Assessment of Health-Related Corporate Social Responsibility Practices and Their Determinants During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of Dashen Brewery Share Company in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia

Assessment of Health-Related Corporate Social Responsibility Practices and Their Determinants During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of Dashen Brewery Share Company in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Assessment of Health-Related Corporate Social Responsibility Practices and Their Determinants During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of Dashen Brewery Share Company in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia Mulat Mossie Menalu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8955597/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Corporate social responsibility means that organizations have responsibilities to society beyond producing goods and services at a profit in economic, legal, ethical, and Philanthropic domains. This study aimed at assessing the Health-Related Corporate Social Responsibility practice and its determinants in the time of COVID 19 Pandemics in the case of Dashen Brewery Shared Company, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was employed among 422 respondents of Dashen brewery Employees and nearby residents from February 2020 to June 2020 in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. Data was entered coded and cleaned using Epi-DATA version 4.6.0 and analysis was done by using the Statistical package for social science version 20 statistical software. Descriptive and inferential analysis was done as applicable. Bivariate regression was done for each explanatory variable and multivariable logistic regression analysis with 95% confidence interval and P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. This study revealed that the industry majorly participates in COVID 19 pandemic prevention, caring elders in Habesha elder’s center and people living with HIV AIDS, and employee’s safety and health, but the company’s contribution on environmental protection and environmental waste management system and cleanliness poor. In conclusion, the overall corporate social responsibility practice related to health care service is not satisfactory. Results of multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that the Firm’s profitability (AOR 5.2, 95% CI: (2.3–11.7), leadership (AOR 3.3, 95% CI: (1.1–9.6), social media marketing(AOR 6.3,95% CI:(2.7-14.97), legal environment(AOR 2.72, 95% CI: 1.62–4.6), community perception (AOR 5.2, 95% CI: (3.4–15), and social license (AOR 8, 95% CI: (4.3–23.6)) were significantly associated with the firm’s health-related corporate social responsibility practice The firm’s profitability, leadership, social media marketing, legal environment, community perception towards CSR, and social license were determinants of corporate social responsibility practice. This study recommended that the government of Ethiopia should include all domains of health-related corporate social responsibility in the investment policy of the country and Dashen brewery Shared Company should also work more on environmental and community health aspects of corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility Dashen Brewery Health COVID 19 Debre Berhan Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1. Introduction 1.1 Background The history of corporate social responsibility (CSR) traced hundreds of years back. The concept of CSR was in practice since the 1870s, but not scientifically [1, 2]. The root of CSR certainly extends before world war I. Since the 1960s, CSR has attracted attention from a range of businesses, and corporate social responsibility is developed as a response to growing corporate power, Civil societies, individual consumers, activists, NGOs, and scholars contributed for CSR development [3] The concept of CSR was first defined by Bowen (1953): He defines CSR as the obligations of businessmen to pursue those policies, to make those decisions, or to follow those lines of action which are desirable in terms of the objectives and values of the society [4].There are a number of definitions that flourished after Bowen and this results in a lack of universal definition to the subject. According to the EU, CSR is the integratation of social and environmental concerns in the business operations on a voluntary basis[5]. It is a company’s commitment to operate in an economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable manner by balancing the interests of various shareholders [6]. CSR is based on the premise that a business can only thrive if it operates within a thriving society. In that way, the business depends on the community it operates within, and as such, has an ethical and moral responsibility towards that community [7] All the above definitions fall under either of the four domains of CSR which was developed in 1999 by Archie B. Carroll in the form of a pyramid. Carol’s CSR pyramid is one of the most famous and proposed four responsibility dimensions of economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic aspects[8] The economic dimension refers to the effect that CSR has on the finances of the company. Economic responsibility acts as a foundation and gives priority to economic performance. The view, in this case, is that business has to be profitable and maximize shareholders’ returns. The economic responsibility to make money required by a firm is the business version of the human survival instinct. Companies need to generate profit for the sake of sustained and stabled existence [9] Legal responsibility can be defined as the need for the organization to exist in law and work within the legal framework. Companies are required to perform under the law of the state and their internal rules and regulations should not contradict with the law of the state[10] The third is an ethical responsibility, which highlights how society expects business to embrace values and norms, over and above what is required by law[1, 11]. It might not be the right thing to do in terms of pure profits, but from a perspective that values everyone’s welfare as being valuable, the measure could be recommendable[12] Philanthropic responsibility, the broad domain of CSR in which the society expects from business as a a good corporate citizen[13] The overall philanthropic domain of corporate social responsibility is made up of many variables. The most important ones are listed here[1, 10] Companies need to work on environmental protection and healthcare It is rewarding to participate in the education system of society Participating in sport and entertainment facilities give advantages for companies Companies can build a smooth relationship with stakeholder by giving infrastructural facilities and attributing to social development It is also important for companies to work on gender issues Employers must handle wisely for their employees. Health related corporate social responsibility World health organization defines Health as a ‘state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’. Community health is the art and science of promoting and preserving the health of populations through organization of community efforts. Community health takes place in a wide variety of settings which includes promoting health, preventing illness, restoration, coordination, management and evaluation of care of individuals, families, and aggregates, including communities . It is aimed to: improve sanitation, control of community epidemics, prevent the transmission of infection, provide education about the basic principles of personal and hygiene and environmental protection and safety issues, community waste disposal system, prevention of water and air pollution, helping help less’s and elders or people living with series diseases (HIV AIDS), and organizing services for early diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases. In 2019, a new coronavirus was identified as the cause of a disease outbreak that originated in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China [14]. The virus is now known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2). The disease it causes is called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)[15] The virus appears to spread easily among people, and more continues to be discovered over time about how it spreads. The virus spreads by respiratory droplets released when someone with the virus coughs, sneezes or talks. These droplets can be inhaled or land in the mouth or nose of a person nearby. It can also spread if a person touches a surface with the virus on it and then touches his or her mouth, nose or eyes [16, 17]. The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Ethiopia on 13 March 2020. Nowadays, people are demanding more from companies. Companies, which are socially responsible are more trusted and rewarded by society; while companies that are not socially responsible are punished and criticized by the community[9] By exercising different social responsibility activities, a company may demonstrate to society that it is not just a money-making machine and that the company is fully aware of its responsibility for production, and its consequences on society on the whole as well as the environment and health aspects[18] International organizations: such as World Health Organization (WHO), international trade organizations (ITOs), International Labor Organization [19], united nations development program (UNDP), and others have made tremendous efforts for the development of CSR by urging to governments to integrate social and environmental issues in their policies[20] Nowadays, corporate social responsibility issues have become global issues. All either developed or developing nations’ citizens are challenging managers’ and organizations’ missions[8] Corporate social responsibility is a little bit new phenomenon in Africa, where it is started as a response by profit organizations to remedy the effect of their investment activities on the local communities[5]. Since it is the newly emerging phenomenon, there seems to have a problem both in perception as well as in practice. The practice of corporate social responsibility in developing nations is inappropriate and is not amenable to the principle of the phenomenon [21] In developing countries local company’s social obligation CSR practices are motivated by coercive pressures from MNCs rather than from the State [21] Companies producing high social risk products such as alcohol, beer, and tobacco products face the highest risks of endangered reputation. These kinds of products attract a number of adversaries in the public whose negative attitude constantly creates endangering pressure on reputation[22, 23] The government of Ethiopia proclaimed that a factory shall have the obligation to handle equipment, inputs, and products in a manner that prevents harm to the environment and to the human and animal health (EPRDF,2009). Therefore, companies producing risk products should particularly focus on their good name and strategically implement compensation strategies for the purpose of maintaining a high reputation The marketing practice of breweries should not contravene with principles of CSR. Thus, it is important to assess how they could ensure the sustainability of their business integrated with the welfare of the community [24, 25] Dashen Brewery S.C is a large-scale brewery production operating nationally in Ethiopia, since 1956. Dashen Brewery S.C. has been engaged in the production and distribution of beer. It owns Two branches, Gondar Brewery and Debre Berhan brewery. A study done in Ethiopia showed that the majority of the national companies and government organizations have not developed a concept CSR, but some of the Ethiopian companies make partnerships with different stakeholders in the form of informal CSR practices [25] This study also concluded that the local community had a positive perception to CSR initiatives of brewery firms [25], but companies are not working on the way of keeping and protecting of the safety of the nearby communities [26]. Literatures in regard to corporate social responsibility practice are inadequate in developing nations. Similarly, in Ethiopia, there is inadequate scholarly papers on health-related corporate social responsibility practice and its determinants. Despite its hugeness, the company’s contribution to health-related activities or initiatives was not clearly known through scientific study. There was no sufficient evidence on to what extent CSR is part of its business strategy and operations and the factors affecting it. It needs empirical investigation on the existing CSR situation. Thus, this study focuses on the assessment of health-related CSR practice and its determinants in the case of Dashen brewery shared company in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia 1.2. Objectives of the study 1.2.1. General objective Assessment of health-related corporate social responsibility practice and its determinants in the case of Dashen Brewery S.C Debre Berhan, Ethiopia,2020 G.C. 1.2.2. Specific objectives To assess health-related corporate social responsibility practice To investigate the internal determinants of health-related corporate social responsibility practice To examine the external determinants of health-related corporate social responsibility practice 1.3. Significance of the study It is expected to add knowledge to the existing literature for academics and health-related CSR practices in the firms. This research is expected to be of great contribution to the shaping of perception, practices, and challenges of principles of corporate social responsibility in developing nations, especially in Ethiopia. It can be a base for further researches and investigations in different aspects of this theme. This study is also of huge importance specifically to Dashen brewery and generally to all industries in developing nations on the issues of how they should understand and perform environmental and health-related corporate social responsibility. This study can also be utilized by policymakers and higher government officials. Policymakers can use this paper as a guide and reference to control and follow up on how industries and institutions are responding to health and environmental issues. It can be helpful to higher government officials and managers to formulate rules and regulations for CSR oriented investment policy. 2. Research Methodology 2.1. Study setting The study was conducted at Dashen brewery S.C Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. Debre Berhan is located in Amhara Regional State, North Shewa administrative Zone, about 130 kilometers northeast of Addis Ababa. Debre Berhan is a city of North Shewa zone and organized in ten kebeles. Debre Berhan is twinned with (sister city of) Le Blanc-Mesnil in France. Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia the town has a total population of 65,231, of whom 31,668 are men and 33,563 women. The majority of (94.12%) the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity,3.32% of them were Muslims and 2.15% were Protestants[27] Dashen brewery is among the leaders in the brewery market of the country and co-owned by Vasari Global (Vasari), UK-based asset management firm Duet Group (Duet), and the TIRET Group (TIRET), an Ethiopian endowment fund[28] The total investment of Dashen brewery is estimated to 500 million euros, making it the third-largest brewery[28]. An institution-based cross-sectional study was employed among permanent employees of Dashen Brewery S.C and selected nearby communities. The study was conducted from February 2020 to June 2020 2.3 Target populations All Dashen Brewery S.C employees and Debre Berhan town residents. 