Comparative Phenotypic Traits of House Cricket (Acheta domesticus) and Mole Cricket (Gryllotalpa spp.) as Alternative Protein Sources in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Sustainable Farming

Comparative Phenotypic Traits of House Cricket (Acheta domesticus) and Mole Cricket (Gryllotalpa spp.) as Alternative Protein Sources in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Sustainable Farming | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparative Phenotypic Traits of House Cricket (Acheta domesticus) and Mole Cricket (Gryllotalpa spp.) as Alternative Protein Sources in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Sustainable Farming Joel Lukorito Nyongesa, Arafat Ahmed This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8568973/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background : The global demand for sustainable, climate-resilient protein sources has intensified in tropical and sub-Saharan African regions, where population growth and environmental pressures challenge conventional livestock systems. Edible insects offer a promising alternative due to high nutritional value, efficient feed conversion and low ecological footprint. This study provides the first comparative phenotypic characterization of two ecologically distinct cricket species with potential for mass rearing: the house cricket ( Acheta domesticus ) and the mole cricket ( Gryllotalpa spp.). Results : Using 120 adult specimens (n = 60 per species) as test samples with balanced sex ratio collected in Kenya as a representative of sub-Saharan case study, we quantified body length, hind leg length, body weight and female fecundity. Results revealed pronounced interspecific divergence where Gryllotalpa spp. exhibited greater mean body weight of 1.57 g compared to 0.70 g of Acheta domesticus , also larger in size, reflecting fossorial adaptations, while Acheta domesticus displayed elongated hind legs of 28.7 mm to 19.6 mm of Gryllotalpa spp suited for jumping and a higher female fecundity (48.5 ± 5.2 vs. 32.1 ± 7.5 eggs). Species-specific sexual dimorphism further highlighted contrasting life-history strategies. Conclusion : These findings demonstrate a classic trade-off between reproductive output and biomass yield, suggesting complementary roles in diversified farming systems. Acheta domesticus is optimal for high-turnover production, while Gryllotalpa spp. holds promising for high-biomass systems. This novel comparison provides foundational data for species selection and breeding programs, supporting resilient insect-based protein production across sub-Saharan Africa and similar tropical regions amid climate change considerations. Alternative protein sources Breeding programs Cricket Farming Edible insects Biomass yield Phenotypic Characterization Morphometric traits Species selection Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction The search for sustainable protein sources has intensified due to environmental and food security challenges, positioning edible insects as promising alternatives. In Kenya and East Africa, cricket farming particularly of Acheta domesticus has gained popularity for its nutritional value, efficient feed conversion, and lower ecological footprint compared to traditional livestock (Musungu et al., 2023 ; Ndung’u et al,. 2025). Recent research highlights that integrating cricket farming into local food systems can improve household food security, especially when supported by technical training, access to starter kits, and institutional partnerships (Musungu et al,. 2023; Ndung’u et al,. 2025; Oyaro et al,. 2022).Phenotypic characterization of Acheta domesticus has advanced through studies on feed optimization and nutritional profiling. For instance, the use of local agricultural by-products and plant-based feeds has been shown to enhance growth rates, protein content, and economic viability of cricket farming (Sorjonen et al,. 2019; Jucker et al,. 2022). Additionally, dietary interventions such as supplementing with black soldier fly larvae or optimizing feed composition can further improve protein yield and nutritional quality (Huang et al,. 2025; Morales-Ramos et al,. 2020).While Acheta domesticus is well-studied, research on native species like Gryllotalpa spp. remains limited. However, recent ecological surveys in Western Kenya have identified Gryllotalpa africana as a locally abundant species with distinct habitat preferences, suggesting potential for domestication and integration into sustainable protein production systems (Odhiambo et al,. 2022). Comparative studies on nutrient composition and sensory attributes of edible insects from different regions also underscore the importance of species and geographic variation in optimizing cricket farming for local contexts (Ishara et al,. 2025).Despite these advances, knowledge gaps persist regarding the comparative phenotypic performance of Acheta domesticus and Gryllotalpa spp. in Kenyan production systems. Addressing these gaps through targeted research will inform species selection, husbandry practices and breeding programs, ultimately supporting the development of a resilient and sustainable edible insect industry in Kenya (Musungu et al,. 2023; Ndung’u et al,. 2025). While the potential of Acheta domesticus is established, the comparative performance of native species like the Gryllotalpa spp. remains entirely unquantified. This study, therefore, provides the first comparative phenotypic characterization of Acheta domesticus and Gryllotalpa spp. in Kenya and sub-Saharan African regions. By quantifying key production-related traits, including body size, weight, morphology and fecundity, this research provides the foundational data necessary to offer the first quantitative comparison of Acheta domesticus and Gryllotalpa spp., to evaluate the relative strengths and limitations of each species for sustainable protein production in sub-Saharan Africa. The findings will therefore provide the evidence base for informed species selection, guide the development of species-specific rearing protocols and identify priority traits for future breeding programs in sub-Saharan Africa region countries as emerging edible insect industry. Problem of the statement. The global push for sustainable protein sources has highlighted edible insects as a climate-resilient alternative, particularly in tropical and sub-Saharan African regions facing escalating food insecurity and environmental pressures. From the case study of Kenya for example, cricket farming has gained attention primarily through reliance on the introduced house cricket, while native species such as the mole cricket, locally abundant and ecologically adapted remain largely uncharacterized and overlooked for domestication. This single-species dependence limits industry resilience and overlooks the potential of local biodiversity to provide diversified, low-input protein systems. The absence of empirical comparative data on phenotypic traits such; morphology, biomass and reproductive output between Acheta domesticus and Gryllotalpa spp. represents a critical knowledge gap. Without such baseline information, evidence-based species selection, optimization of rearing protocols and development of targeted breeding programs are negatively challenged. This study addresses