Strength Development and Hydration Behavior Analysis of Sand-Bentonite and Sand-Bentonite-Cement Composites

Strength Development and Hydration Behavior Analysis of Sand-Bentonite and Sand-Bentonite-Cement Composites | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Strength Development and Hydration Behavior Analysis of Sand-Bentonite and Sand-Bentonite-Cement Composites Md. Akhtar Hossain, Soumyadip Maitra, Zakiul Karim Utsha This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7428369/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 18 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Sand-bentonite (SB) and sand-bentonite-cement (SBC) mixtures are widely used in geotechnical applications such as liners, cut-off walls and soil stabilization. This study investigates the strength and moisture retention behavior of SB and SBC mixtures at different curing periods (7, 14, and 28 days). A total of six mix ratios were tested, with three from each group (SB and SBC). The best-performing mix was identified from each group based on compressive strength and compaction characteristics. The compressive strength of the optimal SBC mix (with 5% cement) was approximately 7.5 times higher than the optimal SB mix after 28 days. Future strength development was predicted using best-fit equations generated in MS Excel and implemented in Python to estimate hydration times (t₅₀ and t₉₀). Water Retention Curves (WRCs) were developed using the filter paper method and fitted with the van Genuchten equation. The SBC mix exhibited a higher ‘α’ value (0.0009 kPa-1 vs. 0.0007 kPa-1), indicating it holds water longer before drying, while the SB mix had a higher ‘n’ value (1.60 vs. 1.425), suggesting it releases water more quickly. The results show that cement not only enhances long-term strength but also changes the moisture retention pattern due to C-S-H gel formation. SB mixture SBC mixture Compressive strength Hydration time Water Retention Curve van Genuchten equation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 06 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 04 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 03 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 27 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 13 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 10 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 08 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 21 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 21 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 21 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7428369","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":531501438,"identity":"1d2fbf0f-055b-44f3-b73d-ed5742712c3c","order_by":0,"name":"Md. Akhtar Hossain","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"RUET","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Akhtar","lastName":"Hossain","suffix":""},{"id":531501439,"identity":"82967774-9e7f-4b46-af9d-2667281492be","order_by":1,"name":"Soumyadip Maitra","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABIklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPACZh4QeQCI69nYG4CUgQWRWoB6Evh5QDoNJAhqgVAgLZIzEkBM3Frk23tMN/PUWMuYix1+ePjjHrs8g5vPr274USDBwN/enYBNi8GZM2a3eY6l81jOTjM4cOBZcrHB7Zyymz1Ah0mcObsBqxaJHKAWtsM8BrcTgFoOMDNuuJ2TdoMHqMVAIherFvkZIC3/QFrSPwC11DNuuHkm7eYfPFoYbgC18LaBtOSAbDmcOHMG+7Hb+GwxOHOs7ObcPpBfcgoOnDlw3JifJ4fttoyBBA8uv8i3N2+78eabtb25dPrmDxUHquXY2I8/u/nmj40cf3svdocBARMoHg0QfB4wmweXchBg/IGqhf0BPtWjYBSMglEw8gAA+p9tbEDKFS0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"RUET","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Soumyadip","middleName":"","lastName":"Maitra","suffix":""},{"id":531501443,"identity":"d019dfe8-23e4-4d91-957f-c649905d039d","order_by":2,"name":"Zakiul Karim Utsha","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"RUET","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zakiul","middleName":"Karim","lastName":"Utsha","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-21 17:23:17","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7428369/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7428369/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":93974611,"identity":"c3fa01e6-9bae-4a84-b3d0-60e2886a866e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 23:55:27","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2025578,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscriptwithauthordetails.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/b906ab2b4415f38e6e06fa5d.docx"},{"id":93974610,"identity":"71b59aed-416b-465d-a3f7-fae55514d79c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 23:55:27","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4849,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"934973ac2a27484c828354162ddc8e7b.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/296e319227df0e29278e06ff.json"},{"id":93974612,"identity":"a844d609-60fa-4456-9117-5d23a9a616bd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 23:55:27","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":95635,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"934973ac2a27484c828354162ddc8e7b1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/9f55dc70c3ad924ab8b7c079.xml"},{"id":93974617,"identity":"95eb7151-adf7-43cd-92c8-4fd9926caa71","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 23:55:27","extension":"eps","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":209391,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage10.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/aec4318aada17065bcefc144.eps"},{"id":93974619,"identity":"e677c4d0-f7d3-4131-b1a2-28348c158ae1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 23:55:27","extension":"eps","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":142169,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage14.