Estimation of biomass, carbon stock, CO2 absorption, and oxygen release in the Metinaro coastal mangrove forest, Díli, Timor-Leste

Estimation of biomass, carbon stock, CO2 absorption, and oxygen release in the Metinaro coastal mangrove forest, Díli, Timor-Leste | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Estimation of biomass, carbon stock, CO 2 absorption, and oxygen release in the Metinaro coastal mangrove forest, Díli, Timor-Leste Nelson Moniz Costa, Hermenegildo R. Costa, Manuel Soares This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8098787/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Mangrove forests are vital for other living beings, help prevent coastal erosion, and mitigate the greenhouse effect while storing more carbon than other types of forests. This research focuses on estimating the biomass, carbon sequestration, CO 2 absortion, and O 2 release of the Metinaro mangrove forest located within the municipality of Díli, East Timor. For the collection of the necessary data, we measured the total height and the diameter at breast height of all the adult trees located in the mangrove forest. The minimum analysis described herein considers the quantitative approach for which specific equations will help estimate the value of biomass and subsequently carbon and CO 2 capture and O 2 release. The Metinaro mangrove forest is estimated to have a total of 15 species of trees with a total biomass of 944.98 tons/ha and sequesters 485.85 tons/ha of carbon, absorbs 1734.91 tons/ha of CO 2 , and releases 4279.64 tons/ha of O 2 . This data can help the country's future carbon trading and observation of changes in the capacity of the amount of carbon stored by this forest. This helps, conservation and reforestation continues. Mangrove forest Biomass Carbon stock CO2 Absortion Oxigen liberation East Timor Introduction Timor-Leste forms part of the Wallacea region and crosses the Lydekker line, which consists of Sulawesi, the Moluccas, the Banda Arcs and the Sunda Islands, and covers an area of 338 million hectares, with Timor-Leste contributing 4% of the Wallace forest cover [ 5 ][ 11 ][ 20 ]. East Timor’s forest include the large areas of mangroves along much of the coast. In 2013 it was estimated that there was 1,300 hectares of mangrove cover. Metinaro has the most extensive coastal mangrove forest and contains 19 true mangrove species [ 3 ][ 7 ][ 12 ][ 16 ]. This forest is also valuable for carbon sequestration [ 4 ][ 21 ]. Metinaro has the largest mangrove forest in Timor-Leste in terms of area and diversity of species. This forest also plays a major role in climate change mitigation through the absorption and storage of CO 2 [ 18 ][ 23 ]. However, with the potential loss of some species and area due to human development and natural occurrences, parts of the forest will still be lost [ 12 ]. This also diminishes the CO 2 storage capacity and weakens the climate mitigation role the forest plays. This study aim to estiamte the biomas, carbon stock, CO 2 uptake and O 2 release of the mangrove forest in Metinaro, Díli, Timor-Leste. Materials and Methods The Metinaro Mangrove Forest ranges between 20 and 33 degrees Celsius [ 9 ][ 12 ]. Located along the coastal area north of the capital city of East Timor, Díli (8°30'43.31"S 125°45'49.12"E). The survey was done between 4 and 8 April 2025, in Metinaro Village, Dili Municipality, and specifically in the coastal mangrove forest. The total height and diameter at breast height of the identified mangrove trees were randomly measured within the plot, which measures 20 x 20 m2 for trees larger than 20 cm in diameter. In areas with many mangrove species and individuals, fetching seedlings for planting would be justified. The equation model for humid mangrove forest is used to retrieve the aboveground biomass in kilograms, CAGB = 0.0509 x pD 2 H, whose soil surface biomass regression model includes trunk diameter, D in cm, total height, H in m and density, P in g/cm 3 [ 10 ]. The mediation of the height for mediation of Diameter is > 1.3 m [ 17 ] and the p value as a form factor for tropical species is 0.55 and 0.7 [ 2 ], thus choosing 0.6 for the general representation. To find the value of belowground biomass for hardwood plants, use the following equation: BGB = 1.576 x AGB x 0.615 [ 29 ]. The value of biomass can be converted to carbon in kg by multiplying the biomass value by 0.47, the carbon concentration value [ 6 ]. The value of carbon stock can be converted to kg CO 2 absorbed by multiplying it by 3.67, the value of carbon to CO 2 [ 24 ]. The O 2 release is calculated as the multiplication of the CO 2 absorption value with the O 2 concentration, which is 2.66 in CO2 [ 22 ] Result and Discussion The present study covering the Metinaro mangrove forest found 15 mangrove species belonging to 10 different genera. Within these, 2 species categorized under the Ceriops genus were Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B.Rob and Ceriops decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou, 2 species under the Avicennia genus were Avicennia alba Blume and Avicennia marina (forssk.) Vierh., and 2 species under the Brugueira genus were Brugueira cylindrica (L.) Blume and Brugueira sexangula (Lour.) Poir. There were also 3 species such as Rhizophora apiculata Blume, Rhizophora mucronata Lam., and Rhizophora stylosa Griff., under the Rhizophora genus, 1 species Osbornia Octodonta F.Muell. within Osbornia, 1 also under Lumnitzera as Lumnitzera racemosa Willd., 1 Pemphis acidula J.R.Forst & G. Forst under Pemphis, 1 Xylocarpus moluccencis (Lam.) M. Roem. within Xylocarpus, 1 Excoecaria agallocha L. under Excoeria, and 1 Sonneratia alba Griff. under Sonneratia. The results estimate aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB) and total biomass, carbon stock, CO 2 absorption, and O 2 release represented respectively in the following table: Tabel 1 Result of the Metinaro mangrove forest biomass, carbon stock, CO 2 Absorption and O 2 release in Tons/ha No Species AGB BGB Total biomass carbon stock CO 2 absorption O 2 release 1 C. tagal (Perr.) C.B.Rob 7.93 4.03 11.98 5.63 20.67 54.98 2 A. alba Blume 42.70 6.40 49.11 23.08 84.71 225.33 3 S. alba Griff. 