Performance of Hollow Frictional Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Piles in Saturated Cohesionless Soils using Shaking Table Tests

Performance of Hollow Frictional Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Piles in Saturated Cohesionless Soils using Shaking Table Tests | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Performance of Hollow Frictional Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Piles in Saturated Cohesionless Soils using Shaking Table Tests Aliu Abdul-Hamid, Mohammad Tofigh Rayhani, Mohammed Amin Hosseini This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7431020/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study evaluates the performance of single hollow frictional Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) piles embedded in saturated liquefiable sand and subjected to seismic loading using a shaking table. A unidirectional shaking table equipped with a 1 m x 1 m x 1 m laminar sand box consisting of 27 lamina rings was used. The FRP piles were manufactured from epoxy saturated Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) and Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) fabrics and shaped into tubes. For comparison, an aluminum pile was included in the setup to represent the behaviour of traditional steel piles. Pile dimensions and properties were based on scaling relationships that account for the nonlinear nature of soil-pile systems under seismic loading. Scaled versions of ground motions from the 2010 Val-des-Bois (Ottawa) and 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nambu (Kobe) earthquakes were implemented as the input motions in the tests. Although inertial head displacements were similar across all piles, significant differences in kinematic pile response were observed. GFRP piles exhibited higher kinematic acceleration amplification compared to both the CFRP and the aluminum piles. Aluminum piles, on the other hand, showed higher amplification of acceleration than the CFRP piles. These results suggest that in addition to their durability, FRP piles demonstrate geotechnical performance comparable to traditional piling materials. CFRP GFRP Laminar Liquefiable Shaking Table Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 25 Sep, 2025 Editor invited by journal 19 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 19 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 17 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7431020","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":520709930,"identity":"ccfb8730-e35e-4db6-a09a-b98e46868349","order_by":0,"name":"Aliu Abdul-Hamid","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4634-3880","institution":"Carleton University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aliu","middleName":"","lastName":"Abdul-Hamid","suffix":""},{"id":520709931,"identity":"965a9ef9-1a2f-4f1a-8623-b35530e9208d","order_by":1,"name":"Mohammad Tofigh Rayhani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Carleton University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"Tofigh","lastName":"Rayhani","suffix":""},{"id":520709932,"identity":"c477c325-66dd-46bf-8310-8ef49af6e5f4","order_by":2,"name":"Mohammed Amin Hosseini","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Carleton University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammed","middleName":"Amin","lastName":"Hosseini","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-22 05:41:59","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7431020/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7431020/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-026-02471-3","type":"published","date":"2026-04-21T15:57:20+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":93029553,"identity":"c943f26e-0245-46fe-a493-d06cb3f9dd21","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:18","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8751,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"beeeBEEED2500773.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/5539fe5b9017018e6cd9ad39.xml"},{"id":93030242,"identity":"2caf4568-e35b-4b27-8073-1f4edae00dc0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 10:07:18","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1042,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"BEEED250077319890.go.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/d18cf968ed10676a177c152f.xml"},{"id":93029554,"identity":"5188d8e1-74da-4bb6-a9d4-e9f97ccb9a98","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:18","extension":"xml","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":909,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"BEEED2500773Import.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/820b332db97080c1550ad3c0.xml"},{"id":93029555,"identity":"9e46a673-30d1-436d-bdfa-a5e99509176a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:18","extension":"xml","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":109619,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"BEEED25007730enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/4e5f0d4a079fa9f23c7ab37e.xml"},{"id":93029558,"identity":"9255a78a-0400-489a-8711-22e7020c2425","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:18","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":779455,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/670a8cd837c523b9609f4e31.jpeg"},{"id":93030241,"identity":"11dbe551-2c1a-4ed8-a8ea-23d31daced39","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 10:07:18","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":453791,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/a38cbaaf616755345014793f.jpeg"},{"id":93031555,"identity":"0c9c8642-ed61-418c-8ff0-1d7a8bb68922","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 10:15:18","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":599761,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/288755407c2bac0eb80bb263.jpeg"},{"id":93029559,"identity":"558f011d-eff7-4158-9545-2d8bc09fa783","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:18","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":688090,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/bc47ef057f325557f653d5d6.jpeg"},{"id":93029562,"identity":"5a53f4ab-294f-405d-a317-ebeb1cdeee8f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:19","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":587522,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/8a2b757b66d2cbe26c23a5bd.jpeg"},{"id":93029565,"identity":"ca943880-b5fd-42dc-87fe-cc7ec120db84","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:19","extension":"jpeg","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":617373,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/eb80a681c864ce2b46385ede.jpeg"},{"id":93029567,"identity":"761be7e5-f08e-4ec5-b6dd-c51faf0b5f3b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:19","extension":"jpeg","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":300380,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage15.