Caregiving Burden, Emotions and Perceptions in Family Caregivers Following Stroke: A Mixed Methods Study

Caregiving Burden, Emotions and Perceptions in Family Caregivers Following Stroke: A Mixed Methods Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Caregiving Burden, Emotions and Perceptions in Family Caregivers Following Stroke: A Mixed Methods Study Serpil Özcan, Mağfiret Kaşıkçı This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8707569/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background It is crucial to identify the physical, social, economic, and psychological challenges caregivers face and understand their needs when caring for stroke patients. Aim The present study examined the care burden, feelings, and perceptions of family members who cared for stroke patients. Methods The population of the study consisted of family members who cared for stroke patients hospitalized in a hospital in eastern Turkey. The sample consisted of 128 caregivers in the quantitative part of the study and 21 family caregivers in the qualitative part. The “Descriptive Characteristics Form”, “Caregiving Burden Scale” and “Semi-Structured Interview Form” were used as the data collection tools. Results It was found in the study that the average care burden score of the family caregivers who participated in the quantitative part of the study was 61.32 ± 13.57, and the average care burden score of those who participated in the qualitative part was 62.47 ± 16.36. As a result of the data analysis, the qualitative part of the study resulted in 2 themes, 5 sub-themes, and 25 codes. Conclusion It was concluded that the care burden of the family members who cared for stroke patients was at the level of heavy care burden. care burden family caregiver mixed method nursing stroke INTRODUCTION The physical, social, economic, and psychological burdens that the care burden causes for the caregiver's family members make it difficult to manage the care process effectively ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). According to previous studies, the difficulties faced by family members who cared for chronic patients were physical fatigue, economic challenges, social isolation, emotional exhaustion, stress, sleep problems, the caregiver family member’s own health problems, and lack of knowledge about the disease ( 4 , 5 ). For this reason, it is important to understand the needs of caregivers and support them ( 6 ). Caregiving family members must be allowed to express themselves to evaluate their feelings and perceptions. In this context, it is important to evaluate the care burden of caregivers and examine their feelings and perceptions towards their care burden. The emotions and perceptions of caregivers affect their motivation, ability to cope with stress, quality of care they provide, and sustainability of the care during the time they care for stroke patients ( 7 , 8 ). It was found in the literature review that there were few studies investigating the emotions and perceptions of family members who cared for individuals with stroke ( 9 , 10 , 11 ). Also, no mixed-method study was detected investigating the care burden, emotions, and perceptions of family members who care for individuals with stroke. METHOD Type of Study The study was conducted with a mixed method design including quantitative and qualitative study techniques. Where the Study Was Conducted The study was conducted between October 2022 and November 2023 with family members who cared for stroke patients treated at a University Research Hospital. Population and Sample of the Study A priori power analysis in the G-Power 3.1.9.4 program was used to determine the sample size in the study. For the power analysis, taking into account the comparison of the mean care burden scores (29.66 ± 9.54; 35.36 ± 7.10) reported in the study of Kargı (2022), which was one of the studies conducted previously on the subject, according to the t -test in independent groups, the effect size was found to be .67 ( 12 ). In line with this, when the effect size was taken as 0.67 in the study, the Confidence Interval was 95%, the significance level was 0.05, and the power was 0.95, it was determined that the minimum number of caregivers to be included in the study was 116 ( 13 , 14 ). Considering possible data loss of 10% for the study, it was finalized with a sample size of 128 caregivers ( 15 ). A total of 327 caregivers were reached between the dates specified in the study. A total of 128 caregiver family members constituted the sample of the study because 108 of the caregivers did not meet the study criteria and 91 did not want to participate in the study. For the sample size in the qualitative part of the study, the number of people required to contribute to the study is stated as between 20 and 40. However, it was determined during the data collection process by the researcher (Author 1) that there were repetitive responses and data saturation was reached, and therefore, the qualitative part of the study was terminated with 21 family caregivers. In the qualitative part of the study, the criterion sampling method was used as the sampling method ( 16 ). Study Inclusion Criteria Being 18 years or older Being a first-degree relative of the patient (spouse or child) Living with the patient Having been caring for a patient who has had a stroke for at least 4 months Family members who cared for patients with a Barthel Index Score of 0–20, 21–61, or 62–90. (For participants who would be included in the qualitative part of the study) Data Collection Tools and Characteristics The “Burden of Caregiving Family Members” which consisted of 10 questions, the “Caregiving Burden Scale”, and the “Modified Barthel Index” were used as the data collection tools for the participants to be included in the qualitative part of the study. Open-ended questions that were prepared for in-depth interviews were also used in the study and a voice recorder was used to record the interviews. Quantitative data collection tools Caregiving Burden Scale The scale was developed by Zarit, Reever, and Bach-Peterson. The Turkish validity and reliability study of the scale was conducted by Inci and Erdem in 2008 ( 17 ). The scale consist of 22 statements and had a 4-point Likert-type evaluation that ranged between 0 and 4. Increased scores received from the scale indicate that the burden of the caregiver is high. In the scoring, 0–20 points indicate “No care burden”, 21–40 points indicate “Mild care burden”, 41–60 points indicate “Moderate care burden”, and 61–88 points indicate “Heavy care burden”. The Cronbach’s Alpha Value of the scale was found to be 0.88 for the present study. Qualitative data collection tools Modified Barthel Index The Modified Barthel Index was developed by Mahoney and Barthel. ( 18 ). The Turkish validity and reliability study of the scale was conducted by Küçükdeveci et al. in 2000 with neurology patients. The Cronbach’s Alpha Value of the Modified Barthel Index was found 0.93. The Cronbach’s Alpha Value was found to be 0.89 for this study. Modified Barthel Index scores range between 0 and 100. In the scoring, 0–20 points indicate complete dependence, 21–61 points indicate severe dependence, 62–90 points indicate moderate dependence, 91–99 points indicate mild dependence and 100 points indicate independence ( 19 ). Qualitative Data Collection Tools Semi-Structured Interview Form A semi-structured form that had 5 open-ended questions and 2 side questions, created by the researcher as a result of the literature review, was also used as the data collection tool ( 17 , 20 ). The form questions were edited after 3 pilot implementations and the resulting data were not included in the analyses. Then, the final version of the form was given in line with the opinions and suggestions of 8 experts. Data Collection Conclusions derived were drawn from collected data during the period May 2023 and November 2023. The data were collected by the researcher (Author 1). Before the data were collected, information was given about the purpose of the study and data collection methods, and then verbal and written consent was obtained from the participants. The data were collected in line with quantitative and qualitative data collection methods and the Convergent Parallel Design from mixed study methods. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected simultaneously. The purpose of choosing the Convergent Parallel Design in the study was to support and verify the measurements obtained with quantitative data by qualitative data ( 21 , 22 ). The quantitative data of the study were collected face to face by the researcher (Author 1) with the survey forms, which were filled out by the caregivers. Quantitative data collection took approximately 5–10 minutes. The qualitative part of the study was conducted based on the Descriptive Phenomenology Design ( 16 ). The researcher (Author 1) who collected the data had previously taken a 14-week course on qualitative study design and also attended a qualitative study course and received a certificate. She has also conducted 2 qualitative studies previously. The qualitative data of the study were collected by the researcher through face-to-face in-depth interviews with family members who cared for the stroke patients. The interviews lasted 10–27 minutes, were recorded on a voice recorder, and were then transferred to the computer environment by giving each participant a code name (P1, P2, …P7). Evaluation of Data Evaluation of Quantitative Data The quantitative data obtained in the study were analyzed by using the SPSS 23 package program. Frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation values were used to evaluate the data regarding descriptive characteristics. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, histogram, and QQ graph were used to determine whether the variables were normally distributed. Also, Skewness and Kurtosis values (-1.5 to + 1.5) were evaluated for compliance with normal distribution and it was determined that the data showed normal distribution, and parametric tests were used. Percentages, averages, One-Way ANOVA, and Independent Sample t- Test were used to evaluate the study data. The significance level was taken as 0.05 ( 23 ). Evaluation of Qualitative Data The data were analyzed under the guidance of the COREQ Checklist (Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research), which was prepared for the reporting of qualitative data ( 24 ). The analysis of the qualitative data was performed by using the Content Analysis Method. The data analysis was performed by hand-coding by one of the researchers (Author 1). After the coded data were transferred into the Excel program, it was tabulated and sub-themes and themes were created. Then, the themes, sub-themes, and codes were finalized after a second expert opinion was taken from an expert competent in Mixed and Qualitative Study Methods, who was a faculty member at the Faculty of Education of a university. After the in-depth interviews were completed, the interviews that were recorded on the voice recorder were transferred to the computer with their code names and converted into written text verbatim by the researcher. The written texts were analyzed in 4 stages with the Content Analysis Method as follows ( 25 ). Stage: Coding the data Stage: Creating the themes Stage: Organizing the data according to the codes and themes Stage: Interpretation of the findings Ethical Principles of At the outset, written approvals were obtained from xxxxx xxxxx University Non-Invasive Ethics Committee (Issue: 2022-10/4, 05.10.2022), xxxxx xxxxxx University Hospital Chief Physician, and Internal Units Department to conduct the study. Written consent was obtained from family caregivers using the “Volunteers’ Informed Consent Form” in which the purpose and method of the study were explained. The ethical principles of “Informed Consent”, “Volunteering”, and “Protection of Confidentiality” were followed. In the study, the data regarding the voice recordings of the