Seroprevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus infection and its Associated Risk Factors in Dairy Cattle in and Around Sebeta sub city, Ethiopia

Seroprevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus infection and its Associated Risk Factors in Dairy Cattle in and Around Sebeta sub city, Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Seroprevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus infection and its Associated Risk Factors in Dairy Cattle in and Around Sebeta sub city, Ethiopia Teferi Tura, Yobsan Tamiru, Chala Dima, Abebe Garoma, Abraham Kebede, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4729395/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 04 Jan, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a highly infectious disease affecting cattle, leading to significant economic losses in many countries engaged in cattle production. Methods: From February 2022 to October 2022, a study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) in the Sebeta subcity area of Sheger city, Ethiopia. The study utilized a semi-structured questionnaire to gather information on herd management practices from dairy farm owners. Serum samples from 170 individual cattle across 34 herds were collected and tested for BVDV antibodies using the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The prevalence of BVD antibodies at both the animal and herd levels was analyzed, and potential risk factors were identified using Chi-square analysis and logistic regression. Results: The study found that 19.41% of individual cattle (33 out of 170) and 44.12% of herds were positive for BVDV antibodies. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified several significant risk factors associated with BVDV infection. Multiparous dairy cows were found to be 2.3 times more likely to be seropositive compared to primiparous and nulliparous cows. Crossbreed dairy cattle had double the odds of being seropositive compared to pure breeds. Additionally, cattle from larger herds were 5.01 times more likely to be seropositive than those from smaller herds. Farms that introduced new animals had triple the odds of seropositivity compared to those that did not. Conclusion: The study indicates a high exposure rate of cattle to BVDV infection in and around Sebeta sub-city. Further research is recommended to explore the molecular epidemiology of BVDV in the region. Biological sciences/Immunology Biological sciences/Microbiology Bovine viral diarrhea virus Dairy cattle Risk Factors Sebeta Seroprevalence INTRODUCTION Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a highly contagious disease that affects cattle, causing significant economic losses in many countries globally. Designated as a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH), it is caused by a small, positive-polarity RNA virus belonging to the Pestivirus genus within the Flaviviridae family. The virus manifests in various forms, contributing to alimentary, respiratory, and reproductive disorders, as well as hemorrhagic syndrome and thrombocytopenia. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) exists in cytopathic (CP) and non-cytopathic (NCP) biotypes, characterized by differences in cell culture behavior and genetic makeup 24 , 27 . The clinical outcomes of BVDV infection range from mild to severe, influenced by the host's immune status and virus strain. During pregnancy, BVDV infection can lead to reduced growth, increased susceptibility to secondary infections, and higher mortality rates in calves, depending on the timing of infection 29 , 8 . Transmission occurs horizontally through persistently infected (PI) animals shedding the virus via various bodily fluids, and vertically from PI dams to fetuses in uterus. 46 . The disease poses significant economic challenges due to high morbidity and mortality rates, premature culling, decreased milk production, and reproductive issues, prompting substantial investments in control programs worldwide 17 . Effective management strategies typically involve identifying and removing PI animals, alongside preventive measures to curb transmission. However, in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia, comprehensive data on BVDV prevalence and epidemiological factors remain scarce, with limited studies indicating varying seroprevalence rates%. 23 , 6 , 5,43 , 41 ,9, 3 , 13 . This gap underscores the need for further research to inform targeted prevention and control strategies, particularly in the present study area, where commercial dairy farming is well practiced. By highlighting both seroprevalence and associated risk factors, the study further aims to contribute novel insights into disease dynamics and management strategies within the study area. Therefore, this study aims to determine the seroprevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus infection and its associated risk factors in and around Sebeta sub-city of Sheger city. MATERIAL AND METHODS Description of the Study Area Sebeta, a town in Sheger City within the Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia, has an altitude that varies from 1700 meters to approximately 3385 meters above sea level. Several commercial dairy farms operate in and around the town, utilizing modern farming techniques and technologies to maximize milk production and quality, contributing significantly to both local food security and economic development. There are about 64 registered commercial dairy farms in the region (Sheger city agricultural Office). Study population The study involved crossbreed and local breed dairy farms located in and around Sebeta sub-city. These farms, classified from small to large, practiced hand-milking twice daily and used artificial insemination (AI) breeding systems. There was no vaccination program against BVDV in Ethiopia, and farmers sought treatment only when animals were diseased. Study Design and Sampling Strategy A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2022 to October 2022, selecting 34 farms/herds randomly from the 64 registered dairy farms in and around Sebeta subcity (Sheger agricultural office). All cattle aged six months or older were included. Data were collected through interviews with farmers using a semi-structured questionnaire, and the cattle were grouped by herd size into Small (1–10 animals), Medium (11–20 animals), and Large (> 20 animals). They were also divided into two age categories: Young (6–18 months) and Adult (above 6 months). Questionnaire Survey A pre-designed survey and serum sampling were used to collect data from dairy farm owners and workers on animal and farm management practices, including animal characteristics, reproductive health status, herd size, housing, water source, farm sanitation, and specific details about the herd and individual cows such as farm identification, location, age, sex, breed, parity, reproductive issues, and the introduction of new animals and farming techniques. Sample Size Calculation The sample size for dairy cattle was determined using a two-stage cluster method, based on a previous BVDV prevalence of 20.9% in intensive dairy farms in central and southern Ethiopia 3 , with a 95% confidence interval and 10% absolute precision. The design effect (D) was calculated using the formula D = ρ (b-1) + 1, where b = an average number of cattle per cluster sampled (b = 5) and an intra-cluster correlation coefficient of ρ(roh) = 0.42 was reported for BVD in cattle 26 . g = 1.96 2 xDx exP(1-exP) bx0.1 2 1.96 2 x2.68x0.209(1-0.209) = 34 5x0.1 2 n = bxg; 5x34 = 170 Accordingly, 34 herds (170 individual animal) each of which constituted 15 small scales (75 individual animals), 16 medium scales (80 animal), and 3 Large scales (15 animals) were used. Sampling Blood Sampling Blood samples were drawn from the jugular vein of each animal using plain vacutainer tubes and 18-gauge needles. Five to seven milliliters of blood were collected and kept upright overnight before being centrifuged at 1500 rpm for ten minutes. The resulting serum samples were transferred into labeled, sterile cryovial tubes and stored at -20°C at the Animal Health Institution in Sebeta. These samples were later transported to the laboratory for serological analysis. Laboratory Analysis To detect antibodies against BVDV infection, the Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (I-ELISA) was employed, focusing on the -P80 proteins. The test was conducted and interpreted following the manufacturer's instructions provided by ID vet, Grabeis, France. Ethical Clearance and Consent Prior to blood sample collection, oral informed consent was obtained from all dairy cattle owners. All procedures were carried out following the guidelines approved by the animal welfare and research ethics review committee at Wallaga University (Ref.No. SVM. RERC/021) to ensure no animals were injured or stressed during sampling. Data Management and Analysis Data were entered and coded in Microsoft Excel. The prevalence of BVDV infection was determined by dividing the number of ELISA-positive samples by the total number of animals tested. The association between animal status and potential risk factors was assessed using a Chi-square test, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Regression analysis, including crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR), was employed to evaluate the strength of this association. Multiple logistic regression was then used to examine the impact of potential risk factors on dependent variables, employing stepwise elimination to remove non-significant factors (p > 0.05). Variables demonstrating a p-value < 0.05 (adjusted OR, 95% CI) were identified as significant risk factors for BVDV antibody seropositivity. RESULTS Sero prevalence of BVDV Out of the 170 sera samples that were tested, 33 of them (19.41%) were found to have antibodies against BVDV through the use of the indirect ELISA technique. The seroprevalence of BVDV was demonstrated to be significantly different (P < 0.05) among the variables of parity, herd size, and abortion history that were considered in the current study. Specifically, the highest prevalence of 26.15% was observed in multiparous cattle. Furthermore, the proportion of seropositivity was higher in larger herd sizes. However, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was detected among the other factors, including sex, age, body condition, breed, calf deformity, and origin of the animals as shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Animal level seroprevalence of BVDV and its association of different categorical variables in dairy cattle Variables Level N o of tested animal N o . positive (%) χ2 P-Value Sex Male 13 1(7.69) 1.06 0.32 Female 157 32(20.38) Age Young 81 10(12.34) 3.87 0.14 Adult 89 23(25.84) Breed Local 7 0(0) 1.98 0.37 Cross 163 33(20.24) Herd size Small 75 1(1.33) 9.01 0.00 Medium 80 26(32.5) Large 15 6( 40 ) 8.59 Abortion history Yes 6 0(0) No 93 28 (30.11) 7.95 0.01 NA 71 5(7.04) Origin Home Bred 151 29(19.2) 0.26 0.61 Introduced 19 4(21.05) Body condition Poor 48 8(16.67) 0.01 0.92 Good 122 25(20.49) Parity Primiparous 31 7(22.58) 7.69 0.02 Multiparous 65 17(26.15) Null parous 74 9(12.16) Calf Deformity Yes 6 0(0) 0.57 0.45 No 164 33(20.12) Total 170 33(19.41) Key : N o = Number , χ 2 = Chi-square , NA = Not Assigned The evaluation of BVDV antibody prevalence in relation to reproductive disorders was conducted. The BVD antibody seroprevalence was found to be higher (26.31%, OR = 1.93) in females with mastitis compared to those without the condition. Similarly, the seroprevalence was higher (33.33%, OR = 2.58) in female animals with a history of retained fetal membranes compared to those without such a history. However, the results showed that all seropositive cases were obtained from cattle with no abortion history and calf deformity (Table 2 ). Table 2 Seroprevalence of BVD virus infection in dairy cattle and its association with history of Reproductive disorders Factors Level N o tested N o . positive (%) OR (95%CI) P. Value Yes 6 0(0) - Abortion history No 151 32 (21.19) 0.2(0.069–0.98) 0.00 * Calf Deformity Yes 6 0(0) - No 151 32(21.19) 2.62(1.03–2.90) 0.00* RFM Yes 12 5(33.33) 2.58(1.26–5.44) 0.03 No 145 27(18.62) - Mastitis Yes 19 5(26.31) 1.93(1.08–4.99) 0.19 No 138 27 (19.56) - Key Words : * = absolute significance , CI = Confidence Interval , OR = Odds Ratio , N o = Number , RFM = Retained Fetal Membrane The herd-level seroprevalence of BVD was 44.12%. In large herd sizes, all (100%) of the cattle tested positive for BVD, and a higher proportion of BVDV antibodies was found in herds with animals from various locations compared to those that were home-bred. However, there was no significant difference in herd-level seroprevalence for herds with the history of mastitis cases as shown in Table 3 . Table 3 Herd level seroprevalence of BVDV infection in the dairy cattle farms of in and around Sebeta town Factors Level Herd level N o tested N o . positive (%) OR (95%CI) P. value Herd size Small 15 1 (6.67) - Medium 16 12(75) 9.9(1.16–68.69) Large 3 3 (100) 13.0 (1.62–2.91) 0.03 Origin Home Bred 23 6(26.09) Introduced 11 9(81.82) 3.28 (1.97–4.57) 0.01 \ Abortion history Yes 2 0(0) - No 32 15(46.88) 0.28(0.10–0.74) 0.16 Mastitis Yes 11 5 (45.45) - No 23 10(45.45) 1.24(1.01–2.03) 0.017 Total 34 15(44.12) Univariate logistic regression was conducted to examine the relationship between the occurrence of BVDV infection and various factors. The results indicated that crossbred dairy cows were 1.9 times more likely to contract BVDV than local breed cows (OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.06–3.42). Additionally, multiparous cows were twice as likely (OR = 1.02–3.91) to contract BVDV compared to primiparous and null parous cattle. Furthermore, adult cattle had 2.2 times greater risk (OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.93–5.04) of contracting BVDV than their counterparts ( Table 4 ). Table 4 Univariate Logistic Regression analysis results for association of potential risk factors Factors Level N o . tested N o . positive with Prevalence (%) Univariate logistic regression Crude OR (95% CI) P-value Sex Male 13 1(7.69) - Female 157 32(20.38) 2.8(1.56–5.26) 0.04 Age Young Adult 81 89 10(13.34) 23(25.84) - 2.2 (1.93–5.04) 0.13 Breed Local Cross 7 163 0(0) 33(20.24) - 1.9(1.06–3.42) BCS Good Poor 48 122 8(16.67) 25(20.49) 1.04(1.02–2.4) - 0.02 Origin Homebred 151 25(16.55) - Introduced 19 8(42.11) 3.99 (1.75–8.98) Parity Primiparous Multiparous Nullparous 31 65 74 7 (22.58) 17(26.15) 9 (12.16) 0.6(0.13–2.72) 2 (1.02–3.91) - 0.04 Total 170 33(19.41) Key : BCS = Body Condition Score , OR = Odds Ratio , N o = Number Multivariate logistic regression was employed to assess the influence of potential risk factors on BVDV antibody outcomes. A forward elimination method excluded factors not significant at p < 0.05. Variables with P < 0.05 (adjusted OR and 95% CI) were deemed significant risk factors for BVDV seropositivity. The final model identified Breed, Origin, Parity, and herd size as independently associated with BVDV seroprevalence (p < 0.05) (Table 5 ). Table 5 Multiple Logistic Regression analysis results for association of potential risk factors Variables Level N o . Sampled N o . Positive (%) Adjusted OR (95% CI) P-value Breed Local 7 0(0) - Cross 163 33(20.24) 2(1.04–3.67) 0.00 Origin Homebred 151 25(16.55) - 0.001 Introduced 19 8(42.11) 3(1.73–4.28) Herd size Small 75 1(1.28) - Medium 80 26(32.5) 3.9(1.16–9.69) 0.001 Large 15 6( 40 ) 5.0(1.62–12.91) Parity Primiparous 31 7(22.58) 1.72(1.44–1.15) Multiparous 65 17(26.15) 2.3(1.46–3.68) 0.03 Null parous 74 9 (12.16) - DISCUSSIONS The objective of this study was to explore the seroprevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) infection and its associated risk factors in dairy cattle farms near Sebeta town. The overall animal-level seroprevalence of 19.41% observed in this study aligns with previous Ethiopian studies reporting 20.9% seroprevalence across three studies. However, this rate is lower than earlier findings in Ethiopia, who reported 51.7%, 80.82%, and 32.9% seroprevalence rates 39 , 42 , and 7 in Egypt, who reported 40% rate 37 . Conversely, the current seroprevalence is higher than previous reports of 8.4% and 11.46% 43 and 23 in Ethiopia, 10.7% 34 in Sudan and 10.4% 39 in Egypt. The variations in these results might be due to differences in sample size, farm management, hygiene conditions, and distinct agro-ecological zones 18 , 41 . As Ethiopia lacks a BVDV vaccination program, the current findings suggest a natural infection history due to the absence of vaccination efforts. The observed herd-level seroprevalence of BVDV (Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus) infection in this study (44.12%) aligns closely with the findings of previous research, such as the 50% seroprevalence reported by Study 3 and corroborated by other studies 41 , 33 , 18 . This consistency suggests a stable prevalence rate in similar environments or under comparable management practices. However, the observed seroprevalence in this study is significantly lower than earlier findings of 95.6% and 69.8% reported from different regions of Ethiopia. 40 , 3 These discrepancies could be attributed to various factors, including Geographical Variation and temporal changes. Differences in environmental conditions, livestock management practices, and regional disease control measures could contribute to the variability in seroprevalence rates. The regions with higher seroprevalence might have differing ecological factors or higher population densities of susceptible livestock. Over time, the implementation of vaccination programs, changes in herd management practices, or natural fluctuations in disease prevalence could affect seroprevalence 7 , 11 . Analysis of BVDV antibodies in relation to reproductive disorders showed a direct connection between retained fetal membranes and mastitis with BVDV seroprevalence. Dairy cows with a history of retained fetal membranes had a 2.58 times higher risk of seropositivity, corroborating study of 40 . Additionally, cows with a history of mastitis had 1.93 times higher odds of being seropositive, which can be attributed to BVDV-induced immunosuppression increasing susceptibility to other infections 3 . Moreover, cows without a history of abortion and calf deformity exhibited higher BVDV seropositivity than those with reproductive issues, consistent with other studies reporting higher BVDV antibody prevalence in cows without abortion history 25 , 3 , 40 . Reproductive problems might be caused by other factors, or cows could clear the BVDV infection before breeding 21 , 46 . Dairy farms that introduced new animals had twice the likelihood of BVDV infection compared to those with only home-bred cattle, aligning with global reports 43 and 13 . The introduction of PI animals likely increases disease prevalence by facilitating virus transmission between infected and non-infected herds 25 . Global reports have consistently shown that farms introducing new animals are more susceptible to infectious diseases like BVDV, attributed to the mixing of different herd immunities and potential carrier animals. The presence of PI animals significantly elevates disease prevalence within dairy farms by acting as continuous reservoirs of the BVDV virus, perpetuating its transmission dynamics across susceptible animals. 