704.52 49.49 754.01 354.38 1300.60 3459.61 4 R. apiculata Blume 46.66 9.09 55.76 26.20 96.18 255.84 5 R. mucronata Lam. 23.78 3.8 27.66 13.00 47.72 126.95 6 O. Octodonta F.Muell 0.59 0.35 0.95 0.44 1.64 4.36 7 C. decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou 3.76 1.96 5.73 2.69 9.88 26.29 8 R. stylosa Griff. 3.56 27.76 13.05 47.89 127.40 3.56 9 L. racemosa Willd. 6.23 1.37 7.61 3.57 13.13 34.92 10 A. marina (forssk.) Vierh. 4.77 3.59 6.14 2.88 10.59 28.18 11 B. sexangula (Lour.) Poir. 0.36 0.35 0.72 0.33 1.24 3.30 12 P. acidula J.R.Forst & G.Forst 0.05 0.07 0.13 0.06 0.23 0.63 13 X. moluccencis (lLam). M. Roem. 3.58 1.14 4.72 2.22 8.14 21.67 14 E. agallocha L. 1.88 0.50 2.39 1.12 4.12 10.97 15 B. cylindrica (L.) Blume 3.78 1.24 5.02 2.36 8.66 23.05 Total 854.15 111.14 944.98 485.85 1734.91 4279.64 It may demonstrate the evolution of climate change because plant biomass is the mass gained during plant development and growth [ 1 ][ 13 ], the Metinaro mangrove forest contributes an estimated total biomass of 940.01 tons/ha. This would mean that the Metinaro mangrove forest has a proportion of 19.73% of the total GBA of the Indonesian mangrove forest. In addition, it may form a potencial 13.25% of the total GBA of Southeast Asia and only 4.63% of global GBA [ 15 ]. The Metinaro mangrove forest also stores carbon for a total of 485.85 tons/ha, absorbs CO 2 for a total of 1734.91 tons/ha and releases O 2 for a total of 4279.64 tons/ha. The species with the greatest contribution is Sonneratia alba Griff. in terms of biomass, carbon stock, CO 2 absorption, and O 2 release [ 8 ][ 30 ]. While the species with the smallest contribution is Pemphis acidula J.R.Forst & G.Forst [ 14 ]. The other species together contribute 73.68% (190.88 tons/ha) to total biomass (17.60% to aboveground biomass and 56.60% to total underground biomass), and 27.19% to total carbon stock. While the species with the smallest contribution is P. acidula J.R.Forst & G.Forst, with an average diameter of 1.5 cm and an average height of 8.7 meters [ 25 ][ 26 ]. This difference in the total may be due to their diameter and height but also incorporates density, frequency, and dominance, as in S. alba, that is characterized to describe its distributions [ 9 ][ 19 ][ 28 ][ 30 ]. Considering these results showed that the Metinaro mangrove forest has the vital role in the climate change mitigation by absorving the CO 2 and being natural carbon sequestration, but the area of the mangrove forest in Metinaro is not well conserved, anthropogenic and natural factors contribute to reduced growth and adaptation of mangroves, contributing to the reduction of biomass, carbon storage, CO 2 absorption, and O 2 release from the mangrove forest itself. In this respect, protection by fencing and reforestation has been regarded as indispensable for the protection of this mangrove forest because it holds ecological importance [ 3 ][ 8 ][ 12 ][ 27 ]. Conclusion The research concluded that the Metinaro mangrove forest has 944.98 tons/ha of total biomass, 485.85 tons/ha of carbon stock, 1734.91 tons/ha of CO 2 absorption, and releases 4279.64 tons/ha of oxygen from 15 identified species, can help the country's future carbon trading, also helping the observation of variable changes of carbon amount in the fores and suggesting future conservation and continuity should reforest this forest. Declarations Acknowledgments We are grateful to the Department of Biology teaching of Universidade Nacional Timor-Lorosa’e that help us, for providing support to work on the project. Funding This work was not supported by funds from any entity or organization in the form of money, this work is the efforts of the authors, and financed by the authors themselves. Author contributions All author’s contributed equally to this work. Nelson Moniz Costa conceived the study, designed and implemented the survey, and prepared the manuscript, collected and analyzed data. Dr. Hermenegildo R. Costa and Manuel Soares contributed to the design and the preparation of the manuscript; conducted data analysis, analyzed data, and contributed to the preparation and review of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript before the submission. Competing interests The authors declare that they have NO affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. There is no conflict of interest among authors . Consent to Publish declaration : not applicable. Consent to Participate declaration : not applicable. Ethics declaration : not applicable. References Agus F, Hairiah K, Mulyani A. Measuring carbon stock in peat soils: practical guidelines .World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Program, Indonesian Centre for Agricultural Land. Indonesia: Resources Research and Development. Bogor; 2011. Akossou AYJ, Arzouma J, Attakpa EY, Fonton NH, Kokou K. Scaling of Teak (Tectona grandis) Logs by the Xylometer Technique: Accuracy of Volume Equations and Influence of the Log Length. Diversity. 2013;5:99–113. 10.3390/d5010099 . Alongi DM. (2013). Mangrove Forests of Timor-Leste: Ecology, Degradation and Vulnerability to Climate Change . Eds. Faridah-Hanum, A. Latiff, K. R. Hakeem, & M. Ozturk in Mangrove Ecosystems of Asia. Springer. 10.1007/978-1-4614-8582-7_9 Alongi DM. Carbon cycling and storage in mangrove forests. Ann Rev Mar Sci. 2014;6:195–219. 