participants were stored securely in an encrypted file that could only be accessed by the researcher. The Helsinki Declaration of Human Rights was adhered to throughout the study because individual rights had to be protected. Limitations of the Study The study was limited to the family members who cared for hospitalized stroke patients in the specified time in which data were collected at the institution where the study was conducted. For this reason, the study results cannot be generalized to all family members who care for stroke patients. RESULTS Quantitative Results When the average score of the Caregiving Burden Scale of the caregiver family members was examined, it was determined that the mean caregiving burden score was 61.32 ± 13.57 (Table 1). The average age of the caregiver family members was 43.02 ± 13.85. When the demographic characteristics of the caregiver family members were examined, 61.7% were female, 75% were married, 35.2% had 1–2 children, 35.2% were secondary school graduates, and 54.7% had incomes less than their expenses, 64.8% of them were the children of the person they cared for, 78.9% had no previous caregiving experience, 74.2% received support from another person for care, and 48.4% had been caring for their patients for 1–4 years (Table 1). When the demographic characteristics and caregiving burden scale scores of the caregiver family members were evaluated, a statistically significant difference was detected between the marital status and caregiving burden scale score (t: 2.269, p:0.025) of the caregiver family members (p < 0.05). Those whose marital status was single had a higher average score. A statistically significant difference was detected between the number of children of caregiver family members and the caregiving burden scale score (F:2.923, p:0.037). Also, the average score of those who had no children and those with 1–2 children was higher than those with 3–4 children (p < 0.05) (Table 1). There was a statistically significant difference between educational status and caregiving burden scale score (F: 5.094, p:0.002) (p < 0.05). The mean score of those who graduated from secondary school was higher than those who were illiterate and those who were primary school graduates, and the mean score of those who were university graduates was higher than those who were primary school graduates (p < 0.05) (Table 1). A statistically significant difference was detected (p < 0.05) between the caregiving experience of the family caregivers and the caregiving burden scale score (t: 2.878, p:0.007). The mean score of those with no care experience was higher (Table 1). There was no statistically significant difference between the gender of the family caregivers, their income levels, relation to the patient, receiving support from another person for care, the duration of caregiving, and caregiving burden scale scores (p > 0.05). There was a very weak, positive but not statistically significant relationship between the age of family caregivers and the caregiving burden scale score (p > 0.05) (Table 1). Qualitative Findings A total of 21 family caregivers participated in the qualitative part of the study. The ages of the participants ranged between 18 and 76, 16 of them were female, 14 were married, 9 had no children, 9 of them were primary school graduates, 12 of them had income equal to their expenses, 11 of the participants were children of individuals who had a stroke, 16 of them did not have any previous care experience, 16 of them received support while giving care, and 9 of them had been providing care for more than 1–4 years. According to the Modified Barthel Index, the dependency level of the stroke victim cared for by 17 of the participants was determined as Totally Dependent (Table 2). It was also found that the care burden of the family members who participated in the qualitative part of the study was at the level of heavy care burden (62.47 ± 16.36) (Table 2). As a result of the analysis of the data that were obtained from the interviews with the care burdens of family members who cared for stroke patients, 2 themes (“Burden of Caregiving Family Members” and “Feelings and Perceptions About Care”), and 5 sub-themes (“Economic Burden”, “Social Burden”, “Physical Burden”, “Positive Emotions and Perceptions” and “Negative Emotions and Perceptions”) and 25 codes were created (Table 2). Theme 1. Burden of Caregiving Family Members The burden of the family caregivers was collected under the sub-themes of “Economic Burden”, “Social Burden” and “Physical Burden” (Table 2). P 10: “ But I had difficulty in terms of work, I mean economically. I could not work because I came here and took care of my mother. ” P 3: “ We had no social life, I could only see my siblings, my wife, and my child, I could not meet anyone else. I pushed all my roles aside and took on the role of a child and devoted myself only to my father. ” P 14: “ Our family broke up. In other words, my relationships with my wife and my friends have decreased. ” P 1: “ I could not sleep at first. This even affected my ability to meet my own needs. I had to go in and out of the toilet immediately. ” P 21: “ I have sleeping problems. I cannot sleep. I cannot sleep because I am anxious. For example, I constantly check my mother’s breathing to see if she is breathing. ” Theme 2. Feelings and Perceptions About Care The feelings and perceptions of the caregiver's family members regarding the care were collected under the sub-themes of “Positive Emotions and Perceptions” and “Negative Emotions and Perceptions” (Table 2). P 1: “ I perceive it as my duty to care for him. I think my empathy skills have increased greatly thanks to this. Because now you try to see everything from the patient’s eyes so that you can help the patient more. ” P 2: “ As a child, I want to take advantage of this moment. I want to get his consent. ” P 10: “ Caring for him makes me feel good. It makes me feel happy. ” P 2: “ At first there was a fear of losing. P 18: “ I miss my old life... I cannot go out and meet my friends as I want. I miss my friends, relatives, my village, my animals. ” DISCUSSION When the quantitative and qualitative findings obtained in the study were evaluated, it was concluded that family caregivers were under a heavy care burden. Similar to the study findings, previous studies in the literature conducted with caregivers of stroke patients, neurological diseases, palliative care patients, and elderly people with chronic diseases reported that the care burden of caregivers was high ( 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ). In some study results that differ from the present study findings, it was found that the level of care burden was at moderate or mild levels ( 15 , 30 , 31 , 32 ). The differences in caregiving burden scores might have occurred because of the dependency level of the stroke survivor, his/her individual characteristics, the adequacy of the support systems, and cultural differences in the place where the study was conducted. It was found that women experienced the most strain, stress, helplessness, and anxiety among the individuals who participated in the qualitative part of the study. Similarly, a study in which the majority of participants were women reported that daily care time increased anxiety and care burden in caregivers ( 33 ). It can be considered that women’s multiple roles, emotional states, empathy skills, and especially the economic problems of women who care for their spouses increase their care burden scores. The fact that feelings of empathy, compassion, and love were at the highest levels in women was supported by the qualitative findings of the study. Study results also proved that providing care with empathy, compassion, and love caused compassion fatigue in women ( 34 ). The study also found that single people had a higher care burden. Similarly, some studies reported that single caregivers had higher care burden scores ( 12 , 30 , 35 , 36 ). There are also some studies reporting that married caregivers had higher care burden scores ( 29 , 37 ). The majority of the individuals who participated in the qualitative part of the study were the spouses of the person they cared for. Also, the expressions of the feelings of happiness, love, loyalty, and ownership were mostly expressed by female participants. For this reason, it is considered that the willing and loving care of female participants reduced the level of care burden. It was also found that caregiver family members who did not have children had higher care burden scores. There is a study finding reporting that the care burden scores of those who did not have children and who helped care were higher ( 38 ). It is considered that caregivers who have children are experienced in caregiving as a requirement of their motherhood and fatherhood roles, but single people are inexperienced, which increases their care burden. In the qualitative findings of the study, it was found that the single participants had difficulties because they had no previous care experience, experienced stress, and had difficulties at first because of their changing roles. According to the findings, it was also found that the care burden scores of the family caregivers who had secondary education levels were higher. In some previous studies, it was reported that the care burden scores of secondary school graduates were higher ( 15 , 39 ). Contrary to the findings of the present study, it was reported that caregivers who had secondary education and university degrees had lower care burdens ( 36 ). Also, in some studies, the burden of care was found to be higher in those whose education level was primary school/illiterate ( 12 , 40 ). This difference with the present study can be explained by the fact that the place where the study was conducted and the educational opportunities and access to information of people living in different regions were not the same. When care burden scores were examined in the qualitative part of the study based on the statements of the family caregivers, it was found that the primary care burdens were social and physical, and economic burdens were relatively less. Similarly, in a previous study conducted with caregivers, it was found that the participants experienced problems such as not being able to cover their personal needs, pain, and fatigue. It was also reported that they were happy to provide care, felt loyalty, and were unhappy because of the role changes they faced ( 41 ). It was reported in another study that caregivers experienced physical fatigue, chronic fatigue, loss of appetite, insomnia, and back pain ( 42 , 43 ). In some studies, family members who provided care felt under social and economic burden in terms of providing the patient’s medications, providing financial processes to manage the care process, shopping, and transportation ( 44 , 45 , 46 ). The increase in the patient’s level of dependency in daily living activities, long duration of care, inability to receive support from another person for the care, and lack of communication because of social isolation might have increased the social and physical care burden scores. Some factors such as stress, fatigue, and insomnia are also likely to have an impact on social and physical burden. RELEVANCE FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE Training programs organized for individuals who care for patients with stroke, the creation of support groups that bring caregivers together, and the development of technological applications that will enable remote monitoring of the course of the disease can help reduce the care burden and stress caused by the burden of care. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Training programs can be organized for individuals who care for stroke patients, and training can be provided on the course of the disease, the difficulties they might face and coping strategies that will support stroke patients in meeting their daily care needs effectively. Support groups can be created to bring caregivers together on a common platform so that they can share their experiences and feelings during the care process. Technologies and implementations can be developed to allow family caregivers to monitor the health status changes of their patients remotely. Declarations STATEMENT OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors have no conflict of interest Conflict of interests The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Funding Information The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research of this article: This study was supported by Atatürk University Scientific Research Projects (BAP) Coordination Unit. Human Ethics and Consent to Participate At the outset, written approvals were obtained from Ataturk University Non-Invasive Ethics Committee (Issue: 2022-10/4, 05.10.2022), Ataturk University Hospital Chief Physician, and Internal Units Department to conduct the study. Written consent was obtained from family caregivers using the “Volunteers’ Informed Consent Form” in which the purpose and method of the study were explained. The ethical principles of “Informed Consent”, “Volunteering”, and “Protection of Confidentiality” were followed. In the study, the data regarding the voice recordings of the participants were stored securely in an encrypted file that could only be accessed by the researcher. The Helsinki Declaration of Human Rights was adhered to throughout the study because individual rights had to be protected. Author Contributions 1.Study design: Ö.S. 2.Data collection: Ö.S. 3.Data analysis: Ö.S. 4. Study supervision: Ö.S., K.M. 5.Manuscript writing: Ö.S., K.M. 6 . Critical revisions for important intellectual content: Ö.S., K.M. Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank Atatürk University Scientific Research Projects (BAP) Coordination Unit for supporting the research, the valuable participants who contributed to the research, and Prof. Dr. Osman Samancı for his contributions to the analysis and review of the qualitative data. Authorship Statement All listed authors meet the authorship criteria and that all authors are in the agreement with the content of the manuscript. Consent for Publication Not applicable. This study does not contain any identifying images, personal or clinical information that could reveal the identity of the participants. Availability of Data and Materials The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to ethical and confidentiality restrictions, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References Caro CC, Costa JD, Da Cruz DMC. Burden and quality of life of family caregivers of stroke patients. Occup therapy health care. 2018;32(2):154–71. Cheng HY, Chair SY, Chau JPC. Effectiveness of a strength-oriented psychoeducation on caregiving competence, problem-solving abilities, psychosocial outcomes and physical health among family caregiver of stroke survivors: A randomised controlled trial. 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Freytes IM, Sullivan M, Schmitzberger M, LeLaurin J, Orozco T, Eliazar-Macke N, et al. Types of stroke-related deficits and their impact on family caregiver’s depressive symptoms, burden, and quality of life. Disabil Health J. 2021;14(2):101019. Chen K, Lou V, Cheng C, Lum T, Tang J. Family caregiver’s positive, negative, and ambivalent feelings towards stroke survivors: association with psychological well-being. Appl Res Qual Life. 2020:1–15. Hesamzadeh A, Dalvandi A, Bagher Maddah S, Fallahi Khoshknab M, Ahmadi F, Mosavi Arfa N. Family caregivers' experience of activities of daily living handling in older adult with stroke: a qualitative research in the Iranian context. Scand J Caring Sci. 2017;31(3):515–26. Pucciarelli G, Vellone E, Savini S, Simeone S, Ausili D, Alvaro R, et al. Roles of changing physical function and caregiver burden on quality of life in stroke: A longitudinal dyadic analysis. Stroke. 2017;48(3):733–9. Tables Table 1. Average score of caregiving burden scale of the caregiver family members and Comparison of demographic characteristics of family caregivers and caregiving burden scale scores Caregiving Burden Scale X ± SS Min-Max Number of items 61.32±13.57 24-88 22 Caregiving Burden Scale Characteristics Variables n (%) X ± SS Gender Female 79 (61.7) 60.29±14.32 Male 49 (38.3) 60.38±12.41 Test,p t: 0.039 p: 0.969 Marital status Married 96 (75) 58.78±13.92 Single 32 (25) 64.96±11.45 Test,p t: 2.269 p:0.025 Number of children No (1) 39 (30.5) 63.17±11.98 1-2 (2) 45 (35.2) 62.00±11.50 3-4 (3) 36 (28.1) 54.83±15.01 5 ve üstü (4) 8 (6.3) 61.75±19.60 Test,p F:2.923 p:0.037 Post Hoc (LSD) 1>3, 2>3 (p<0.05) Educational background Illiterate (1) 14 (10.9) 55.14±13.68 Primary School (2) 38 (29.7) 54.97±15.91 Secondary School (3) 45 (35.2) 64.91±11.50 University (4) 31 (24.2) 62.58±10.33 Test, p F: 5.094 p:0.002 Post Hoc (LSD) 3>1, 3>2, 4>2 (p<0.005) Income level Income is more than expense 3 (2.3) 54.33±22.05 Income equals expense 55 (43) 61.76±10.66 Income is less than expense 70 (54.7) 59.45±15.23 Test, p F: 0.741 p:0.479 Degree of closeness to the patient Spouse 45 (35.2) 60.08±13.87 Children 83 (64.8) 60.45±13.49 Test, p t:0.146 p:0.884 Caring experience Yes 27 (21.1) 52.85±15.89 No 101 (78.9) 62.32±12.21 Test, p t: 2.878 p:0.007 Receive support from another person for care Yes 95 (74.2) 60.58±13.89 No 33 (25.8) 59.57±12.78 Test, p t:0.368 p:0.713 Time spent caring 5-11 mounth 56 (43.8) 57.82±12.31 1-4 years 62 (48.4) 61.70±14.25 5 years and above 10 (7.8) 65.80±14.52 Test, p F: 2.125 p:0.124 Caregiving Burden Scale Age (yıl) x±ss (min-maks) r 0.001 43.02±13.85 (18-85) p 0.990 Table 2. Demographic characteristics of caregiver family members participating in qualitative research/ Themes, sub-themes and codes obtained from the interviews Age Gender Marital status Number of children Number of children Income level Degree of closeness Caring experience Receive support from another person for care Time spent caring Modified Barthel Index of stroke victim P 1 28 Female Single No University 1* Chilren No Yes y* a* P 2 25 Female Married No Secondary School 2* Chilren Yes Yes z* b* P 3 38 Female Married 1-2 University 2* Chilren Yes Yes y* a* P 4 67 Female Married 5 and above Primary School 1* Spouse No Yes x* b* P 5 39 Female Married 3-4 Primary School 1* Spouse No Yes y* b* P 6 40 Female Married 1-2 University 2* Spouse No Yes z* b* P 7 55 Female Married 3-4 Illiterate 2* Spouse Yes Yes x* b* P 8 42 Female Married 5 and above Illiterate 1* Spouse No Yes x* b* P 9 18 Female Single No Primary School 1* Chilren No Yes x* b* P 10 49 Male Married 3-4 Primary School 1* Chilren No Yes y* b* P 11 44 Female Single No University 2* Chilren Yes Yes x* b* P 12 39 Female Married 3-4 Primary School 2* Spouse No No y* b* P 13 76 Male Married No Primary School 1* Spouse No No x* b* P 14 33 Male Single No University 2* Chilren No Yes y* b* P 15 65 Female Married 5 and above Illiterate 3* Spouse No Yes z* b* P 16 70 Male Married 5 and above Primary School 2* Spouse No No x* b* P 17 34 Male Married 1-2 University 2* Chilren No Yes y* a* P 18 25 Female Single No Secondary School 2* Chilren No Yes y* a* P 19 25 Female Single No Secondary School 1* Chilren No No z* b* P 20 49 Female Married 3-4 Primary School 2* Spouse No No y* b* P 21 25 Female Single No Secondary School 2* Chilren Yes Yes z* b* Caregiving Burden Scale X ± SS Number of items 62.47±16.36 22 Themes Sub-themes Codes Participiant n Burden of Caregiving Family Members Economic Burden Job loss and unemployment 10, 12, 20 3 Lack of income 2, 5 2 Social Burden Loss of social life / social isolation 1, 3, 6, 7, 11, 18, 21 7 Role change 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 12 6 Inability to receive support from others 12, 13, 16, 19, 20 5 Inability to spare time for family 7, 14, 12, 17 4 Inability to spare time for yourself 3, 6, 12, 16 4 Not being able to spare time for work 3, 6 2 Disengagement from education 1, 21 2 Physical Burden Insomnia/tiredness 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 14, 15, 20, 21 13 Health problems 2, 3, 5, 6,16, 19, 20 7 Inability to meet personal needs 1, 3, 8, 20, 21 5 Feelings and Perceptions About Care Positive Emotions and Perceptions Loyalty and ownership 3, 7, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 21 9 Sense of responsibility and dedication 1, 3, 7, 8, 10, 11, 17, 19, 21 9 Feeling of happiness and love 7, 8, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 8 Earning merit 2, 10, 11, 13, 15, 19 6 Feeling of pity and empathy 1, 8, 12, 13, 16 Feeling of maturation 1, 3, 6, 17 4 Be hopeful 8, 12, 18, 21 4 Negative Emotions and Perceptions Helplessness and anxiety 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 18 Longing for the past 6, 7, 8, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21 9 Mental strain and stress 1, 3, 5, 12, 17, 18, 19 7 Anger and rebellion 1, 6, 16, 18, 20, 21 6 Feel sad 2, 6, 11, 14, 17, 18 6 Feelings of deprivation and neediness 6, 7, 12, 13, 16 5 Participant: P Income is less than expense: 1* Income equals expense: 2* Income is less than expense: 3* 5-11 mounts: x* 1-4 years: y* 5 and above: z* Moderate Dependence: a* Complete Dependence: b* Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8707569","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":602539959,"identity":"450c02fe-fdad-4094-a8d2-b8d20b165f64","order_by":0,"name":"Serpil Özcan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABBUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLCChAIwxfj4R8UBMOvAA4JaDMAUszHDmQMMPCAtCQStgWhhk2Zsg2hhwKdFvr332YMHBjb2/O1nDxsXzrsjZy92+CHQFjs53QYc5p85bm6QYJDGLHEmL/HxzG3PjHmk0wyAWpKNzQ7g0CKRxiaRYHCYzYAhx9iAd9vhxB7pBJCWA4nbcGiRn/8MrIXHgP+NmQTvHJCW9A94tTDcYANrkTCQyDGT5m0AacnBb4vBmTR2kF8MJG68MTacceywMc/tnIIDCQa4/SLffozt4Y8KYIj15xg++FBzWI59dvrmDx8q7ORwaQECNqy241SOU8soGAWjYBSMAgQAACFnXf83A+VcAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Atatürk University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Serpil","middleName":"","lastName":"Özcan","suffix":""},{"id":602539960,"identity":"03c130c3-4984-4bb7-89e7-506c05a0ad62","order_by":1,"name":"Mağfiret Kaşıkçı","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Atatürk University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mağfiret","middleName":"","lastName":"Kaşıkçı","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-27 08:08:46","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8707569/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8707569/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":104808421,"identity":"6f58f5fc-affb-49cd-9bc2-d6fd4802a3e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-17 12:37:22","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1528527,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8707569/v1/7424d8f4-296d-402f-bfc4-e97207834f29.pdf"},{"id":104430500,"identity":"0577c767-b64a-46f3-a67e-69706f588ca4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-11 15:36:57","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":18846,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SuplementaryFile1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8707569/v1/cb9ba60be936d84b3e1d8e73.