2.4 Sampling design From large companies (Habesha brewery S.C, Dashen brewery,and plastic factory) residing in Debre Berhan town Dashen brewery is the leader in its revenue and it is selected randomly The sample size was taken from both internal and external stakeholders by summing up of employees and community members equally. The sampling frame for community members was constructed taking a list of households from Debre Berhan town municipality. In Debre Berhan city there are around 22,778 households, Then systematic or interval random sampling technique was employed and the sample size for the externals is 211. So, 22,778 /211 = 108. Therefore, every 108th of the list (from the sampling frame) was selected until the required sample is reached. For the employees, a systematic random sampling technique was used. The total number of permanent employees were around 490. The calculated sample size (half of the total) for the internals (employees) is 211. Then, 490/211 = 2.3, approximately 2. Therefore, every 2nd of the list (from the sampling frame) was taken until the required sample is reached. 2.4.1. Sample size determination A single population proportion formula is used to estimate the sample size: P = 0.5% (since no study done on the issue of interest in Ethiopia), Z score of 95% CI, d= Margin of error (5%). \(\text{N}=\left(\right(〖\text{Z}\_({\alpha}/2))〗^2\times\text{p}(1-\text{p}\left)\right)/\left(\right(〖\text{d})〗^2).\) N= (1.96) 2 *0.5*0.5/ (0.05) 2 = 384. 10% non-response rate was added and the final sample size becomes 422 2.5. Data sources and types The sources of data for this research were collected from primary sources using questionnaires as the means of data collection methods. For the purpose of this research, structured questionnaire was distributed to both the nearby communities and employees of Dashen brewery S.C. A structured questionnaire was selected as it allows the researcher to contact large number of respondents quickly and easily. Furthermore, a structured questionnaire is relatively quick and easy to create, code and interpret and because it is easy to standardize, the researcher, therefore, can be sure that everyone in the sample answers exactly the same question, which makes this a very reliable method of research. A five-point Likert Scale type of questionnaires was used due to its universal method of collecting data which is easy to understand and easy to draw conclusions, reports, results and graphs from the responses. a yes or no type questions were also used for the determinants 2.6. Data collection tools and procedures For this study the researcher adapted questionnaire from different sources. Then, the questionnaire was tested before the final distribution to employees and community members. After getting the questionnaire tested, the researcher checked if there were some important lessons and took corrections. Finally, an interviewer administered a structured questionnaire was distributed for the actual data collection from both selected permanent employees and nearby community residents of Dashen Brewery S.C. The data collectors and supervisors were 3 MBA and 5-degree holders 2.7. Data quality control The questionnaire was prepared in English and pretest was done on 5% of the sample size before the time of the actual data collection period. The questionnaire was validated by experts in the area and Cronbach alpha was tested for reliability of the tool and it becomes around 0.88. The data collectors and supervisors were 3 MBA and 5 BA. Before starting the actual work, one-day training and orientation was provided to data collectors on the objectives of the study, data collection techniques, selection of study participants, how to keep confidentiality of information, how to fill the data collection format and data quality management. Close and ongoing supervision was carried out by supervisors and investigator to ensure the quality of the data. Then collected data was checked for its completeness and consistency before analysis. 2.8. Data processing and analysis methods Before analysis, data was checked for errors and coded. Data was entered using Epi-DATA version 4.6.0 and analysis was done using SPSS version 20 statistical software. Descriptive and inferential analysis methods was done as applicable. Bivariate regression was fitted for each explanatory variable and multivariable logistic regression with 95% confidence interval and P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. 2.9. Data validity and Reliability Validity Validity refers to what extent is the data collected is reflecting the truth. There are two types: External validity: it is generalizability to a larger population or inferences beyond the subjects of the study. Internal validity: Inferences that does not proceed beyond the target population for the study. Validity is the most critical criterion and indicates the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure. Validity can be assessed using theoretical or empirical approaches. Theoretical assessment of validity focuses on how well the idea of a theoretical construct is translated into or represented in an operational measure. Content validity is the extent to which a measuring instrument provides adequate coverage of the topic under study. If the instrument contains a representative sample of the target populations, the content validity is good. Its determination is primarily judgmental and intuitive. In this regard, the questionnaire is carefully designed and a pilot test was employed on five percent of the sample size to ensure the validity of the questionnaire which may contain anything out of the research objective as well for further improvement of the tool. The pre-testing pilot survey was conducted and discussion with experts in the area was also be made to check the appropriateness and validity of the questionnaire. Reliability Reliability is the degree of consistency of measures which are free from random error and, therefore, provide consistent data. A test will be reliable when it gives the same repeated result under the same conditions. The reliability and internal consistency of the data was measured by the Cronbach Alpha coefficient. According to George and Mallery (2003, Cronbach ‘s alpha is a coefficient of reliability. It is commonly used as a measure of the internal consistence or reliability of a psychometric test score for a sample of examinees. Cronbach ‘s alpha reliability coefficient normally ranges between 0 and 1. According to George & Mallery, (2003) a Cronbach alpha coefficient greater than 0.9 implies excellent, greater than 0.8 is good, greater than 0.7 is acceptable, greater than 0.6 is questionable, greater than 0.5 is poor, and less than 0.5 is unacceptable[29]. Based on this to ensure the reliability of this study, the pre-tested samples were taken and their Cronbach ‘s alpha values was examined to guarantee its consistency. Cronbach ‘s alpha values was found to be 0.88 which is in good range and the tool is internally consistent Table 1 Cronbach’s Alpha Questionnaire result No Category of questions Cronbach’s alpha Cronbach’s alpha based on standardized No of items 1 Environmental protection related 0.72 0.75 6 2 COVID 19 related 0.71 0.72 5 3 Community health related d 0.7 0.69 6 4 Employee’s health and safety related 0.89 0.91 3 Entire item statements 0.88 0.9 20 Source: Author’s SPSS computation 2.10 Research Model Thus, the model of the study formulated based on the relation of the dependent variable (CSR practice) and the independent variables. In quantitative response models, the variable to be explained ‘Y’ is a random variable. Where y is a binary response, taking on the values zero and one, which indicates whether certain event has occurred or not. In relation to this, in this study ‘y’= ‘1’, if a single factor affects CSR practices ‘y’ = 0’ otherwise. P(x) = P (y = 1| x) = P (y = 1|x1; x2;. . .; Xn). Y indicates the dependent variable – health related CSR practice X includes the independent variables of this study such as: firm’s profitability (FM), leadership(L), social media marketing (SMM) legal environment (LE), community perception (CP) and social license (SL) Thus, the binary response model (logistic model) of the study can be stated as: P (CSR) = 1/ FM, LE, L, SMM, CP and SL) To fix ideas, consider the following regression model: Yi = β0 + βiXi + ei In this formulation, β0 is a constant representing the baseline value of the transformed cumulative probability and βi represents the effect of the covariates on the transformed cumulative probabilities. The conditional expectation of Yi given Xi, E (Yi | Xi), can be interpreted as the conditional probability that the event will occur given Xi, that is, Pr (Yi = 1 | Xi). Thus, in this study, E (Yi | Xi) gives the probability of the existence of CSR practices due a determinant Xi. The explanation of the above model can see as follows: Assuming E (ei) = 0, as usual (to obtain unbiased estimators), we obtain E (Yi | Xi) = β0 + βiXi or Pi = E (Yi = 1 | Xi) = β0 + βiXi Pi is the probability of existence of CSR practice, then (1 - Pi) is the probability of non-existence of CSR practice. Thus, Pi/ (1-Pi) is simply the odds ratio in favor of existence of CSR practice. It is the ratio of the probability that a firm practices CSR to the probability that a firm do not practice CSR. Now if we take the natural logarithm of this ratio, we obtain the following model. Li = log (pi/1-pi) P (CSR) = β0 + β1FM + β3LE + β4SL + β5CM + β6SMM + β6L L is the logit and the equation is the logit model of the study. This equation also could be written as: P(Y)= \(1/(1+E-(\beta0+{\beta}1\text{X}1+{\beta}2\text{X}2+\dots+{\beta}\text{n}\text{X}\text{n})\) P(CSR)= \(1/(1+E-(\beta0+{\beta}1\text{F}\text{M}+{\beta}2\text{S}+{\beta}3\text{L}\text{E}+{\beta}4\text{S}\text{L}+{\beta}5\text{C}\text{M}+{\beta}6\text{S}\text{M}\text{M}+{\beta}7\text{L})\) The β value is the same as the β value in linear regression: they are the values that we need to replace in model equation to establish the probability that a case falls into a certain category. The interpretation of this coefficient in logistic regression is very similar in that it represents the change in the logit of the outcome variable associated with a one-unit change in the predictor variable. In logistic regression, instead of predicting the value of a variable Y from a predictor variable X1 or several predictor variables (Xs), we predict the probability of Y occurring given known values of X1 (or Xs). The logit of the outcome is simply the natural logarithm of the odds of Y occurring. The odds ratio is described as Exp (B) in the SPSS output. If the value is greater than 1, then it indicates that as the predictor increases, the odds of the outcome occurring increase. Conversely, a value less than 1 indicates that as the predictor increases, the odds of the outcome occurring decrease. 3. Result and Discussion This study aimed at assessing the health-related corporate social responsibility practice and its determinants in the case of Dashen Brewery in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia Descriptive and inferential statistical tools were considered in this section. Thus, this section mainly comprises of two categories such as descriptive statistics and results of the estimation of the model (inferential statistics). The first part which is descriptive statistics primarily focused on the existed CSR practice of Dashen Brewery S.C in respect to the philanthropic aspects of CSR basically on Health-related issues in the eyes of both employees and nearby community respondents. Therefore, descriptive statistics tools such as frequencies, and percentage are employed in this regard. The second part is about the results of the estimations of the mode, coefficients and determinants of CSR. The relationship between the dependent variable (CSR) practice and independent variables (Internal determinants and External determinants) presented in this part of the study Among 422 questionnaires distributed to the nearby community respondents and Dashen brewery employees (211 each) all, 422 (100%), all participants were responded. Therefore, Quantitative analysis based on 422 respondents was employed. Cronbach’s Alpha result of the questionnaire was 0.88 and it fulfills the requirement of the internal consistency of the tool or the questionnaire 3.1. Descriptive Statistics Results Socio demographic characteristics of the respondents This session briefly shows how the study participants were composed. The variables measured were sex, type of stakeholder (internal and external/beneficiary), educational status, marital status, age, religion, of all respondents. Besides to this the demographic nature of respondents, exclusive variables either to the internal or external stakeholders were discussed briefly. The variable, job, for the external stakeholders. Whereas, position and work experience of internal stakeholders were also summarized in this part. Table 2 Demographic characteristics of both employees and community residence respondents Variables Category Count(N = 422) N % Age 20–30 221 52.4% 30–40 120 28.4% 40–50 72 17.1% > 50 9 2.1% Total 422 100.0% Sex Male 278 65.9% Female 144 34.1% Total 422 100.0% Marital status Unmarried 185 43.8% Married 197 46.7% Divorced 30 7.1% Widowed/widower 10 2.4% Total 422 100.0% Religion Orthodox 327 77.5% Protestant 58 13.7% Muslim 30 7.1% Catholic 7 1.7% Total 422 100.0% Educational status Can read and write 4 0.9% Elementary school literate 1 0.2% Secondary school literate 1 0.2% Preparatory school literate 23 5.5% College Diploma and vocational training 94 22.3% Degree 230 54.5% Masters and above 69 16.4% Total 422 100.0% Type of stakeholder Internal 211 50% External 211 50% Total 422 100% Position of internal stakeholders(N’=211) Employees 157 74.4% Position holders 54 25.6% Total 211 100.0% Work Experience(N’=211) 10 years 3 1.4% Total 211 100.0% Job of external(N’’=211) Trade 44 20.9% Government employee 45 21.3% Privately employed 43 20.4% Self employed 24 11.4% NGO employee 23 10.9% Unemployed or job seeker 32 15.2% Total 211 100.0% Note: N = 422 implies total sample size, N’ =211 implies questions only to employees, and N’’ =211 implies questions only to community respondents. Source: respondents’ survey,2020 Environmental protection, and health related activities Table 3 Frequency distribution of industry’s participation on environmental protection and safety Variables DA(N = 422) Count % Participates in environmental protection and safety campaigns or activities SD 36 8.5% D 90 21.3% N 88 20.9% A 101 23.9% SA 107 25.4% Total 422 100% Works on sound pollution SD 20 4.7% D 94 22.3% N 132 31.3% A 77 18.2% SA 99 23.5% Total 422 100% Involve in environmental ecosystem protection SD 20 4.7% D 118 28.0% N 128 30.3% A 77 18.2% SA 79 18.7% Total 422 100% Works on Air pollution control SD 169 40% D 148 35% N 21 5% A 50 12% SA 34 8% Total 422 100% Works on Water pollution control SD 92 21.8% D 140 33.2% N 25 6.0% A 85 20% SA 80 19% Total 422 100% Respondents were also asked for the practice of Dashen Brewery in respect to air Pollution control, as shown in the above table, about 40% said Strongly disagree ,35% said Disagee,5% said Neutral,12% said Agree, and 8% said Strongly agree. Concerning water pollution control, majority of the respondents, (21.8%) said strongly dis agree (33.2%) said Disagree, but 19%,20%, and 6.0% of them said Strongly agree, Agree and Neutral respectively. This shows that the industry is not taking care of the nearby community with regard to their safety and cleanliness. And this is the implication of industrial carelessness on community issues especially on water, and air pollution control. So, it can be concluded that the industry’s work on air, and water pollution is not satisfactory. The above chart depicts that among 422 respondents about 93 (22%) of the respondents said strongly agree and 70 (16.6%) said agree,70(16.6%) said neutral about 112(26.5% said disagree, and 77(18.3%) said strongly disagree regarding the practice of city waste management system in their business activities. In principle, any organization should keep the environment safe. As shown from the above graph respondents rated the company’s practice in environmental waste management system is not satisfactory as most of the respondents said disagree. This implies that the company is not working as expected in city waste(solid and liquid) management. Community Health care related activities Table 4 Frequency distribution shows industry’s participation on community healthcare and related initiatives Variables DA(N = 422) Count % Caring for people who live in HIV AIDS SD 19 4.5% D 22 5.2% N 119 28.2% A 140 33.2% SA 122 28.9% Total 422 100% It Helps elders and