10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135020 . Asian Development Bank. (2014). State of the coral triangle: Timor-Leste . Asian Development Bank. Philippines. ISBN 978-92-9254-527-7. Badan Standardisasi Nasional. Pengukuran dan penghitungan cadangan karbon –Pengukuran lapangan untuk penaksiran cadangan karbon hutan (ground based forest carbon accounting). BSN.Jakarta.Indonesia; 2011. Barnett J, Dessai S, Jones R. (2007). Vulnerability to Climate Variability and Change in East Timor . Ambio. 36. 372–8. 10.1579/0044-7447 (2007)36[372:VTCVAC]2.0.CO;2. Basyuni, M., Amelia, R., Aznawi, A. A., Wirasatriya, A., Iryanthony, S. B., Slamet,B., … Ali, H. M. (2025). Reduction of mangrove carbon stock ecosystems due to illegal logging using a combination of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery and field surveys. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage , 11 (1), 225–242. Boggs G, Edyvane K, de Carvalho N, Penny S, Rouwenhorst J, Brocklehurst P, Cowie I, Barreto C, Amaral A, Monteiro J, Pinto P, Mau R, Smit N, Amaral J, Fernandes L. (2012). Marine and Coastal Habitat Mapping in Timor Leste (North Coast) – Final Report . Project 1 of the Timor Leste Coastal-Marine Habitat Mapping, Tourism and Fisheries Development Project. Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries, Government of Timor Leste. ISBN 978-989-8635-01-3. Chave J, Andalo C, Brown S, Cairns M, Chambers J, Eamus D, Fölster H, Fromard F, Higuchi N, Kira T, Lescure J, Nelson B, Ogawa H, Puig H, Riera B, Yamakura T. Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests. Oecologia. Springer-; 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0100-x . Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. Wallacea Biodiversity Hotspot. Burung Indonesia. Indonesia; 2014. Costa L, Budiastuti S, Sunarto, Sutrisno J(. 2014). Identification of Condition in Coastal Metinaro Mangrove Forest, Timor-Leste . Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, Vol. 79. 1st International Conference on Geography and Education (ICGE 2016). Atlantis Press. Food and Agriculture Organization. (2009). Biomass . Global Terrestrial Observing System. Rome. Gillerot L, Vlaminck E, Ryck DJRD, Mwasaru DM, Beeckman H, Koedam N. Interand intraspecific variation in mangrove carbon fraction and wood specific gravity in Gazi Bay, Kenya. Ecosphere. 2018;9(6):02306. 10.1002. Huang J, Liu X, He Y, Shen S, Hou Z, Li S, Li C, Yao L, Huang J. The oxygen cycle and a habitable Earth. Sci China Earth Sci. 2021;64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-020-9747-1 . Ilman M. Assessment Report of the Biophysical, Ecological and Socio-Economic Conditions of Mangroves Ecosystem of Timor Leste. UNDP; 2017. Kauffman JB, Donato DC. (2012). Protocols for the measurement, monitoring and reporting of structure, biomass and carbon stocks in mangrove forests . Working Paper 86. CIFOR. Bogor, Indonesia. Kivari A, Xu W, Otukol S. Volume to Biomass Conversion. Ministry of Forests and Range; 2011. Matatula J, Wirabuana PYAP, Yasin EHE, Mulyana B. Species composition and carbon stock of rehabilitated mangrove forest in Kupang District, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Environ Res Eng Manage. 2023;79(3):24–34. Matuszak S, Muellner-riehl AN, Sun H, Favre A. (2015). Dispersal routes between biodiversity hotspots in Asia: the case of the mountain genus Tripterospermum (Gentianinae, Gentianaceae) and its close relatives . Journal of Biogeography, in press, 1–11. http://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12617 Mcleod E, Chmura GL, Bouillon S, Salm R, Bjork M, Duarte CM, Lovelock CE, Schlesinger WH, Silliman BR. .(2011). A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO2. Front Ecol Environ 9:552–60. 10.1890/110004 Mitra A, Chaudhuri TR, Pal N, Zaman S, Mitra A. Oxygen Generation by Dominant Urban Trees: A Case Study from Konnagar Municipality, West Bengal, India. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2017. 10.26717/BJSTR.2017.01.000114 . Nellemann C, Corcoran E, Duarte CM, Valdés L, De Young C, Fonseca L, Grimsditch G, editors. 2009. Blue Carbon. A Rapid Response Assessment . United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arenda. Norway. ISBN: 978-82-7701-060-1. Ningsih RR, Banuwa IS, Duryat, Yuwono SB. (2021).Karbon Tersimpan Di Tata Guna Lahan Sub-Sub Das Khilau Das Sekampung. Jurnal Hutan Tropis Volume. ISSN 2337–7771. Rahim, S., Baderan, D. W. K., Hamidun, M. S., Hasim, A., Anwar, W. E. S., Angio,M. H., … Sunardi, S. (2023). Diversity, distribution and conservation status of mangrove species in Pulias Bay, Indonesia. Biosystems Diversity , 31 (3), 276–281. Rotaquio EL, Nakagoshi N, Rotaquio RL. (2007). Species composition of mangrove forests in Aurora, Philippines - A special reference to the presence of Kandelia candel (L.) Druce. J Intl Dev Coop 13 (1): 61 78. 10.15027/28483 Suratman MN. Carbon sequestration potential of mangroves in Southeast Asia. Managing forest ecosystems: The challenge of climate change. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2008. pp. 297–315. Tomlinson PB. The Botany of Mangroves. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1994. World Wildlife Fund. Measuring carbon in trees, supplemental guide. Ontario, Canada: WWF-Canada. Toronto; 2024. Zulhalifah, Syukur A, Santoso D, Karnan. Species diversity and composition, and above-ground carbon of mangrove vegetation in Jor Bay, East Lombok. Indonesia Biodiversitas. 2021;22:2066–7122. