1 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7444171","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":515593631,"identity":"a166f365-6239-47d9-b790-5c8dd0ad6a29","order_by":0,"name":"Shohal Hossain","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Gono University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shohal","middleName":"","lastName":"Hossain","suffix":""},{"id":515593632,"identity":"c8a41df2-300b-4ca1-9320-d6162d6aeca6","order_by":1,"name":"Md Khaled Hossain Khaled","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gono University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md","middleName":"Khaled Hossain","lastName":"Khaled","suffix":""},{"id":515593633,"identity":"ac25241c-a041-4ac0-a6c9-4328e5671418","order_by":2,"name":"Mahmudul Hasan Mahmudul","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gono University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mahmudul","middleName":"Hasan","lastName":"Mahmudul","suffix":""},{"id":515593634,"identity":"cacbc059-9301-4bee-8a38-09263d7be32a","order_by":3,"name":"Md. Alamgir Hossain Alamgir","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bangladesh National University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Alamgir Hossain","lastName":"Alamgir","suffix":""},{"id":515593635,"identity":"938cc30b-65fe-431a-a5bf-5975d6d2f21a","order_by":4,"name":"Mahathe Hasan Babu Babu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gono University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mahathe","middleName":"Hasan Babu","lastName":"Babu","suffix":""},{"id":515593636,"identity":"ce5c40d2-3d37-4b43-9a9b-4695274176e9","order_by":5,"name":"Shifat Hasan Saheen Shifat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gono University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shifat","middleName":"Hasan Saheen","lastName":"Shifat","suffix":""},{"id":515593637,"identity":"74be2878-ca1a-40c7-96db-2c1bf5e26ed4","order_by":6,"name":"Samme Akter Mithy Mithy","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gonoshasthaya Samaj vittik Medical Collage","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Samme","middleName":"Akter Mithy","lastName":"Mithy","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-24 05:08:08","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7444171/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7444171/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":94133371,"identity":"2f843467-cbc5-4721-a424-6b5a8fecb5d3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-22 18:16:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":992675,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7444171/v1/8fa5eecd-d64a-45bc-ab48-427cef4c853e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Evaluating Sexual and Reproductive Health of Reproductive Age women in Dhaka City","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSexual and reproductive health (SRH) is a critical aspect of women's overall well-being and a fundamental human right. It encompasses a wide range of issues including family planning, maternal health, prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and access to reproductive health services. The reproductive age group, generally defined as women aged 15 to 49 years, represents a pivotal demographic whose health directly influences maternal and child outcomes, population dynamics, and socioeconomic development [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is a densely populated urban center characterized by diverse socioeconomic backgrounds and varying levels of access to health services. Despite advancements in healthcare infrastructure, challenges remain in ensuring equitable access to quality SRH services among reproductive-age women in Dhaka. Rapid urbanization, poverty, cultural barriers, and limited health literacy contribute to disparities in SRH knowledge and service utilization [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevious studies in Bangladesh have highlighted significant gaps in SRH awareness and utilization. For instance, Haque et al. reported that while family planning methods are widely known, consistent use and access to comprehensive SRH services remain suboptimal, especially among low-income urban populations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, Islam and colleagues found that misconceptions about STIs and inadequate antenatal care contribute to poor maternal health outcomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies focusing specifically on Dhaka have noted that urban poor women face unique barriers such as overcrowding, lack of privacy, and limited healthcare outreach [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlobally, the World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes that improving SRH for women of reproductive age is essential for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 3 on good health and well-being [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. In the context of Bangladesh, national policies and programs have aimed to improve SRH services, but persistent challenges call for localized research to identify barriers and opportunities for improvement in urban settings like Dhaka [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study holds significant social importance as it addresses critical aspects of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) among reproductive-age women in Dhaka, a densely populated urban area with diverse socioeconomic groups. Understanding the SRH status and challenges faced by these women can contribute to improving health outcomes, reducing maternal and infant mortality, and empowering women with knowledge and access to appropriate health services. The findings can inform policymakers, healthcare providers, and NGOs to design targeted interventions, promote gender equity, and improve reproductive rights, ultimately enhancing the quality of life for women and their families in Dhaka.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite the growing awareness of reproductive health issues globally, there is limited comprehensive data specific to urban reproductive-age women in Dhaka regarding their sexual and reproductive health status, knowledge, attitudes, and access to services. Existing studies often focus on rural populations or specific health indicators without capturing the multidimensional nature of SRH in this urban context. Furthermore, rapid urbanization and sociocultural dynamics in Dhaka have not been sufficiently explored in relation to SRH outcomes. This gap limits effective program development and policy formulation tailored to the unique needs of Dhaka\u0026rsquo;s reproductive-age women.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study aims to comprehensively assess the sociodemographic characteristics, reproductive and sexual health history, and utilization and awareness of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services among reproductive-age women in Dhaka.