Biomass production and physiological parameters of intercropped basil-forage turnip as affected by biochar and vermicompost

Biomass production and physiological parameters of intercropped basil-forage turnip as affected by biochar and vermicompost | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Biomass production and physiological parameters of intercropped basil-forage turnip as affected by biochar and vermicompost Roma Kalhor Monfared, Mohammad Reza Ardakani, Farzad Paknejad, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3864718/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Intercropping systems as an eco-friendly strategy, meliorates the quality of the agro-ecosystem. On the other hand, usage of soil amendments was environmental friendly technology to improve sustainability of soil resources and production plants. This two-year (2018–2019) study target to distinguish the quality and quantity of sweet basil in intercropping system with forage turnip with usage of vermicompost and biochar as a soil amendments. The treatments in the main plots were: A 1 : 90% forage turnip + 10% basil; A 2 : 80% forage turnip + 20% basil; A 3 : 70% forage turnip + 30% basil, in main plots; also two vermicompost levels (15 ton ha − 1 , 18.5 ton ha − 1 ) and two biochar levels (control, 5 ton ha − 1 ) were placed in subplots. Thus, intercropping of basil and forage turnip at level of 70% forage turnip + 30% basil with biochar and vermicompost at 18.5 ton ha − 1 was the best performance compared to another treatments. That treatment promoted chlorophyll ( a + b ) 65.32%, carotenoid 67.47%, soluble sugars 77.35%, relative water content 33.13%, dry matter yield 62.54%, essential oil 63.15%, essential oil yield 191.76% and reduced membrane stability index 150.95%, compared to 90% forage turnip + 10% basil and vermicompost at 15 ton ha − 1 (without biochar). Thus, it can be suggested to farmers as an ecological friendly methods to improve basil yield and yield compounds. Essential oil yield Medicinal forage plants Photosynthesis pigments Relative water content Soil amendments Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Intercropping systems are an agro-ecological and organic farming systems that was in progress of agriculture. Intercropping based on points of ecology, increasing adopted worldwide to improve ecosystem sustainability. Intercropping has many advantageous such as higher crop productivity and environmental security, low-input agriculture, manage water, insects, weeds and diseases base on biodiversity (Ardakani et al. 2009 ; Rezapour Kavishahi et al. 2023; Madembo et al. 2020; Maitra 2020 ; Maitra et al. 2021 ; Glaze-Corcoran et al. 2020), improved light absorption and soil conservation compared to monoculture (Hussain et al. 2020 ). Medicinal plants have a substantial action in farming systems, for raised profitability and can also have an essential contribution to human health. Medicinal plants have been proposed to be the best drugs options for livestock feeds with low side effects and price. In addition, medicinal plants are suitable choice for livestock due to decreased production costs, prevent the use of antibiotics and diminish disadvantages of resistant bacteria and residual effects in food, and therefore to raise public health (Salmerón-Manzano et al. 2020 ; Oluwafemiet al. 2020 ). Basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.) is a main medicinal plants and also essential oil crop that is anti-cancer, antimicrobial, and antifungal. In addition, it has anti-inflammatory, antio-oxidative, and anti-microbial activities due to its abundant secondary metabolites (Askari et al. 2018 and 2019 ; Choi et al. 2020 ; Samarbakhsh et al. 2009 ; Shahrajabian et al. 2020 ). Many studies confirmed that intercropping improved yield and yield compounds of basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.) with tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) (Chala Mamo 2021 ), menthol mint ( Mentha arvensis L.) and sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum L.) (Chaitra et al. 2021 ), basil and lemongrass ( Cymbopogon citratus ) (Ashish et al. 2022 ). Forage turnip ( Brassica rapa L.) is a suitable livestock crops that strength to adapt to different climatic conditions and grow in all seasons of year (hot and cold weather conditions). It has high energy and protein content compared with perennial grasses and cereals, and also can be used for direct