11 , 22 , 18 . A significant association was found between BVDV seroprevalence and various risk factors. Crossbreed dairy cows showed higher seroprevalence compared to local breeds, consistent with previous studies40. This increased susceptibility might be due to crossbreeds' greater vulnerability and potential transmission through artificial insemination 22 . The observed higher seroprevalence of BVDV in crossbreed dairy cows aligns with established scholar findings indicating their increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, potentially attributed to genetic and physiological differences. Previous studies highlighting the influence of genetic factors on disease susceptibility in dairy cattle support this finding, emphasizing the need for targeted breeding strategies to mitigate disease risks. 17 , 9 , 3 , 1 Moreover, the role of artificial insemination as a potential route for BVDV transmission underscores the importance of biosecurity measures in breeding practices to control disease spread within dairy populations. 32 Multiparous dairy cattle had 1.3 times higher odds of seropositivity compared to nulliparous cattle, supporting the association of BVDV with reproductive tracts. This aligns with findings from various regions of Ethiopia 38 , 40 , 5 . The increase in seroprevalence with parity might be due to increased exposure risk or immunotolerance, where animals fail to produce detectable antibodies, supporting the virus's tropism for the reproductive system 41 . The study also indicated that larger herds are more susceptible to BVDV infection than smaller herds. Previous research has shown a connection between herd size and BVDV seropositivity 2 , 3 . Larger herds increase contact among cattle, raising virus transmission likelihood 5 . The study's observation of increased susceptibility to BVDV infection in larger herds aligns with the previous studies 2 , 3 . This correlation underscores the critical role of herd size in facilitating heightened contact among cattle, thereby amplifying the likelihood of virus transmission 5 . Understanding these dynamics is crucial for implementing targeted control strategies to mitigate BVDV spread in livestock populations 22 . Additionally, farms with a history of introducing new animals were three times more likely to be infected with BVDV than those with only home-bred animals, consistent with global reports 42 , 49 , 16 . This may be due to introducing PI animals, dams carrying infected fetuses, or contact between animals from infected and non-infected herds, transmitting the virus to naive herds 36 . CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The investigation conducted in this study has found that BVDV infection is widespread in the study area. Specifically, factors such as Parity, Origin, herd size, and Breed have been identified as significant risk factors associated with the occurrence of Bovine viral diarrhea in dairy cattle farms. Additionally, the introduction of new animals has been shown to significantly impact BVDV seropositivity, suggesting the presence of persistently infected animals that can serve as vectors for spreading the virus within the farm. Antibodies against the virus were predominantly detected in dairy cattle with no vaccination history, indicating active circulation of the disease on farms. Therefore, the study underscores the importance of early disease detection and regular vaccination as essential measures for effective prevention and control. Furthermore, the study offers insights into the variability of BVDV status within dairy herds and its correlation with key risk factors. Based on the above conclusive remarks, the following recommendations were forwarded: New animals must undergo isolation and screening to determine their health status before they are integrated into the herds. Strong biosecurity and well-designed vaccination strategy should be practiced. Further study should be conducted to have better understanding of molecular epidemiology of the virus. Declarations Conflict of Interest: It has no conflict of interest Author Contribution TT: Data collection; YT:Data analysis and designing, CD and AG: laboratory analysis; DA: drafting the manuscript and AK: Investigation and overall edition of the paper Acknowledgement We thank Animal Health institute for their unreserved support during laboratory examination . 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Tropical animal health and production; 44: 645–649. Saeed, IK, Ali YH., Taha KM., Mohammed NE., Nouri YM., Mohammed BA., Mohammed OI., ElmagboolSB., Elghazali F., (2015) First report of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus antigen from pneumonic cattle in Sudan. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research ., 2(2): 153–157. Sebeta Hawas Agricultural office, (2014). Segura J., Zapata C. and Jasso J.(2016) Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine herpesvirus–1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus in Northeastern Mexico. Open Veterinary Journal.6:143–149. Selim, A. M., Elhaig, M. M., Moawed, S. A., El-Nahas, E., 2018. Modeling the potential risk factors of bovine viral diarrhea prevalence in Egypt using univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Vet. World 11, 259 Shirvani E., Lotfi M.and Kamalzadeh M(2012). Seroepidemiological study of bovine respiratory viruses (BRSV, BoHV–1, PI–3V, BVDV, and BAV–3) in dairy cattle in central region of Iran (Esfahan province). 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Tesfaye A., Omer A., Hussein A., Garoma A., Guyassa C., Paeshuyse J.and Tolera T(2021). Seroprevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Local Borana Cattle Breed and Camels ( Camelus dromedarius ) in Ethiopia. Vet Med (Auckl),12:141–148. Thrus Field, M. (2018). Veterinary epidemiology . 4th edition,Blackwell,London,P:896. Thrusfield, M. (1995): Sampling In: Veterinary Epidemiology 2 ed. London: Blackwell Science Ltd, nd pp: 179–283. Van Campen H, Froelich K.and Hofmann M(2001). Pestivirus infections. In: Williams ES, Barker IK, editors. Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals. Ames: Iowa State University Press; 232–244 Walz, P. and Smith, B.(2015). Diseases of the alimentary tract. IB Smith (red.). Large animal internal medicine. 14:750–759. Walz, P., Grooms, D., Passler, T., Ridpath, J. F., Tremblay, R.and Step, D. (2010). Control of bovine viral diarrhea virus in ruminants. J. Vet. Intern. Med., 24: 476–486. Yang N., Cui X., Qian W., Yu S.and Liu Q(2012). Survey of nine abortifacient infectious agents in aborted bovine foetuses from dairy farms in Beijing, China, by PCR. Acta Vet Hung,60:83–92. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 04 Jan, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 08 Sep, 2024 Reviews received at journal 02 Sep, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Aug, 2024 Reviews received at journal 25 Jul, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Jul, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 16 Jul, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 16 Jul, 2024 Editor invited by journal 16 Jul, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 15 Jul, 2024 First submitted to journal 12 Jul, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4729395","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":331667367,"identity":"424b6c54-819d-4745-a2f7-6aef68f56a83","order_by":0,"name":"Teferi Tura","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Teferi","middleName":"","lastName":"Tura","suffix":""},{"id":331667368,"identity":"e4c49761-e4ba-432f-8c40-6601743caa31","order_by":1,"name":"Yobsan Tamiru","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHgjF2Mx8AEhJyJCihS0BpIWHeC1AhgEKFycwON57+MPPHffkmdt5Pr+6UWPBw8B++OgGvFrOnEuT7D1TbNjYzLvNOucY0GE8aWk38Gq5kWPGwNuWwAjSYpzDBtQiwWNGSIvxx79tCfaNzTzPjHP+EafFQBpoSyJQC/Pj3DYitEgC/SIt25aQ3NjMZsac2yfBw0bIL3zAEPv4ti3BdmP/4cefc77VyfGzHz6GV4vCASjDsIGBTQLEYMOnHATkG2AMBgbmD4RUj4JRMApGwcgEADiJSFT6NgMyAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Wallaga University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yobsan","middleName":"","lastName":"Tamiru","suffix":""},{"id":331667369,"identity":"b6d87134-9b0c-4cca-874c-e651711b310c","order_by":2,"name":"Chala