Research on Brazilian Splitting Mechanics and Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Various Types of Sandstones in Shendong Mining Area

Research on Brazilian Splitting Mechanics and Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Various Types of Sandstones in Shendong Mining Area | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Research on Brazilian Splitting Mechanics and Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Various Types of Sandstones in Shendong Mining Area Zhiliang Yang, Songpeng Yue, donghui Yang, cun zhang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5807707/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 May, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 16 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In order to investigate the tensile mechanical properties of various sandstones in the Shendong mining area, real-time acoustic emission (AE) monitoring of Brazilian fracturing was conducted. Through AE monitoring tests, the tensile strength, fracture toughness, peak energy rate, failure mode, as well as the characteristics of AE and the evolution of damage variables were analyzed during the splitting process. The research results show that the average tensile strength of argillaceous siltstone, calc-argillaceous siltstone, argillaceous fine sandstone, calc-argillaceous sandstone, and calcareous coarse sandstone are 5.72, 6.92, 2.71, 1.39, and 13.20 MPa, respectively. The average fracture toughness are 1.11, 1.00, 0.71, 0.38, and 0.81 MPa. m 1/2, and the average peak energy efficiency are 1577.8, 2099.0, 1313.0, 233.5, and 4125.8 J.m -2 , respectively. The failure modes of various types of sandstones can be categorized as linear (argillaceous siltstone, argillaceous fine sandstone), arc-shaped (cal-argillaceous siltstone, calc-argillaceous coarse sandstone), and "川"-shaped (calcareous coarse sandstone).In the case of siltstone, the AR values for acoustic emission are evenly distributed, resulting in a linear growth pattern in the overall damage curve. For argillaceous fine sandstone and cal-argillaceous coarse sandstone, the AR value distribution is dense, leading to an S-shaped growth in the overall damage curve. In contrast, the AR value distribution for calcareous coarse sandstone is sparse, resulting in an L-shaped growth in the overall damage curve. Biological sciences/Ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Earth and environmental sciences/Solid earth sciences Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Materials science Physical sciences/Physics Sandstone Tensile strength Fracture toughness Acoustic emission Damage value Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Table 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section. Supplementary Files Table.doc Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 May, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 18 Mar, 2025 Reviews received at journal 15 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Feb, 2025 Reviews received at journal 31 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Jan, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 27 Jan, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 27 Jan, 2025 Editor invited by journal 22 Jan, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 21 Jan, 2025 First submitted to journal 11 Jan, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5807707","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":405402779,"identity":"3c78130c-65ec-4a95-905b-7c4f52bff62d","order_by":0,"name":"Zhiliang 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4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":29893,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTensile strength of various types of sandstone\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5807707/v1/7b03acab314f765687b47cfc.png"},{"id":74626623,"identity":"e9f6964c-081f-44ee-b9c9-e7130b2e0b2b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-24 06:56:43","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27779,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFracture toughness of various types of sandstone\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5807707/v1/70054a77b104fee64cc3f7e3.png"},{"id":74626598,"identity":"f2fd7ea1-fd1e-4c18-846e-2f874daade5a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-24 06:56:41","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":28195,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCalculation of the internal energy accumulation\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5807707/v1/ce2bc8eab86868f611291767.png"},{"id":74626601,"identity":"763738b7-97fd-408e-b0e2-8e4eba8c3c0c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-24 06:56:42","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44022,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEnergy rate of various types of sandstone\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5807707/v1/ebd0589a3080b3b1fdf56b8b.png"},{"id":74628245,"identity":"4c9b0857-1054-41e3-b2bd-d330f06c33c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-24 07:12:44","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":99586,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between tensile strength and fracture toughness and energy rate\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5807707/v1/4f1ac14342b1445b4fc99a74.png"},{"id":74626864,"identity":"1e228952-01b9-44fa-806d-68df8cb58b02","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-24 07:04:42","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":654842,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVarious types of sandstone failure modes\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5807707/v1/dd5f85234a147c227cb9590e.png"},{"id":74626629,"identity":"66594c46-df65-4ec4-b783-1db03eb49b9c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-24 06:56:43","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":59138,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAcoustic emission characteristics of various types of sandstone\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5807707/v1/828602a1dcc8fcc17840a219.png"},{"id":74626588,"identity":"b78b6aa4-9c60-418e-a23d-04aca11ab6df","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-24 06:56:41","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":307406,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelationship curves of damage ,RA,stress and time of various types of sandstone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a)\u003c/strong\u003e Curves of tensile stress, AR and D of specimens in Set A0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(b)\u003c/strong\u003e Curves of tensile stress, AR and D of specimens in Set A1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(c) \u003c/strong\u003eCurves of tensile