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Caregiving Burden, Emotions and Perceptions in Family Caregivers Following Stroke: A Mixed Methods Study","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe physical, social, economic, and psychological burdens that the care burden causes for the caregiver's family members make it difficult to manage the care process effectively (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to previous studies, the difficulties faced by family members who cared for chronic patients were physical fatigue, economic challenges, social isolation, emotional exhaustion, stress, sleep problems, the caregiver family member\u0026rsquo;s own health problems, and lack of knowledge about the disease (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). For this reason, it is important to understand the needs of caregivers and support them (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaregiving family members must be allowed to express themselves to evaluate their feelings and perceptions. In this context, it is important to evaluate the care burden of caregivers and examine their feelings and perceptions towards their care burden. The emotions and perceptions of caregivers affect their motivation, ability to cope with stress, quality of care they provide, and sustainability of the care during the time they care for stroke patients (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). It was found in the literature review that there were few studies investigating the emotions and perceptions of family members who cared for individuals with stroke (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Also, no mixed-method study was detected investigating the care burden, emotions, and perceptions of family members who care for individuals with stroke.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHOD","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eType of Study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted with a mixed method design including quantitative and qualitative study techniques.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eWhere the Study Was Conducted\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted between October 2022 and November 2023 with family members who cared for stroke patients treated at a University Research Hospital.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePopulation and Sample of the Study\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA priori power analysis in the G-Power 3.1.9.4 program was used to determine the sample size in the study. For the power analysis, taking into account the comparison of the mean care burden scores (29.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.54; 35.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.10) reported in the study of Kargı (2022), which was one of the studies conducted previously on the subject, according to the \u003cb\u003et\u003c/b\u003e-test in independent groups, the effect size was found to be .67 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). In line with this, when the effect size was taken as 0.67 in the study, the Confidence Interval was 95%, the significance level was 0.05, and the power was 0.95, it was determined that the minimum number of caregivers to be included in the study was 116 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). Considering possible data loss of 10% for the study, it was finalized with a sample size of 128 caregivers (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). A total of 327 caregivers were reached between the dates specified in the study. A total of 128 caregiver family members constituted the sample of the study because 108 of the caregivers did not meet the study criteria and 91 did not want to participate in the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the sample size in the qualitative part of the study, the number of people required to contribute to the study is stated as between 20 and 40. However, it was determined during the data collection process by the researcher (Author 1) that there were repetitive responses and data saturation was reached, and therefore, the qualitative part of the study was terminated with 21 family caregivers. In the qualitative part of the study, the criterion sampling method was used as the sampling method (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy Inclusion Criteria\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeing 18 years or older\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeing a first-degree relative of the patient (spouse or child)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiving with the patient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eHaving been caring for a patient who has had a stroke for at least 4 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily members who cared for patients with a Barthel Index Score of 0\u0026ndash;20, 21\u0026ndash;61, or 62\u0026ndash;90. (For participants who would be included in the qualitative part of the study)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Collection Tools and Characteristics\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u0026ldquo;Burden of Caregiving Family Members\u0026rdquo; which consisted of 10 questions, the \u0026ldquo;Caregiving Burden Scale\u0026rdquo;, and the \u0026ldquo;Modified Barthel Index\u0026rdquo; were used as the data collection tools for the participants to be included in the qualitative part of the study. Open-ended questions that were prepared for in-depth interviews were also used in the study and a voice recorder was used to record the interviews.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eQuantitative data collection tools\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCaregiving Burden Scale\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe scale was developed by Zarit, Reever, and Bach-Peterson. The Turkish validity and reliability study of the scale was conducted by Inci and Erdem in 2008 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). The scale consist of 22 statements and had a 4-point Likert-type evaluation that ranged between 0 and 4. Increased scores received from the scale indicate that the burden of the caregiver is high. In the scoring, 0\u0026ndash;20 points indicate \u0026ldquo;No care burden\u0026rdquo;, 21\u0026ndash;40 points indicate \u0026ldquo;Mild care burden\u0026rdquo;, 41\u0026ndash;60 points indicate \u0026ldquo;Moderate care burden\u0026rdquo;, and 61\u0026ndash;88 points indicate \u0026ldquo;Heavy care burden\u0026rdquo;. The Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s Alpha Value of the scale was found to be 0.88 for the present study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eQualitative data collection tools\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eModified Barthel Index\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Modified Barthel Index was developed by Mahoney and Barthel. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). The Turkish validity and reliability study of the scale was conducted by K\u0026uuml;\u0026ccedil;\u0026uuml;kdeveci et al. in 2000 with neurology patients. The Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s Alpha Value of the Modified Barthel Index was found 0.93. The Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s Alpha Value was found to be 0.89 for this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModified Barthel Index scores range between 0 and 100. In the scoring, 0\u0026ndash;20 points indicate complete dependence, 21\u0026ndash;61 points indicate severe dependence, 62\u0026ndash;90 points indicate moderate dependence, 91\u0026ndash;99 points indicate mild dependence and 100 points indicate independence (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQualitative Data Collection Tools\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSemi-Structured Interview Form\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA semi-structured form that had 5 open-ended questions and 2 side questions, created by the researcher as a result of the literature review, was also used as the data collection tool (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe form questions were edited after 3 pilot implementations and the resulting data were not included in the analyses. Then, the final version of the form was given in line with the opinions and suggestions of 8 experts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusions derived were drawn from collected data during the period May 2023 and November 2023. The data were collected by the researcher (Author 1). Before the data were collected, information was given about the purpose of the study and data collection methods, and then verbal and written consent was obtained from the participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data were collected in line with quantitative and qualitative data collection methods and the Convergent Parallel Design from mixed study methods. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected simultaneously. The purpose of choosing the Convergent Parallel Design in the study was to support and verify the measurements obtained with quantitative data by qualitative data (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quantitative data of the study were collected face to face by the researcher (Author 1) with the survey forms, which were filled out by the caregivers. Quantitative data collection took approximately 5\u0026ndash;10 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe qualitative part of the study was conducted based on the Descriptive Phenomenology Design (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe researcher (Author 1) who collected the data had previously taken a 14-week course on qualitative study design and also attended a qualitative study course and received a certificate. She has also conducted 2 qualitative studies previously. The qualitative data of the study were collected by the researcher through face-to-face in-depth interviews with family members who cared for the stroke patients. The interviews lasted 10\u0026ndash;27 minutes, were recorded on a voice recorder, and were then transferred to the computer environment by giving each participant a code name (P1, P2, \u0026hellip;P7).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEvaluation of Data\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEvaluation of Quantitative Data\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quantitative data obtained in the study were analyzed by using the SPSS 23 package program. Frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation values were used to evaluate the data regarding descriptive characteristics. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, histogram, and QQ graph were used to determine whether the variables were normally distributed. Also, Skewness and Kurtosis values (-1.5 to +\u0026thinsp;1.5) were evaluated for compliance with normal distribution and it was determined that the data showed normal distribution, and parametric tests were used. Percentages, averages, One-Way ANOVA, and Independent Sample \u003cb\u003et-\u003c/b\u003eTest were used to evaluate the study data. The significance level was taken as 0.05 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEvaluation of Qualitative Data\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data were analyzed under the guidance of the COREQ Checklist (Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research), which was prepared for the reporting of qualitative data (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). The analysis of the qualitative data was performed by using the Content Analysis Method. The data analysis was performed by hand-coding by one of the researchers (Author 1). After the coded data were transferred into the Excel program, it was tabulated and sub-themes and themes were created. Then, the themes, sub-themes, and codes were finalized after a second expert opinion was taken from an expert competent in Mixed and Qualitative Study Methods, who was a faculty member at the Faculty of Education of a university.