Dima","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Animal Health Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chala","middleName":"","lastName":"Dima","suffix":""},{"id":331667370,"identity":"a631fd2f-5bdd-44ff-945d-04df173c4af7","order_by":3,"name":"Abebe Garoma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Animal Health Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abebe","middleName":"","lastName":"Garoma","suffix":""},{"id":331667371,"identity":"0a388c0e-16f7-4103-9d39-79d65c8c863c","order_by":4,"name":"Abraham Kebede","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wallaga University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abraham","middleName":"","lastName":"Kebede","suffix":""},{"id":331667372,"identity":"79779c1f-b90e-4a5b-9856-4ac7207a699f","order_by":5,"name":"Debela Abdeta","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Addis Ababa University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Debela","middleName":"","lastName":"Abdeta","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-12 09:50:54","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4729395/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4729395/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80602-z","type":"published","date":"2025-01-04T15:57:39+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":73094225,"identity":"bf9cea26-9515-43e2-b473-57037c82a085","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-06 16:23:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":748697,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4729395/v1/47caa665-5b35-4b81-baae-f9340de5f1d3.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Seroprevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus infection and its Associated Risk Factors in Dairy Cattle in and Around Sebeta sub city, Ethiopia","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eBovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a highly contagious disease that affects cattle, causing significant economic losses in many countries globally. Designated as a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH), it is caused by a small, positive-polarity RNA virus belonging to the Pestivirus genus within the Flaviviridae family. The virus manifests in various forms, contributing to alimentary, respiratory, and reproductive disorders, as well as hemorrhagic syndrome and thrombocytopenia. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) exists in cytopathic (CP) and non-cytopathic (NCP) biotypes, characterized by differences in cell culture behavior and genetic makeup\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe clinical outcomes of BVDV infection range from mild to severe, influenced by the host's immune status and virus strain. During pregnancy, BVDV infection can lead to reduced growth, increased susceptibility to secondary infections, and higher mortality rates in calves, depending on the timing of infection\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Transmission occurs horizontally through persistently infected (PI) animals shedding the virus via various bodily fluids, and vertically from PI dams to fetuses in uterus.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe disease poses significant economic challenges due to high morbidity and mortality rates, premature culling, decreased milk production, and reproductive issues, prompting substantial investments in control programs worldwide \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Effective management strategies typically involve identifying and removing PI animals, alongside preventive measures to curb transmission. However, in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia, comprehensive data on BVDV prevalence and epidemiological factors remain scarce, with limited studies indicating varying seroprevalence rates%.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e5,43\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e,9,\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This gap underscores the need for further research to inform targeted prevention and control strategies, particularly in the present study area, where commercial dairy farming is well practiced. By highlighting both seroprevalence and associated risk factors, the study further aims to contribute novel insights into disease dynamics and management strategies within the study area. Therefore, this study aims to determine the seroprevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus infection and its associated risk factors in and around Sebeta sub-city of Sheger city.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIAL AND METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDescription of the Study Area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSebeta, a town in Sheger City within the Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia, has an altitude that varies from 1700 meters to approximately 3385 meters above sea level. Several commercial dairy farms operate in and around the town, utilizing modern farming techniques and technologies to maximize milk production and quality, contributing significantly to both local food security and economic development. There are about 64 registered commercial dairy farms in the region (Sheger city agricultural Office).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy population\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e The study involved crossbreed and local breed dairy farms located in and around Sebeta sub-city. These farms, classified from small to large, practiced hand-milking twice daily and used artificial insemination (AI) breeding systems. There was no vaccination program against BVDV in Ethiopia, and farmers sought treatment only when animals were diseased.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Design and Sampling Strategy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2022 to October 2022, selecting 34 farms/herds randomly from the 64 registered dairy farms in and around Sebeta subcity (Sheger agricultural office). All cattle aged six months or older were included. Data were collected through interviews with farmers using a semi-structured questionnaire, and the cattle were grouped by herd size into Small (1\u0026ndash;10 animals), Medium (11\u0026ndash;20 animals), and Large (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;20 animals). They were also divided into two age categories: Young (6\u0026ndash;18 months) and Adult (above 6 months).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQuestionnaire Survey\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA pre-designed survey and serum sampling were used to collect data from dairy farm owners and workers on animal and farm management practices, including animal characteristics, reproductive health status, herd size, housing, water source, farm sanitation, and specific details about the herd and individual cows such as farm identification, location, age, sex, breed, parity, reproductive issues, and the introduction of new animals and farming techniques.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample Size Calculation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample size for dairy cattle was determined using a two-stage cluster method, based on a previous BVDV prevalence of 20.9% in intensive dairy farms in central and southern Ethiopia\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, with a 95% confidence interval and 10% absolute precision. The design effect (D) was calculated using the formula D\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;ρ (b-1)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1, where b\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;an average number of cattle per cluster sampled (b\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5) and an intra-cluster correlation coefficient of ρ(roh)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.42 was reported for BVD in cattle \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eg\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e1.96\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003exDx exP(1-exP)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ebx0.1\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e1.96\u003c/span\u003e \u003csup\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/sup\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ex2.68x0.209(1-0.209)\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5x0.1\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;bxg; 5x34\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;170\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Accordingly, 34 herds (170 individual animal) each of which constituted 15 small scales (75 individual animals), 16 medium scales (80 animal), and 3 Large scales (15 animals) were used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSampling\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBlood Sampling\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood samples were drawn from the jugular vein of each animal using plain vacutainer tubes and 18-gauge needles. Five to seven milliliters of blood were collected and kept upright overnight before being centrifuged at 1500 rpm for ten minutes. The resulting serum samples were transferred into labeled, sterile cryovial tubes and stored at -20\u0026deg;C at the Animal Health Institution in Sebeta. These samples were later transported to the laboratory for serological analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLaboratory Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo detect antibodies against BVDV infection, the Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (I-ELISA) was employed, focusing on the -P80 proteins. The test was conducted and interpreted following the manufacturer's instructions provided by ID vet, Grabeis, France.