this gap by providing the first systematic phenotypic comparison of these two ecologically distinct species in sub-Saharan Africa, generating foundational data to evaluate their complementary roles in sustainable mini-livestock production and support broader adoption across tropical regions. Objectives of the Study General Objective To compare phenotypic variation between Acheta domesticus and Gryllotalpa spp. as candidates for sustainable protein production in sub-Saharan Africa: A Kenyan case study. Specific Objectives To quantify and compare key morphological traits (body length, hind leg length, and body weight) between the two species. To assess and compare female reproductive output (fecundity) between the two species. To evaluate intra-species variation through analysis of sexual dimorphism. To identify species-specific phenotypic advantages and trade-offs to inform selection and breeding for mass-rearing programs. Materials and Methods Study Area and Sample Collection A total of 120 adult cricket specimens 60 specimens per species were collected from agricultural fields at Egerton University, Njoro Sub-County, Nakuru County, Kenya on a of coordinates: 0°23'S, 35°56'E and elevation of; 2,200 m above the sea level. Sampling maintained a balanced sex ratio of 30 males and 30 females per species. Acheta domesticus was collected using manual searching and bait traps in open grassy areas, while Gryllotalpa spp. was obtained from soil burrows using pitfall traps and direct excavation. Specimens were transported in ventilated containers with moist substrate to the laboratory within 2 hours. Ethical Considerations All procedures followed international guidelines for invertebrate research and were approved by the Department of Animal Science, Egerton University. Specimens were handled humanely, with immobilization by brief refrigeration of 5–10°C for about 5–10 minutes to minimize stress during measurements. Specimens were sorted by species and sex. Females were identified by the presence of a distinct ovipositor, while males were identified by its absence and the presence of specialized genital structures. Morphometric and Fecundity Measurements. Each specimen underwent standardized phenotypic characterization to ensure precision and reproducibility: Body length was measured from the frons to the posterior tip of the abdomen using digital calipers with 0.01 mm resolution. Hind leg length was measured from the proximal articulation of the coxa to the distal end of the tibia using digital vernier calipers with a 0.01 mm resolution, focusing on the femur-tibia segment which is critical for locomotion. Body weight was determined using a precision balance at 0.001 g resolution after brief blotting to remove surface moisture. Fecundity was assessed only in females through careful ventral dissection under a stereomicroscope. All measurements were performed by the same operator to minimize inter-observer variability and each instruments were calibrated prior to each session. Data Management and Statistical Analysis. Data were managed and analyzed using Microsoft Excel with the Analysis ToolPak add-in. Raw measurements were entered in structured spreadsheets, with quality checks to prevent occurrence of errors.Morphological traits including; body length, hind leg length and body weight were subjected to two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with species Acheta domesticus and Gryllotalpa spp. and sex used as a fixed factors, including their interaction term.Fecundity, was only for female-specific, was compared between species using an unpaired two-sample Student’s t-test. Results are reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical significance was declared at p < 0.05 , with effect sizes calculated to quantify practical relevance. All analyses were conducted in triplicate for key computations to ensure reproducibility. Results We collected morphometric and fecundity data from a total of 120 specimens comprising 60 per species, with a 1:1 sex ratio. The measurements calculated are summarized as mean and standard deviation as shown in Table 1 . and from Fig. 1 –4 below. Source: (Author’s original data) Table 1 Summary of morphometric traits and fecundity for A cheta domesti cus and Gryllotalpa spp., Values represent Mean and Standard Deviation. Species Sex N Body length (mm) Hind leg length (mm) Body weight (g) Fecundity (egg count) Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Acheta domesticus Female 30 21.2 1.1 29.8 1.5 0.74 0.06 48.5 5.2 Acheta domesticus Male 30 19.4 0.9 27.5 1.2 0.66 0.05 N/A N/A Gryllotalpa spp. Female 30 32.5 1.5 18.8 0.7 1.47 0.08 32.1 7.5 Gryllotalpa spp. Male 30 35.6 1.2 20.3 0.9 1.67 0.09 N/A N/A Note The fecundity data are based on female species only where (n) = 30 per species. The figures as shown below was generated by using the Microsoft Excel as depicted below. (Author's original data ) (Author's original data ) ( Author's original data ) (Author's original data ) Figure 4. Hindleg length comparison of Acheta domesticus and Gryllotalpa spp ., by sex. Error bars represent standard deviation (n = 30 per group). Discussion The pronounced phenotypic divergence between Acheta domesticu s and Gryllotalpa spp. reveals a fundamental life-history trade-off (Clark et al,. 2014) between individual biomass and reproductive output of the two species accompanied by a fundamental characteristic between biomass accumulation and reproductive output as depicted in Table 1 ; Figs. 1 –4. These distinct phenotypic relationships suggest divergent evolutionary pathways, shaped by their unique ecological niches. Morphological Divergence and Ecological Adaptation. From the research study, a marked divergence in body size and weight was observed, as shown above on Figs. 1 & 3 ; Table 1 , with Gryllotalpa spp. being significantly larger and heavier than Acheta domesticus . The average male Gryllotalpa spp. is 35.6mm and 1.67g, larger than its counterpart Acheta domesticu s, with 19.4mm and 0.66g. This suggests that there is a fundamentally different resource allocation strategy that favors individual growth. This differentiation is extended to sex-based variations. Acheta domesticus females were larger than males, with 21.2mm and 19.4mm, respectively. This is a common adaptation that likely serves to support egg production and carrying capacity. Inversely, in Gryllotalpa spp., the males are larger in size as compared to females, with 35.6mm in males and 32.5mm in females, as shown in Fig. 3 . This is an adaptation in males for territorial defense and competition for food and mates in their subterranean environment. The most contrasting morphological feature was in the hind leg length structure, as depicted in Fig. 4. Hind leg length comparison of Acheta domesticus and Gryllotalpa spp. by sex. Acheta domesticus females possessed longer hind legs of 29.8mm than Gryllotalpa spp with 18.8mm. The significantly longer hind legs of Acheta domesticus (Fig. 4) are a classic adaptation for jumping, facilitating predator evasion in above-ground environments(Lepore et al,. 2013).Conversely, the shorter, robust hind legs of Gryllotalpa spp. are a fossorial adaptation, optimized for digging and moving through soil (Sansalone et al,. 