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e After the in-depth interviews were completed, the interviews that were recorded on the voice recorder were transferred to the computer with their code names and converted into written text verbatim by the researcher. The written texts were analyzed in 4 stages with the Content Analysis Method as follows (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage: Coding the data\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage: Creating the themes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage: Organizing the data according to the codes and themes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage: Interpretation of the findings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthical Principles of\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e At the outset, written approvals were obtained from xxxxx xxxxx University Non-Invasive Ethics Committee (Issue: 2022-10/4, 05.10.2022), xxxxx xxxxxx University Hospital Chief Physician, and Internal Units Department to conduct the study. Written consent was obtained from family caregivers using the \u0026ldquo;Volunteers\u0026rsquo; Informed Consent Form\u0026rdquo; in which the purpose and method of the study were explained. The ethical principles of \u0026ldquo;Informed Consent\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Volunteering\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;Protection of Confidentiality\u0026rdquo; were followed. In the study, the data regarding the voice recordings of the participants were stored securely in an encrypted file that could only be accessed by the researcher. The Helsinki Declaration of Human Rights was adhered to throughout the study because individual rights had to be protected.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations of the Study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was limited to the family members who cared for hospitalized stroke patients in the specified time in which data were collected at the institution where the study was conducted. For this reason, the study results cannot be generalized to all family members who care for stroke patients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQuantitative Results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen the average score of the Caregiving Burden Scale of the caregiver family members was examined, it was determined that the mean caregiving burden score was 61.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.57 (Table\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The average age of the caregiver family members was 43.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.85. When the demographic characteristics of the caregiver family members were examined, 61.7% were female, 75% were married, 35.2% had 1\u0026ndash;2 children, 35.2% were secondary school graduates, and 54.7% had incomes less than their expenses, 64.8% of them were the children of the person they cared for, 78.9% had no previous caregiving experience, 74.2% received support from another person for care, and 48.4% had been caring for their patients for 1\u0026ndash;4 years (Table\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen the demographic characteristics and caregiving burden scale scores of the caregiver family members were evaluated, a statistically significant difference was detected between the marital status and caregiving burden scale score (t: 2.269, p:0.025) of the caregiver family members (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Those whose marital status was single had a higher average score. A statistically significant difference was detected between the number of children of caregiver family members and the caregiving burden scale score (F:2.923, p:0.037). Also, the average score of those who had no children and those with 1\u0026ndash;2 children was higher than those with 3\u0026ndash;4 children (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was a statistically significant difference between educational status and caregiving burden scale score (F: 5.094, p:0.002) (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The mean score of those who graduated from secondary school was higher than those who were illiterate and those who were primary school graduates, and the mean score of those who were university graduates was higher than those who were primary school graduates (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA statistically significant difference was detected (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) between the caregiving experience of the family caregivers and the caregiving burden scale score (t: 2.878, p:0.007). The mean score of those with no care experience was higher (Table\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was no statistically significant difference between the gender of the family caregivers, their income levels, relation to the patient, receiving support from another person for care, the duration of caregiving, and caregiving burden scale scores (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). There was a very weak, positive but not statistically significant relationship between the age of family caregivers and the caregiving burden scale score (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQualitative Findings\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 21 family caregivers participated in the qualitative part of the study. The ages of the participants ranged between 18 and 76, 16 of them were female, 14 were married, 9 had no children, 9 of them were primary school graduates, 12 of them had income equal to their expenses, 11 of the participants were children of individuals who had a stroke, 16 of them did not have any previous care experience, 16 of them received support while giving care, and 9 of them had been providing care for more than 1\u0026ndash;4 years. According to the Modified Barthel Index, the dependency level of the stroke victim cared for by 17 of the participants was determined as Totally Dependent (Table\u0026nbsp;2). It was also found that the care burden of the family members who participated in the qualitative part of the study was at the level of heavy care burden (62.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.36) (Table\u0026nbsp;2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a result of the analysis of the data that were obtained from the interviews with the care burdens of family members who cared for stroke patients, 2 themes (\u0026ldquo;Burden of Caregiving Family Members\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Feelings and Perceptions About Care\u0026rdquo;), and 5 sub-themes (\u0026ldquo;Economic Burden\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Social Burden\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Physical Burden\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Positive Emotions and Perceptions\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Negative Emotions and Perceptions\u0026rdquo;) and 25 codes were created (Table\u0026nbsp;2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTheme 1. Burden of Caregiving Family Members\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e The burden of the family caregivers was collected under the sub-themes of \u0026ldquo;Economic Burden\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Social Burden\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Physical Burden\u0026rdquo; (Table\u0026nbsp;2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eP 10: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eBut I had difficulty in terms of work, I mean economically. I could not work because I came here and took care of my mother.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eP 3: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eWe had no social life, I could only see my siblings, my wife, and my child, I could not meet anyone else. I pushed all my roles aside and took on the role of a child and devoted myself only to my father.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eP 14: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eOur family broke up. In other words, my relationships with my wife and my friends have decreased.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eP 1: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eI could not sleep at first. This even affected my ability to meet my own needs. I had to go in and out of the toilet immediately.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eP 21: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eI have sleeping problems. I cannot sleep. I cannot sleep because I am anxious. For example, I constantly check my mother\u0026rsquo;s breathing to see if she is breathing.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTheme 2. Feelings and Perceptions About Care\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe feelings and perceptions of the caregiver's family members regarding the care were collected under the sub-themes of \u0026ldquo;Positive Emotions and Perceptions\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Negative Emotions and Perceptions\u0026rdquo; (Table\u0026nbsp;2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eP 1: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eI perceive it as my duty to care for him. I think my empathy skills have increased greatly thanks to this. Because now you try to see everything from the patient\u0026rsquo;s eyes so that you can help the patient more.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eP 2: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eAs a child, I want to take advantage of this moment. I want to get his consent.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eP 10: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eCaring for him makes me feel good. It makes me feel happy.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eP 2: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eAt first there was a fear of losing.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eP 18: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eI miss my old life... I cannot go out and meet my friends as I want. I miss my friends, relatives, my village, my animals.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003e When the quantitative and qualitative findings obtained in the study were evaluated, it was concluded that family caregivers were under a heavy care burden. Similar to the study findings, previous studies in the literature conducted with caregivers of stroke patients, neurological diseases, palliative care patients, and elderly people with chronic diseases reported that the care burden of caregivers was high (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). In some study results that differ from the present study findings, it was found that the level of care burden was at moderate or mild levels (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e). The differences in caregiving burden scores might have occurred because of the dependency level of the stroke survivor, his/her individual characteristics, the adequacy of the support systems, and cultural differences in the place where the study was conducted.