disabilities who have no care taker SD D N A SA Total 13 16 20 104 269 422 3.1% 3.8% 4.7% 24.6% 63.7% 100% Organize blood donation events for staffs SD 35 8.3% D 21 5.0% N 148 35.1% A 123 29.1% SA 95 22.5% Total 422 100% Caring for people living in HABESHA elders in Debre Berhan SD 27 6.4% D 9 2.1% N 124 29.4% A 131 31.0% SA 131 31.0% Total 422 100% Covers medical costs for those, who have special problems SD 11 2.6% D 25 5.9% N 156 37.0% A 135 32.0% SA 95 22.5% Total 422 100% Source: respondents’ survey,2020 As depicted above in Table 8 , about 131(31%) said strongly agree,131 (31%) said agree,124 (29.4%) said neutral,9 (2.1%) said disagree, and 27 (6.4%) said strongly dis agree for the practice of Caring for people living in Habesha elders in Debre Berhan town. Therefore, the company is at a good position in helping the elders and helpless in Habesha elders support center. Similarly, respondents were also asked for the practice of caring people who live with HIVAIDS, and accordingly,122(28.9%) said strongly agree,140 (33.2%) said agree,119 (28.2%) said neutral,22 (5.2%) said disagree, and 19(4.5%) said strongly dis agree. Majority of the respondents agreed that the company helps people with AIDS. Therefore, it is possible to infer that the practice towards the prevention and caring for people with HIV AIDS is Good. As shown in the above chart, about 135(32%) said strongly Dis agree,81 (19.2%) said disagree,80(19%) said neutral,63 (14.9%) said agree, and 63(14.9%) said strongly agree. unfortunately, the company is not at the right position in encouraging responsible drinking. This implies that Dashen Brewery S.C is not encouraging people to be responsible in alcohol drinking despite their economic advantage. Company’s contribution in COVID 19 pandemics prevention Table 5 frequency distribution of company’s contribution in COVID 19 pandemics prevention Variables DA (N = 422) Count N% Cooperates in sponsoring health professional COVID 19 pandemics awareness creation initiatives SD 17 4% D 5 1.2% N 104 24.6% A 124 29.4% SA 172 40.8% Total 422 100% Involves in buying or sponsoring face masks and sanitizers for those who cannot afford SD 7 1.7% D 14 3.3% N 10 2.4% A 81 19.2% SA 310 73.5% Total 422 100% Delivers face masks and sanitizers for their employees SD 16 3.8% D 19 4.5% N 14 3.3% A 76 18.0% SA 297 70.4% Total 422 100% It helps economically disadvantaged groups in the time of COVID 19 pandemics SD 16 3.8% D 10 2.4% N 29 6.9% A 82 19.4% SA 285 67.5% Total 422 100% The company works in line with the standard precautions of COVID 19 prevention and control SD 8 1.9% D 19 4.5% N 43 10.2% A 71 16.8% SA 281 66.6% Total 422 100% DA=Degree of agreement Regarding the company’s practice on the prevention COVID 19 Pandemic, this study revealed that, about 17(4.0%) said Strongly disagree, 5(1.2%) said Disagree, 104(24.6%) said Neutral, 124(29.4%) said Agree, and majority 172(40.8%) were responded as Strongly agree. Therefore, it can be inferred that the practice of Dashen Brewery S.C is good in contribution of its part in prevention of COVID 19 Pandemics. Generally, as the data shows the company works in some health issues, For the variables in the above the data shows the industry works at good in caring people who live with HIV AIDS, caring for people in Habesha support center, and on prevention and awareness creation of the current COVID 19 pandemic, however the practice is not satisfactory on areas of organizing blood donation events, Donating medical instruments for health institutions, and on encouraging responsible drinking. This implies that even though there is some practice by the industry to contribute on health, the overall contribution on health-related activities is not satisfactory. This might be because of lack of experience, or lack of motivation or the company’s fear to lose the return. Employees’ safety and occupational health related Table 6 Frequency distribution of Employees’ safety and occupational health related activities Variables DA(N = 211) Count N% It provides health care coverage SD 8 1.9% D 19 4.5% N 43 10.2% A 71 16.8% SA 281 66.6% Total 422 100% It promotes Put Safety First principle SD 15 3.6% D 11 2.6% N 40 9.5% A 104 24.6% SA 252 59.7% Total 422 100% They do have a safe and healthy working environment SD 11 2.6% D 13 3.1% N 70 16.6% A 107 25.4% SA 221 52.4% Total 422 100% 3.2 Regression analysis for the determinants of corporate social responsibility 3.2.1 Logistic regression analysis for the internal determinants Table 7 Results of the bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression for the internal determinants of corporate social responsibility practice in case of Dashen Brewery, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. Variables Category Outcomes COR (95%) AOR (95% CI) Practiced Not practiced Profitability Yes 294(82.8%) 61(17.2) 6.3(3.8–11.7 5.2(2.27–11.7) ** No 28(41.8%) 39(58.2%) 1 1 Firms age Yes 257(84.8%) 46(15.2%) 4.6(2.9–7.5) 2(.94 − 4.7) No 65(54.6%) 54(45.4%) 1 1 Managers age Yes 238(80.4%) 58(19.6%) 2(1.3–3.3) 1.4(.6-3.3) No 84(66.7%) 42(33.3%) Employees activism Yes 239(79.9%) 60(20.1%) 1.9(1.2–3.1) .7 (.2-2.24) No 83(67.5%) 40(32.5%) 1 1 Firm’s location Yes 240(80.3%) 59(19.7%) 2(1.3–3.3) .9(.3-2.9) No 82(66.7%) 41(33.3%) 1 1 leadership Yes 304(80.0%) 76(20.0%) 5.3(2.8–10.) 3.3(1.1–9.6)* No 18(42.9%) 24(57.1%) 1 1 Production activities Yes 231(81.3%) 53(18.7%) 2.3(1.4–3.6) 2.5(1-6.4) No 91(65.9%) 47(34.1%) 1 1 Social media marketing Yes 291(81.1%) 68(18.9%) 4.4(2.5–7.7) 6.3(2.7-14.97) ** No 31(49.2%) 32(50.8%) 1 1 Equity growth Yes 291(82.2%) 63(17.8%) 5.5(3.2–9.6) 2.4(.9-6.45) No 31(45.6%) 37(54.4%) 1 1 p < 0.001, *p < 0.05,AOR=adjusted odd ratio,COR=crude odd ratio,CI=Confidence interval 3.2.2 Logistic regression analysis for the external determinants Table 8 Results of the bivariable and multivariable logistic regression for the external determinants of corporate social responsibility practice in case of Dashen Brewery, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia Variables Category Outcomes COR (95% CI) COR (95% CI) CSR practiced Not practiced Government policy Yes 311(79.7%) 79(20.3%) 7.5(3.5–16.2) 2.6(.7-10.2) No 11(34.4%) 21(65.6%) 1 1 Competition Yes 293(79.2%) 77(20.8) 3(1.5–5.5) 0.8(.2-2.3) No 29(55.8%) 23(44.2) 1 1 Good industry -community cooperation Yes 300(78.3%) 83(21.7%) 2.8(1.4–5.5) 1.4(.4-4.5) No 22(56.4%) 17(43.6%) 1 11 Community perception Yes 274(83.8%) 53(16.2%) 5(3.1–8.3) 5.2(3.4–15) ** No 48(50.5%) 47(49.5%) 1 1 Legal environment Yes 306(80.3%) 75(19.7%) 6.4(3.2–12.6) 3.4(1.15-10) * No 16(39.0%) 25(61.0%) 1 1 Social license Yes 300(81.1%) 70(18.9%) 5.9(3.2–10.7 8(4.3–23.6) ** No 22(42.3%) 30(57.7%) 1 1 p < 0.001, *p < 0.05,AOR=adjusted odd ratio,COR=crude odd ratio,CI=Confidence interval 4. Disscussion Results of multivariable binary logistic regression analysis revealed that profitability, sustainability, leadership, social media marketing, community perception, legal environment and social license were found to be determinants of corporate social responsibility practice in the case of Dashen Brewery S.C, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. Below is a detailed discussion of each determinants. Profitable firms are about five times more likely to act in socially responsible ways than non-profitable firms beside their mere economic advantage. Corporations are less to practice CSR if they are operating in a relatively unhealthy economic environment where the possibility for near-term profitability is limited. This study revealed a similar finding with done on Multinationals companies [30] and it is also in line with a study done in France [31] The possible explanation for this might be more profitable have more resources to spare for socially responsible activities than those firms that are less profitable. Profitable firms are 3.5 times more likely to practice corporate social responsibility than unsustainable firms which is consistent with a study done in Pakistan [32]. The possible explanation for this might be due to relatively favorable circumstances for firms to achieve a healthy near-term profits and sustainable performance; under such situations, firms would be more likely to behave in socially responsible ways. Those firms who had a good leadership style are about three times more likely to practice corporate social responsibility in their business activities. In a competitive business environment, proactive leaders who foresees are the more preferred. The leadership style and the leader or manager of the firm affect its corporate social responsibility tendency. This finding is in line with a research done in Ethiopia [33]. The possible explanation for this might be due to leaders are the responsible persons for a firm to make the company corporate social responsibility oriented or not. Or might be due to an enabling leadership style for corporate social responsibility initiatives. This study revealed that a good at social media marketing are about six times more likely in the practice of corporate social responsibility than numb or a slow-moving medias and communication system. The advent of social media platform technology has provided for business firms to interact and communicate with customers, suppliers, retailers, and other stakeholders via desktop computers and mobile phones and firms might benefit from social media applications through marketing research activity, sales promotions, communication and trust building, which enhances firms’ performance. This finding is consistent with a study done in Pakistan[32] The reason why social media-oriented firms are good at corporate social responsibility activities might be due to as social media networking reduces the cost of the firm’s expense, then the company may act in a socially responsible manner in return for the customers or the community in general. A positive Community perception is found to be about five times more likely to affect the behavior of the company to act in a socially responsible ways as their business strategy than communities with low awareness or perception for the firm’s CSR accomplishment. As the level of awareness or perception of the community increases towards corporate social responsibility initiatives firm’s tendency to act in a socially responsible way increase. This is supported by a cross-sectional study done in Ethiopia [ 25 ] A country who had a legal ground which comprises of CSR as the responsibility of the firm are 3.4 times more likely to practice corporate social responsibility than those who did not have a legal ground for corporate social responsibility execution. Corporations will be more likely to perform in socially responsible ways if there are strong and well-enforced state regulations in place to ensure such behavior and this finding is supported by a study done in Developing Countries[ 18 ]. This study shows that socially licensed firms are eight times more likely to practice corporate social responsibility than negligent branded firms. To get a recognition from its stakeholders such as media, government, community, international organization and so on companies should practice CSR activities. In order to gain and maintain a social license, companies will need to do more than just talk to community members. This is supported by a research done in Ethiopia [33] Conclusions According to the finding’s the company is good in COVID 19 Pandemic prevention and control activities, caring for elders or people living with HIV, and occupational health and safety for the Employees.in the contrary the company is not okay to invest in waste management, air and water pollution and related environmental protection issues. This might be because company shareholders, employees and managers assume that participating in this regard have no positive impacts to their companies’ profit-making capacity. Or they may also believe that it is wasting money and out of the objective to work on no-profit activities. This might emanate from the wrong assumption that health care issues belong solely to governments, but not to other companies. It is possible to infer that the overall accomplishment in this regard of corporate social responsibility practice by Dashen Brewery S.C is not satisfactory Internal determinants such as, Firm’s profitability, leadership, social media marketing, and External determinants (legal environment and community perception towards CSR, and social license) were identified determinants of corporate social responsibility practice Limitation of the study The cross-sectional nature of the data made it difficult to reach the causal relationship between the different independent and outcome variables (chicken egg dilemma). Inadequate literatures from developing countries hinder further discussion and comparison Potential recall bias Abbreviations AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome COVID Corona Virus Diseases CSR Corporate Social Responsibility EPRDF Ethiopia Peoples’ Democratic Liberation Front EU European Union HIV Human Immune Virus ILO International Labor Organization ITO International Trade Organizations MNO Multi National Organization NGO Non-Governmental Organizations S.C Shared Company SPSS Stastical Package for Social Science UN United Nation UNDP United Nation Development Program WHO World Health Organization Declarations Ethical approval and consent to Participate This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Debre Berhan University College of Medicine and Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Clinical trial number: not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials The data sets analyzed are available with a reasonable request through the corresponding author Competing interests The author declare no competing interests. Funding No funding Author contribution MM was responsible to conception, design, and acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, and was responsible in the writing the original research and preparation of the manuscript for publication Acknowledgements The researcher is grateful to Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan town Administration, Dashen brewery S.C managers and consecutive leaders, study participants, data collectors, and supervisors for their cooperation in the study Authors’ information MM: BSc, MSc in Pediatrics and child health Nursing,MBA in Business Administration; Lecturer in Debre Markos University,College of Health science, Department of Nursing and PhD Candidate in Public Health Nutrtion in Bahir Dar University References Carroll, A., Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is on a sustainable trajectory. Journal of Defense Management, 2015. 5 (2): p. 1-2. Caramela, S., What is corporate social responsibility. Business News Daily, 2016. 27 : p. 2016. Sharma, Y., Role of corporate social responsibility in organization. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 2013. 13 (4): p. 1. Bowen, H.R. and F.E. JOHNSON, Social responsibilities of the businessman... with a commentary by F. Ernest Johnson. 1953: New York. Helg, Å., Corporate social responsibility from a Nigerian perspective. rapport nr.: Organisation, 2007. Petersen, H. and H. Vredenburg, Corporate governance, social responsibility and capital markets: exploring the institutional investor mental model. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 2009. Atuluku, A. and J. Uchendu, Between Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Sustainability.[verkkodokumentti].[Viitattu 03.12. 2017]. Saatavilla: http://sustyvibes. com/corporate-social-responsibility-business-sustainability, 2016. Carroll, A.B., Corporate social responsibility: The centerpiece of competing and complementary frameworks. Organizational dynamics, 2015. Brusseau, J. Three theories of corporate social responsibility. in The business ethics workshop. 2015. Madrakhimova, F.S. Tool for assessing Corporate Social Responsibility. in Global Conference on Business & Finance Proceedings. 2013. Institute for Business & Finance Research. Dartey-Baah, K. and K. Amponsah-Tawiah, Exploring the limits of Western corporate social responsibility theories in Africa. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2011. 2 (18). Pirsch, J., S. Gupta, and S.L. Grau, A framework for understanding corporate social responsibility programs as a continuum: An exploratory study. Journal of business ethics, 2007. 