grazing, resulting in low and cost-effective harvesting costs (Dogan Das and Denek 2021 ; Tan and Yolcu 2020). Medicinal plants in intercropping with forage crops is a suitable approach and to decrease the chemical drugs usage for livestock. The addition of basil to the forage was confirmed to improved milk production in dairy cattle, and also forage turnip was proved to be appropriate fodder for livestock because of its antibiotic properties and high protein (Choi et al. 2020 ; Dogan Das and Denek 2021 ). Soil amendments provide a healthier soil and environment for roots of plants. Biochar as a soil amendment increase the quality and quantity of crops. It has a lot of profits for the cropping system, due to its potential to prevent nutrient leaching, especially nitrogen, increase soil water capacity and soil fertility, and thereby increase the quality and quantity (Arshad et al. 2021 ; Ilkaee et al. 2011 ; Ochiai et al. 2021 ). Researchers confirmed that biochar increased yield and yield compounds of mint ( Mentha Viridis L.) (Ouertatani 2021 ), pot marigold ( Calendula officinalis L.) (Tavallali et al. 2022 ). Vermicompost is another kind of important soil amendments that is full of nutrients and improve soil nutrients, water holding capacity, stabilizes and biological activity of soil, and enhances soil fertility at a long-term period (Voko et al. 2022 ; Paczka et al. 2021 ). Research has shown that vermicompost usage improved qualitative parameters of sage ( Salvia officinalis ) (Greco et al. 2021 ), mint ( Mentha spicata L.) and rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) (Loera-Muro et al. 2021 ). Most studies on basil have been based on compare monocultures and intercropping, the authors have focused on intercropped of basil and forage turnip to produce a forage crop. This study aimed to evaluate the yield of basil when grown with different levels of forage turnip with the application of biochar and vermicompost as soil amendments. The goals of this study were to identify the most important traits affecting on the dry matter yield (DMY) and essential oil of basil and to determine cause and effect relationships between these traits and the DMY, as well as to consider the indirect effects of other traits affecting yield. Material and methods Research site, treatments and cultivation of plants This experiment was performed at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Islamic Azad University of Karaj (Karaj, Iran), over two-years (2018–2019). The geographic coordinates of the experimental farm are 35˚49’ N and 51˚6’ E, with an altitude of 1321 m above sea level. Meteorological information of this area is illustrated in Table 1 . This farm has for the last 10 years been managed as an agro ecological farming system, without the use of any agrochemical inputs. The temperature and humidity conditions for the two years of the experiment are shown in Fig. 1 . The soil was sampled before planting from a depth of 0–30 cm, and the soil characteristics are shown in Table 2 . Table 1 Meteorological information of Karaj (Karaj, Iran) climate zone Summers Winters Dry days in year Average yearly precipitation Average maximum annual temperature Average minimum annual temperature Average 30-years soil temperature warm and dry Mediterranean warm and dry dry moisture regime 150–180 243 mm 28˚C in July 1˚C 14.5˚C Table 2 Physicochemical properties of the soil in the field before planting (0–30 cm depth) Year O.M (%) EC (ds.m − 1 ) K (mg.kg − 1 ) P (mg.kg − 1 ) N (mg.kg − 1 ) pH Soil texture 2019 0.38 1.7 324 8.23 6.64 7.6 Sandy clay 2018 0.42 1.6 332 8.48 5.12 7.8 Sandy clay O.M: Organic matter, EC: Electrical Conductivity The experiment was conducted as a split-plot factorial completely randomized design with three replications. The experiment was carried out in two years (2018–2019), using the same location in both years and with the exact same positions of treatment combinations. The treatments applied in the main plots were: intercropping at three levels (A 1 : 90% forage turnip + 10% basil; A 2 : 80% forage turnip + 20% basil; A 3 : 70% forage turnip + 30% basil) in main plots. Treatments with vermicompost (V 1 : 15 ton ha − 1 ; V 2 : 18.5 ton ha − 1 ) and biochar (B 1 : control, B 2 : 5 ton ha − 1 ) were placed in subplots. The sweet basil cultivar was Mobarake and the forage turnip cultivar was PacFB05. In the intercropping treatments the forage turnip density was reduced by sowing 10, 20 or 30% of