2020).This fundamental difference has direct implications for captive rearing, as Gryllotalpa spp. will likely require a soil or peat-based substrate to exhibit natural behaviors and thrive for production. Reproductive Output and Implications for Farming From Fig. 2 . Fecundity comparison of female Acheta domesticus and Gryllotalpa spp., as shown above, female Acheta domesticus exhibited a higher mean fecundity of 48.5 egg counts compared to Gryllotalpa spp. of 32.1 egg counts. Our results reveal a classic life-history trade-off (Clark et al., 2014 ) between individual biomass and reproductive output. While Gryllotalpa spp. invests resources into somatic growth, resulting in larger individual size and weight. Acheta domesticus allocates more resources to reproduction, as evidenced by higher fecundity (Fig. 2 ). This trade-off is central to species selection for farming; Acheta domesticus is superior for systems prioritizing rapid population turnover and high reproductive efficiency, whereas Gryllotalpa spp. may be suitable for systems targeting individual biomass yield, provided its reproductive challenges can be overcome. From the research findings of this study, the following gaps needs to be fully considered to help guide the development of cricket farming in sub-Saharan Africa: For the immediate development of cricket farming in these regions, Acheta domesticus remains the most practical candidate due to its high fecundity, predictable reproductive output with lower standard deviation (SD) and the existence of established rearing protocols. However, dismissing Gryllotalpa spp. would neglect a significant local bio-resource. Our study highlights two parallel research paths. First, pioneering research is needed to develop captive breeding protocols for Gryllotalpa spp., focusing on soil-substrate systems that meet its fossorial needs. Second, the phenotypic variation documented here provides a baseline for selective breeding. For Acheta domesticus , breeding could focus on enhancing already-high fecundity or growth rate. For Gryllotalpa spp., the primary goal would be to selectively increase its low and variable fecundity. The comparative nutritional profile of the two species is essential to determine if the biomass advantage of Gryllotalpa spp. translates into a superior nutritional yield per individual and the necessary changes that is required to be conducted. Conclusions This study establishes that Acheta domesticu s and Gryllotalpa spp. represent complementary phenotypic strategies for protein production. Acheta domesticus is optimal for systems prioritizing high reproductive turnover, whereas Gryllotalpa spp. offers a promising high-biomass candidate. A diversified farming approach leveraging both species could enhance the resilience of edible insect industries in sub-Saharan Africa. Future research must develop species-specific rearing protocols and initiate targeted breeding programs which is defined by distinct fundamental between reproductive efficiency and individual biomass. Instead of relying on a single species, a diversified approach that leverages the strengths of each Acheta domesticus for rapid turnover and Gryllotalpa spp. for potential high biomass yield could enhance the resilience and productivity of Kenya's edible insect industry. Future work must now focus on developing species-specific rearing systems and initiating targeted breeding programs to realize this potential. This would contribute to more alternatives and a secure food system. Abbreviations ANOVA: Analysis of Variance SD: Standard Deviation mm: millimeter g: gram A. domesticus: Acheta domesticus Gryllotalpa spp .: Gryllotalpa species Declarations This work is solely based on our research to ensure we obtain the foundational data that will suits the future researchers as guide. We therefore declare no conflicts of interests of any kind concerning this work. Ethics approval and consent to participate: All procedures followed international guidelines for invertebrate research. The study protocol was approved by the Department of Animal Science, Egerton University. This research did not involve human participants. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Availability of data and materials : The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding : This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. No financial conflicts of interest. Authors' contributions: J.L.N.: Prepared the main Original Manuscript . A.A.: Prepared and inserted Table 1 and Figures 1-4 to the Original Manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript before submission. Acknowledgment. This research was conducted as part of the Undergraduates Bachelor of Science degree requirements at Egerton University. The authors thank the Department of Animal Science for laboratory facilities and field support. References Clark, R. M., Zera, A. J., & Behmer, S. T. (2014). Nutritional physiology of life history trade-offs: How food protein-carbohydrate content influences life-history traits in the wing-polymorphic cricket Gryllus firmus. Journal of Experimental Biology, jeb.112888. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.112888 Odhiambo, M.A., Olweny, C. O., & Okuta, E. O. (2022) Habitat Preference and Distribution of Crickets (Orthoptera; Gryllidae) in Western Kenya. (2022). Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare. https://doi.org/10.7176/JBAH/12-6-04 Huang, J., Yu, T., Yuan, B., Xiao, J., & Huang, D. (2025). The Addition of Hermetia illucens to Feed: Influence on Nutritional Composition, Protein Digestion Characteristics, and Antioxidant Activity of Acheta domesticus. Foods, 14(7), 1140. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14071164 Ishara, J., Matendo, R., Ng’ang’a, J., Niassy, S., Katcho, K., & Kinyuru, J. (2025). Insights into the effects of geographical sourcing area on nutrient composition and sensory attributes of nine edible insects. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 11610. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-90659-z Jucker, C., Belluco, S., Oddon, S. B., Ricci, A., Bonizzi, L., Lupi, D., Savoldelli, S., Biasato, I., Caimi, C., Mascaretti, A., & Gasco, L. (2022). Impact of some local organic by-products on Acheta domesticus growth and meal production. 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Agricultural and Food Economics, 11(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-023-00272-9 Ndung’u, N., Isaboke, H., Nyarindo, W., Otieno, M., Gicheha, M., & Kinyuru, J. (2025). Gender differentials in cricket farming and its impact on household food security levels in East Africa. PLOS One, 20(6), e0326108. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0326108 Oyaro, H., Gor, C., Ocaido, M., Okul, E., & Okuto, E. (2022). Determinants of acceptability of cricket consumption and adoption for improved food security among riparian communities of the Victoria basin, Kenya. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 22(5), 20383–20400. https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.110.21650 Sansalone, G., Castiglione, S., Raia, P., Archer, M., Dickson, B., Hand, S., Piras, P., Profico, A., & Wroe, S. (2020). Decoupling Functional and Morphological Convergence, the Study Case of Fossorial Mammalia. Frontiers in Earth Science, 8, 112. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00112 Sorjonen, J. M., Valtonen, A., Hirvisalo, E., Karhapää, M., Lehtovaara, V. J., Lindgren, J., Marnila, P., Mooney, P., Mäki, M., Siljander-Rasi, H., Tapio, M., Tuiskula-Haavisto, M., & Roininen, H. (2019). The plant-based by-product diets for the mass-rearing of Acheta domesticus and Gryllus bimaculatus.PLOS ONE,14(6),e0218830. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218830 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8568973","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":578957955,"identity":"2cfa5958-645d-47f1-abc4-8876d40d5b3f","order_by":0,"name":"Joel Lukorito 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00:40:10","extension":"xml","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":60759,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"411426545a324ac78cce0cad5c7794981structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8568973/v1/26252c7777b2d0f87accaa84.xml"},{"id":101019687,"identity":"d4604b79-5bc5-4f6d-8495-238c2ded85a8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-24 00:40:11","extension":"html","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":73280,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8568973/v1/59e4f95c5d66150f72c638d4.html"},{"id":101019673,"identity":"6e50043b-f250-4917-9b36-5ecd082c2de9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-24 00:40:10","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":174404,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBody weight comparison of \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa spp\u003c/em\u003e., by sex. Error bars represent standard deviation (n=30 per group)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Author's original data \u003c/strong\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8568973/v1/12c3f7f9415bd319507bc164.png"},{"id":101204358,"identity":"562e9ad3-4bf5-4fc5-8ac5-898870b1afb7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-27 09:42:45","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":154878,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFecundity comparison of female \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa spp\u003c/em\u003e., Error bars represent standard deviation (n=30 per species)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Author's original data\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8568973/v1/ea6aa66eeb16ea05a03d6fdc.png"},{"id":101019674,"identity":"45cee748-a64d-4adb-b8ca-261b457676c1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-24 00:40:10","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":180752,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBody length comparison of \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa spp\u003c/em\u003e., by sex. Error bars represent standard deviation (n=30 per group)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor's original data\u003c/strong\u003e )\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8568973/v1/ca6f570416f8ff19f5b86303.png"},{"id":101019688,"identity":"5155c9c6-5c72-4071-b63a-5ee55b7f4811","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-24 00:40:11","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":173558,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHindleg length comparison of \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa spp\u003c/em\u003e., by sex. Error bars represent standard deviation (n=30 per group).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Author's original data\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8568973/v1/39e304f5bc9f97deb6ae938e.png"},{"id":101207897,"identity":"43bf6dda-b45d-4450-b0c9-c4992dd29ae1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-27 10:07:44","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1143861,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8568973/v1/97b06b01-f2d4-4151-abd6-0a931bfc522d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Comparative Phenotypic Traits of House Cricket (Acheta domesticus) and Mole Cricket (Gryllotalpa spp.) as Alternative Protein Sources in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Sustainable Farming","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe search for sustainable protein sources has intensified due to environmental and food security challenges, positioning edible insects as promising alternatives. In Kenya and East Africa, cricket farming particularly of \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e has gained popularity for its nutritional value, efficient feed conversion, and lower ecological footprint compared to traditional livestock (Musungu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Ndung\u0026rsquo;u et al,. 2025). Recent research highlights that integrating cricket farming into local food systems can improve household food security, especially when supported by technical training, access to starter kits, and institutional partnerships (Musungu et al,. 2023; Ndung\u0026rsquo;u et al,. 2025; Oyaro et al,. 2022).Phenotypic characterization of \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e has advanced through studies on feed optimization and nutritional profiling. For instance, the use of local agricultural by-products and plant-based feeds has been shown to enhance growth rates, protein content, and economic viability of cricket farming (Sorjonen et al,. 2019; Jucker et al,. 2022). Additionally, dietary interventions such as supplementing with black soldier fly larvae or optimizing feed composition can further improve protein yield and nutritional quality (Huang et al,. 2025; Morales-Ramos et al,. 2020).While \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e is well-studied, research on native species like \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp. remains limited. However, recent ecological surveys in Western Kenya have identified \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa africana\u003c/em\u003e as a locally abundant species with distinct habitat preferences, suggesting potential for domestication and integration into sustainable protein production systems (Odhiambo et al,. 2022). Comparative studies on nutrient composition and sensory attributes of edible insects from different regions also underscore the importance of species and geographic variation in optimizing cricket farming for local contexts (Ishara et al,. 2025).Despite these advances, knowledge gaps persist regarding the comparative phenotypic performance of \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa spp.\u003c/em\u003e in Kenyan production systems. Addressing these gaps through targeted research will inform species selection, husbandry practices and breeding programs, ultimately supporting the development of a resilient and sustainable edible insect industry in Kenya (Musungu et al,. 2023; Ndung\u0026rsquo;u et al,. 