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthical Clearance and Consent\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrior to blood sample collection, oral informed consent was obtained from all dairy cattle owners. All procedures were carried out following the guidelines approved by the animal welfare and research ethics review committee at Wallaga University (Ref.No. SVM. RERC/021) to ensure no animals were injured or stressed during sampling.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Management and Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were entered and coded in Microsoft Excel. The prevalence of BVDV infection was determined by dividing the number of ELISA-positive samples by the total number of animals tested. The association between animal status and potential risk factors was assessed using a Chi-square test, with statistical significance set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. Regression analysis, including crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR), was employed to evaluate the strength of this association. Multiple logistic regression was then used to examine the impact of potential risk factors on dependent variables, employing stepwise elimination to remove non-significant factors (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Variables demonstrating a p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (adjusted OR, 95% CI) were identified as significant risk factors for BVDV antibody seropositivity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" type=\"Results\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSero prevalence of BVDV\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOut of the 170 sera samples that were tested, 33 of them (19.41%) were found to have antibodies against BVDV through the use of the indirect ELISA technique. The seroprevalence of BVDV was demonstrated to be significantly different (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) among the variables of parity, herd size, and abortion history that were considered in the current study. Specifically, the highest prevalence of 26.15% was observed in multiparous cattle. Furthermore, the proportion of seropositivity was higher in larger herd sizes. However, no significant difference (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) was detected among the other factors, including sex, age, body condition, breed, calf deformity, and origin of the animals as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnimal level seroprevalence of BVDV and its association of different categorical variables in dairy cattle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eo\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;tested animal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eo\u003c/span\u003e. positive (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eχ2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(7.69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32(20.38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYoung\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(12.34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23(25.84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33(20.24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerd size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(1.33)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26(32.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbortion history\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (30.11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(7.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrigin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHome Bred\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29(19.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(21.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody condition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(16.67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25(20.49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimiparous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(22.58)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiparous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(26.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNull parous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(12.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalf Deformity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33(20.12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e170\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e33(19.41)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eKey\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalicUnderline\" class=\"BoldItalicUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eo\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e=\u0026thinsp;Number\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003eχ\u003c/b\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eChi-square\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003eNA\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e=\u0026thinsp;Not Assigned\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe evaluation of BVDV antibody prevalence in relation to reproductive disorders was conducted. The BVD antibody seroprevalence was found to be higher (26.31%, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.93) in females with mastitis compared to those without the condition. Similarly, the seroprevalence was higher (33.33%, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.58) in female animals with a history of retained fetal membranes compared to those without such a history. However, the results showed that all seropositive cases were obtained from cattle with no abortion history and calf deformity (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeroprevalence of BVD virus infection in dairy cattle and its association with history of Reproductive disorders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eo\u003c/span\u003e tested\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eo\u003c/span\u003e. positive (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. Value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbortion history\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (21.19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2(0.069\u0026ndash;0.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalf Deformity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32(21.19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.62(1.03\u0026ndash;2.90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRFM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(33.33)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.58(1.26\u0026ndash;5.44)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27(18.62)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMastitis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(26.31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.93(1.08\u0026ndash;4.99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (19.56)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eKey Words\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003cem\u003e= absolute significance\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003eCI\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e=\u0026thinsp;Confidence Interval\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003eOR\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e=\u0026thinsp;Odds Ratio\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalicUnderline\" class=\"BoldItalicUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eo\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e=\u0026thinsp;Number\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003eRFM\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e=\u0026thinsp;Retained Fetal Membrane\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe herd-level seroprevalence of BVD was 44.12%. In large herd sizes, all (100%) of the cattle tested positive for BVD, and a higher proportion of BVDV antibodies was found in herds with animals from various locations compared to those that were home-bred. However, there was no significant difference in herd-level seroprevalence for herds with the history of mastitis cases as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerd level seroprevalence of BVDV infection in the dairy cattle farms of in and around Sebeta town\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerd level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eo\u003c/span\u003e tested\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eo\u003c/span\u003e. positive (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP. value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerd size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (6.67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9(1.16\u0026ndash;68.69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.0 (1.62\u0026ndash;2.