stress, AR and D of specimens in Set B1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(d)\u003c/strong\u003e Curves of tensile stress, AR and D of specimens in Set D0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(e) \u003c/strong\u003eCurves of tensile stress, AR and D of specimens in Set E0\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5807707/v1/8c40462d0e0d999e47bf2dc8.png"},{"id":74626582,"identity":"27798aba-75c8-46b1-ae8e-4c655b1dac91","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-24 06:56:41","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":93048,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLoad displacement curve considered invalid by Wang Qizhi\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5807707/v1/3a042407469cbf8749d53c2d.png"},{"id":83782830,"identity":"1b33d015-d23f-4c31-b85d-8515b796a91d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-02 16:07:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1320901,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscriptrevised.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5807707/v1_covered_7a8a9d61-9ce6-475a-9000-65dcf176f6df.pdf"},{"id":74626870,"identity":"becadd5d-1406-4bdf-b4fc-4fd82c6d0c2e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-24 07:04:43","extension":"doc","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":68096,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table.doc","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5807707/v1/ceb8f539e79bfe31e808c648.doc"}],"financialInterests":"\u003cp\u003eNo competing interests reported.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e","formattedTitle":"Research on Brazilian Splitting Mechanics and Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Various Types of Sandstones in Shendong Mining Area","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Sandstone, Tensile strength, Fracture toughness, Acoustic emission, Damage value","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5807707/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5807707/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn order to investigate the tensile mechanical properties of various sandstones in the Shendong mining area, real-time acoustic emission (AE) monitoring of Brazilian fracturing was conducted. Through AE monitoring tests, the tensile strength, fracture toughness, peak energy rate, failure mode, as well as the characteristics of AE and the evolution of damage variables were analyzed during the splitting process. The research results show that the average tensile strength of argillaceous siltstone, calc-argillaceous siltstone, argillaceous fine sandstone, calc-argillaceous sandstone, and calcareous coarse sandstone are 5.72, 6.92, 2.71, 1.39, and 13.20 MPa, respectively. The average fracture toughness are 1.11, 1.00, 0.71, 0.38, and 0.81 MPa. m\u003csup\u003e1/2,\u003c/sup\u003e and the average peak energy efficiency are 1577.8, 2099.0, 1313.0, 233.5, and 4125.8 J.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. The failure modes of various types of sandstones can be categorized as linear (argillaceous siltstone, argillaceous fine sandstone), arc-shaped (cal-argillaceous siltstone, calc-argillaceous coarse sandstone), and \"川\"-shaped (calcareous coarse sandstone).In the case of siltstone, the AR values for acoustic emission are evenly distributed, resulting in a linear growth pattern in the overall damage curve. For argillaceous fine sandstone and cal-argillaceous coarse sandstone, the AR value distribution is dense, leading to an S-shaped growth in the overall damage curve. In contrast, the AR value distribution for calcareous coarse sandstone is sparse, resulting in an L-shaped growth in the overall damage curve.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Research on Brazilian Splitting Mechanics and Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Various Types of Sandstones in Shendong Mining Area","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-24 06:56:34","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5807707/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-03-18T07:52:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-03-15T16:18:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"308981510458176137811768256361539581170","date":"2025-03-12T08:17:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"313766912704249533200469969693841843805","date":"2025-03-10T15:12:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"25076951514047666675730472322213917601","date":"2025-03-10T03:33:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"330879878839508427720602775539008208924","date":"2025-03-09T16:51:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"280999030840472823277272259651696073424","date":"2025-02-05T18:39:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-01-31T12:58:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"177498775018226685679552149416806335310","date":"2025-01-29T11:31:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"33582494104307528267757715336376569790","date":"2025-01-28T08:12:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"144260255727373343836642553194708632812","date":"2025-01-27T20:55:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-01-27T17:10:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-01-27T17:04:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-01-22T05:30:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-01-21T10:29:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-01-11T06:43:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b711b05e-b77f-41c2-a077-8cb9966c56e1","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 24th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":43225279,"name":"Biological sciences/Ecology"},{"id":43225280,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology"},{"id":43225281,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"},{"id":43225282,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Solid earth sciences"},{"id":43225283,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":43225284,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"},{"id":43225285,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-02T16:00:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5807707","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-01470-9","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-05-28 15:57:17","publishedOnDateReadable":"May 28th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-24 06:56:34","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-01470-9","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-01470-9","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5807707","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5807707","identity":"rs-5807707","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}