70 (2): p. 125-140. Chen, J., Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Investopedia. https://www. investopedia. com/terms/c/corp-social-responsibility, 2020. Rothan, H.A. and S.N. Byrareddy, The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of autoimmunity: p. 102433. Zhao, S., et al., Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak. International journal of infectious diseases, 2020. 92 : p. 214-217. Bogoch, I.I., et al., Pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan, China: potential for international spread via commercial air travel. Journal of travel medicine, 2020. 27 (2): p. taaa008. Lu, H., C.W. Stratton, and Y.W. Tang, Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. Journal of medical virology, 2020. 92 (4): p. 401-402. Utting, P. and J.C. Marques, Introduction: The intellectual crisis of CSR, in Corporate social responsibility and regulatory governance. 2010, Springer. p. 1-25. García-Moreno, C., et al., Addressing violence against women: a call to action. The Lancet, 2015. 385 (9978): p. 1685-1695. Keinert, C., Corporate social responsibility as an international strategy. 2008: Springer Science & Business Media. Willi, A., S. Brammer, and A. Millington, Corporate social responsibility in developing countries: An institutional analysis. 2014, University of Bath. Campbell, J.T., L. Eden, and S.R. Miller, Multinationals and corporate social responsibility in host countries: Does distance matter? Journal of International Business Studies, 2012. 43 (1): p. 84-106. Reast, J., et al., Legitimacy-seeking organizational strategies in controversial industries: A case study analysis and a bidimensional model. Journal of Business Ethics, 2013. 118 (1): p. 139-153. Negussie, H. and Y. Berhane, Assessment of alcohol advertising practices in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 2012. 26 (3): p. 216-225. Hailu, F.K. and K.R.M. Rao, Perception of local community on corporate social responsibility of Brewery Firms in Ethiopia. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 2016. 5 (3). Yusuf, A., Assessment of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices and Determinants: A Comparative Study Conducted in Addis Ababa Tannery and Awash Tannery (MBA Thesis). Ethiopia: Addis Ababa University.[Google Scholar], 2013. Summary and statistical report of the 2007 population and housing census. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Federal democratic republic of Ethiopia population census commission. 2008: CSA. 1-10. Available from: https://vasariglobal.com/ Vasari Dashen Plant. George, D. and M. Mallery, Using SPSS for Windows step by step: a simple guide and reference. 2003. Campbell, J.L., Why would corporations behave in socially responsible ways? An institutional theory of corporate social responsibility. Academy of management Review, 2007. 32 (3): p. 946-967. Delautre, G. and D. Abriata, Corporate social responsibility: Exploring determinants and complementarities. ILO Research Department Working Paper, 2018(38). Abbas, J., et al., The Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices and Environmental Factors through a Moderating Role of Social Media Marketing on Sustainable Performance of Business Firms. Sustainability, 2019. 11 (12): p. 3434. Ephrem, H., Assessment on practices and determinants of corporate social Responsibility in Ethiopian leather industry: A comparative study conducted in Abyssinia tannery PLC. and blue Nile tannery SC. 2018, Addis Ababa University. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Questionnaire.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 04 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Mar, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 03 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 03 Mar, 2026 Editor invited by journal 03 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 02 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 02 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8955597","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":601287459,"identity":"b9db8c12-8f1d-49da-bd2e-abddd507ed25","order_by":0,"name":"Mulat Mossie Menalu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAC5gYozcD4AEjx8BHWwtjAcACihdkApIWNeC0MDGwSYJKQBt0ZiY2fP+bY2Mu3Mx+r/JpjJ8PGwPzw0Q08WsxuJDZLHNyWlrjhMFvabdltyUCHsRkb5+DX0gDUcjjBgJnH7LbkNmagFh42aQJamn8AtdjLN/N/K5bcVk+UljaQLYwNh3nYGD9uO0yEljMP2yzOQvxiLM247TgPGzMhvxxPPnyjchswxPoPP/z4c1u1PT9788PH+LSgAGYeMEmschBg/EGK6lEwCkbBKBgxAAA4KUkkpFKmPAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Debre Markos University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mulat","middleName":"Mossie","lastName":"Menalu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-24 09:40:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8955597/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8955597/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":104294009,"identity":"264d00fb-0c2c-49f3-a829-5d6be1c6617a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-10 07:27:37","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":77460,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCity waste management practice of Dashen brewery S.C\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8955597/v1/656479530776e03db492860f.png"},{"id":104293961,"identity":"50e42edb-2186-4e0e-a542-de57007b8474","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-10 07:27:04","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26768,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCompany’s encouragement to the practice of responsible drinking\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8955597/v1/24e1fc8fc4ad3c12a195d36e.png"},{"id":104293966,"identity":"24188906-f815-41df-9fc2-9805c14c28f6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-10 07:27:08","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":72467,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCompany’s cooperation in preventing COVID 19 Pandemics\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8955597/v1/0315419cc196731be1940ea2.png"},{"id":104779619,"identity":"13595b78-d529-4f70-bb8a-ba5d00a9219a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-17 07:43:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1714281,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8955597/v1/a526510d-1292-43ff-852d-f85c0f2c10e2.pdf"},{"id":104293965,"identity":"d5a96404-e328-4601-b4f7-161443cb213a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-10 07:27:07","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":34636,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Questionnaire.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8955597/v1/087f7c507a0dfcb272ca436f.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Assessment of Health-Related Corporate Social Responsibility Practices and Their Determinants During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of Dashen Brewery Share Company in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.1 Background\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe history of corporate social responsibility (CSR) traced hundreds of years back. The concept of CSR was in practice since the 1870s, but not scientifically\u0026nbsp;[1, 2]. The root of CSR certainly extends before world war I. Since the 1960s, CSR has attracted attention from a range of businesses, and corporate social responsibility is developed as a response to growing corporate power, Civil societies, individual consumers, activists, NGOs, and scholars contributed for CSR development\u0026nbsp;[3]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe concept of CSR was first defined by Bowen (1953): He defines CSR as the obligations of businessmen to pursue those policies, to make those decisions, or to follow those lines of action which are desirable in terms of the objectives and values of the society [4].There are a number of definitions that flourished after Bowen and this results in a lack of universal definition to the subject.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the EU, CSR is the integratation of social and environmental concerns in the business operations on a voluntary basis[5].\u0026nbsp;It is a company\u0026rsquo;s commitment to operate in an economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable manner by balancing the interests of various shareholders [6]. CSR is based on the premise that a business can only thrive if it operates within a thriving society. In that way, the business depends on the community it operates within, and as such, has an ethical and moral responsibility towards that community [7] All the above definitions fall under either of the four domains of CSR which was developed in 1999 by Archie B. Carroll in the form of a pyramid. Carol\u0026rsquo;s CSR pyramid is one of the most famous and proposed four responsibility dimensions of economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic aspects[8]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe economic dimension refers to the effect that CSR has on the finances of the company. Economic responsibility acts as a foundation and gives priority to economic performance. The view, in this case, is that business has to be profitable and maximize shareholders\u0026rsquo; returns. The economic responsibility to make money required by a firm is the business version of the human survival instinct. Companies need to generate profit for the sake of sustained and stabled existence [9]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLegal responsibility can be defined as the need for the organization to exist in law and work within the legal framework. Companies are required to perform under the law of the state and their internal rules and regulations should not contradict with the law of the state[10]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe third is an ethical responsibility, which highlights how society expects business to embrace values and norms, over and above what is required by law[1, 11]. It might not be the right thing to do in terms of pure profits, but from a perspective that values everyone\u0026rsquo;s welfare as being valuable, the measure could be recommendable[12]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhilanthropic responsibility, the broad domain of CSR in which the society expects from business as a a good corporate citizen[13]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe overall philanthropic domain of corporate social responsibility is made up of many variables. The most important ones are listed here[1, 10]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCompanies need to work on environmental protection and healthcare\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIt is rewarding to participate in the education system of society\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eParticipating in sport and entertainment facilities give advantages for companies\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCompanies can build a smooth relationship with stakeholder by giving infrastructural facilities and attributing to social development\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIt is also important for companies to work on gender issues\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEmployers must handle wisely for their employees.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealth related corporate social responsibility\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWorld health organization defines Health as a \u0026lsquo;state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity\u0026rsquo;. \u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eCommunity health is the art and science\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eof promoting and preserving the health of populations through organization of community efforts. \u0026nbsp;Community health takes place in a wide variety of settings which includes promoting health, preventing illness, restoration, coordination, management and evaluation of care of individuals, families, and aggregates, including communities\u003cstrong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is aimed to: improve sanitation, control of community epidemics, prevent the transmission of infection, provide education about the basic principles of personal and hygiene and environmental protection and safety issues, community waste disposal system, prevention of water and air pollution, helping help less\u0026rsquo;s and elders or people living with series diseases (HIV AIDS), and organizing services for early diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 2019, a new coronavirus was identified as the cause of a disease outbreak that originated in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China [14]. The virus is now known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2). The disease it causes is called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)[15]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe virus appears to spread easily among people, and more continues to be discovered over time about how it spreads. The virus spreads by respiratory droplets released when someone with the virus coughs, sneezes or talks. These droplets can be inhaled or land in the mouth or nose of a person nearby. It can also spread if a person touches a surface with the virus on it and then touches his or her mouth, nose or eyes [16, 17]. The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Ethiopia on 13 March 2020.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNowadays, people are demanding more from companies. Companies, which are socially responsible are more trusted and rewarded by society; while companies that are not socially responsible are punished and criticized by the community[9]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBy exercising different social responsibility activities, a company may demonstrate to society that it is not just a money-making machine and that the company is fully aware of its responsibility for production, and its consequences on society on the whole as well as the environment and health aspects[18]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInternational organizations: such as World Health Organization (WHO), international trade organizations (ITOs), International Labor Organization [19], united nations development program (UNDP), and others have made tremendous efforts for the development of CSR by urging to governments to integrate social and environmental issues in their policies[20]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNowadays, corporate social responsibility issues have become global issues. All either developed or developing nations\u0026rsquo; citizens are challenging managers\u0026rsquo; and organizations\u0026rsquo; missions[8] Corporate social responsibility is a little bit new phenomenon in Africa, where it is started as a response by profit organizations to remedy the effect of their investment activities on the local communities[5]. Since it is the newly emerging phenomenon, there seems to have a problem both in perception as well as in practice. \u0026nbsp;The practice of corporate social responsibility in developing nations is inappropriate and is not amenable to the principle of the phenomenon [21] In developing countries local company\u0026rsquo;s social obligation CSR practices are motivated by coercive pressures from MNCs rather than from the State [21]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompanies producing high social risk products such as alcohol, beer, and tobacco products face the highest risks of endangered reputation. These kinds of products attract a number of adversaries in the public whose negative attitude constantly creates endangering pressure on reputation[22, 23]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe government of Ethiopia proclaimed that a factory shall have the obligation to handle equipment, inputs, and products in a manner that prevents harm to the environment and to the human and animal health (EPRDF,2009). Therefore, companies producing risk products should particularly focus on their good name and strategically implement compensation strategies for the purpose of maintaining a high reputation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe marketing practice of breweries should not contravene with principles of CSR. Thus, it is important to assess how they could ensure the sustainability of their business integrated with the welfare of the community [24, 25]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDashen Brewery S.C is a large-scale brewery production operating nationally in Ethiopia, since 1956. Dashen Brewery S.C. has been engaged in the production and distribution of beer. It owns Two branches, Gondar Brewery and Debre Berhan brewery.