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was found that women experienced the most strain, stress, helplessness, and anxiety among the individuals who participated in the qualitative part of the study. Similarly, a study in which the majority of participants were women reported that daily care time increased anxiety and care burden in caregivers (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). It can be considered that women’s multiple roles, emotional states, empathy skills, and especially the economic problems of women who care for their spouses increase their care burden scores. The fact that feelings of empathy, compassion, and love were at the highest levels in women was supported by the qualitative findings of the study. Study results also proved that providing care with empathy, compassion, and love caused compassion fatigue in women (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study also found that single people had a higher care burden. Similarly, some studies reported that single caregivers had higher care burden scores (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e). There are also some studies reporting that married caregivers had higher care burden scores (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e). The majority of the individuals who participated in the qualitative part of the study were the spouses of the person they cared for. Also, the expressions of the feelings of happiness, love, loyalty, and ownership were mostly expressed by female participants. For this reason, it is considered that the willing and loving care of female participants reduced the level of care burden. It was also found that caregiver family members who did not have children had higher care burden scores. There is a study finding reporting that the care burden scores of those who did not have children and who helped care were higher (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e). It is considered that caregivers who have children are experienced in caregiving as a requirement of their motherhood and fatherhood roles, but single people are inexperienced, which increases their care burden. In the qualitative findings of the study, it was found that the single participants had difficulties because they had no previous care experience, experienced stress, and had difficulties at first because of their changing roles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the findings, it was also found that the care burden scores of the family caregivers who had secondary education levels were higher. In some previous studies, it was reported that the care burden scores of secondary school graduates were higher (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e). Contrary to the findings of the present study, it was reported that caregivers who had secondary education and university degrees had lower care burdens (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e). Also, in some studies, the burden of care was found to be higher in those whose education level was primary school/illiterate (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e). This difference with the present study can be explained by the fact that the place where the study was conducted and the educational opportunities and access to information of people living in different regions were not the same.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen care burden scores were examined in the qualitative part of the study based on the statements of the family caregivers, it was found that the primary care burdens were social and physical, and economic burdens were relatively less. Similarly, in a previous study conducted with caregivers, it was found that the participants experienced problems such as not being able to cover their personal needs, pain, and fatigue. It was also reported that they were happy to provide care, felt loyalty, and were unhappy because of the role changes they faced (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e). It was reported in another study that caregivers experienced physical fatigue, chronic fatigue, loss of appetite, insomnia, and back pain (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e). In some studies, family members who provided care felt under social and economic burden in terms of providing the patient’s medications, providing financial processes to manage the care process, shopping, and transportation (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e). The increase in the patient’s level of dependency in daily living activities, long duration of care, inability to receive support from another person for the care, and lack of communication because of social isolation might have increased the social and physical care burden scores. Some factors such as stress, fatigue, and insomnia are also likely to have an impact on social and physical burden.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"RELEVANCE FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE","content":"\u003cp\u003eTraining programs organized for individuals who care for patients with stroke, the creation of support groups that bring caregivers together, and the development of technological applications that will enable remote monitoring of the course of the disease can help reduce the care burden and stress caused by the burden of care.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eTraining programs can be organized for individuals who care for stroke patients, and training can be provided on the course of the disease, the difficulties they might face and coping strategies that will support stroke patients in meeting their daily care needs effectively. Support groups can be created to bring caregivers together on a common platform so that they can share their experiences and feelings during the care process. Technologies and implementations can be developed to allow family caregivers to monitor the health status changes of their patients remotely.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSTATEMENT OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no conflict of interest\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Information\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research of this article: This study was supported by Atat\u0026uuml;rk University Scientific Research Projects (BAP) Coordination Unit.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eHuman Ethics and Consent to Participate\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the outset, written approvals were obtained from Ataturk University Non-Invasive Ethics Committee (Issue: 2022-10/4, 05.10.2022), Ataturk University Hospital Chief Physician, and Internal Units Department to conduct the study. Written consent was obtained from family caregivers using the \u0026ldquo;Volunteers\u0026rsquo; Informed Consent Form\u0026rdquo; in which the purpose and method of the study were explained. The ethical principles of \u0026ldquo;Informed Consent\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Volunteering\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;Protection of Confidentiality\u0026rdquo; were followed. In the study, the data regarding the voice recordings of the participants were stored securely in an encrypted file that could only be accessed by the researcher. The Helsinki Declaration of Human Rights was adhered to throughout the study because individual rights had to be protected.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.Study design:\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026Ouml;.S.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.Data collection:\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026Ouml;.S.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.Data analysis:\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026Ouml;.S.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eStudy supervision:\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026Ouml;.S., K.M.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.Manuscript writing:\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026Ouml;.S., K.M.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003eCritical revisions for important intellectual content:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026Ouml;.S., K.M.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank Atat\u0026uuml;rk University Scientific Research Projects (BAP) Coordination Unit for supporting the research, the valuable participants who contributed to the research, and Prof. Dr. Osman Samancı for his contributions to the analysis and review of the qualitative data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthorship Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll listed authors meet the authorship criteria and that all authors are in the agreement with the content of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/strong\u003e This study does not contain any identifying images, personal or clinical information that could reveal the identity of the participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of Data and Materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to ethical and confidentiality restrictions, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCaro CC, Costa JD, Da Cruz DMC. Burden and quality of life of family caregivers of stroke patients. Occup therapy health care. 2018;32(2):154\u0026ndash;71.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCheng HY, Chair SY, Chau JPC. Effectiveness of a strength-oriented psychoeducation on caregiving competence, problem-solving abilities, psychosocial outcomes and physical health among family caregiver of stroke survivors: A randomised controlled trial. Int J Nurs Stud. 2018;87:84\u0026ndash;93.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePanzeri A, Rossi Ferrario S, Vidotto G. Interventions for psychological health of stroke caregivers: a systematic review. Front Psychol. 2019;10:2045.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAl-Zyoud E, Maharmeh M, Ahmad M. Family experiences of caregiving to patients with Alzheimer. Working Older People. 2021;25(2):115\u0026ndash;22.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHodgson N, Petrovsky DV, Kallmyer B, Pike J, Fazio S. The Alzheimer\u0026rsquo;s Association National Helpline: Effects on Family Caregivers. Innov Aging. 2019;3(1):217.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGray RS, Pattaravanich U. Internal and external resources, tiredness and the subjective well-being of family caregivers of older adults: a case study from western Thailand, Southeast Asia. Eur J Ageing. 2020;17(3):349\u0026ndash;59.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBucki B, Spitz E, Baumann M. Emotional and social repercussions of stroke on patient-family caregiver dyads: Analysis of diverging attitudes and profiles of the differing dyads. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(4):1\u0026ndash;15.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVarughese T, Montiel TC, Engebretson J, Savitz SI, Sharrief A, Beauchamp JE. A person-centered approach understanding stroke survivor and family caregiver emotional health. J Neurosci Nurs. 2022;54(2):68\u0026ndash;73.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJones E. A Mixed Methodological Approach to Investigating Perceptions, and Emotional Outcomes, of Stroke Patients and Carers. Bangor University (United Kingdom); 2006.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMcCurley JL, Funes CJ, Zale EL, Lin A, Jacobo M, Jacobs JM, et al. Preventing chronic emotional distress in stroke survivors and their informal caregivers. Neurocrit Care. 2019;30:581\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSajwani-Merchant Z, Behan D, Swank C, Daniel K. Caregiver experiences of social support following stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2023;32(9):107253.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKargı Keven Y. İnmeli hastaya bakım veren aile \u0026uuml;yelerinin bakım y\u0026uuml;k\u0026uuml; ve yaşlı istismar riski arasındaki ilişki [Y\u0026uuml;ksek Lisans Tezi]. Denizli: Pamukkale \u0026Uuml;niversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstit\u0026uuml;s\u0026uuml;; 2022.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026Ccedil;apık C. Statistical Power Analysis and It\u0026rsquo;s Use in Nursing Studies: Basic Information. J Anatolia Nurs Health Sci. 2014;17(4):268\u0026ndash;74.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eErdfelder E, Faul F, Buchner A. Power analysis for categorical methods. Wiley StatsRef: Stat Ref Online. 2014:1\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKazemi A, Azimian J, Mafi M, Allen K-A, Motalebi SA. Caregiver burden and coping strategies in caregivers of older patients with stroke. BMC Psychol. 2021;9(1):1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJohnson B, Christensen L. 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Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007;19(6):349\u0026ndash;57.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYıldırım A, Şimşek H. Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma y\u0026ouml;ntemleri. Ankara: Se\u0026ccedil;kin Yayıncılık; 2021.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBulut H, Bozkurt C, Sakar DD. The Effect of Care Burdens on the Quality of Life of Palliative Care Patients Caregivers. G\u0026uuml;m\u0026uuml;şhane Univ J Health Sci. 2023;12(3):1086\u0026ndash;96.