basil, with the percentages relating to the number of seeds sown. The basil sown between turnip rows. In both years, sowing was done by hand on 24 July, at the same time for both species. Each plot included four rows, with a length of 2m and distance of 30cm between the lines. The outer rows were considered the border, and the two inner rows were used to evaluate various plant traits. The plots were regularly irrigated at intervals of 7 days. Weeds were controlled manually by hand and without using any chemical inputs. No pesticides were used during the growth of the plants. The applied biochar has been made by pyrolysis method, from forest trees wood. Results of the chemical analysis of biochar are shown in Table 3 . The amounts of vermicompost applied were based on the nitrogen required of plant by the crop (V 1 : 15 ton ha − 1 ), and at a rate 25% higher than this (V 2 : 18.5 ton ha − 1 ). Before application, the physical/chemical characteristics of the vermicompost were measured, and the result are illustrated in Table 4 . One day before sowing (23 July in both years) the biochar and vermicompost were distributed on top of each row and was mixed into the soil to a depth of 30 cm. Table 3 Chemical analysis of biochar Year N (%) P (%) K (%) Iron (%) Calcium (%) Oxygen (%) Carbon (%) Silicon (%) Aluminum (%) 2019 0.31 0.18 0.38 0.42 4.31 43.71 48.83 1.43 0.18 2018 0.34 0.16 0.35 0.45 4.25 42.26 47.24 1.32 0.17 Table 4 Physicochemical properties of the vermicompost Year C/N O.C (%) O.M (%) EC (ds.m − 1 ) K (%) P (%) N (%) pH Humidity 2019 13.22 22.89 40.18 7.5 0.55 0.43 1.64 7.06 4.06 2018 14.45 25.17 41.25 7.8 0.50 0.48 1.78 7.8 4.58 O.C: Organic Carbon, O.M: Organic matter, EC: Electrical Conductivity Sample collection and measurement Photosynthesis pigments 0.5 g of leaf was mixed with 80% acetone and centrifuged, and after preparing the extract, the amount of light absorption was read by a spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 663, 645, and 470 nm for chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids respectively and calculated by Eqs. 1, 2 and 3 (Arnon 1967). Equation 1: Chl. a (mg L − 1 ) = (12.25 * A 663 ) - (2.79* A 647 ) Equation 2: Chl. b (mg L − 1 ) = (21.5* A 647 ) - (5.1* A 663 ) Equation 3: Carotenoids = 100 (A 470 ) − 3.27 (mg chl. a ) – 104 (mg chl. b )/227 Catalase activity To measure catalase enzyme activity, a reaction mixture containing 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH = 7), 20 mM H 2 O 2 , 0.1 mM EDTA, and 50 µl of enzyme extract was used. Catalase enzyme was calculated using the reduction of H 2 O 2 absorption. The reaction was started by adding 100 µl of the enzyme extract in a final volume of 3 ml, and the absorbance changes at 240 nm were recorded for 3 minutes, then the enzyme activity was expressed as absorbance changes per minute of fresh weight (Aebi 1984 ). Relative water content (RWC) and membrane stability index RWC was calculated through Eq. 4 (Ferrat and Loval 1999 ). Equation 4: RWC= [Fw-DW]/[Sw-DW]×100 Where, FW = leaf wet weight, DW = leaf dry weight and SW = saturated leaf weight. Membrane stability index was evaluated by measuring the leakage rate of leaf electrolytes. For this purpose, each sample was placed in distilled water with a volume of 20 ml and kept at room temperature for 24 hours. The electrical conductivity of the distilled water along with the sample was measured as the initial leakage. Secondary leakage was also measured by measuring the electrical conductivity of the samples after heating them for 2 minutes at 100 ⸰ C. The membrane stability index was calculated through Eq. 5 (Bertin et al. 1996 ). Equation 5: Membrane stability index = 1- (primary leakage /secondary leakage) × 100 Total anthocyanin Total anthocyanin was extracted from 1 g of dried leaf by adding 10 mL of ethanol (95%), HCl 1.5 M. Then the sample was transferred to 50 mL beaker, covered and kept overnight in the refrigerator at a temperature of 4 ⸰ C. Absorption of solution was measured by spectrophotometer at 535 nm (Lee and Francis 1971 ). Equation 6: Total anthocyanin = [A535× V × 100]/ [98.2 × W] Where, V = total volume extract (ml), W = weight sample (g). Soluble sugars The dried samples were ground and after weighing, they were poured into the falcon and 15 ml of 80% ethanol was added to Erlenmeyer flask and vortexes for 20 seconds. Falcons containing the extract were kept in an oven at 50°C for 24 hours until their ethanol evaporated and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. 