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA study done in Ethiopia showed that the majority of the national companies and government organizations have not developed a concept CSR, but some of the Ethiopian companies make partnerships with different stakeholders in the form of informal CSR practices [25]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study also concluded that the local community had a positive perception to CSR initiatives of brewery firms [25], but companies are not working on the way of keeping and protecting of the safety of the nearby communities [26].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiteratures in regard to corporate social responsibility practice are inadequate in developing nations. Similarly, in Ethiopia, there is inadequate scholarly papers on health-related corporate social responsibility practice and its determinants. Despite its hugeness, the company\u0026rsquo;s contribution to health-related activities or initiatives was not clearly known through scientific study. There was no sufficient evidence on to what extent CSR is part of its business strategy and operations and the factors affecting it. It needs empirical investigation on the existing CSR situation. Thus, this study focuses on the assessment of health-related CSR practice and its determinants in the case of Dashen brewery shared company in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc47821208\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.2. Objectives of the study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc47821209\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.2.1. General objective\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAssessment of health-related corporate social responsibility practice and its determinants in the case of Dashen Brewery S.C Debre Berhan, Ethiopia,2020 G.C.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc47821210\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.2.2. Specific objectives\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"decimal_type\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTo assess health-related corporate social responsibility practice\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTo investigate the internal determinants of health-related corporate social responsibility practice\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTo examine the external determinants of health-related corporate social responsibility practice\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc47821211\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.3. Significance of the study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is expected to add knowledge to the existing literature for academics and health-related CSR practices in the firms. This research is expected to be of great contribution to the shaping of perception, practices, and challenges of principles of corporate social responsibility in developing nations, especially in Ethiopia. It can be a base for further researches and investigations in different aspects of this theme.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study is also of huge importance specifically to Dashen brewery and generally to all industries in developing nations on the issues of how they should understand and perform environmental and health-related corporate social responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study can also be utilized by policymakers and higher government officials. Policymakers can use this paper as a guide and reference to control and follow up on how industries and institutions are responding to health and environmental issues. It can be helpful to higher government officials and managers to formulate rules and regulations for CSR oriented investment policy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Research Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Study setting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted at Dashen brewery S.C Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. Debre Berhan is located in Amhara Regional State, North Shewa administrative Zone, about 130 kilometers northeast of Addis Ababa. Debre Berhan is a city of North Shewa zone and organized in ten kebeles. Debre Berhan is twinned with (sister city of) Le Blanc-Mesnil in France. Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia the town has a total population of 65,231, of whom 31,668 are men and 33,563 women. The majority of (94.12%) the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity,3.32% of them were Muslims and 2.15% were Protestants[27]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDashen brewery is among the leaders in the brewery market of the country and co-owned by Vasari Global (Vasari), UK-based asset management firm Duet Group (Duet), and the TIRET Group (TIRET), an Ethiopian endowment fund[28]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total investment of Dashen brewery is estimated to 500\u0026nbsp;million euros, making it the third-largest brewery[28]. An institution-based cross-sectional study was employed among permanent employees of Dashen Brewery S.C and selected nearby communities. The study was conducted from February 2020 to June 2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Target populations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll Dashen Brewery S.C employees and Debre Berhan town residents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Sampling design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom large companies (Habesha brewery S.C, Dashen brewery,and plastic factory) residing in Debre Berhan town Dashen brewery is the leader in its revenue and it is selected randomly\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample size was taken from both internal and external stakeholders by summing up of employees and community members equally. The sampling frame for community members was constructed taking a list of households from Debre Berhan town municipality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Debre Berhan city there are around 22,778 households, Then systematic or interval random sampling technique was employed and the sample size for the externals is 211. So, 22,778 /211\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;108. Therefore, every 108th of the list (from the sampling frame) was selected until the required sample is reached. For the employees, a systematic random sampling technique was used. The total number of permanent employees were around 490. The calculated sample size (half of the total) for the internals (employees) is 211. Then, 490/211\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.3, approximately 2. Therefore, every 2nd of the list (from the sampling frame) was taken until the required sample is reached.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4.1. Sample size determination\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA single population proportion formula is used to estimate the sample size: P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.5% (since no study done on the issue of interest in Ethiopia), Z score of 95% CI, d= Margin of error (5%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\text{N}=\\left(\\right(〖\\text{Z}\\_({\\alpha}/2))〗^2\\times\\text{p}(1-\\text{p}\\left)\\right)/\\left(\\right(〖\\text{d})〗^2).\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003eN= (1.96)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e *0.5*0.5/ (0.05)\u003csup\u003e2 =\u003c/sup\u003e384. 10% non-response rate was added and the final sample size becomes 422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5. Data sources and types\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sources of data for this research were collected from primary sources using questionnaires as the means of data collection methods. For the purpose of this research, structured questionnaire was distributed to both the nearby communities and employees of Dashen brewery S.C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA structured questionnaire was selected as it allows the researcher to contact large number of respondents quickly and easily. Furthermore, a structured questionnaire is relatively quick and easy to create, code and interpret and because it is easy to standardize, the researcher, therefore, can be sure that everyone in the sample answers exactly the same question, which makes this a very reliable method of research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA five-point Likert Scale type of questionnaires was used due to its universal method of collecting data which is easy to understand and easy to draw conclusions, reports, results and graphs from the responses. a yes or no type questions were also used for the determinants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6. Data collection tools and procedures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor this study the researcher adapted questionnaire from different sources. Then, the questionnaire was tested before the final distribution to employees and community members. After getting the questionnaire tested, the researcher checked if there were some important lessons and took corrections. Finally, an interviewer administered a structured questionnaire was distributed for the actual data collection from both selected permanent employees and nearby community residents of Dashen Brewery S.C. The data collectors and supervisors were 3 MBA and 5-degree holders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7. Data quality control\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire was prepared in English and pretest was done on 5% of the sample size before the time of the actual data collection period. The questionnaire was validated by experts in the area and Cronbach alpha was tested for reliability of the tool and it becomes around 0.88.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data collectors and supervisors were 3 MBA and 5 BA. Before starting the actual work, one-day training and orientation was provided to data collectors on the objectives of the study, data collection techniques, selection of study participants, how to keep confidentiality of information, how to fill the data collection format and data quality management. Close and ongoing supervision was carried out by supervisors and investigator to ensure the quality of the data. Then collected data was checked for its completeness and consistency before analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.8. Data processing and analysis methods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore analysis, data was checked for errors and coded. Data was entered using Epi-DATA version 4.6.0 and analysis was done using SPSS version 20 statistical software.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive and inferential analysis methods was done as applicable. Bivariate regression was fitted for each explanatory variable and multivariable logistic regression with 95% confidence interval and P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered as statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.9. Data validity and Reliability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eValidity\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValidity refers to what extent is the data collected is reflecting the truth. There are two types: External validity: it is generalizability to a larger population or inferences beyond the subjects of the study. Internal validity: Inferences that does not proceed beyond the target population for the study. Validity is the most critical criterion and indicates the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure. Validity can be assessed using theoretical or empirical approaches. Theoretical assessment of validity focuses on how well the idea of a theoretical construct is translated into or represented in an operational measure. Content validity is the extent to which a measuring instrument provides adequate coverage of the topic under study. If the instrument contains a representative sample of the target populations, the content validity is good. Its determination is primarily judgmental and intuitive.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this regard, the questionnaire is carefully designed and a pilot test was employed on five percent of the sample size to ensure the validity of the questionnaire which may contain anything out of the research objective as well for further improvement of the tool. The pre-testing pilot survey was conducted and discussion with experts in the area was also be made to check the appropriateness and validity of the questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eReliability\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReliability is the degree of consistency of measures which are free from random error and, therefore, provide consistent data. A test will be reliable when it gives the same repeated result under the same conditions. The reliability and internal consistency of the data was measured by the Cronbach Alpha coefficient. According to George and Mallery (2003, Cronbach \u0026lsquo;s alpha is a coefficient of reliability. It is commonly used as a measure of the internal consistence or reliability of a psychometric test score for a sample of examinees. Cronbach \u0026lsquo;s alpha reliability coefficient normally ranges between 0 and 1. According to George \u0026amp; Mallery, (2003) a Cronbach alpha coefficient greater than 0.9 implies excellent, greater than 0.8 is good, greater than 0.7 is acceptable, greater than 0.6 is questionable, greater than 0.5 is poor, and less than 0.5 is unacceptable[29].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on this to ensure the reliability of this study, the pre-tested samples were taken and their Cronbach \u0026lsquo;s alpha values was examined to guarantee its consistency. Cronbach \u0026lsquo;s alpha values was found to be 0.88 which is in good range and the tool is internally consistent\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach\u0026rsquo;s Alpha Questionnaire result\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory of questions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha based on standardized\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo of items\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental protection related\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOVID 19 related\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity health related\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployee\u0026rsquo;s health and safety related\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntire item statements\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eSource: Author\u0026rsquo;s SPSS computation\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.10 Research Model\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, the model of the study formulated based on the relation of the dependent variable (CSR practice) and the independent variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn quantitative response models, the variable to be explained \u0026lsquo;Y\u0026rsquo; is a random variable. Where y is a binary response, taking on the values zero and one, which indicates whether certain event has occurred or not. In relation to this, in this study \u0026lsquo;y\u0026rsquo;= \u0026lsquo;1\u0026rsquo;, if a single factor affects CSR practices \u0026lsquo;y\u0026rsquo; = 0\u0026rsquo; otherwise.