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 26 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 20 Nov, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 20 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 12 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8098787","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":547525338,"identity":"4b3b9b1c-f7fb-447b-ae25-bcd77d364ecb","order_by":0,"name":"Nelson Moniz Costa","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACHhDBxiBnf7wByDCwIF6LMcOZAyAtEsRrSWy4kQBiEaGFv+fwM6kbZXaMjTOfX93wo0CCgb+9OwGvFomzbWbSOeeSmZmlc8pu9gAdJnHm7Ab81pxnMJPObTvAxiadk3aDB6jFQCIXvxb58+zfQFp4eCTPpN38Q4wWg7M9YFskJCTYj90myhbDM2eKrYF+MTDgyWG7LWMgwUPQL3Jn0jfezimzq9/AfvzZzTd/bOT423sJeJ+BgQUaFzwGYJKQchBg/gCh2R8Qo3oUjIJRMApGIAAAds5GMigwYIAAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"National University of East Timor","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nelson","middleName":"Moniz","lastName":"Costa","suffix":""},{"id":547525339,"identity":"dab9bd9e-d332-43e3-ac6a-cac5e035724c","order_by":1,"name":"Hermenegildo R. Costa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National University of East Timor","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hermenegildo","middleName":"R.","lastName":"Costa","suffix":""},{"id":547525340,"identity":"b42f0bc2-0c02-4c46-894a-e7af40a16dd5","order_by":2,"name":"Manuel Soares","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National University of East Timor","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Manuel","middleName":"","lastName":"Soares","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-11-12 17:38:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8098787/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8098787/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":96341936,"identity":"7df2005e-fa59-4bd7-82f2-5b071a0a8e7c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 04:53:43","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":55519,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Revisedmanuscript2.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8098787/v1/bd1ea9e76756b72d1a035b77.docx"},{"id":96341950,"identity":"3817ae61-775d-4a14-a5a8-18c3c207e3e8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 04:53:44","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5042,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"d1ca85bc83014e2a92cc7d5ec3b77fd6.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8098787/v1/bfba2b2a6f9633a78d0dbd2c.json"},{"id":96341948,"identity":"d1786689-0043-43d3-b1ba-0956e123580d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 04:53:43","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":64361,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"d1ca85bc83014e2a92cc7d5ec3b77fd61enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8098787/v1/4f629fe83b39e8c791e238f6.xml"},{"id":96341969,"identity":"37d64d2e-fcf6-452c-8ddc-3315366ce516","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 04:53:45","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":63177,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"d1ca85bc83014e2a92cc7d5ec3b77fd61structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8098787/v1/d10d63cdf64208b84572b706.xml"},{"id":96341956,"identity":"6725f554-5201-402a-af58-be6a45129cae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 04:53:44","extension":"html","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":68880,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8098787/v1/d3f27bdf27b43f681c3e6ef3.html"},{"id":96366466,"identity":"cafadaac-af88-4e5c-905b-033af9131e06","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 10:11:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":448409,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8098787/v1/c4f05b92-2181-47dc-b71f-9760708170f2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eEstimation of biomass, carbon stock, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e absorption, and oxygen release in the Metinaro coastal mangrove forest, Díli, Timor-Leste\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eTimor-Leste forms part of the Wallacea region and crosses the Lydekker line, which consists of Sulawesi, the Moluccas, the Banda Arcs and the Sunda Islands, and covers an area of 338\u0026nbsp;million hectares, with Timor-Leste contributing 4% of the Wallace forest cover [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. East Timor\u0026rsquo;s forest include the large areas of mangroves along much of the coast. In 2013 it was estimated that there was 1,300 hectares of mangrove cover. Metinaro has the most extensive coastal mangrove forest and contains 19 true mangrove species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. This forest is also valuable for carbon sequestration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMetinaro has the largest mangrove forest in Timor-Leste in terms of area and diversity of species. This forest also plays a major role in climate change mitigation through the absorption and storage of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. However, with the potential loss of some species and area due to human development and natural occurrences, parts of the forest will still be lost [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. This also diminishes the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e storage capacity and weakens the climate mitigation role the forest plays. This study aim to estiamte the biomas, carbon stock, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e uptake and O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e release of the mangrove forest in Metinaro, D\u0026iacute;li, Timor-Leste.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Metinaro Mangrove Forest ranges between 20 and 33 degrees Celsius [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Located along the coastal area north of the capital city of East Timor, D\u0026iacute;li (8\u0026deg;30'43.31\"S 125\u0026deg;45'49.12\"E). The survey was done between 4 and 8 April 2025, in Metinaro Village, Dili Municipality, and specifically in the coastal mangrove forest. The total height and diameter at breast height of the identified mangrove trees were randomly measured within the plot, which measures 20 x 20 m2 for trees larger than 20 cm in diameter. In areas with many mangrove species and individuals, fetching seedlings for planting would be justified.