The NLR protein R1L counters Phytophthora infestans to trigger a growth-to-defense switch by degrading SlSPL3 in tomato

The NLR protein R1L counters Phytophthora infestans to trigger a growth-to-defense switch by degrading SlSPL3 in tomato | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article The NLR protein R1L counters Phytophthora infestans to trigger a growth-to-defense switch by degrading SlSPL3 in tomato Min Miao, Ziyu Wang, Feng Zhang, Yu Xu, Xue Fang, Ruoxi Lu, Hongtao Wang, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8086429/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Plant immune responses involve sophisticated signaling networks, with effector-triggered immunity (ETI) activated by intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors conferring robust resistance. Understanding how ETI-associated receptors engage downstream signaling remains critical. Here, we characterize a novel tomato NLR protein, R1a-Like (R1L), that specifically recognizes the Phytophthora infestans effector AVR1. Upon AVR1 binding, R1L relocalizes from the cytoplasm to both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Genetic and molecular analyses demonstrated that R1L functions as a positive regulator of tomato immunity against P. infestans . Yeast two-hybrid screening identified SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN LIKE 3 (SlSPL3), a positive regulator of plant growth and development, as a direct R1L interactor. SlSPL3 binds to the GTAC-box motif in the promoter of Lipid Transfer Protein 3 ( SlLTP3 ), a negative immune regulator, and activates its expression. R1L counteracts this immunosuppression by promoting ubiquitin-mediated degradation of SlSPL3, thereby enhancing immunity. Thus, the AVR1-R1L-SlSPL3-SlLTP3 axis represents a trade-off mechanism: in uninfected plants, SlSPL3 promotes growth and suppresses immunity via SlLTP3; upon infection, R1L-mediated SlSPL3 degradation activates immunity and represses growth. Our study elucidates a pathogen perception-transcriptional reprogramming-immunity axis, offering insights into plant defense and growth-immunity balance. Biological sciences/Plant sciences/Plant immunity Biological sciences/Plant sciences/Plant immunity/Effectors in plant pathology Phytophthora infestans AVR1 Immune response Tomato NLR protein SlSPL3 SlLTP3 Degradation Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8086429","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":546414971,"identity":"a43dba4e-1a02-4a09-b671-b34865b18ff6","order_by":0,"name":"Min 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Understanding how ETI-associated receptors engage downstream signaling remains critical. Here, we characterize a novel tomato NLR protein, R1a-Like (R1L), that specifically recognizes the \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora infestans\u003c/em\u003e effector AVR1. Upon AVR1 binding, R1L relocalizes from the cytoplasm to both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Genetic and molecular analyses demonstrated that R1L functions as a positive regulator of tomato immunity against \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN LIKE 3 (SlSPL3), a positive regulator of plant growth and development, as a direct R1L interactor. SlSPL3 binds to the GTAC-box motif in the promoter of \u003cem\u003eLipid Transfer Protein 3\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eSlLTP3\u003c/em\u003e), a negative immune regulator, and activates its expression. R1L counteracts this immunosuppression by promoting ubiquitin-mediated degradation of SlSPL3, thereby enhancing immunity. Thus, the AVR1-R1L-SlSPL3-SlLTP3 axis represents a trade-off mechanism: in uninfected plants, SlSPL3 promotes growth and suppresses immunity via SlLTP3; upon infection, R1L-mediated SlSPL3 degradation activates immunity and represses growth. Our study elucidates a pathogen perception-transcriptional reprogramming-immunity axis, offering insights into plant defense and growth-immunity balance.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The NLR protein R1L counters Phytophthora infestans to trigger a growth-to-defense switch by degrading SlSPL3 in tomato","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-18 08:36:00","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8086429/v1","editorialEvents":[],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nature-communications","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"NCOMMS","sideBox":"Learn more about [Nature Communications](http://www.nature.com/ncomms/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://mts-ncomms.nature.com/","title":"Nature Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Nature Communications","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b0d622e4-75e4-4840-97eb-e0c4238e4bdc","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":58127874,"name":"Biological sciences/Plant sciences/Plant immunity"},{"id":58127875,"name":"Biological sciences/Plant sciences/Plant immunity/Effectors in plant pathology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-03T16:37:34+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-18 08:36:00","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8086429","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8086429","identity":"rs-8086429","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}