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eP(x)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;P (y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1| x)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;P (y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1|x1; x2;. . .; Xn). Y indicates the dependent variable \u0026ndash; health related CSR practice X includes the independent variables of this study such as: firm\u0026rsquo;s profitability (FM), leadership(L), social media marketing (SMM) legal environment (LE), community perception (CP) and social license (SL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, the binary response model (logistic model) of the study can be stated as:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eP (CSR)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1/ FM, LE, L, SMM, CP and SL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo fix ideas, consider the following regression model:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eYi\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;β0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;βiXi\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;ei\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this formulation, β0 is a constant representing the baseline value of the transformed cumulative probability and βi represents the effect of the covariates on the transformed cumulative probabilities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe conditional expectation of Yi given Xi, E (Yi | Xi), can be interpreted as the conditional probability that the event will occur given Xi, that is, Pr (Yi\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1 | Xi). Thus, in this study, E (Yi | Xi) gives the probability of the existence of CSR practices due a determinant Xi.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe explanation of the above model can see as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssuming E (ei)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0, as usual (to obtain unbiased estimators), we obtain\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE (Yi | Xi) = β0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;βiXi or\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;E (Yi\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1 | Xi) = β0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;βiXi\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePi is the probability of existence of CSR practice, then (1 - Pi) is the probability of non-existence of CSR practice. Thus, Pi/ (1-Pi) is simply the odds ratio in favor of existence of CSR practice. It is the ratio of the probability that a firm practices CSR to the probability that a firm do not practice CSR. Now if we take the natural logarithm of this ratio, we obtain the following model.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLi\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;log (pi/1-pi)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eP (CSR) = β0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;β1FM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;β3LE\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;β4SL\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;β5CM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;β6SMM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;β6L\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eL is the logit and the equation is the logit model of the study. This equation also could be written as:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eP(Y)=\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(1/(1+E-(\\beta0+{\\beta}1\\text{X}1+{\\beta}2\\text{X}2+\\dots+{\\beta}\\text{n}\\text{X}\\text{n})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eP(CSR)=\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(1/(1+E-(\\beta0+{\\beta}1\\text{F}\\text{M}+{\\beta}2\\text{S}+{\\beta}3\\text{L}\\text{E}+{\\beta}4\\text{S}\\text{L}+{\\beta}5\\text{C}\\text{M}+{\\beta}6\\text{S}\\text{M}\\text{M}+{\\beta}7\\text{L})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe β value is the same as the β value in linear regression: they are the values that we need to\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ereplace in model equation to establish the probability that a case falls into a certain category. The interpretation of this coefficient in logistic regression is very similar in that it represents the change in the logit of the outcome variable associated with a one-unit change in the predictor variable. In logistic regression, instead of predicting the value of a variable Y from a predictor variable X1 or several predictor variables (Xs), we predict the probability of Y occurring given known values of X1 (or Xs). The logit of the outcome is simply the natural logarithm of the odds of Y occurring. The odds ratio is described as Exp (B) in the SPSS output. If the value is greater than 1, then it indicates that as the predictor increases, the odds of the outcome occurring increase. Conversely, a value less than 1 indicates that as the predictor increases, the odds of the outcome occurring decrease.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Result and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed at assessing the health-related corporate social responsibility practice and its determinants in the case of Dashen Brewery in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive and inferential statistical tools were considered in this section. Thus, this section mainly comprises of two categories such as descriptive statistics and results of the estimation of the model (inferential statistics). The first part which is descriptive statistics primarily focused on the existed CSR practice of Dashen Brewery S.C in respect to the philanthropic aspects of CSR basically on Health-related issues in the eyes of both employees and nearby community respondents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, descriptive statistics tools such as frequencies, and percentage are employed in this regard. The second part is about the results of the estimations of the mode, coefficients and determinants of CSR. The relationship between the dependent variable (CSR) practice and independent variables (Internal determinants and External determinants) presented in this part of the study\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong 422 questionnaires distributed to the nearby community respondents and Dashen brewery employees (211 each) all, 422 (100%), all participants were responded. Therefore, Quantitative analysis based on 422 respondents was employed. Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s Alpha result of the questionnaire was 0.88 and it fulfills the requirement of the internal consistency of the tool or the questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Descriptive Statistics Results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSocio demographic characteristics of the respondents\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis session briefly shows how the study participants were composed. The variables measured were sex, type of stakeholder (internal and external/beneficiary), educational status, marital status, age, religion, of all respondents. Besides to this the demographic nature of respondents, exclusive variables either to the internal or external stakeholders were discussed briefly. The variable, job, for the external stakeholders. Whereas, position and work experience of internal stakeholders were also summarized in this part.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic characteristics of both employees and community residence respondents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCount(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;422)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnmarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidowed/widower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthodox\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e327\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtestant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCatholic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCan read and write\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElementary school literate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary school literate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreparatory school literate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollege Diploma and vocational training\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDegree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMasters and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of stakeholder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e211\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExternal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e211\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosition of internal stakeholders(N\u0026rsquo;=211)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployees\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosition holders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e211\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWork Experience(N\u0026rsquo;=211)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;5 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;10 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e211\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJob\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eof external(N\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;=211)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGovernment employee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivately employed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf employed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNGO employee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnemployed or job seeker\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e211\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eNote: N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;422 implies total sample size, N\u0026rsquo; =211 implies questions only to employees, and N\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo; =211 implies questions only to community respondents.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource: respondents\u0026rsquo; survey,2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEnvironmental protection, and health related activities\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency distribution of industry\u0026rsquo;s participation on environmental protection and safety\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDA(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;422)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCount\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipates in environmental protection and safety campaigns or activities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorks on sound pollution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvolve in environmental ecosystem protection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorks on Air pollution control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorks on Water pollution control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents were also asked for the practice of Dashen Brewery in respect to air Pollution control, as shown in the above table, about 40% said Strongly disagree ,35% said Disagee,5% said Neutral,12% said Agree, and 8% said Strongly agree.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcerning water pollution control, majority of the respondents, (21.8%) said strongly dis agree (33.2%) said Disagree, but 19%,20%, and 6.0% of them said Strongly agree, Agree and Neutral respectively. This shows that the industry is not taking care of the nearby community with regard to their safety and cleanliness. And this is the implication of industrial carelessness on community issues especially on water, and air pollution control. So, it can be concluded that the industry\u0026rsquo;s work on air, and water pollution is not satisfactory.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe above chart depicts that among 422 respondents about 93 (22%) of the respondents said strongly agree and 70 (16.6%) said agree,70(16.6%) said neutral about 112(26.5% said disagree, and 77(18.3%) said strongly disagree regarding the practice of city waste management system in their business activities. In principle, any organization should keep the environment safe. As shown from the above graph respondents rated the company\u0026rsquo;s practice in environmental waste management system is not satisfactory as most of the respondents said disagree. This implies that the company is not working as expected in city waste(solid and liquid) management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCommunity Health care related activities\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency distribution shows industry\u0026rsquo;s participation on community healthcare and related initiatives\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDA(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;422)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCount\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaring for people who live in HIV AIDS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt Helps elders and disabilities who have no care taker\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e269\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganize blood donation events for staffs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaring for people living in HABESHA elders in Debre Berhan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCovers medical costs for those, who have special problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eSource: respondents\u0026rsquo; survey,2020\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs depicted above in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, about 131(31%) said strongly agree,131 (31%) said agree,124 (29.4%) said neutral,9 (2.1%) said disagree, and 27 (6.4%) said strongly dis agree for the practice of Caring for people living in Habesha elders in Debre Berhan town. Therefore, the company is at a good position in helping the elders and helpless in Habesha elders support center. Similarly, respondents were also asked for the practice of caring people who live with HIVAIDS, and accordingly,122(28.9%) said strongly agree,140 (33.2%) said agree,119 (28.2%) said neutral,22 (5.2%) said disagree, and 19(4.5%) said strongly dis agree. Majority of the respondents agreed that the company helps people with AIDS. Therefore, it is possible to infer that the practice towards the prevention and caring for people with HIV AIDS is Good.