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrigin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHome Bred\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(26.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(81.82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.28 (1.97\u0026ndash;4.57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\\\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbortion history\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(46.88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28(0.10\u0026ndash;0.74)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMastitis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (45.45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(45.45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24(1.01\u0026ndash;2.03)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e34\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15(44.12)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnivariate logistic regression was conducted to examine the relationship between the occurrence of BVDV infection and various factors. The results indicated that crossbred dairy cows were 1.9 times more likely to contract BVDV than local breed cows (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.9; 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.06\u0026ndash;3.42). Additionally, multiparous cows were twice as likely (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.02\u0026ndash;3.91) to contract BVDV compared to primiparous and null parous cattle. Furthermore, adult cattle had 2.2 times greater risk (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.2;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.93\u0026ndash;5.04) of contracting BVDV than their counterparts ( Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnivariate Logistic Regression analysis results for association of potential risk factors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eo\u003c/span\u003e. tested\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eo\u003c/span\u003e.\u0026nbsp;positive\u0026nbsp;with\u0026nbsp;Prevalence (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnivariate logistic regression\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrude OR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(7.69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32(20.38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8(1.56\u0026ndash;5.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYoung\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(13.34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23(25.84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 (1.93\u0026ndash;5.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33(20.24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9(1.06\u0026ndash;3.42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBCS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(16.67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25(20.49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04(1.02\u0026ndash;2.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrigin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomebred\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25(16.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(42.11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.99 (1.75\u0026ndash;8.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimiparous\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiparous\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNullparous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (22.58)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(26.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (12.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6(0.13\u0026ndash;2.72) 2 (1.02\u0026ndash;3.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e170\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e33(19.41)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eKey\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cb\u003eBCS\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e=\u0026thinsp;Body Condition Score\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003eOR\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e=\u0026thinsp;Odds Ratio\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalicUnderline\" class=\"BoldItalicUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eo\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e=\u0026thinsp;Number\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariate logistic regression was employed to assess the influence of potential risk factors on BVDV antibody outcomes. A forward elimination method excluded factors not significant at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. Variables with P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (adjusted OR and 95% CI) were deemed significant risk factors for BVDV seropositivity. The final model identified Breed, Origin, Parity, and herd size as independently associated with BVDV seroprevalence (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple Logistic Regression analysis results for association of potential risk factors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eo\u003c/span\u003e. Sampled\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eo\u003c/span\u003e. Positive (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted OR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33(20.24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(1.04\u0026ndash;3.67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrigin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomebred\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25(16.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(42.11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(1.73\u0026ndash;4.28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerd size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(1.28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26(32.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9(1.16\u0026ndash;9.69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0(1.62\u0026ndash;12.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimiparous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(22.58)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72(1.44\u0026ndash;1.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiparous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(26.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3(1.46\u0026ndash;3.68)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNull parous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (12.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe objective of this study was to explore the seroprevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) infection and its associated risk factors in dairy cattle farms near Sebeta town. The overall animal-level seroprevalence of 19.41% observed in this study aligns with previous Ethiopian studies reporting 20.9% seroprevalence across three studies. However, this rate is lower than earlier findings in Ethiopia, who reported 51.7%, 80.82%, and 32.9% seroprevalence rates \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e,\u003c/sup\u003e and \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e in Egypt, who reported 40% rate \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Conversely, the current seroprevalence is higher than previous reports of 8.4% and 11.46% \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e in Ethiopia, 10.7% \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e in Sudan and 10.4% \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e in Egypt. The variations in these results might be due to differences in sample size, farm management, hygiene conditions, and distinct agro-ecological zones \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. As Ethiopia lacks a BVDV vaccination program, the current findings suggest a natural infection history due to the absence of vaccination efforts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe observed herd-level seroprevalence of BVDV (Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus) infection in this study (44.12%) aligns closely with the findings of previous research, such as the 50% seroprevalence reported by Study 3 and corroborated by other studies \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This consistency suggests a stable prevalence rate in similar environments or under comparable management practices. However, the observed seroprevalence in this study is significantly lower than earlier findings of 95.6% and 69.8% reported from different regions of Ethiopia.