A Tokenized Ethereum-Based EV Smart Charging System with Time and Power Flexibility

A Tokenized Ethereum-Based EV Smart Charging System with Time and Power Flexibility | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A Tokenized Ethereum-Based EV Smart Charging System with Time and Power Flexibility Rashmi Sharma, DR Himani, Chitvan Agrawal This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6123175/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract With the increasing use of electric vehicles (EVs), the capacity of the electrical grid is being stressed due to high demand of power and probable overloading over the period of charging operations. With the use of blockchain-based smart charging systems, the electrical loads can be managed decentrally while aiding in flexible charging transactions. This paper recommends a tokenized Ethereum-based framework that helps the Charging Point Operators (CPOs) and Charging Stations (CS) in monitoring the charging requests of EV users' while confirming the stability of the grid. With the use of the blockchain platform, trade-offs can be made between charging demand (kWh) and maximum charging duration while allowing dynamic load adjustments on the basis of flexibility and availability. In the charging ecosystem, this framework reduces the number of mediators from six to four by connecting EV owners directly with charging stations. Flexible charging options are integrated within the blockchain platform, attracting investors and optimizing EV load distribution by shifting demand away from peak hours. In this paper the IDE is designed in Redmix IDE, Metamask for the smart contract development and deployment, and testing is done on the Ethereum testnet Sepolia. Simulations indicate that implementing the proposed tokenized smart charging algorithm has boosted EV user adoption by over 50% compared to conventional charging methods. Electric Vehicle Ethereum-based Smart Grid Tokenised Smart Charging Smart Contract Charging Station Charging Point Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6123175","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":422124297,"identity":"7f4d4563-48ae-42ce-8588-e6ecc3326026","order_by":0,"name":"Rashmi Sharma","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCA0DM2MDAwyAB5trw8IOohALitaTJSTaAtBgQ1sIA1XLY2AAkwoBHC9/tsw8//tyxTUZ+dvOzTzdqmBM3n1+d+OGBAYM8v9gBrFokz6UbS/Oeuc1jcOeY8eycY2yJ22683SwBdJjhzNkJWLUYnGFjkGZsA2qRSDBmzmHjAWo5uwGkJcHgNk4tzD9/ArXIz0j/zJzzTyJx84yzm38Q0MImwQvUwnAjx5g5t83A2IC/dxteWySBWqxBWgxu5BQz5/YlyEnc4N1mkWAggdMvfECH3QQ6zB7osM3MOd/+8/D3n91880eFjTy/NHYtWIAEWKUEscpBgP8AKapHwSgYBaNgBAAA2q5h6A5YITUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rashmi","middleName":"","lastName":"Sharma","suffix":""},{"id":422124298,"identity":"940fa2ec-fa4f-4418-bab9-bab9eefacba8","order_by":1,"name":"DR Himani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"DR","firstName":"","middleName":"","lastName":"Himani","suffix":""},{"id":422124299,"identity":"9df62a1f-5d72-41e5-82ee-864e8f5fa5a3","order_by":2,"name":"Chitvan Agrawal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chitvan","middleName":"","lastName":"Agrawal","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-27 17:53:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6123175/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6123175/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":78072450,"identity":"01cccc2b-5306-4663-9979-b15a5ae797ad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-09 07:38:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":944223,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ABlockchainBasedElectricVehicleSmartChargingSystemwithFlexibility.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6123175/v1_covered_2ad95367-1abf-4712-b97c-b20261206cdb.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A Tokenized Ethereum-Based EV Smart Charging System with Time and Power Flexibility","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Electric Vehicle, Ethereum-based Smart Grid, Tokenised Smart Charging, Smart Contract, Charging Station, Charging Point","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6123175/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6123175/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"With the increasing use of electric vehicles (EVs), the capacity of the electrical grid is being stressed due to high demand of power and probable overloading over the period of charging operations. 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