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in the above chart, about 135(32%) said strongly Dis agree,81 (19.2%) said disagree,80(19%) said neutral,63 (14.9%) said agree, and 63(14.9%) said strongly agree. unfortunately, the company is not at the right position in encouraging responsible drinking. This implies that Dashen Brewery S.C is not encouraging people to be responsible in alcohol drinking despite their economic advantage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCompany\u0026rsquo;s contribution in COVID 19 pandemics prevention\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efrequency distribution of company\u0026rsquo;s contribution in COVID 19 pandemics prevention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDA (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;422)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCount\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCooperates in sponsoring health professional COVID 19 pandemics awareness creation initiatives\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvolves in buying or sponsoring face masks and sanitizers for those who cannot afford\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDelivers face masks and sanitizers for their employees\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e297\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt helps economically disadvantaged groups in the time of COVID 19 pandemics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e285\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe company works in line with the standard precautions of COVID 19 prevention and control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eDA=Degree of agreement\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the company\u0026rsquo;s practice on the prevention COVID 19 Pandemic, this study revealed that, about 17(4.0%) said Strongly disagree, 5(1.2%) said Disagree, 104(24.6%) said Neutral, 124(29.4%) said Agree, and majority 172(40.8%) were responded as Strongly agree. Therefore, it can be inferred that the practice of Dashen Brewery S.C is good in contribution of its part in prevention of COVID 19 Pandemics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenerally, as the data shows the company works in some health issues, For the variables in the above the data shows the industry works at good in caring people who live with HIV AIDS, caring for people in Habesha support center, and on prevention and awareness creation of the current COVID 19 pandemic, however the practice is not satisfactory on areas of organizing blood donation events, Donating medical instruments for health institutions, and on encouraging responsible drinking. This implies that even though there is some practice by the industry to contribute on health, the overall contribution on health-related activities is not satisfactory. This might be because of lack of experience, or lack of motivation or the company\u0026rsquo;s fear to lose the return.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEmployees\u0026rsquo; safety and occupational health related\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency distribution of Employees\u0026rsquo; safety and occupational health related activities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDA(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;211)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCount\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt provides health care coverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt promotes Put Safety First principle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThey do have a safe and healthy working environment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Regression analysis for the determinants of corporate social responsibility\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.1 Logistic regression analysis for the internal determinants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of the bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression for the internal determinants of corporate social responsibility practice in case of Dashen Brewery, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutcomes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOR (95%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePracticed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot practiced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfitability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e294(82.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61(17.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3(3.8\u0026ndash;11.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2(2.27\u0026ndash;11.7) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28(41.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39(58.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirms age\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e257(84.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46(15.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6(2.9\u0026ndash;7.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65(54.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54(45.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagers age\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e238(80.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58(19.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(1.3\u0026ndash;3.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4(.6-3.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84(66.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42(33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployees activism\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e239(79.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60(20.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9(1.2\u0026ndash;3.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.7 (.2-2.24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83(67.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40(32.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirm\u0026rsquo;s location\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240(80.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59(19.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(1.3\u0026ndash;3.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.9(.3-2.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82(66.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41(33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleadership\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e304(80.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76(20.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3(2.8\u0026ndash;10.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3(1.1\u0026ndash;9.6)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18(42.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24(57.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction activities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e231(81.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53(18.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3(1.4\u0026ndash;3.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5(1-6.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91(65.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47(34.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial media marketing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e291(81.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68(18.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4(2.5\u0026ndash;7.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3(2.7-14.97) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31(49.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32(50.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquity growth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e291(82.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63(17.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5(3.2\u0026ndash;9.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4(.9-6.45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31(45.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37(54.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, *p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05,AOR=adjusted odd ratio,COR=crude odd ratio,CI=Confidence interval\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.2 Logistic regression analysis for the external determinants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of the bivariable and multivariable logistic regression for the external determinants of corporate social responsibility practice in case of Dashen Brewery, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutcomes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCSR practiced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot practiced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGovernment policy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e311(79.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79(20.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5(3.5\u0026ndash;16.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6(.7-10.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(34.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21(65.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompetition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e293(79.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77(20.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(1.5\u0026ndash;5.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8(.2-2.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29(55.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23(44.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood industry -community cooperation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300(78.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83(21.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8(1.4\u0026ndash;5.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4(.4-4.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(56.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(43.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity perception\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e274(83.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53(16.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(3.1\u0026ndash;8.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2(3.4\u0026ndash;15) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48(50.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47(49.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLegal environment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e306(80.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75(19.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4(3.2\u0026ndash;12.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4(1.15-10) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(39.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25(61.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial license\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300(81.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70(18.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9(3.2\u0026ndash;10.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(4.3\u0026ndash;23.6) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(42.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30(57.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, *p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05,AOR=adjusted odd ratio,COR=crude odd ratio,CI=Confidence interval\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Disscussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eResults of multivariable binary logistic regression analysis revealed that profitability, sustainability, leadership, social media marketing, community perception, legal environment and social license were found to be determinants of corporate social responsibility practice in the case of Dashen Brewery S.C, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. Below is a detailed discussion of each determinants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfitable firms are about five times more likely to act in socially responsible ways than non-profitable firms beside their mere economic advantage. Corporations are less to practice CSR if they are operating in a relatively unhealthy economic environment where the possibility for near-term profitability is limited. This study revealed a similar finding with done on Multinationals companies [30] and it is also in line with a study done in France [31] The possible explanation for this might be more profitable have more resources to spare for socially responsible activities than those firms that are less profitable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfitable firms are 3.5 times more likely to practice corporate social responsibility than unsustainable firms which is consistent with a study done in Pakistan [32]. The possible explanation for this might be due to relatively favorable circumstances for firms to achieve a healthy near-term profits and sustainable performance; under such situations, firms would be more likely to behave in socially responsible ways.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThose firms who had a good leadership style are about three times more likely to practice corporate social responsibility in their business activities. In a competitive business environment, proactive leaders who foresees are the more preferred. The leadership style and the leader or manager of the firm affect its corporate social responsibility tendency. This finding is in line with a research done in Ethiopia [33]. The possible explanation for this might be due to leaders are the responsible persons for a firm to make the company corporate social responsibility oriented or not. Or might be due to an enabling leadership style for corporate social responsibility initiatives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study revealed that a good at social media marketing are about six times more likely in the practice of corporate social responsibility than numb or a slow-moving medias and communication system. The advent of social media platform technology has provided for business firms to interact and communicate with customers, suppliers, retailers, and other stakeholders via desktop computers and mobile phones and firms might benefit from social media applications through marketing research activity, sales promotions, communication and trust building, which enhances firms\u0026rsquo; performance. This finding is consistent with a study done in Pakistan[32] The reason why social media-oriented firms are good at corporate social responsibility activities might be due to as social media networking reduces the cost of the firm\u0026rsquo;s expense, then the company may act in a socially responsible manner in return for the customers or the community in general.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA positive Community perception is found to be about five times more likely to affect the behavior of the company to act in a socially responsible ways as their business strategy than communities with low awareness or perception for the firm\u0026rsquo;s CSR accomplishment. As the level of awareness or perception of the community increases towards corporate social responsibility initiatives firm\u0026rsquo;s tendency to act in a socially responsible way increase. This is supported by a cross-sectional study done in Ethiopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA country who had a legal ground which comprises of CSR as the responsibility of the firm are 3.4 times more likely to practice corporate social responsibility than those who did not have a legal ground for corporate social responsibility execution. Corporations will be more likely to perform in socially responsible ways if there are strong and well-enforced state regulations in place to ensure such behavior and this finding is supported by a study done in Developing Countries[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. This study shows that socially licensed firms are eight times more likely to practice corporate social responsibility than negligent branded firms. To get a recognition from its stakeholders such as media, government, community, international organization and so on companies should practice CSR activities. In order to gain and maintain a social license, companies will need to do more than just talk to community members. This is supported by a research done in Ethiopia [33]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the finding\u0026rsquo;s the company is good in COVID 19 Pandemic prevention and control activities, caring for elders or people living with HIV, and occupational health and safety for the Employees.in the contrary the company is not okay to invest in waste management, air and water pollution and related environmental protection issues. This might be because company shareholders, employees and managers assume that participating in this regard have no positive impacts to their companies\u0026rsquo; profit-making capacity. Or they may also believe that it is wasting money and out of the objective to work on no-profit activities. This might emanate from the wrong assumption that health care issues belong solely to governments, but not to other companies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is possible to infer that the overall accomplishment in this regard of corporate social responsibility practice by Dashen Brewery S.C is not satisfactory\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal determinants such as, Firm\u0026rsquo;s profitability, leadership, social media marketing, and External determinants (legal environment and community perception towards CSR, and social license) were identified determinants of corporate social responsibility practice\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Limitation of the study","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe cross-sectional nature of the data made it difficult to reach the causal relationship between the different independent and outcome variables (chicken egg dilemma).