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e These discrepancies could be attributed to various factors, including Geographical Variation and temporal changes. Differences in environmental conditions, livestock management practices, and regional disease control measures could contribute to the variability in seroprevalence rates. The regions with higher seroprevalence might have differing ecological factors or higher population densities of susceptible livestock. Over time, the implementation of vaccination programs, changes in herd management practices, or natural fluctuations in disease prevalence could affect seroprevalence\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of BVDV antibodies in relation to reproductive disorders showed a direct connection between retained fetal membranes and mastitis with BVDV seroprevalence. Dairy cows with a history of retained fetal membranes had a 2.58 times higher risk of seropositivity, corroborating study of \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, cows with a history of mastitis had 1.93 times higher odds of being seropositive, which can be attributed to BVDV-induced immunosuppression increasing susceptibility to other infections\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, cows without a history of abortion and calf deformity exhibited higher BVDV seropositivity than those with reproductive issues, consistent with other studies reporting higher BVDV antibody prevalence in cows without abortion history \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Reproductive problems might be caused by other factors, or cows could clear the BVDV infection before breeding \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDairy farms that introduced new animals had twice the likelihood of BVDV infection compared to those with only home-bred cattle, aligning with global reports \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The introduction of PI animals likely increases disease prevalence by facilitating virus transmission between infected and non-infected herds \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Global reports have consistently shown that farms introducing new animals are more susceptible to infectious diseases like BVDV, attributed to the mixing of different herd immunities and potential carrier animals. The presence of PI animals significantly elevates disease prevalence within dairy farms by acting as continuous reservoirs of the BVDV virus, perpetuating its transmission dynamics across susceptible animals. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA significant association was found between BVDV seroprevalence and various risk factors. Crossbreed dairy cows showed higher seroprevalence compared to local breeds, consistent with previous studies40. This increased susceptibility might be due to crossbreeds' greater vulnerability and potential transmission through artificial insemination\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The observed higher seroprevalence of BVDV in crossbreed dairy cows aligns with established scholar findings indicating their increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, potentially attributed to genetic and physiological differences. Previous studies highlighting the influence of genetic factors on disease susceptibility in dairy cattle support this finding, emphasizing the need for targeted breeding strategies to mitigate disease risks.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Moreover, the role of artificial insemination as a potential route for BVDV transmission underscores the importance of biosecurity measures in breeding practices to control disease spread within dairy populations.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiparous dairy cattle had 1.3 times higher odds of seropositivity compared to nulliparous cattle, supporting the association of BVDV with reproductive tracts. This aligns with findings from various regions of Ethiopia \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The increase in seroprevalence with parity might be due to increased exposure risk or immunotolerance, where animals fail to produce detectable antibodies, supporting the virus's tropism for the reproductive system\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study also indicated that larger herds are more susceptible to BVDV infection than smaller herds. Previous research has shown a connection between herd size and BVDV seropositivity \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Larger herds increase contact among cattle, raising virus transmission likelihood \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The study's observation of increased susceptibility to BVDV infection in larger herds aligns with the previous studies \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e,\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This correlation underscores the critical role of herd size in facilitating heightened contact among cattle, thereby amplifying the likelihood of virus transmission\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for implementing targeted control strategies to mitigate BVDV spread in livestock populations \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, farms with a history of introducing new animals were three times more likely to be infected with BVDV than those with only home-bred animals, consistent with global reports \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e,\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e,\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This may be due to introducing PI animals, dams carrying infected fetuses, or contact between animals from infected and non-infected herds, transmitting the virus to naive herds \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS","content":" \u003cp\u003eThe investigation conducted in this study has found that BVDV infection is widespread in the study area. Specifically, factors such as Parity, Origin, herd size, and Breed have been identified as significant risk factors associated with the occurrence of Bovine viral diarrhea in dairy cattle farms. Additionally, the introduction of new animals has been shown to significantly impact BVDV seropositivity, suggesting the presence of persistently infected animals that can serve as vectors for spreading the virus within the farm. Antibodies against the virus were predominantly detected in dairy cattle with no vaccination history, indicating active circulation of the disease on farms. Therefore, the study underscores the importance of early disease detection and regular vaccination as essential measures for effective prevention and control. Furthermore, the study offers insights into the variability of BVDV status within dairy herds and its correlation with key risk factors. Based on the above conclusive remarks, the following recommendations were forwarded:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew animals must undergo isolation and screening to determine their health status before they are integrated into the herds.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrong biosecurity and well-designed vaccination strategy should be practiced.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther study should be conducted to have better understanding of molecular epidemiology of the virus.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflict of Interest:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt has no conflict of interest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTT: Data collection; YT:Data analysis and designing, CD and AG: laboratory analysis; DA: drafting the manuscript and AK: Investigation and overall edition of the paper\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe thank Animal Health institute for their unreserved support during laboratory examination .\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt can be sent from the author up on requesting to the corresponding author(YT)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdam, B., Dawit, A., Tilaye, T., Henrietta, L., Catherine, H. and Stefan B., (2018): Strategies for animal disease control in Ethiopia: A review of policies, regulations and actors. \u003cem\u003eJ. Vet. Med. Anim. Health;\u003c/em\u003e 10(12): 256\u0026thinsp;\u0026ndash;\u0026thinsp;65.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAltamiranda, G., Kaiser, G., Mucci, N., Verna, A., Campero, C. and Odeon, A. (2013). Effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus on the ovarian functionality and in vitro reproductive performance of persistently infected heifers. Veterinary microbiology, 165(3\u0026ndash;4): 326\u0026ndash;332.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAragaw, K., Sibhat, B., Ayelet, G., Skjerve, E., Gebremedhin, E..and Asmare., K. (2018). Seroprevalence and factors associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in dairy cattle in three milksheds in Ethiopia. 