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/f0f50d1ecbd0920076ee3f14.eps"},{"id":93974745,"identity":"7a99b4a1-9043-4851-8a34-a577eec6cc7d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-21 00:03:27","extension":"eps","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":211953,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage8.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/b992ecec23ef67efbdae8078.eps"},{"id":93974743,"identity":"fa0f3d4f-3572-4705-911e-41716cb0b387","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-21 00:03:27","extension":"jpeg","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/1870f90abd5775cb6f5928fc.jpeg"},{"id":93974614,"identity":"1a3cb4db-21bb-4f1d-b0ff-45d642c96197","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 23:55:27","extension":"jpeg","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":33867,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/26ce5afa0bfc9e24e9c35bfe.jpeg"},{"id":93975087,"identity":"84800394-119b-4d7b-809b-42d1ddda7033","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-21 00:11:27","extension":"jpeg","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8488,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/484f05e21eadf359aa632d88.jpeg"},{"id":93974746,"identity":"37547be5-5546-48a5-8937-8525e5049aaa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-21 00:03:27","extension":"jpeg","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":310831,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/b02d27da73bfcc5a3bff405d.jpeg"},{"id":93974624,"identity":"0be55dfe-7f3c-44a5-880c-25807d470d7e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 23:55:27","extension":"jpeg","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":342160,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/fde20618ea90029b68383b06.jpeg"},{"id":93974627,"identity":"67c4e50b-4ff7-450a-a209-9716149972fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 23:55:27","extension":"jpeg","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":83857,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/a5815c7e0dec8d94a0effcca.jpeg"},{"id":93974635,"identity":"8eb7464f-e0ae-419a-b4ed-29257729e98e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 23:55:27","extension":"jpeg","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":297594,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/c61b8844aa576a8734903c89.jpeg"},{"id":93975140,"identity":"fc3a13e6-8e01-4088-8315-03bbf9cad857","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-21 00:19:27","extension":"jpeg","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4337,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/f89fea15293fd541d2506252.jpeg"},{"id":93974618,"identity":"20bb0e89-96b1-4001-bd04-692b111863e4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 23:55:27","extension":"jpeg","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":56660,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/b8c286b266599a16aaad4ef1.jpeg"},{"id":93974634,"identity":"9ebf37db-56bb-40e3-b0db-3aa6183d7ef1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 23:55:27","extension":"jpeg","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":42093,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/db574381848018f3034d9282.jpeg"},{"id":93974621,"identity":"cb77dfaa-8160-421c-9627-35444395e3fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 23:55:27","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/d47b34a4cc6f34c15753f1be.png"},{"id":93974747,"identity":"111013e8-385f-480e-bf69-0784b15804bf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-21 00:03:27","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6161,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/d027fc0684f62fb22825724d.png"},{"id":93974623,"identity":"874398ba-e576-4fc9-897d-228e342e81cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 23:55:27","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2731,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/5241d7075a9550d8f40d5c4a.png"},{"id":93974751,"identity":"7d5c2472-84c3-45e3-a6e5-acf2d21c518c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-21 00:03:27","extension":"png","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":61861,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/49017b833fd2d59a7add81d6.png"},{"id":93975090,"identity":"0d12c8b4-7e2c-4d00-afa7-2dcc9888054e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-21 00:11:27","extension":"png","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":65568,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/c76297b41bd6bfbc0694297b.png"},{"id":93975088,"identity":"b0f90f6d-ea65-4b50-9366-0ca3167fcb90","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-21 00:11:27","extension":"png","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30173,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/bf31332a0e95097ee81bb327.png"},{"id":93974636,"identity":"5be0c8cd-7c64-4d4e-91e6-94c463260d9c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 23:55:27","extension":"png","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":39809,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/665ffa9854e966f02a5780a9.png"},{"id":93974637,"identity":"ed8380c6-c3ea-42ac-99e8-d616a355eb73","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 23:55:27","extension":"png","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1505,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/99189d3b9d10df68159de9ab.png"},{"id":93974632,"identity":"64ffcb8d-0f4c-4900-a9f2-e351cccb13da","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 23:55:27","extension":"png","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":38395,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/a7c8411d03ad8b96228e13fd.png"},{"id":93974749,"identity":"1a538a2e-8eda-4f17-b4c0-8e2e4581c832","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-21 