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInadequate literatures from developing countries hinder further discussion and comparison\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotential recall bias\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAIDS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCOVID\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorona Virus Diseases\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCSR\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorporate Social Responsibility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eEPRDF\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthiopia Peoples\u0026rsquo; Democratic Liberation Front\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eEU\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean Union\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eHIV\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Immune Virus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eILO\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternational Labor Organization\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eITO\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternational Trade Organizations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMNO\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMulti National Organization\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eNGO\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-Governmental Organizations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eS.C\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShared Company\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSPSS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStastical Package for Social Science\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eUN\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnited Nation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eUNDP\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnited Nation Development Program\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eWHO\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld Health Organization\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval and consent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Debre Berhan University College of Medicine and Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Clinical trial number: not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data sets analyzed are available with a reasonable request through the corresponding author\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc12974917\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMM was responsible to conception, design, and acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, and was responsible in the writing the original research and preparation of the manuscript for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe researcher is\u0026nbsp;grateful\u0026nbsp;to Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan town Administration, Dashen brewery S.C managers and consecutive leaders, study participants, data collectors, and supervisors for their cooperation in the study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMM: BSc, MSc in Pediatrics and child health Nursing,MBA in Business Administration; Lecturer in Debre Markos University,College of Health science, Department of Nursing and PhD Candidate in Public Health Nutrtion in Bahir Dar University\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCarroll, A., Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is on a sustainable trajectory. Journal of Defense Management, 2015. \u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e(2): p. 1-2.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCaramela, S., What is corporate social responsibility. Business News Daily, 2016. \u003cstrong\u003e27\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 2016.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSharma, Y., Role of corporate social responsibility in organization. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 2013. \u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e(4): p. 1.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBowen, H.R. and F.E. JOHNSON, Social responsibilities of the businessman... with a commentary by F. Ernest Johnson. 1953: New York.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHelg, \u0026Aring;., Corporate social responsibility from a Nigerian perspective. rapport nr.: Organisation, 2007.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePetersen, H. and H. Vredenburg, Corporate governance, social responsibility and capital markets: exploring the institutional investor mental model. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 2009.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAtuluku, A. and J. Uchendu, Between Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Sustainability.[verkkodokumentti].[Viitattu 03.12. 2017]. Saatavilla: http://sustyvibes. com/corporate-social-responsibility-business-sustainability, 2016.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCarroll, A.B., Corporate social responsibility: The centerpiece of competing and complementary frameworks. Organizational dynamics, 2015.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrusseau, J. Three theories of corporate social responsibility. in The business ethics workshop. 2015.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMadrakhimova, F.S. Tool for assessing Corporate Social Responsibility. in Global Conference on Business \u0026amp; Finance Proceedings. 2013. Institute for Business \u0026amp; Finance Research.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDartey-Baah, K. and K. Amponsah-Tawiah, Exploring the limits of Western corporate social responsibility theories in Africa. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2011. \u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e(18).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePirsch, J., S. Gupta, and S.L. Grau, A framework for understanding corporate social responsibility programs as a continuum: An exploratory study. Journal of business ethics, 2007. \u003cstrong\u003e70\u003c/strong\u003e(2): p. 125-140.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen, J., Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Investopedia. https://www. investopedia. com/terms/c/corp-social-responsibility, 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRothan, H.A. and S.N. Byrareddy, The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of autoimmunity: p. 102433.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhao, S., et al., Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak. International journal of infectious diseases, 2020. \u003cstrong\u003e92\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 214-217.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBogoch, I.I., et al., Pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan, China: potential for international spread via commercial air travel. Journal of travel medicine, 2020. \u003cstrong\u003e27\u003c/strong\u003e(2): p. taaa008.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLu, H., C.W. Stratton, and Y.W. Tang, Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. Journal of medical virology, 2020. \u003cstrong\u003e92\u003c/strong\u003e(4): p. 401-402.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUtting, P. and J.C. Marques, Introduction: The intellectual crisis of CSR, in Corporate social responsibility and regulatory governance. 2010, Springer. p. 1-25.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGarc\u0026iacute;a-Moreno, C., et al., Addressing violence against women: a call to action. The Lancet, 2015. \u003cstrong\u003e385\u003c/strong\u003e(9978): p. 1685-1695.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKeinert, C., Corporate social responsibility as an international strategy. 2008: Springer Science \u0026amp; Business Media.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWilli, A., S. Brammer, and A. Millington, Corporate social responsibility in developing countries: An institutional analysis. 2014, University of Bath.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCampbell, J.T., L. Eden, and S.R. Miller, Multinationals and corporate social responsibility in host countries: Does distance matter? Journal of International Business Studies, 2012. \u003cstrong\u003e43\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 84-106.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReast, J., et al., Legitimacy-seeking organizational strategies in controversial industries: A case study analysis and a bidimensional model. Journal of Business Ethics, 2013. \u003cstrong\u003e118\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 139-153.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNegussie, H. and Y. Berhane, Assessment of alcohol advertising practices in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 2012. \u003cstrong\u003e26\u003c/strong\u003e(3): p. 216-225.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHailu, F.K. and K.R.M. Rao, Perception of local community on corporate social responsibility of Brewery Firms in Ethiopia. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 2016. \u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e(3).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYusuf, A., Assessment of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices and Determinants: A Comparative Study Conducted in Addis Ababa Tannery and Awash Tannery (MBA Thesis). Ethiopia: Addis Ababa University.[Google Scholar], 2013.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSummary and statistical report of the 2007 population and housing census. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Federal democratic republic of Ethiopia population census commission. 2008: CSA. 1-10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAvailable from: https://vasariglobal.com/ Vasari Dashen Plant.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGeorge, D. and M. Mallery, Using SPSS for Windows step by step: a simple guide and reference. 2003.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCampbell, J.L., Why would corporations behave in socially responsible ways? An institutional theory of corporate social responsibility. Academy of management Review, 2007. \u003cstrong\u003e32\u003c/strong\u003e(3): p. 946-967.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDelautre, G. and D. Abriata, Corporate social responsibility: Exploring determinants and complementarities. ILO Research Department Working Paper, 2018(38).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbbas, J., et al., The Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices and Environmental Factors through a Moderating Role of Social Media Marketing on Sustainable Performance of Business Firms. Sustainability, 2019. \u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e(12): p. 3434.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEphrem, H., Assessment on practices and determinants of corporate social Responsibility in Ethiopian leather industry: A comparative study conducted in Abyssinia tannery PLC. and blue Nile tannery SC. 2018, Addis Ababa University.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Corporate social responsibility, Dashen Brewery, Health, COVID 19, Debre Berhan","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8955597/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8955597/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eCorporate social responsibility means that organizations have responsibilities to society beyond producing goods and services at a profit in economic, legal, ethical, and Philanthropic domains. This study aimed at assessing the Health-Related Corporate Social Responsibility practice and its determinants in the time of COVID 19 Pandemics in the case of Dashen Brewery Shared Company, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was employed among 422 respondents of Dashen brewery Employees and nearby residents from February 2020 to June 2020 in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. Data was entered coded and cleaned using Epi-DATA version 4.6.0 and analysis was done by using the Statistical package for social science version 20 statistical software. Descriptive and inferential analysis was done as applicable. Bivariate regression was done for each explanatory variable and multivariable logistic regression analysis with 95% confidence interval and P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered as statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study revealed that the industry majorly participates in COVID 19 pandemic prevention, caring elders in Habesha elder\u0026rsquo;s center and people living with HIV AIDS, and employee\u0026rsquo;s safety and health, but the company\u0026rsquo;s contribution on environmental protection and environmental waste management system and cleanliness poor. In conclusion, the overall corporate social responsibility practice related to health care service is not satisfactory.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that the Firm\u0026rsquo;s profitability (AOR 5.2, 95% CI: (2.3\u0026ndash;11.7), leadership (AOR 3.3, 95% CI: (1.1\u0026ndash;9.6), social media marketing(AOR 6.3,95% CI:(2.7-14.97), legal environment(AOR 2.72, 95% CI: 1.62\u0026ndash;4.6), community perception (AOR 5.2, 95% CI: (3.4\u0026ndash;15), and social license (AOR 8, 95% CI: (4.3\u0026ndash;23.6)) were significantly associated with the firm\u0026rsquo;s health-related corporate social responsibility practice\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe firm\u0026rsquo;s profitability, leadership, social media marketing, legal environment, community perception towards CSR, and social license were determinants of corporate social responsibility practice. This study recommended that the government of Ethiopia should include all domains of health-related corporate social responsibility in the investment policy of the country and Dashen brewery Shared Company should also work more on environmental and community health aspects of corporate social responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessment of Health-Related Corporate Social Responsibility Practices and Their Determinants During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of Dashen Brewery Share Company in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-10 07:24:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8955597/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-04T06:45:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"87646860403241887979177939086022230851","date":"2026-03-18T05:27:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-04T01:06:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-04T01:03:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-03T10:13:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-02T10:25:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2026-03-02T07:37:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7d16b372-6ed8-4f73-91ff-64ca9a8690ef","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 10th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-10T07:24:53+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-10 07:24:53","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8955597","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8955597","identity":"rs-8955597","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}