Energy Evolution Mechanisms and Hazard Prevention in Deep Granite Under Cyclic Loading-unloading

Energy Evolution Mechanisms and Hazard Prevention in Deep Granite Under Cyclic Loading-unloading | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Energy Evolution Mechanisms and Hazard Prevention in Deep Granite Under Cyclic Loading-unloading Yantian Yin, Haiwang Ye, Chao Peng, Hanwen Jia, Zhiyou Gao, Weiguo Li This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7295146/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 13 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 40 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Based on in-situ stress measurements using the hollow inclusion method at depths of -835m to -1140m in Sanshandao Gold Mine and true triaxial cyclic loading-unloading experiments simulating burial depths of 500–2000 m, this study addresses surrounding rock stability in deep mining engineering. Field measurements revealed a horizontally dominated tectonic stress regime (σₕ/σ v >1.5) with NW-SE-oriented maximum principal stress exhibiting linear increase with depth. True triaxial dynamic compression-shear testing analyzed granite deformation characteristics, while integrated monitoring of split-set bolt pull-out forces and roadway peak pressures enabled optimization of bolt parameters and installation techniques in high-stress environments. Results demonstrate rock failure governed by σ₃-direction dilation, with stress-strain curves showing concave profiles and hysteresis loops extending to 10 cycles; irreversible strains evolve exponentially along σ₁/σ₃ axes versus linearly in σ₂ direction; energy analysis confirms axial elastic energy accumulation coupled with circumferential dissipated energy increment, where damage-induced energy conversion dominates failure mechanisms according to the total energy equation. Crucially, increasing split-set bolt diameter significantly prolongs the elastic-plastic phase and enhances energy absorption capacity. This study conclusively demonstrates that cyclic-loading-induced micro-pore compaction and secondary crack propagation constitute primary damage mechanisms, with the energy dissipation framework providing theoretical foundations for dynamic disaster prevention, while the optimized bolt system integrating parameter refinement and expansion-based reinforcement presents an efficient solution for disaster mitigation in deep engineering rock masses. Physical sciences/Engineering Earth and environmental sciences/Natural hazards Earth and environmental sciences/Solid earth sciences Cyclic loading-unloading Stress relief in-situ stress test Energy releasing anchor rod Full Text Additional Declarations Competing interest reported. There is conflict of interest. Supplementary Files insitustress915m.opju insitustress825m.opju insitustress960m.opju insitustress1140m.opju insitustress1005m.opju Stressstraincurveunder1000m.opju Stressstraincurveunder500m.opju Stressstraincurveunder1500m.opju Stressstraincurveunder2000m.opju Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 13 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 26 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 26 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 26 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 24 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 24 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 21 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 21 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 21 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 19 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 19 Aug, 2025 Editor invited by journal 19 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 13 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 13 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7295146","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":505840937,"identity":"a9380314-cb2c-47c0-936d-fdbe4d3b5b09","order_by":0,"name":"Yantian Yin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wuhan University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yantian","middleName":"","lastName":"Yin","suffix":""},{"id":505840938,"identity":"5760d0ea-65e9-48c2-a520-e5dac23d852a","order_by":1,"name":"Haiwang Ye","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wuhan University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haiwang","middleName":"","lastName":"Ye","suffix":""},{"id":505840939,"identity":"7a33cfac-5b78-4102-a416-3d1a8f5c091e","order_by":2,"name":"Chao Peng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Deep Mining Laboratory of Shandong Gold Group Co. Ltd.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chao","middleName":"","lastName":"Peng","suffix":""},{"id":505840940,"identity":"324a8658-159b-4ef0-bb88-b59b8892b0ee","order_by":3,"name":"Hanwen Jia","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA30lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxmYGNgiLvYFBAkjJMBwgWgvPAbAWHoJagACqRSKBSC3M7czPHvzccVjOXPL5wxsMv2x4+A4wP3x0A6/D2MwNe88cNracnWNswdiXxiN5gM3YOAe/X8wkeNtuJ264ncMm/bfnMI/BAR42afxa2L9J/m27Xb/h5vFnEozEaeExkwbakmBwA2gdww/itJRJy7b9N9xwBuSXBqBfDhPwi2H/8W2Sb9vS5A2OHweG2B8bOb7jzQ8f49XSgGJnG5BgxqMcBORRuX8IKB8Fo2AUjIIRCQCrhktD0TqbOwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Shandong Gold Mining Co.,Ltd","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hanwen","middleName":"","lastName":"Jia","suffix":""},{"id":505840941,"identity":"50739bca-888a-4078-85be-62c0db4b86f8","order_by":4,"name":"Zhiyou Gao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shandong Provincial Geological Engineering Group Co., Ltd.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhiyou","middleName":"","lastName":"Gao","suffix":""},{"id":505840942,"identity":"abc9e0f8-617a-46d1-801a-11611829e3bd","order_by":5,"name":"Weiguo Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Inner Mongolia Shanjin Changtai Mining Co.