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDeyhoul N, Vasli P, Rohani C, Shakeri N, Hosseini M. The effect of family-centered empowerment program on the family caregiver burden and the activities of daily living of Iranian patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020;32(7):1343\u0026ndash;52.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRoy AK, Gujar NM, Ali A, Borah U. Anxiety Depression and Burden among the Caregivers of Persons with Neurological Illness. Indian J Psychiatric Social Work. 2018;9(2).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSel\u0026ccedil;uk KT, Avcı D. The Care Burden of Caregivers Caring for Elderly with Chronic Diseases and Affecting Factors. S\u0026uuml;leyman Demirel Univ J Health Sci. 2016;7(1):1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBakır NA, Aydın AK. Determination of Care Burden and Affecting Factors in Individuals Caring for Elderly Patients. Izmir K\u0026acirc;tip \u0026Ccedil;elebi Univ Fac Health Sci J. 2023;8(3):887\u0026ndash;96.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFertelli TK, Tuncay F\u0026Ouml;. Relationship between Care Burden, Social Support and Quality of Life in Caregivers of Individual with Stroke. Jaren. 2019;5(2):107\u0026ndash;15.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKarakurt P, Unsal A, Tanriverdi D. Evaluation of Care Burden and Quality of Life of Caregivers of Patients with Stroke. Int J Caring Sci. 2018.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHu P, Yang Q, Kong L, Hu L, Zeng L. Relationship between the anxiety/depression and care burden of the major caregiver of stroke patients. Medicine. 2018;97(40).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRamezani N, Sajjadian I, Manshaee G, Barekatain M. The Effectiveness of Emotion Efficacy Therapy on Burden and Compassion Fatigue of Caregivers Patients with Dementia. J Isfahan Med School. 2023;41(720):373\u0026ndash;81.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBahadır Yılmaz E, Ata EE. Determining the Relation Between the Burden of Caregivers for Individuals With Neurological Disease and Caregivers\u0026rsquo; Ways of Coping With Stress. J Psychiatric Nursing/Psikiyatri Hemsireleri Dernegi. 2017;8(3):145\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKavga A, Kalemikerakis I, Faros A, Milaka M, Tsekoura D, Skoulatou M, et al. The effects of patients\u0026rsquo; and caregivers\u0026rsquo; characteristics on the burden of families caring for stroke survivors. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(14):7298.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026Ccedil;etinkaya N, D\u0026ouml;nmez E. Investigation of care burden, anxiety and depression levels in caregivers of stroke patients. Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi. 2023;10(1):49\u0026ndash;59.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGorgulu U, Polat U, Kahraman B, Ozen S, Arslan E. Factors affecting the burden on caregivers of stroke survivors in Turkey. Med Sci Discovery. 2016;3(4):159\u0026ndash;65.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026Uuml;nver V, Basak T, Tosun N, Aslan O, Akbayrak N. Care burden and self-efficacy levels of family caregivers of elderly people in Turkey. Holist Nurs Pract. 2016;30(3):166\u0026ndash;73.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eErkuran H, Altay B. The Effect of Care Burden on Coping with Stress in Persons Caring for Alzheimer\u0026rsquo;s Patient. J Health Serv Educ. 2020;3(2):52\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGertrude N, Kawuma R, Nalukenge W, Kamacooko O, Yperzeele L, Cras P, et al. Caring for a stroke patient: The burden and experiences of primary caregivers in Uganda\u0026ndash;A qualitative study. Nurs open. 2019;6(4):1551\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDuray M, Yaşar P. The Effect of Functional Status of Stroke Individuals on Caregiver Pain. Turkish J Family Med Prim Care. 2022;16(2):274\u0026ndash;85.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFreytes IM, Sullivan M, Schmitzberger M, LeLaurin J, Orozco T, Eliazar-Macke N, et al. Types of stroke-related deficits and their impact on family caregiver\u0026rsquo;s depressive symptoms, burden, and quality of life. Disabil Health J. 2021;14(2):101019.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChen K, Lou V, Cheng C, Lum T, Tang J. Family caregiver\u0026rsquo;s positive, negative, and ambivalent feelings towards stroke survivors: association with psychological well-being. Appl Res Qual Life. 2020:1\u0026ndash;15.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHesamzadeh A, Dalvandi A, Bagher Maddah S, Fallahi Khoshknab M, Ahmadi F, Mosavi Arfa N. Family caregivers' experience of activities of daily living handling in older adult with stroke: a qualitative research in the Iranian context. Scand J Caring Sci. 2017;31(3):515\u0026ndash;26.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePucciarelli G, Vellone E, Savini S, Simeone S, Ausili D, Alvaro R, et al. Roles of changing physical function and caregiver burden on quality of life in stroke: A longitudinal dyadic analysis. Stroke. 2017;48(3):733\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAverage score of caregiving burden scale of the caregiver family members and Comparison of demographic characteristics of family caregivers and caregiving burden scale scores\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCaregiving Burden Scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.4148%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX \u0026plusmn; SS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.7192%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMin-Max\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.694%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of items\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.4148%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.32\u0026plusmn;13.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.7192%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24-88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.694%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.694%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCaregiving Burden Scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX \u0026plusmn; SS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79 (61.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.29\u0026plusmn;14.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (38.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.38\u0026plusmn;12.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest,p\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et: 0.039 p: 0.969\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96 (75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.78\u0026plusmn;13.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.96\u0026plusmn;11.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest,p\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et: 2.269 \u003cstrong\u003ep:0.025\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of children\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (30.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.17\u0026plusmn;11.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-2 \u0026nbsp; (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (35.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.00\u0026plusmn;11.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-4 \u0026nbsp; (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (28.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.83\u0026plusmn;15.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 ve \u0026uuml;st\u0026uuml; (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.75\u0026plusmn;19.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest,p\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF:2.923 \u003cstrong\u003ep:0.037\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost Hoc (LSD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026gt;3, 2\u0026gt;3 (p\u0026lt;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducational background\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (10.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.14\u0026plusmn;13.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary School \u0026nbsp;(2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (29.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.97\u0026plusmn;15.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary School (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (35.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.91\u0026plusmn;11.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (24.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.58\u0026plusmn;10.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest, p\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF: 5.094 \u003cstrong\u003ep:0.002\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost Hoc (LSD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026gt;1, 3\u0026gt;2, 4\u0026gt;2 (p\u0026lt;0.005)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncome level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncome is more than expense\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.33\u0026plusmn;22.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncome equals expense\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 (43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.76\u0026plusmn;10.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncome is less than expense\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70 (54.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.45\u0026plusmn;15.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest, p\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF: 0.741 p:0.479\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDegree of closeness to the patient\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpouse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (35.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.08\u0026plusmn;13.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChildren\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83 (64.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.45\u0026plusmn;13.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest, p\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et:0.146 p:0.884\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCaring experience\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (21.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.85\u0026plusmn;15.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101 (78.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.32\u0026plusmn;12.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest, p\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et: 2.878 \u003cstrong\u003ep:0.007\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReceive support from another person for care\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95 (74.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.58\u0026plusmn;13.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (25.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.57\u0026plusmn;12.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest, p\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et:0.368 p:0.713\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTime spent caring\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-11 mounth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (43.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.82\u0026plusmn;12.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-4 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (48.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.70\u0026plusmn;14.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 years and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (7.