00:03:27","extension":"png","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":20350,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/78002d062d5226cbc60040da.png"},{"id":93974630,"identity":"cf17e546-9762-4d95-a5c9-afd9c068aed6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 23:55:27","extension":"xml","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":94239,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"934973ac2a27484c828354162ddc8e7b1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/97c067837ce0759f3ef7dabb.xml"},{"id":93974626,"identity":"42a420f1-e8a9-4f18-9d01-30a10ee4b388","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 23:55:27","extension":"html","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":104851,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1/f58cd295a2c64a1665f2c8d9.html"},{"id":93975380,"identity":"0e59cf0b-5e1f-4021-91b2-8ff1039098f7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-21 00:27:27","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":960019,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscriptwithauthordetails.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7428369/v1_covered_98f69fb1-2730-413a-891a-b40b2bb65c5b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Strength Development and Hydration Behavior Analysis of Sand-Bentonite and Sand-Bentonite-Cement Composites","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"iranian-journal-of-science-and-technology-transactions-of-civil-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"istc","sideBox":"Learn more about [Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering](http://link.springer.com/journal/40996)","snPcode":"40996","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40996/3","title":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"SB mixture, SBC mixture, Compressive strength, Hydration time, Water Retention Curve, van Genuchten equation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7428369/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7428369/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Sand-bentonite (SB) and sand-bentonite-cement (SBC) mixtures are widely used in geotechnical applications such as liners, cut-off walls and soil stabilization. This study investigates the strength and moisture retention behavior of SB and SBC mixtures at different curing periods (7, 14, and 28 days). A total of six mix ratios were tested, with three from each group (SB and SBC). The best-performing mix was identified from each group based on compressive strength and compaction characteristics. The compressive strength of the optimal SBC mix (with 5% cement) was approximately 7.5 times higher than the optimal SB mix after 28 days. Future strength development was predicted using best-fit equations generated in MS Excel and implemented in Python to estimate hydration times (t₅₀ and t₉₀). Water Retention Curves (WRCs) were developed using the filter paper method and fitted with the van Genuchten equation. The SBC mix exhibited a higher ‘α’ value (0.0009 kPa-1 vs. 0.0007 kPa-1), indicating it holds water longer before drying, while the SB mix had a higher ‘n’ value (1.60 vs. 1.425), suggesting it releases water more quickly. The results show that cement not only enhances long-term strength but also changes the moisture retention pattern due to C-S-H gel formation.","manuscriptTitle":"Strength Development and Hydration Behavior Analysis of Sand-Bentonite and Sand-Bentonite-Cement Composites","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-20 23:55:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7428369/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-11-06T06:01:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-04T20:53:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-03T06:25:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-27T06:06:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-13T07:02:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"264918482415435619121412866746798548371","date":"2025-10-13T06:15:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-10T19:32:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"280093992772088928721815284078528476604","date":"2025-10-10T14:47:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"281368201392291720894713516233062923464","date":"2025-10-10T13:34:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"51626286862746104269133799884385442694","date":"2025-10-10T01:52:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"128462681376434239849866119598754404315","date":"2025-10-09T07:47:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"149126266231416667360089196306860494346","date":"2025-10-09T00:49:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"109810876661424584578541280571858939777","date":"2025-10-08T05:49:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"113353423079162041288183186355285391464","date":"2025-10-08T05:48:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-08T05:45:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-21T17:32:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-21T17:32:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering","date":"2025-08-21T17:21:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"iranian-journal-of-science-and-technology-transactions-of-civil-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"istc","sideBox":"Learn more about [Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering](http://link.springer.com/journal/40996)","snPcode":"40996","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40996/3","title":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2a9f85a9-042c-4706-a3fd-1a12b1a573cc","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-16T08:23:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-20 23:55:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7428369","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7428369","identity":"rs-7428369","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}