2025). While the potential of \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e is established, the comparative performance of native species like the \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp. remains entirely unquantified. This study, therefore, provides the first comparative phenotypic characterization of \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp. in Kenya and sub-Saharan African regions. By quantifying key production-related traits, including body size, weight, morphology and fecundity, this research provides the foundational data necessary to offer the first quantitative comparison of \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp., to evaluate the relative strengths and limitations of each species for sustainable protein production in sub-Saharan Africa. The findings will therefore provide the evidence base for informed species selection, guide the development of species-specific rearing protocols and identify priority traits for future breeding programs in sub-Saharan Africa region countries as emerging edible insect industry.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eProblem of the statement.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe global push for sustainable protein sources has highlighted edible insects as a climate-resilient alternative, particularly in tropical and sub-Saharan African regions facing escalating food insecurity and environmental pressures. From the case study of Kenya for example, cricket farming has gained attention primarily through reliance on the introduced house cricket, while native species such as the mole cricket, locally abundant and ecologically adapted remain largely uncharacterized and overlooked for domestication. This single-species dependence limits industry resilience and overlooks the potential of local biodiversity to provide diversified, low-input protein systems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe absence of empirical comparative data on phenotypic traits such; morphology, biomass and reproductive output between \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp. represents a critical knowledge gap. Without such baseline information, evidence-based species selection, optimization of rearing protocols and development of targeted breeding programs are negatively challenged. This study addresses this gap by providing the first systematic phenotypic comparison of these two ecologically distinct species in sub-Saharan Africa, generating foundational data to evaluate their complementary roles in sustainable mini-livestock production and support broader adoption across tropical regions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eObjectives of the Study\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGeneral Objective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo compare phenotypic variation between \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp. as candidates for sustainable protein production in sub-Saharan Africa: A Kenyan case study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSpecific Objectives\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo quantify and compare key morphological traits (body length, hind leg length, and body weight) between the two species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo assess and compare female reproductive output (fecundity) between the two species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo evaluate intra-species variation through analysis of sexual dimorphism.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo identify species-specific phenotypic advantages and trade-offs to inform selection and breeding for mass-rearing programs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Area and Sample Collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 120 adult cricket specimens 60 specimens per species were collected from agricultural fields at Egerton University, Njoro Sub-County, Nakuru County, Kenya on a of coordinates: 0\u0026deg;23'S, 35\u0026deg;56'E and elevation of; 2,200 m above the sea level. Sampling maintained a balanced sex ratio of 30 males and 30 females per species. \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e was collected using manual searching and bait traps in open grassy areas, while \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp. was obtained from soil burrows using pitfall traps and direct excavation. Specimens were transported in ventilated containers with moist substrate to the laboratory within 2 hours.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEthical Considerations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e All procedures followed international guidelines for invertebrate research and were approved by the Department of Animal Science, Egerton University. Specimens were handled humanely, with immobilization by brief refrigeration of 5\u0026ndash;10\u0026deg;C for about 5\u0026ndash;10 minutes to minimize stress during measurements. Specimens were sorted by species and sex. Females were identified by the presence of a distinct ovipositor, while males were identified by its absence and the presence of specialized genital structures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMorphometric and Fecundity Measurements.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEach specimen underwent standardized phenotypic characterization to ensure precision and reproducibility:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody length was measured from the frons to the posterior tip of the abdomen using digital calipers with 0.01 mm resolution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eHind leg length was measured from the proximal articulation of the coxa to the distal end of the tibia using digital vernier calipers with a 0.01 mm resolution, focusing on the femur-tibia segment which is critical for locomotion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody weight was determined using a precision balance at 0.001 g resolution after brief blotting to remove surface moisture.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFecundity was assessed only in females through careful ventral dissection under a stereomicroscope.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll measurements were performed by the same operator to minimize inter-observer variability and each instruments were calibrated prior to each session.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eData Management and Statistical Analysis.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were managed and analyzed using Microsoft Excel with the Analysis ToolPak add-in. Raw measurements were entered in structured spreadsheets, with quality checks to prevent occurrence of errors.Morphological traits including; body length, hind leg length and body weight were subjected to two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with species \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp. and sex used as a fixed factors, including their interaction term.Fecundity, was only for female-specific, was compared between species using an unpaired two-sample Student\u0026rsquo;s t-test. Results are reported as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (SD). Statistical significance was declared at \u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e, with effect sizes calculated to quantify practical relevance. All analyses were conducted in triplicate for key computations to ensure reproducibility.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe collected morphometric and fecundity data from a total of 120 specimens comprising 60 per species, with a 1:1 sex ratio. The measurements calculated are summarized as mean and standard deviation as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. and from Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;4 below.