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Weiguo","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-05 01:38:05","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7295146/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7295146/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40308-w","type":"published","date":"2026-02-13T15:59:23+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":102785528,"identity":"026fd9a0-4366-4425-bf8d-ff87fac2013a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-16 16:07:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1265057,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript0814.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7295146/v1_covered_4970c5b9-83a5-4a15-8119-79154aa802ed.pdf"},{"id":90038084,"identity":"f187a18f-b7e4-4fca-87ac-2ec73c86b344","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-27 16:14:42","extension":"opju","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":99545,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"insitustress915m.opju","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7295146/v1/55d6833bc24e9469fea38ff5.opju"},{"id":90039252,"identity":"6bae82db-72f8-435c-a6ab-9669785045c1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-27 16:30:43","extension":"opju","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":81637,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"insitustress825m.opju","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7295146/v1/13bdc5d2b7d3e89a673c31a0.opju"},{"id":90038083,"identity":"9afe729f-05c1-426b-8b53-2a2f999c3d91","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-27 16:14:42","extension":"opju","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":89209,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"insitustress960m.opju","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7295146/v1/d5d27c7f74471e186955cab9.opju"},{"id":90038080,"identity":"299fc187-3624-4fc1-8403-7845958fa593","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-27 16:14:42","extension":"opju","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":84015,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"insitustress1140m.opju","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7295146/v1/378b366dabbdbb254d08c38d.opju"},{"id":90038095,"identity":"fb2a1166-5217-42aa-be47-8f6ea3d41c7c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-27 16:14:42","extension":"opju","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":111264,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"insitustress1005m.opju","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7295146/v1/ea8c73745d1c1d1b3db74bcb.opju"},{"id":90038089,"identity":"6671ecbe-8c4b-419e-a8b8-2863ab94ddec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-27 16:14:42","extension":"opju","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":349583,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Stressstraincurveunder1000m.opju","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7295146/v1/e8f769786f1b8775118731a5.opju"},{"id":90039921,"identity":"2597d4fc-ae9d-4b19-b24f-3c2ca613e5b8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-27 16:38:42","extension":"opju","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":180173,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Stressstraincurveunder500m.opju","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7295146/v1/dcd90797627ae90193ef82b4.opju"},{"id":90038115,"identity":"12ca4863-c237-45d0-a98e-b02d282ea359","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-27 16:14:43","extension":"opju","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":166623,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Stressstraincurveunder1500m.opju","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7295146/v1/c52a2210af43f30ed3611fee.opju"},{"id":90038103,"identity":"54d494f6-8ed2-4945-bea0-c7546ba1f612","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-27 16:14:43","extension":"opju","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":334187,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Stressstraincurveunder2000m.opju","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7295146/v1/16a8f8c09afa911805ee771e.opju"}],"financialInterests":"Competing interest reported. There is conflict of interest.","formattedTitle":"Energy Evolution Mechanisms and Hazard Prevention in Deep Granite Under Cyclic Loading-unloading","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Cyclic loading-unloading, Stress relief in-situ stress test, Energy releasing anchor rod","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7295146/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7295146/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBased on in-situ stress measurements using the hollow inclusion method at depths of -835m to -1140m in Sanshandao Gold Mine and true triaxial cyclic loading-unloading experiments simulating burial depths of 500\u0026ndash;2000 m, this study addresses surrounding rock stability in deep mining engineering. Field measurements revealed a horizontally dominated tectonic stress regime (σₕ/σ\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026gt;1.5) with NW-SE-oriented maximum principal stress exhibiting linear increase with depth. True triaxial dynamic compression-shear testing analyzed granite deformation characteristics, while integrated monitoring of split-set bolt pull-out forces and roadway peak pressures enabled optimization of bolt parameters and installation techniques in high-stress environments. Results demonstrate rock failure governed by σ₃-direction dilation, with stress-strain curves showing concave profiles and hysteresis loops extending to 10 cycles; irreversible strains evolve exponentially along σ₁/σ₃ axes versus linearly in σ₂ direction; energy analysis confirms axial elastic energy accumulation coupled with circumferential dissipated energy increment, where damage-induced energy conversion dominates failure mechanisms according to the total energy equation. Crucially, increasing split-set bolt diameter significantly prolongs the elastic-plastic phase and enhances energy absorption capacity. This study conclusively demonstrates that cyclic-loading-induced micro-pore compaction and secondary crack propagation constitute primary damage mechanisms, with the energy dissipation framework providing theoretical foundations for dynamic disaster prevention, while the optimized bolt system integrating parameter refinement and expansion-based reinforcement presents an efficient solution for disaster mitigation in deep engineering rock masses.