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Detection of BVD virus in viraemic cattle by an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. In: Recent Advances in Virus Diagnosis (CEC Seminar), McNulty M.S. \u0026amp; McFerran J.B., eds. Martinus Nijhoff, Belfast, UK,Pp. 37\u0026ndash;46.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMoennig, V., Eicken, K., Flebbe, U., Frey, H., Grummer, B.and Haas, L.(2005). Implementation of two-step vaccination in the control of bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD). \u003cem\u003ePreventive\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNigussie Z, Mes\u0026brvbar;n T., Sertse T., Fulasa TT., Regassa F.,(2010). Seroepidemiological study of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) in three agroecological zones in Ethiopia. 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Saunders, London, pp: 1248\u0026ndash;1277.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRichter, V., Kattwinkel, E., Firth C.L., Marschik T., Dangelmaier M., Traufier M., Obritzhauser W., Baumgartner W., K\u0026auml;sbohrer, A. and Pinior B. (2019): Mapping the global prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection and its associated mitigation programmes. \u003cem\u003eThe Veterinary record\u003c/em\u003e; 184 (23): 711.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRush, D.M., Thurmond M.C., Munoz-Zanzi C.A. and Hietala, S.K. (2001): Descriptive epidemiology of postnatal bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in intensively managed dairy heifers. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association; 219: 1426\u0026ndash;1431.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSaa, L., Perea A., Garc\u0026iacute;a-Bocanegra I., Arenas A. J., Jara D. V., Ramos R. and Carbonero A. (2012): Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in non-vaccinated dairy and dual-purpose cattle herds in Ecuador. Tropical animal health and production; 44: 645\u0026ndash;649.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSaeed, IK, Ali YH., Taha KM., Mohammed NE., Nouri YM., Mohammed BA., Mohammed OI., ElmagboolSB., Elghazali F., (2015) First report of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus antigen from pneumonic cattle in Sudan. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research\u003c/em\u003e., 2(2): 153\u0026ndash;157.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSebeta Hawas Agricultural office, (2014).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSegura J., Zapata C. and Jasso J.(2016) Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine herpesvirus\u0026ndash;1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus in Northeastern Mexico. 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Tropical Animal Health and Production, 41(4):499\u0026ndash;506.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTalafha, A.Q., Hirche S.M., Ababne M.M., Al-Majali A.M. and Ababneh M.M. (2009): Prevalence and risk factors associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in dairy herds in Jordan. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 41: 499\u0026ndash;506.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTesfaye A., Omer A., Hussein A., Garoma A., Guyassa C., Paeshuyse J.and Tolera T(2021). Seroprevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Local Borana Cattle Breed and Camels (\u003cem\u003eCamelus dromedarius\u003c/em\u003e) in Ethiopia. Vet Med (Auckl),12:141\u0026ndash;148.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThrus Field, M. (2018).\u003cem\u003eVeterinary epidemiology\u003c/em\u003e. 4th edition,Blackwell,London,P:896.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThrusfield, M. (1995): Sampling In: Veterinary Epidemiology 2 ed. London: Blackwell Science Ltd, nd pp: 179\u0026ndash;283.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVan Campen H, Froelich K.and Hofmann M(2001). Pestivirus infections. In: Williams ES, Barker IK, editors. Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals. Ames: Iowa State University Press; 232\u0026ndash;244\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWalz, P. and Smith, B.(2015). Diseases of the alimentary tract. IB Smith (red.). \u003cem\u003eLarge animal internal medicine.\u003c/em\u003e 14:750\u0026ndash;759.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWalz, P., Grooms, D., Passler, T., Ridpath, J. F., Tremblay, R.and Step, D. (2010). Control of bovine viral diarrhea virus in ruminants. J. Vet. Intern. Med., 24: 476\u0026ndash;486.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYang N., Cui X., Qian W., Yu S.and Liu Q(2012). Survey of nine abortifacient infectious agents in aborted bovine foetuses from dairy farms in Beijing, China, by PCR. Acta Vet Hung,60:83\u0026ndash;92.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Bovine viral diarrhea virus, Dairy cattle, Risk Factors, Sebeta, Seroprevalence","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4729395/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4729395/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eBovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a highly infectious disease affecting cattle, leading to significant economic losses in many countries engaged in cattle production.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c/strong\u003eFrom February 2022 to October 2022, a study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) in the Sebeta subcity area of Sheger city, Ethiopia. The study utilized a semi-structured questionnaire to gather information on herd management practices from dairy farm owners. Serum samples from 170 individual cattle across 34 herds were collected and tested for BVDV antibodies using the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The prevalence of BVD antibodies at both the animal and herd levels was analyzed, and potential risk factors were identified using Chi-square analysis and logistic regression.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eThe study found that 19.41% of individual cattle (33 out of 170) and 44.12% of herds were positive for BVDV antibodies. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified several significant risk factors associated with BVDV infection. Multiparous dairy cows were found to be 2.3 times more likely to be seropositive compared to primiparous and nulliparous cows. Crossbreed dairy cattle had double the odds of being seropositive compared to pure breeds. Additionally, cattle from larger herds were 5.01 times more likely to be seropositive than those from smaller herds. Farms that introduced new animals had triple the odds of seropositivity compared to those that did not.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion: \u003c/strong\u003eThe study indicates a high exposure rate of cattle to BVDV infection in and around Sebeta sub-city. Further research is recommended to explore the molecular epidemiology of BVDV in the region.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Seroprevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus infection and its Associated Risk Factors in Dairy Cattle in and Around Sebeta sub city, Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-07 19:07:21","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4729395/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-09-09T03:36:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-09-02T14:20:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"34477478755790595983942083733804686205","date":"2024-08-29T09:14:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"110062401967926567425844637124097149107","date":"2024-08-26T12:38:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"212842120390721331155515632410039691406","date":"2024-08-26T04:44:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-07-25T10:58:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"332406927050772183074299822037436638455","date":"2024-07-16T18:42:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-07-16T16:14:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-07-16T16:05:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-07-16T15:42:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-07-15T08:33:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2024-07-12T09:49:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f58d190a-e6eb-4fbf-9a93-795c251d555b","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 7th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":35115595,"name":"Biological sciences/Immunology"},{"id":35115596,"name":"Biological sciences/Microbiology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-06T16:21:32+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4729395","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80602-z","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-01-04 15:57:39","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 4th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-07 19:07:21","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-024-80602-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80602-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4729395","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4729395","identity":"rs-4729395","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}