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe equation model for humid mangrove forest is used to retrieve the aboveground biomass in kilograms, CAGB\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0509 x pD\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eH, whose soil surface biomass regression model includes trunk diameter, D in cm, total height, H in m and density, P in g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. The mediation of the height for mediation of Diameter is \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1.3 m [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] and the p value as a form factor for tropical species is 0.55 and 0.7 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], thus choosing 0.6 for the general representation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo find the value of belowground biomass for hardwood plants, use the following equation: BGB\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.576 x AGB x 0.615 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. The value of biomass can be converted to carbon in kg by multiplying the biomass value by 0.47, the carbon concentration value [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. The value of carbon stock can be converted to kg CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e absorbed by multiplying it by 3.67, the value of carbon to CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. The O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e release is calculated as the multiplication of the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e absorption value with the O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e concentration, which is 2.66 in CO2 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Result and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present study covering the Metinaro mangrove forest found 15 mangrove species belonging to 10 different genera. Within these, 2 species categorized under the Ceriops genus were Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B.Rob and Ceriops decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou, 2 species under the Avicennia genus were Avicennia alba Blume and Avicennia marina (forssk.) Vierh., and 2 species under the Brugueira genus were Brugueira cylindrica (L.) Blume and Brugueira sexangula (Lour.) Poir. There were also 3 species such as Rhizophora apiculata Blume, Rhizophora mucronata Lam., and Rhizophora stylosa Griff., under the Rhizophora genus, 1 species Osbornia Octodonta F.Muell. within Osbornia, 1 also under Lumnitzera as Lumnitzera racemosa Willd., 1 Pemphis acidula J.R.Forst \u0026amp; G. Forst under Pemphis, 1 Xylocarpus moluccencis (Lam.) M. Roem. within Xylocarpus, 1 Excoecaria agallocha L. under Excoeria, and 1 Sonneratia alba Griff. under Sonneratia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results estimate aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB) and total biomass, carbon stock, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e absorption, and O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e release represented respectively in the following table:\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTabel 1\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResult of the Metinaro mangrove forest biomass, carbon stock, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Absorption and O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e release in Tons/ha\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAGB\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBGB\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal biomass\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ecarbon stock\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e absorption\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e release\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. tagal\u003c/em\u003e (Perr.) C.B.Rob\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. alba\u003c/em\u003e Blume\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e225.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. alba\u003c/em\u003e Griff.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e704.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e754.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e354.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1300.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3459.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. apiculata\u003c/em\u003e Blume\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e255.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e Lam.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e126.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. Octodonta\u003c/em\u003e F.Muell\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. decandra\u003c/em\u003e (Griff.) Ding Hou\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. stylosa\u003c/em\u003e Griff.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e127.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eL. racemosa\u003c/em\u003e Willd.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e (forssk.) Vierh.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. sexangula\u003c/em\u003e (Lour.) Poir.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. acidula\u003c/em\u003e J.R.Forst \u0026amp; G.Forst\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX. moluccencis\u003c/em\u003e (lLam). M. Roem.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. agallocha\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. cylindrica\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Blume\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e854.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e944.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e485.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1734.