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Energy Evolution Mechanisms and Hazard Prevention in Deep Granite Under Cyclic Loading-unloading","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-27 16:14:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7295146/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-08-26T12:39:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-26T08:19:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-26T06:00:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-25T08:35:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"256350142406996517837080237235334722538","date":"2025-08-25T08:01:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-25T06:48:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-25T04:52:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"123334548931514549421696328430794167362","date":"2025-08-25T02:31:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-25T01:39:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"273241045369186103987253646279617706971","date":"2025-08-25T00:45:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-24T17:22:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"72787189502570435977007256282031939900","date":"2025-08-24T15:29:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"196754104389434387754769054461667589989","date":"2025-08-22T01:49:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"150748404148752579842317194723036026503","date":"2025-08-21T11:15:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-21T10:24:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-21T10:18:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-21T07:39:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"133241845877246372898676358771727575150","date":"2025-08-20T11:20:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"77685051326758960918464849434583943107","date":"2025-08-20T09:40:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"113641127807973762256208520324636561858","date":"2025-08-20T09:21:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"22629561620330730202465582011430399483","date":"2025-08-19T13:53:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"195463993779800464485721647714165159323","date":"2025-08-19T13:47:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"30297583763220833370899353277011461597","date":"2025-08-19T12:05:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"76383531982809863261648150950529215553","date":"2025-08-19T11:58:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"70501135529241768901945375588332085785","date":"2025-08-19T11:32:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"332635005419577847271955610481767112121","date":"2025-08-19T11:05:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"100423498322260006067413762669959120631","date":"2025-08-19T10:19:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"187632995560655516455543596479153993703","date":"2025-08-19T10:16:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"172882894761294188227358152614557815838","date":"2025-08-19T10:06:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"111259376200855518965881071822820857464","date":"2025-08-19T10:01:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"298633900578717306874969222732603971799","date":"2025-08-19T10:01:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"267237562700656839170754852454528049878","date":"2025-08-19T09:56:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"30579115785296365378677337479280418219","date":"2025-08-19T09:55:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"172026196544178526807764566121678866977","date":"2025-08-19T09:55:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"238486562798637806035903425898358062578","date":"2025-08-19T09:54:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-19T09:49:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-19T09:41:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-19T09:35:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-14T00:53:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-08-14T00:50:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ed81d003-d2ef-4d3d-a108-15de2091f916","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 27th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":53729479,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":53729480,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Natural hazards"},{"id":53729481,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Solid earth sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-16T16:05:35+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7295146","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40308-w","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2026-02-13 15:59:23","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 13th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-27 16:14:37","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-026-40308-w","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40308-w","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7295146","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7295146","identity":"rs-7295146","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}