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.80\u0026plusmn;14.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest, p\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.2902%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF: 2.125 p:0.124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.4243%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCaregiving Burden Scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(yıl) x\u0026plusmn;ss (min-maks)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5584%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003er\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36.8659%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.9921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.02\u0026plusmn;13.85 (18-85)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5584%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36.8659%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.990\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDemographic characteristics of caregiver family members participating in qualitative research/ Themes, sub-themes and codes obtained from the interviews\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"605\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of children\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of children\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncome level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDegree of closeness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCaring experience\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReceive support from another person for care\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTime spent caring\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModified Barthel Index of stroke victim\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChilren\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChilren\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ez*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChilren\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpouse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary School \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpouse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpouse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ez*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpouse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpouse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary School \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChilren\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary School \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChilren\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChilren\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary School \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpouse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary School \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpouse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChilren\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpouse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ez*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary School \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpouse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChilren\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChilren\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e19\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChilren\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ez*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary School\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpouse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChilren\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ez*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 331px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCaregiving Burden Scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX \u0026plusmn; SS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of items\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.47\u0026plusmn;16.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThemes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSub-themes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCodes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipiant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"12\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBurden of Caregiving Family Members\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEconomic Burden\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJob loss and unemployment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10, 12, 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLack of income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2, 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"7\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial Burden\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLoss of social life / social isolation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1, 3, 6, 7, 11, 18, 21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRole change\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 12\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInability to receive support from others\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12, 13, 16, 19, 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInability to spare time for family\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7, 14, 12, 17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInability to spare time for yourself\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3, 6, 12, 16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot being able to spare time for work\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3, 6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisengagement from education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1, 21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical Burden\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsomnia/tiredness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 14, 15, 20, 21\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth problems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2, 3, 5, 6,16, 19, 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInability to meet personal needs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1, 3, 8, 20, 21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"13\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFeelings and Perceptions About Care\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"7\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePositive Emotions and Perceptions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLoyalty and ownership\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3, 7, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSense of responsibility and dedication\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1, 3, 7, 8, 10, 11, 17, 19, 21\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeeling of happiness and love\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7, 8, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEarning merit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2, 10, 11, 13, 15, 19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeeling of pity and empathy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1, 8, 12, 13, 16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeeling of maturation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1, 3, 6, 17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBe hopeful\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8, 12, 18, 21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNegative Emotions and Perceptions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHelplessness and anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLonging for the past\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6, 7, 8, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMental strain and stress\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1, 3, 5, 12, 17, 18, 19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnger and rebellion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1, 6, 16, 18, 20, 21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeel sad\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2, 6, 11, 14, 17, 18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeelings of deprivation and neediness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6, 7, 12, 13, 16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipant: P\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eIncome is less than expense: 1* Income equals expense: 2* Income is less than expense: 3* 5-11 mounts: x* 1-4 years: y*\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 and above: z* Moderate Dependence: a* Complete Dependence: b*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"care burden, family caregiver, mixed method, nursing, stroke","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8707569/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8707569/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is crucial to identify the physical, social, economic, and psychological challenges caregivers face and understand their needs when caring for stroke patients.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAim\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study examined the care burden, feelings, and perceptions of family members who cared for stroke patients.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe population of the study consisted of family members who cared for stroke patients hospitalized in a hospital in eastern Turkey. The sample consisted of 128 caregivers in the quantitative part of the study and 21 family caregivers in the qualitative part. The \u0026ldquo;Descriptive Characteristics Form\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Caregiving Burden Scale\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Semi-Structured Interview Form\u0026rdquo; were used as the data collection tools.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was found in the study that the average care burden score of the family caregivers who participated in the quantitative part of the study was 61.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.57, and the average care burden score of those who participated in the qualitative part was 62.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.36. As a result of the data analysis, the qualitative part of the study resulted in 2 themes, 5 sub-themes, and 25 codes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was concluded that the care burden of the family members who cared for stroke patients was at the level of heavy care burden.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Caregiving Burden, Emotions and Perceptions in Family Caregivers Following Stroke: A Mixed Methods Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-11 15:36:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8707569/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-06T06:32:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-04T09:58:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-04T06:14:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-02-03T20:18:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Psychology","date":"2026-02-03T20:13:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3b5368dc-e6ac-4a4b-9011-0be03c78ac52","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 11th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-11T15:36:53+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-11 15:36:53","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8707569","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8707569","identity":"rs-8707569","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}