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study employed a cross-sectional quantitative design to evaluate the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) status, knowledge, and service utilization among women of reproductive age in Dhaka. The target population comprised women aged 15 to 49 years residing in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh. This age group was selected based on the standard definition of reproductive age used by national and international health agencies. A multi-stage stratified random sampling method was used to ensure representation across different socioeconomic strata and geographic areas of Dhaka. In the first stage, Dhaka was divided into administrative zones, from which several wards were randomly selected. In the second stage, households were randomly chosen from each selected ward, and one eligible woman from each household was interviewed. The sample size was determined using Cochran\u0026rsquo;s formula for proportions: \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:n=\\frac{{Z}^{2}p(1-p)}{{d}^{2}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e where Z\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.96 for 95% confidence, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.5 (assuming 50% prevalence of SRH service utilization due to limited prior data), and d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05. This yielded a minimum required sample of 384 women. Data were collected using a structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire developed based on prior literature and validated tools on SRH. The questionnaire was first developed in English, translated into Bangla, and pre-tested among 30 women in a non-sampled area to ensure clarity and cultural relevance. Necessary adjustments were made before full-scale data collection. Women aged 15\u0026ndash;49 years residing in the selected areas of Dhaka for at least 6 months and willing to participate. Women with cognitive impairments or severe illnesses at the time of the interview were excluded. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Gono Bishwabidyalay (University). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. For respondents aged under 18, consent was obtained from a guardian, along with participant assent. Data confidentiality, privacy, and anonymity were strictly maintained throughout the study. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 27. All analyses employed an alpha level for statistical significance of 0.05 (two-tailed). Chi-square tests to examine associations between categorical sociodemographic variables and SRH knowledge or utilization. Binary logistic regression analysis to identify predictors of SRH service utilization. Crude Odds Ratios (COR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were reported, and a significance level of p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was used. Before determining the logistic regression, the perfection of the model test was examined by the Hosmer and Leme show test, and the hypothesis was satisfied (P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Data Analysis and Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 01\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBackground characteristics of respondent (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;384)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;24 Years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34 Years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35 Years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean age in years (mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.71\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;6.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary (SSC)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.4%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigher Secondary (HSC)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGraduate and above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLiving With\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e133\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePartner\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e238\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChildren\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.4%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrphanage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSexual Partner Education\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary (SSC)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigher Secondary (HSC)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGraduate and above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN/A (Single/Unmarred)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEmployment Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e235\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEmployment Types\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFull-Time Employed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePart-Time Employed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelf-Employed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReligion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIslam\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e284\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHinduism\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBuddhists\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChristan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of Children\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN/A (Single/Unmarred)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThree or More\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study included reproductive-age women in Dhaka with a mean age of 27.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.90 years. Age distribution showed that 33.1% were aged 15\u0026ndash;24 years, 55.2% were 25\u0026ndash;34 years, and 11.7% were 35 years or older. Regarding education, 29.7% had primary education, 22.4% completed secondary (SSC), 20.1% higher secondary (HSC), and 21.1% were graduates or above, while 6.8% were illiterate. Most participants were married (70.3%), with 26.3% single, 2.1% divorced, and 1.3% widowed. In terms of living arrangements, 62.0% lived with their partner, 34.6% with parents, and 3.4% with their children. Sexual partner education varied, with 33.9% having partners who graduated or above, 14.3% with higher secondary education, 11.5% with secondary education, 10.2% illiterate, and 30.2% single/unmarried women without partners. Employment status showed that 61.2% were employed, with employment types including 32.6% full-time employed, 31.5% housewives, 18.5% part-time employed, 9.1% unemployed, and 8.3% self-employed. Regarding religion, 74.0% of participants identified as Muslim, 24.0% Hindu, and 2.1% Christian. The number of children varied, with 29.7% having three or more children, 21.1% two children, 14.3% one child, 8.6% no children, and 26.3% single/unmarried without children.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 02\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDistribution of Reproductive and Sexual Health History and Service Utilization among Reproductive-Age Women\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge of menarche\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBefore 15 years of age\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e371\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;18 years of age\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.4%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDon't Know\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean age in years (mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.11\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;3.