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSource: (Author’s original data)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of morphometric traits and fecundity for A\u003cem\u003echeta domesti\u003c/em\u003ecus and \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp., Values represent Mean and Standard Deviation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSpecies\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSex\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eBody length (mm)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eHind leg length (mm)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eBody weight (g)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eFecundity\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e(egg count)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMean\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSD\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMean\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSD\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMean\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSD\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMean\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSD\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"ItalicSmallCaps\" class=\"ItalicSmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eFemale\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e21.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e1.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e29.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e1.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.74\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.06\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e48.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e5.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"ItalicSmallCaps\" class=\"ItalicSmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMale\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e19.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e27.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e1.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.66\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.05\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eN/A\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eN/A\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"ItalicSmallCaps\" class=\"ItalicSmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003espp.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eFemale\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e32.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e1.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e18.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e1.47\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.08\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e32.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e7.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"ItalicSmallCaps\" class=\"ItalicSmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003espp.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMale\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e35.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e1.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e20.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e1.67\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.09\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eN/A\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eN/A\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eNote\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fecundity data are based on female species only where (n)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30 per species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe figures as shown below was generated by using the Microsoft Excel as depicted below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e(Author's original data\u003c/b\u003e )\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e(Author's original data\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cb\u003eAuthor's original data\u003c/b\u003e )\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e(Author's original data\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFigure 4.\u003c/b\u003e Hindleg length comparison of \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa spp\u003c/em\u003e., by sex. Error bars represent standard deviation (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30 per group).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe pronounced phenotypic divergence between \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticu\u003c/em\u003es and \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp. reveals a fundamental life-history trade-off (Clark et al,. 2014) between individual biomass and reproductive output of the two species accompanied by a fundamental characteristic between biomass accumulation and reproductive output as depicted in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e; Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;4. These distinct phenotypic relationships suggest divergent evolutionary pathways, shaped by their unique ecological niches.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMorphological Divergence and Ecological Adaptation.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the research study, a marked divergence in body size and weight was observed, as shown above on Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u0026amp; \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, with \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp. being significantly larger and heavier than \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e. The average male \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp. is 35.6mm and 1.67g, larger than its counterpart \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticu\u003c/em\u003es, with 19.4mm and 0.66g. This suggests that there is a fundamentally different resource allocation strategy that favors individual growth. This differentiation is extended to sex-based variations. \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e females were larger than males, with 21.2mm and 19.4mm, respectively. This is a common adaptation that likely serves to support egg production and carrying capacity. Inversely, in \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp., the males are larger in size as compared to females, with 35.6mm in males and 32.5mm in females, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. This is an adaptation in males for territorial defense and competition for food and mates in their subterranean environment. The most contrasting morphological feature was in the hind leg length structure, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;4. Hind leg length comparison of \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp. by sex. \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e females possessed longer hind legs of 29.8mm than \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp with 18.8mm. The significantly longer hind legs of Acheta domesticus (Fig.