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/f616899989486f2ed4ab54c0.jpeg"},{"id":93030246,"identity":"088d41b7-a1fe-4112-b353-0c520eac6ac8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 10:07:19","extension":"jpeg","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":221445,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage16.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/a25cb7bce7209a509d26bfb4.jpeg"},{"id":93029572,"identity":"ab58a743-3744-46a3-bf23-e022af97d2f4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:19","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":518602,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/ba6aeefe5871ae0eb8b2a050.png"},{"id":93031556,"identity":"05e53afd-bb0a-4d8d-82c6-a5dc54791e5b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 10:15:19","extension":"jpeg","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":138820,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/1781b22afa6f8b56ca684243.jpeg"},{"id":93031557,"identity":"40ec68e6-2ff1-4a99-9359-a04006daf596","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 10:15:19","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":59551,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/26e426614b4ea502a21999d7.png"},{"id":93029569,"identity":"0061e96e-cc03-4029-8f1a-1720494b54d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:19","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":435201,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/9c370b77207b03d471ec7af8.png"},{"id":93029564,"identity":"c4b205f5-c02d-4803-a1e8-2d3ecb4ed12b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:19","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":464698,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/20ea5ef6dae5fdf717b1ac5a.png"},{"id":93029570,"identity":"bc231cb4-afd3-40bf-81e9-e047eef45786","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:19","extension":"jpeg","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":452106,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/2d5dfe66a2bb0d0bee487d73.jpeg"},{"id":93031559,"identity":"ce17b8c5-7dc7-409b-af98-4d860789dcb8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 10:15:19","extension":"jpeg","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":440479,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/cf5d1e4e080f3ea66be50d6c.jpeg"},{"id":93030243,"identity":"e45bd7af-f6c0-4db5-9401-f4b30930282b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 10:07:18","extension":"jpeg","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":307474,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/b877c132787ff5e41ce7b8ba.jpeg"},{"id":93030250,"identity":"0670d4db-5358-4ba3-b9c2-1c4b57f88d68","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 10:07:19","extension":"jpeg","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":383117,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/200c2e9a476d1241c824850c.jpeg"},{"id":93029591,"identity":"21045e00-7fbc-4587-93e0-4b537ee0dbba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:19","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":236586,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/5c86a5b27ca3ec02f64edccf.png"},{"id":93029583,"identity":"5b2d110f-2351-4b1d-9955-5d707f1d0502","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:19","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":95245,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/7b99aa7a41d6478fc23a0625.png"},{"id":93029577,"identity":"8388fea5-2cad-4dd4-80e7-84970275dc44","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:19","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":128900,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/ba7fad0ddb5007ca7720032f.png"},{"id":93029568,"identity":"0a05ec63-23d1-4624-91b9-9c989726e90c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:19","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":147976,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/020ae2529b03504ea8fc90a0.png"},{"id":93029592,"identity":"fd0330be-9ba3-4873-84bd-8764146094aa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:19","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":122547,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/d3393b59f4ea7a49c37f2d58.png"},{"id":93029582,"identity":"4bf290d9-e88e-472f-a4d4-0406a6874bdc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:19","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":123333,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/32a36f58e6bc990ee54b80d6.png"},{"id":93030248,"identity":"2f88dcd1-bd14-4c18-a4dd-011c7f7b578a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 10:07:19","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":73224,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/1c75c4132c2f7300e1357c04.png"},{"id":93029576,"identity":"5f2ff92f-841e-43f1-b94c-cf88101924d2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:19","extension":"png","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":50625,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/723757f46ba6ce5c81880ab4.png"},{"id":93029580,"identity":"6ea8dcd0-0113-4cb4-aa1f-e7613147f62e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:19","extension":"png","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":96710,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/1f9dac95962bedc2788caae8.png"},{"id":93029588,"identity":"9dc5e383-b9ce-46c7-a2b5-d5aa412b7a89","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:19","extension":"png","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":87451,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/bae385db81d93d37b8655c2c.png"},{"id":93030252,"identity":"3cb7677b-9378-47c6-ac89-91bd4e281c36","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 10:07:19","extension":"png","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":19092,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/f14e90823691d3686dcde237.png"},{"id":93030247,"identity":"b57e9d22-26ae-4fc0-8f87-016ef6dd827f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 