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFirst sexual intercourse\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;15 Years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;18 Years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;18 Years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo not remember\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean age in years (mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.50\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;9.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge of First Pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;15 Years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;18 Years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;18 Years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e197\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN/A (Single/Unmarred)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean age in years (mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.95\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;9.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlace of seeking care when ill\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGovt. Hospital\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrivate Hospital\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e218\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOwn House\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunity, NGO and Mobile clinics, Pharmacy, Traditional healer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary source of SRH care services\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGovt. Hospital\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrivate Hospital\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.4%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePharmacy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNever Used\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReceiving reproductive health services\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSo Difficult\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.4%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDifficult\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEasy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.4%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChallenges in obtaining information on SRH services\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProblem\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo Problem\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e266\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDon't Know\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKnowledge of service providers offering HIV/AIDS pregnancy testing, and cervical cancer screening\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e174\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e02\u003c/span\u003e presents the distribution of reproductive and sexual health (SRH) history and service utilization among reproductive-age women. The majority (96.6%) experienced menarche before 15 years of age, with a mean age of 11.11 years (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.72). Regarding first sexual intercourse, 31.0% occurred after 18 years, while 25.5% reported never having sexual intercourse; the mean age was 12.50 years (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.11). The age of first pregnancy was predominantly over 18 years (51.3%), with a mean of 15.95 years (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.34). For healthcare when ill, most women sought care at private hospitals (56.8%), followed by government hospitals (31.8%). The primary sources for SRH services were pharmacies (33.3%) and private hospitals (28.4%), though 20.1% never used any SRH services. While 72.4% found it easy to receive reproductive health services, 18.8% reported difficulties obtaining SRH information. Less than half (45.3%) were aware of service providers offering HIV/AIDS testing, pregnancy testing, and cervical cancer screening, highlighting gaps in SRH awareness and access.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 03\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAssociation Between Education Level and Key Sociodemographic and Sexual Reproductive Health Variables Among Reproductive-Age Women\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eχ2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables and Category\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigher Secondary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGraduate and above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e222.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;24 Years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (4.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (3.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 (7.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65 (16.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34 Years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99 (25.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66 (17.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47 (12.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35 Years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (2.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (3.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (1.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 (4.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e168.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (3.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (1.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 (7.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52 (13.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (3.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110 (28.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79 (20.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38 (9.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29 (7.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (2.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (1.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (0.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKnowing where HIV/AIDS/Pregnancy testing, and cervical cancer screening is provided\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (0.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54 (14.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48 (12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35 (9.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34 (8.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23 (6.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60 (15.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38 (9.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42 (10.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47 (12.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEver utilize any SRH services\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (2.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e113 (29.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77 (20.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51 (13.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 (7.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (3.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (0.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (2.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26 (6.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51 (13.