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4279.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt may demonstrate the evolution of climate change because plant biomass is the mass gained during plant development and growth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], the Metinaro mangrove forest contributes an estimated total biomass of 940.01 tons/ha. This would mean that the Metinaro mangrove forest has a proportion of 19.73% of the total GBA of the Indonesian mangrove forest. In addition, it may form a potencial 13.25% of the total GBA of Southeast Asia and only 4.63% of global GBA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The Metinaro mangrove forest also stores carbon for a total of 485.85 tons/ha, absorbs CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e for a total of 1734.91 tons/ha and releases O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e for a total of 4279.64 tons/ha. The species with the greatest contribution is Sonneratia alba Griff. in terms of biomass, carbon stock, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e absorption, and O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e release [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. While the species with the smallest contribution is Pemphis acidula J.R.Forst \u0026amp; G.Forst [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. The other species together contribute 73.68% (190.88 tons/ha) to total biomass (17.60% to aboveground biomass and 56.60% to total underground biomass), and 27.19% to total carbon stock. While the species with the smallest contribution is P. acidula J.R.Forst \u0026amp; G.Forst, with an average diameter of 1.5 cm and an average height of 8.7 meters [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis difference in the total may be due to their diameter and height but also incorporates density, frequency, and dominance, as in S. alba, that is characterized to describe its distributions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Considering these results showed that the Metinaro mangrove forest has the vital role in the climate change mitigation by absorving the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and being natural carbon sequestration, but the area of the mangrove forest in Metinaro is not well conserved, anthropogenic and natural factors contribute to reduced growth and adaptation of mangroves, contributing to the reduction of biomass, carbon storage, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e absorption, and O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e release from the mangrove forest itself. In this respect, protection by fencing and reforestation has been regarded as indispensable for the protection of this mangrove forest because it holds ecological importance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe research concluded that the Metinaro mangrove forest has 944.98 tons/ha of total biomass, 485.85 tons/ha of carbon stock, 1734.91 tons/ha of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e absorption, and releases 4279.64 tons/ha of oxygen from 15 identified species, can help the country's future carbon trading, also helping the observation of variable changes of carbon amount in the fores and suggesting future conservation and continuity should reforest this forest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe are grateful to the Department of Biology teaching of Universidade Nacional Timor-Lorosa\u0026rsquo;e \u0026nbsp;that help us, for providing support \u0026nbsp;to work on the project.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was not supported by funds from any entity or organization in the form of money, this work is the efforts of the authors, and financed by the authors themselves.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll author\u0026rsquo;s contributed equally to this work. \u0026nbsp;Nelson Moniz Costa conceived the study, designed and implemented the survey, and prepared the manuscript, collected and analyzed data.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDr. Hermenegildo R. Costa and Manuel Soares contributed to the design and the preparation of the manuscript; conducted data analysis, analyzed data, and contributed to the preparation and review of the manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors read and approved the final manuscript before the submission.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have NO affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. There is no conflict of interest among authors\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent to Publish declaration : not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent to Participate declaration :\u0026nbsp;not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics declaration : not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAgus F, Hairiah K, Mulyani A. \u003cem\u003eMeasuring carbon stock in peat soils: practical guidelines\u003c/em\u003e.World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Program, Indonesian Centre for Agricultural Land. Indonesia: Resources Research and Development. Bogor; 2011.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAkossou AYJ, Arzouma J, Attakpa EY, Fonton NH, Kokou K. Scaling of Teak (Tectona grandis) Logs by the Xylometer Technique: Accuracy of Volume Equations and Influence of the Log Length. Diversity. 2013;5:99\u0026ndash;113. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3390/d5010099\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/d5010099\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlongi DM. (2013). \u003cem\u003eMangrove Forests of Timor-Leste: Ecology, Degradation and Vulnerability to Climate Change\u003c/em\u003e. Eds. Faridah-Hanum, A. Latiff, K. R. Hakeem, \u0026amp; M. Ozturk in Mangrove Ecosystems of Asia. Springer. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1007/978-1-4614-8582-7_9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/978-1-4614-8582-7_9\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlongi DM. Carbon cycling and storage in mangrove forests. Ann Rev Mar Sci. 2014;6:195\u0026ndash;219. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135020\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135020\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAsian Development Bank. (2014). \u003cem\u003eState of the coral triangle: Timor-Leste\u003c/em\u003e. Asian Development Bank. Philippines. ISBN 978-92-9254-527-7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBadan Standardisasi Nasional. Pengukuran dan penghitungan cadangan karbon \u0026ndash;Pengukuran lapangan untuk penaksiran cadangan karbon hutan (ground based forest carbon accounting). BSN.Jakarta.Indonesia; 2011.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBarnett J, Dessai S, Jones R. (2007). \u003cem\u003eVulnerability to Climate Variability and Change in East Timor\u003c/em\u003e. Ambio. 36. 372\u0026ndash;8. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1579/0044-7447\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1579/0044-7447\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e(2007)36[372:VTCVAC]2.0.CO;2.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBasyuni, M., Amelia, R., Aznawi, A. A., Wirasatriya, A., Iryanthony, S. B., Slamet,B., \u0026hellip; Ali, H. M. (2025). Reduction of mangrove carbon stock ecosystems due to illegal logging using a combination of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery and field surveys.\u003cem\u003eGlobal J. Environ. Sci. Manage\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e(1), 225\u0026ndash;242.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBoggs G, Edyvane K, de Carvalho N, Penny S, Rouwenhorst J, Brocklehurst P, Cowie I, Barreto C, Amaral A, Monteiro J, Pinto P, Mau R, Smit N, Amaral J, Fernandes L. (2012). \u003cem\u003eMarine and Coastal Habitat Mapping in Timor Leste (North Coast) \u0026ndash; Final Report\u003c/em\u003e. Project 1 of the Timor Leste Coastal-Marine Habitat Mapping, Tourism and Fisheries Development Project. Ministry of Agriculture \u0026amp; Fisheries, Government of Timor Leste. ISBN 978-989-8635-01-3.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChave J, Andalo C, Brown S, Cairns M, Chambers J, Eamus D, F\u0026ouml;lster H, Fromard F, Higuchi N, Kira T, Lescure J, Nelson B, Ogawa H, Puig H, Riera B, Yamakura T. Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests. Oecologia. Springer-; 2005. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0100-x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s00442-005-0100-x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCritical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. Wallacea Biodiversity Hotspot. Burung Indonesia. Indonesia; 2014.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCosta L, Budiastuti S, Sunarto, Sutrisno J(. 2014). \u003cem\u003eIdentification of Condition in Coastal Metinaro Mangrove Forest, Timor-Leste\u003c/em\u003e. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, Vol. 79. 1st International Conference on Geography and Education (ICGE 2016). Atlantis Press.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFood and Agriculture Organization. (2009).\u003cem\u003eBiomass\u003c/em\u003e. Global Terrestrial Observing System. Rome.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGillerot L, Vlaminck E, Ryck DJRD, Mwasaru DM, Beeckman H, Koedam N. Interand intraspecific variation in mangrove carbon fraction and wood specific gravity in Gazi Bay, Kenya. Ecosphere. 2018;9(6):02306. 10.1002.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHuang J, Liu X, He Y, Shen S, Hou Z, Li S, Li C, Yao L, Huang J. The oxygen cycle and a habitable Earth. Sci China Earth Sci. 2021;64. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-020-9747-1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s11430-020-9747-1\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIlman M. Assessment Report of the Biophysical, Ecological and Socio-Economic Conditions of Mangroves Ecosystem of Timor Leste. UNDP; 2017.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKauffman JB, Donato DC. (2012).\u003cem\u003eProtocols for the measurement, monitoring and reporting of structure, biomass and carbon stocks in mangrove forests\u003c/em\u003e. Working Paper 86. CIFOR. Bogor, Indonesia.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKivari A, Xu W, Otukol S. Volume to Biomass Conversion. Ministry of Forests and Range; 2011.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMatatula J, Wirabuana PYAP, Yasin EHE, Mulyana B. Species composition and carbon stock of rehabilitated mangrove forest in Kupang District, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Environ Res Eng Manage. 2023;79(3):24\u0026ndash;34.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMatuszak S, Muellner-riehl AN, Sun H, Favre A. (2015). \u003cem\u003eDispersal routes between biodiversity hotspots in Asia: the case of the mountain genus Tripterospermum (Gentianinae, Gentianaceae) and its close relatives\u003c/em\u003e. Journal of Biogeography, in press, 1\u0026ndash;11. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12617\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/jbi.12617\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMcleod E, Chmura GL, Bouillon S, Salm R, Bjork M, Duarte CM, Lovelock CE, Schlesinger WH, Silliman BR. .(2011). A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO2. Front Ecol Environ 9:552\u0026ndash;60. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1890/110004\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1890/110004\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMitra A, Chaudhuri TR, Pal N, Zaman S, Mitra A. Oxygen Generation by Dominant Urban Trees: A Case Study from Konnagar Municipality, West Bengal, India. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2017. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.26717/BJSTR.2017.01.000114\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.26717/BJSTR.2017.01.000114\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNellemann C, Corcoran E, Duarte CM, Vald\u0026eacute;s L, De Young C, Fonseca L, Grimsditch G, editors. 2009. \u003cem\u003eBlue Carbon. A Rapid Response Assessment\u003c/em\u003e. United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arenda. Norway. ISBN: 978-82-7701-060-1.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNingsih RR, Banuwa IS, Duryat, Yuwono SB. (2021).Karbon Tersimpan Di Tata Guna Lahan Sub-Sub Das Khilau Das Sekampung. Jurnal Hutan Tropis Volume. ISSN 2337\u0026ndash;7771.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRahim, S., Baderan, D. W. K., Hamidun, M. S., Hasim, A., Anwar, W. E. S., Angio,M. H., \u0026hellip; Sunardi, S. (2023). Diversity, distribution and conservation status of mangrove species in Pulias Bay, Indonesia. \u003cem\u003eBiosystems Diversity\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e31\u003c/em\u003e(3), 276\u0026ndash;281.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRotaquio EL, Nakagoshi N, Rotaquio RL. (2007). Species composition of mangrove forests in Aurora, Philippines - A special reference to the presence of Kandelia candel (L.) Druce. \u003cem\u003eJ Intl Dev Coop\u003c/em\u003e 13 (1): 61 78. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.15027/28483\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.15027/28483\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSuratman MN. Carbon sequestration potential of mangroves in Southeast Asia. Managing forest ecosystems: The challenge of climate change. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2008. pp. 297\u0026ndash;315.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTomlinson PB. The Botany of Mangroves. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1994.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Wildlife Fund. Measuring carbon in trees, supplemental guide. Ontario, Canada: WWF-Canada. Toronto; 2024.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZulhalifah, Syukur A, Santoso D, Karnan. Species diversity and composition, and above-ground carbon of mangrove vegetation in Jor Bay, East Lombok. Indonesia Biodiversitas. 2021;22:2066\u0026ndash;7122.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-applied-sciences","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Applied Sciences](https://link.springer.com/journal/42452)","snPcode":"42452","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/42452/3","title":"Discover Applied Sciences","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Mangrove forest, Biomass, Carbon stock, CO2 Absortion, Oxigen liberation, East Timor","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8098787/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8098787/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eMangrove forests are vital for other living beings, help prevent coastal erosion, and mitigate the greenhouse effect while storing more carbon than other types of forests. This research focuses on estimating the biomass, carbon sequestration, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e absortion, and O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e release of the Metinaro mangrove forest located within the municipality of Díli, East Timor. For the collection of the necessary data, we measured the total height and the diameter at breast height of all the adult trees located in the mangrove forest. The minimum analysis described herein considers the quantitative approach for which specific equations will help estimate the value of biomass and subsequently carbon and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e capture and O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e release. The Metinaro mangrove forest is estimated to have a total of 15 species of trees with a total biomass of 944.98 tons/ha and sequesters 485.85 tons/ha of carbon, absorbs 1734.91 tons/ha of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and releases 4279.64 tons/ha of O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. This data can help the country's future carbon trading and observation of changes in the capacity of the amount of carbon stored by this forest. This helps, conservation and reforestation continues.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Estimation of biomass, carbon stock, CO2 absorption, and oxygen release in the Metinaro coastal mangrove forest, Díli, Timor-Leste","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-20 04:53:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8098787/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-11-27T03:04:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-20T13:06:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-20T13:04:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Applied Sciences","date":"2025-11-12T17:30:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-applied-sciences","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Applied Sciences](https://link.springer.com/journal/42452)","snPcode":"42452","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/42452/3","title":"Discover Applied Sciences","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2c9ecf45-e94a-486c-951f-48e414d07780","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-14T15:24:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-20 04:53:36","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8098787","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8098787","identity":"rs-8098787","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}