10:07:19","extension":"png","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":48705,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/5dbcb09234b2b484325fef44.png"},{"id":93029573,"identity":"d3545967-f8d5-42ac-8c9e-a67cd93c5484","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:19","extension":"png","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":46935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/dff9d972836c0f1898ba6d1a.png"},{"id":93029586,"identity":"98002848-123e-4bf2-9cd6-a990cd0cf61b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:19","extension":"png","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":102051,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/6cbebf0316fe675d234ed317.png"},{"id":93029590,"identity":"42037cf9-7667-417c-8754-a23e89744b45","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:19","extension":"png","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":104752,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/454c32e7c9cb5f3644a9409f.png"},{"id":93029585,"identity":"be8b6423-f719-496b-9a8e-f6ac32dbadd2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:19","extension":"png","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":65807,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/e969f74b5ad2f78eafa189c8.png"},{"id":93031558,"identity":"96d2b802-8a87-4f3c-9c12-4011030b171e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 10:15:19","extension":"png","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":81716,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/39860a258849026d3b24bd85.png"},{"id":93029581,"identity":"29a161bf-5540-4d5d-ab9a-2c59eb769391","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:19","extension":"xml","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":108598,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"BEEED25007730structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/28f6429e709416e257a64c6d.xml"},{"id":93029584,"identity":"338b0ece-c350-4d69-9a0a-25bc912e475a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:19","extension":"html","order_by":41,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":116481,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1/19904c116496ff4685154122.html"},{"id":107929394,"identity":"a3f78683-9279-48ef-99fb-dcef5f35a801","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-27 16:15:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1928166,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SiesmicPerformaceofHollowFRPPilesinSatSoil.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7431020/v1_covered_5915fd9e-9c17-424c-93a8-65e004dae405.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Performance of Hollow Frictional Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Piles in Saturated Cohesionless Soils using Shaking Table Tests","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bulletin-of-earthquake-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"beee","sideBox":"Learn more about [Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering](https://www.springer.com/journal/10518)","snPcode":"10518","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10518/3","title":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"CFRP, GFRP, Laminar, Liquefiable, Shaking Table","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7431020/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7431020/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study evaluates the performance of single hollow frictional Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) piles embedded in saturated liquefiable sand and subjected to seismic loading using a shaking table. A unidirectional shaking table equipped with a 1 m x 1 m x 1 m laminar sand box consisting of 27 lamina rings was used. The FRP piles were manufactured from epoxy saturated Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) and Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) fabrics and shaped into tubes. For comparison, an aluminum pile was included in the setup to represent the behaviour of traditional steel piles. Pile dimensions and properties were based on scaling relationships that account for the nonlinear nature of soil-pile systems under seismic loading. Scaled versions of ground motions from the 2010 Val-des-Bois (Ottawa) and 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nambu (Kobe) earthquakes were implemented as the input motions in the tests. Although inertial head displacements were similar across all piles, significant differences in kinematic pile response were observed. GFRP piles exhibited higher kinematic acceleration amplification compared to both the CFRP and the aluminum piles. Aluminum piles, on the other hand, showed higher amplification of acceleration than the CFRP piles. These results suggest that in addition to their durability, FRP piles demonstrate geotechnical performance comparable to traditional piling materials.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Performance of Hollow Frictional Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Piles in Saturated Cohesionless Soils using Shaking Table Tests","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-08 09:59:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7431020/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-09-28T10:57:49+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-25T17:01:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","date":"2025-09-19T15:39:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-19T05:10:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","date":"2025-09-17T20:47:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bulletin-of-earthquake-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"beee","sideBox":"Learn more about [Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering](https://www.springer.com/journal/10518)","snPcode":"10518","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10518/3","title":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"dadfa18d-74de-4fed-b6d8-478821299328","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 8th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-27T16:15:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7431020","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-026-02471-3","journal":{"identity":"bulletin-of-earthquake-engineering","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-21 15:57:20","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 21st, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-08 09:59:14","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02471-3","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-026-02471-3","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7431020","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7431020","identity":"rs-7431020","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}