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e03\u003c/span\u003e presents the distribution and association between education levels and selected sociodemographic and sexual reproductive health (SRH) variables among reproductive-age women in Dhaka. Among women aged 15\u0026ndash;24 years, 4.4% were illiterate, 3.9% had secondary education, 7.8% higher secondary, and 16.9% were graduates or above. Women aged 25\u0026ndash;34 were predominantly in the primary (25.8%) and secondary (17.2%) education groups. Those aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35 years showed lower education levels, with 2.3% illiterate and 4.2% graduates or above (χ\u0026sup2; = 222.88, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). The majority of single women were graduates or higher (13.5%) and higher secondary educated (7.8%), while married women were mostly primary (28.6%) and secondary educated (20.6%). Divorced and widowed women were fewer and mostly in the higher secondary and primary education categories (χ\u0026sup2; = 168.58, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Knowledge was higher among women with primary (14.1%) and secondary education (12.5%) compared to illiterate women (0.8%) (χ\u0026sup2; = 16.35, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003). Utilization was most common among women with primary (29.4%) and secondary education (20.1%). Illiterate women had lower utilization rates (2.9%), while graduates also showed significant utilization (7.8%) (χ\u0026sup2; = 119.96, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). These results show a strong positive relationship between higher education levels and better knowledge and utilization of sexual and reproductive health services among women in Dhaka.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 04\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUtilization and Sources of Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) Services among Respondents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHave ever used any SRH services\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.4%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom where she hears SRH services (Multiple Answer)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHIV / AIDS and others SITs testing and treatment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.4%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCervical cancer screening\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntenatal Care\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePostnatal Care\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntrapartum Care\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbortion and Post abortion care\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiscussed about Sexual and reproductive\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTypes of family planning used by the Respondents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOral Contraceptive pills\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e217\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInjectable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImplanon\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN/A (Single/Unmarred)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"10\" rowspan=\"11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSource of SRH information (Multiple Answer)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTV / Radio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.4%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNewspaper\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSchool Teachers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePartners\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFriends\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e384\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth Professionals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAssociations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrainings\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNone (I have no idea)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily Members/Neighbors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e04\u003c/span\u003e presents comprehensive data on the utilization and sources of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services among respondents. The majority of respondents (73.4%) reported having used sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services. Family was the most common source of hearing about SRH services (61.6%), while specific services like abortion and post-abortion care (10.5%) and intrapartum care (6.1%) were less frequently mentioned. A significant portion (59.1%) had never discussed SRH issues. Among those using family planning methods, oral contraceptive pills were the most common (56.5%), followed by Implanon (12.0%). Friends (32.1%) were the primary source of SRH information, followed by parents (14.3%) and partners (11.8%). A small proportion (4.8%) reported having no knowledge of SRH information sources.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 05\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBinary logistic regression analysis of factors associated with Have ever used any SRH services\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnadjusted model\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;24 Years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34 Years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.49(1.28\u0026ndash;163.68)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35 Years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.885 (3.144\u0026ndash;11.016)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.063\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.418 (0.167\u0026ndash;1.045)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.980\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.557 (0.209\u0026ndash;1.484)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigher Secondary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.405 (0.054\u0026ndash;3.018)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.725\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGraduate and above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.405 (0.280\u0026ndash;4.264)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.213\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07 (0.000\u0026ndash;0.688)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000 (0.023\u0026ndash;1.921)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.998\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.877 (1.074\u0026ndash;3.281)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIslam\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.872\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHinduism\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.508 (0.323\u0026ndash;7.052)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.601\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChristan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.877 (1.074\u0026ndash;3.281)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.982\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of Children\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.796 (0.391\u0026ndash;1.621)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.985\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThree or More\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.387 (0.967\u0026ndash;1.988)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.996\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.542 (1.060\u0026ndash;2.242)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiving With\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePartner\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004 (0.001\u0026ndash;0.015)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChildren\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004 (0.001\u0026ndash;1.62)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.998\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmployment Types\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFull-Time Employed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.175 (0.017\u0026ndash;1.796)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.142\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePart-Time Employed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.345 (0.129\u0026ndash;13.990)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.804\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.801 .0.331\u0026ndash;9.809)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.496\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelf-Employed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.303 (0.027\u0026ndash;3.360)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.331\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmployment Status\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.025 (0.003\u0026ndash;0.206)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiscussed about Sexual and reproductive\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.671 (14.391\u0026ndash;247.427\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKnowledge of service providers offering HIV/AIDS pregnancy testing, and cervical cancer screening\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.944 (0.503\u0026ndash;1.771)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.858\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReceiving reproductive health services\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSo Difficult\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.280\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDifficult\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.848 (0.257\u0026ndash;2.800)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.787\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEasy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.634 (0.539\u0026ndash;4.955)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.385\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe binary logistic regression analysis identified several factors significantly associated with the utilization of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e05\u003c/span\u003e. Respondents aged 25\u0026ndash;34 years were significantly more likely to have used SRH services compared to those aged 15\u0026ndash;24 (COR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14.49, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000), as were those aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35 (COR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.89, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004). Marital status showed significance, with widowed individuals more likely to use SRH services (COR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.88, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.027), while married respondents were less likely (COR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.07, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.034). Living arrangement was a strong predictor: those living with a partner had significantly lower odds of using SRH services (COR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000) compared to those living with parents. Employment status also showed a significant association; unemployed individuals were less likely to use services (COR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.025, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001). Notably, those who had not discussed SRH issues had substantially higher odds of non-utilization (COR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;59.67, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000). Other factors, including education, religion, number of children, knowledge of service providers, and ease of access to services, showed no statistically significant associations in the unadjusted model.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study reveals a high level of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) service utilization (73.4%) among reproductive-age women in urban Dhaka, with notable influences from age, marital status, living arrangements, and employment status. These findings align with prior studies that highlight how sociodemographic factors play a pivotal role in SRH access and decision-making. The increased likelihood of SRH service utilization among women aged 25\u0026ndash;34 and those\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35 years is consistent with previous research from sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where age positively correlates with SRH knowledge and health-seeking behavior due to increased exposure and life experiences [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. This study further emphasizes that younger women (15\u0026ndash;24 years) underutilize SRH services, which may be due to stigma, lack of autonomy, or limited awareness. Education showed a positive association with SRH knowledge and utilization, although not statistically significant in the unadjusted regression model. Previous literature confirms that higher education levels are strongly associated with increased SRH awareness, informed decision-making, and greater health service utilization [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. In this study, illiterate women had markedly lower SRH knowledge and service uptake, a trend echoed by similar findings in studies from Nepal and rural Bangladesh [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. The role of marital status, particularly the lower likelihood of service use among married women compared to widowed ones, might reflect sociocultural barriers that discourage married women from independently seeking SRH services [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Conversely, widowed women, who are often in more autonomous or vulnerable situations, may actively seek out these services. Living with a partner was associated with significantly lower odds of SRH service utilization, perhaps due to reliance on partner decisions or restricted mobility, as highlighted in other South Asian contexts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Unemployed women also showed lower service use, aligning with economic literature suggesting that financial dependency limits healthcare access for women in low-income settings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Discussion about SRH emerged as a powerful determinant, where women who had never discussed SRH issues were substantially less likely to use services. This supports the idea that open communication and awareness are critical for improving SRH outcomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, although 45.3% of participants were aware of providers offering services like HIV/AIDS testing or cervical cancer screening, this indicates a knowledge gap that persists despite high overall service utilization. Similar knowledge deficits have been reported in studies conducted in India and Kenya, which emphasize the need for more targeted community-based education programs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. In summary, this study reinforces those sociodemographic factors, especially age, marital and employment status, and interpersonal communication, significantly influence SRH service utilization. Addressing these disparities requires multi-level interventions targeting education, awareness, economic empowerment, and sociocultural norms.