\u0026nbsp;4) are a classic adaptation for jumping, facilitating predator evasion in above-ground environments(Lepore et al,. 2013).Conversely, the shorter, robust hind legs of \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp. are a fossorial adaptation, optimized for digging and moving through soil (Sansalone et al,. 2020).This fundamental difference has direct implications for captive rearing, as \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp. will likely require a soil or peat-based substrate to exhibit natural behaviors and thrive for production.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eReproductive Output and Implications for Farming\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Fecundity comparison of female \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp., as shown above, female \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e exhibited a higher mean fecundity of 48.5 egg counts compared to Gryllotalpa spp. of 32.1 egg counts. Our results reveal a classic life-history trade-off (Clark et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) between individual biomass and reproductive output. While \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp. invests resources into somatic growth, resulting in larger individual size and weight. \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e allocates more resources to reproduction, as evidenced by higher fecundity (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). This trade-off is central to species selection for farming; \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e is superior for systems prioritizing rapid population turnover and high reproductive efficiency, whereas \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp. may be suitable for systems targeting individual biomass yield, provided its reproductive challenges can be overcome.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the research findings of this study, the following gaps needs to be fully considered to help guide the development of cricket farming in sub-Saharan Africa:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the immediate development of cricket farming in these regions, \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e remains the most practical candidate due to its high fecundity, predictable reproductive output with lower standard deviation (SD) and the existence of established rearing protocols. However, dismissing \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp. would neglect a significant local bio-resource. Our study highlights two parallel research paths. First, pioneering research is needed to develop captive breeding protocols for \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp., focusing on soil-substrate systems that meet its fossorial needs. Second, the phenotypic variation documented here provides a baseline for selective breeding. For \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e, breeding could focus on enhancing already-high fecundity or growth rate. For \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp., the primary goal would be to selectively increase its low and variable fecundity. The comparative nutritional profile of the two species is essential to determine if the biomass advantage of \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp. translates into a superior nutritional yield per individual and the necessary changes that is required to be conducted.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study establishes that \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticu\u003c/em\u003es and \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp. represent complementary phenotypic strategies for protein production. \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e is optimal for systems prioritizing high reproductive turnover, whereas \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp. offers a promising high-biomass candidate. A diversified farming approach leveraging both species could enhance the resilience of edible insect industries in sub-Saharan Africa. Future research must develop species-specific rearing protocols and initiate targeted breeding programs which is defined by distinct fundamental between reproductive efficiency and individual biomass. Instead of relying on a single species, a diversified approach that leverages the strengths of each \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e for rapid turnover and \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp. for potential high biomass yield could enhance the resilience and productivity of Kenya's edible insect industry. Future work must now focus on developing species-specific rearing systems and initiating targeted breeding programs to realize this potential. This would contribute to more alternatives and a secure food system.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eANOVA: Analysis of Variance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD: Standard Deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003emm: millimeter\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; g: gram\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. domesticus: Acheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa spp\u003c/em\u003e.: \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e species\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis work is solely based on our research to ensure we obtain the foundational data that will suits the future researchers as guide. We therefore declare no conflicts of interests of any kind concerning this work. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll procedures followed international guidelines for invertebrate research. The study protocol was approved by the Department of Animal Science, Egerton University. This research did not involve human participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo financial conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJ.L.N.: Prepared the main Original Manuscript .\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA.A.: Prepared and inserted Table 1 and Figures 1-4 to the Original Manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript before submission. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was conducted as part of the Undergraduates Bachelor of Science degree requirements at Egerton University. The authors thank the Department of Animal Science for laboratory facilities and field support.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eClark, R. M., Zera, A. J., \u0026amp; Behmer, S. T. (2014). Nutritional physiology of life history trade-offs: How food protein-carbohydrate content influences life-history traits in the wing-polymorphic cricket Gryllus firmus. Journal of Experimental Biology, jeb.112888. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.112888 \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOdhiambo, M.A., Olweny, C. O., \u0026amp; Okuta, E. O. (2022) Habitat Preference and Distribution of Crickets (Orthoptera; Gryllidae) in Western Kenya. (2022). Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare. https://doi.org/10.7176/JBAH/12-6-04 \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHuang, J., Yu, T., Yuan, B., Xiao, J., \u0026amp; Huang, D. (2025). The Addition of Hermetia illucens to Feed: Influence on Nutritional Composition, Protein Digestion Characteristics, and Antioxidant Activity of Acheta domesticus. Foods, 14(7), 1140. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14071164 \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIshara, J., Matendo, R., Ng’ang’a, J., Niassy, S., Katcho, K., \u0026amp; Kinyuru, J. (2025). Insights into the effects of geographical sourcing area on nutrient composition and sensory attributes of nine edible insects. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 11610. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-90659-z \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJucker, C., Belluco, S., Oddon, S. B., Ricci, A., Bonizzi, L., Lupi, D., Savoldelli, S., Biasato, I., Caimi, C., Mascaretti, A., \u0026amp; Gasco, L. (2022). Impact of some local organic by-products on Acheta domesticus growth and meal production. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 8(6), 631–640. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2021.0121 \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLepore, E., Chappoz, C., Cipriano Monetta, D., \u0026amp; Pugno, N. (2013). Surface roughness, claw size and leg elasticity influences on the jumping of Acheta domesticus crickets. Composite Structures, 100, 609–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.09.045 \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMorales-Ramos, J. A., Rojas, M. G., Dossey, A. T., \u0026amp; Berhow, M. (2020). Self-selection of food ingredients and agricultural by-products by the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae): A holistic approach to develop optimized diets. PLOS ONE, 15(1), e0227400. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227400 \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMusungu, A. L., Muriithi, B. W., Ghemoh, C. J., Nakimbugwe, D., \u0026amp; Tanga, C. M. (2023). Production, consumption, and market supply of edible crickets: Insights from East Africa. Agricultural and Food Economics, 11(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-023-00272-9 \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNdung’u, N., Isaboke, H., Nyarindo, W., Otieno, M., Gicheha, M., \u0026amp; Kinyuru, J. (2025). Gender differentials in cricket farming and its impact on household food security levels in East Africa. PLOS One, 20(6), e0326108. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0326108 \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOyaro, H., Gor, C., Ocaido, M., Okul, E., \u0026amp; Okuto, E. (2022). Determinants of acceptability of cricket consumption and adoption for improved food security among riparian communities of the Victoria basin, Kenya. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 22(5), 20383–20400. https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.110.21650 \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSansalone, G., Castiglione, S., Raia, P., Archer, M., Dickson, B., Hand, S., Piras, P., Profico, A., \u0026amp; Wroe, S. (2020). Decoupling Functional and Morphological Convergence, the Study Case of Fossorial Mammalia. Frontiers in Earth Science, 8, 112. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00112 \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSorjonen, J. M., Valtonen, A., Hirvisalo, E., Karhapää, M., Lehtovaara, V. J., Lindgren, J., Marnila, P., Mooney, P., Mäki, M., Siljander-Rasi, H., Tapio, M., Tuiskula-Haavisto, M., \u0026amp; Roininen, H. (2019). The plant-based by-product diets for the mass-rearing of Acheta domesticus and Gryllus bimaculatus.PLOS ONE,14(6),e0218830. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218830 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Alternative protein sources, Breeding programs, Cricket Farming, Edible insects, Biomass yield, Phenotypic Characterization, Morphometric traits, Species selection","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8568973/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8568973/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e: The global demand for sustainable, climate-resilient protein sources has intensified in tropical and sub-Saharan African regions, where population growth and environmental pressures challenge conventional livestock systems. Edible insects offer a promising alternative due to high nutritional value, efficient feed conversion and low ecological footprint. This study provides the first comparative phenotypic characterization of two ecologically distinct cricket species with potential for mass rearing: the house cricket (\u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e) and the mole cricket (\u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa \u003c/em\u003espp.).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e: Using 120 adult specimens (n = 60 per species) as test samples with balanced sex ratio collected in Kenya as a representative of sub-Saharan case study, we quantified body length, hind leg length, body weight and female fecundity. Results revealed pronounced interspecific divergence where \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp. exhibited greater mean body weight of 1.57 g compared to 0.70 g of \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e, also larger in size, reflecting fossorial adaptations, while \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e displayed elongated hind legs of 28.7 mm to 19.6 mm of \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp suited for jumping and a higher female fecundity (48.5 ± 5.2 vs. 32.1 ± 7.5 eggs). Species-specific sexual dimorphism further highlighted contrasting life-history strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e: These findings demonstrate a classic trade-off between reproductive output and biomass yield, suggesting complementary roles in diversified farming systems. \u003cem\u003eAcheta domesticus\u003c/em\u003e is optimal for high-turnover production, while \u003cem\u003eGryllotalpa\u003c/em\u003e spp. holds promising for high-biomass systems. This novel comparison provides foundational data for species selection and breeding programs, supporting resilient insect-based protein production across sub-Saharan Africa and similar tropical regions amid climate change considerations.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparative Phenotypic Traits of House Cricket (Acheta domesticus) and Mole Cricket (Gryllotalpa spp.) as Alternative Protein Sources in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Sustainable Farming","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-24 00:40:05","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8568973/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a602571f-9be1-4664-ba63-845af56b0279","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 24th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-24T00:40:05+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-24 00:40:05","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8568973","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8568973","identity":"rs-8568973","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}