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study highlights that while a substantial proportion of reproductive-age women in urban Dhaka utilize sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services, significant disparities persist based on age, marital status, living arrangements, employment, and communication about SRH. Women aged 25\u0026ndash;34 years, the employed, and those with higher education levels showed greater utilization and awareness of SRH services, whereas younger, unemployed, and illiterate women were more likely to face barriers. Notably, the lack of discussion around SRH was a strong predictor of non-utilization, underscoring the importance of open communication and targeted awareness programs. These findings emphasize the need for context-specific, multidimensional interventions that address sociodemographic inequities, promote SRH education, and enhance access to quality services for underserved populations in urban Dhaka.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank the young people in Dhaka who took part in this study and shared their time and views. Their help made this research possible. We also thank the data collectors for their hard work and respectful attitude. We are grateful to local schools, and health centers in Savar for helping us reach the participants. We appreciate the advice and feedback from public health experts, advisors, and ethics committees, which helped improve the quality and ethics of the study. This research is part of our efforts to improve youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health programs in urban Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation\u0026nbsp;of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Institutional Review Board of the Center for Multidisciplinary Research of Gono Bishwabidyalay (ID: CMREC-0025) granted ethical approval for this study, which includes human subjects. Before taking part, participants gave their informed consent to take part in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors declare no conflict of interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRahman, A., Hossain, Z., Rahman, M. L., \u0026amp; Kabir, E. (2022). Determinants of children ever born among ever-married women in Bangladesh: evidence from the Demographic and Health Survey 2017\u0026ndash;2018. \u003cem\u003eBMJ open\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e(6), e055223. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055223\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055223\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRahaman, M. 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Exploration of clinical ethics consultation in Uganda: a case study of Uganda Cancer Institute. \u003cem\u003eBMC medical ethics\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e25\u003c/em\u003e(1), 87. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-024-01085-1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12910-024-01085-1\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Sexual and Reproductive Health, Reproductive-Age Women, Health Service Utilization, SRH, Awareness and Access","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7444171/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7444171/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSexual and reproductive health (SRH) is fundamental to women's well-being and a key component of human rights. In urban Dhaka, despite health infrastructure improvements, reproductive-age women face multiple barriers such as poverty, low health literacy, and sociocultural constraints in accessing SRH services. Prior studies have focused largely on rural contexts, leaving a gap in urban-specific data necessary for effective policy and program design.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study aims to evaluate the sexual and reproductive health practices, perceptions, and service utilization among reproductive-age women in Dhaka.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethod\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional study was conducted among reproductive-age women (15\u0026ndash;49 years) in Dhaka. Data on demographic variables, reproductive history, SRH knowledge, and service utilization were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression to determine associations between sociodemographic factors and SRH service use.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResult\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong 384 of participants, the mean age was 27.71 years. SRH service utilization was high (73.4%), with pharmacies and private hospitals being the main sources. However, 59.1% never discussed SRH topics, and only 45.3% were aware of specialized services like HIV testing and cervical cancer screening. Higher education levels correlated with better SRH knowledge and utilization. Logistic regression revealed that women aged 25\u0026ndash;34 (COR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14.49, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35 (COR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.89, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004), widowed status (COR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.88, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.027), and employment were significantly associated with higher service use. Women living with partners or never discussing SRH topics were significantly less likely to utilize services.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite relatively high SRH service utilization in urban Dhaka, substantial gaps remain in SRH knowledge, early sexual initiation, and communication. Key sociodemographic factors including age, marital and employment status, and interpersonal communication strongly influence SRH service use. Targeted, culturally sensitive interventions promoting SRH education and dialogue, especially among young, married, and unemployed women, are essential to improving reproductive health outcomes in urban Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluating Sexual and Reproductive Health of Reproductive Age women in Dhaka City","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-17 18:53:51","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7444171/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f418bb4f-08cf-4b57-9297-85ff880aa83b","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 17th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-22T18:08:29+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-17 18:53:51","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7444171","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7444171","identity":"rs-7444171","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}