2 ml of the liquid phase extract was removed after centrifugation, and the samples were read in a spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 485 nm and a standard curve was drawn, and the amount of sugar was obtained by inserting numbers into the linear equation (Sheligl 1986 ). Amount and yield of essential oil The essential oil content measured by extracted from the dry plant (leaves and basil flowers) using the distillation method with water by the Cloninger machine (for 2 hours) and finally the essential oil content was calculated in milliliters per 100 g of dry matter. Essential oil yield was obtained from the product of the dry matter yield in in the essential oil content. Yield and yield components of basil After 90 days, the basil and forage turnip plants were harvested. However, this study focused on measuring of the basil and all traits reported here related to the basil only. At the time of harvest, plant height and total dry matter yields (DMY) (leaf + stem) were measured. Plant samples were harvested from a 1m 2 area of each plot. Plant height was measured with a graduated ruler. Dry matter yields samples were placed in room temperature (at 25°C) for 14 days. The basil height was measured with a graduated ruler and the main stem diameter of basil was measured by a digital caliper. Statistics Multiplex data analysis covering the two-year experiment was completed using SAS software (Ver. 9.4). Excel software was used to plot the graphs. The mean values were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test at a 5% probability level. Comprehensive statistical analyses (correlation) were analyzed with SAS software (Ver. 9.4). Results Basil photosynthesis pigments The results of the ANOVA for photosynthesis pigments demonstrated the significance of the main effects of the intercropping, biochar and vermicompost. In addition, the interactions between intercropping x biochar, intercropping x vermicompost, biochar x vermicompost, as well as the triple interactions of the intercropping x biochar x vermicompost were significant ( p < 0.01) (Table 5 ). The mean values indicated that with increased proportions of basil, the photosynthesis pigments of the basil increased in both years. The application of biochar and vermicompost at 18.5 ton ha − 1 also increased photosynthesis pigments in both of the experimental years. The lowest chlorophyll a 7.36 mg.g − 1 FW, chlorophyll b 3.72 mg.g − 1 FW, chlorophyll ( a + b ) 12.14 mg.g − 1 FW, carotenoid 4.95 mg.g − 1 FW, was recorded for the 90% forage turnip + 10% basil × vermicompost at 15 ton ha − 1 . The highest chlorophyll a 13.94 mg.g − 1 FW, chlorophyll b 7.06 mg.g − 1 FW, chlorophyll ( a + b ) 20.07 mg.g − 1 FW, carotenoid 8.29 mg.g − 1 FW was recorded for the treatment with 70% forage turnip + 30% basil ×vermicompost 18.5 ton ha − 1 (Table 6 ). Table 5 ANOVA for basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.) photosynthesis pigments and soluble sugars Source DF Chl. a Chl. b Chl. ( a + b ) Carotenoid Soluble sugars Year 1 1.10 ns 8.35 ns 9.73 ns 3.21 ns 1.21 ns Replication (year) 4 4.25 10.49 13.15 8.79 9.05 Intercropping (a) 2 56.11 ** 16.24 ** 96.21 ** 52.64 ** 28.42 ** Year × a 2 34.59 ns 39.85 ns 53.18 ns 43.56 ns 2.73 ns Replication (year × intercropping) 8 8.43 3.19 9.36 10.37 8.61 Biochar (b) 1 25.72 ** 38.94 ** 43.11 ** 35.79 ** 31.02 ** Year × b 1 3.14 ns 2.82 ns 5.32 ns 5.73 ns 2.29 ns Vermicompost (c) 1 41.70 ** 43.18 ** 29.79 ** 48.01 ** 45.08 ** Year × c 1 1.95 ns 3.21 ns 1.91 ns 4.97 ns 1.95 ns a × b 2 39.73 ** 59.82 ** 65.85 ** 62.86 ** 57.33 ** Year × a × b 2 1.75 ns 4.36 ns 2.54 ns 3.53 ns 1.36 ns a × c 2 56.61 ** 53.80 ** 91.07 ** 35.11 ** 83.14 ** Year × a × c 2 3.48 ns 4.15 ns 6.13 ns 5.37 ns 0.95 ns b × c 1 28.34 ** 32.53 ** 56.72 ** 26.73 ** 95.07 ** Year × b × c 1 3.69 ns 5.36 ns 6.74 ns 3.42 ns 1.34 ns a × b × c 2 50.71 ns 71.26 ** 53.90 ** 53.76 ** 67.85 ** Year × a × b × c 2 5.36 ns 6.51 ns 3.68 ns 10.07 ns 1.13 ns Error 36 6.24 10.36 9.57 11.82 10.86 C.V (%) 7.95 6.49 8.67 9.05 7.09 **Significant at p < 0.01. ns, no significance (at p < 0.05) Table 6 Interaction of intercropping, vermicompost and biochar on photosynthesis pigments Treatments Chl. a Chl. b Chl. ( a + b ) Carotenoid Intercropping Vermicompost (ton ha − 1 ) Biochar (ton ha − 1 ) (mg.g − 1 FW) (mg.g − 1 FW) (mg.g − 1 FW) (mg.g − 1 FW) 70% Forage turnip + 30% Basil 18.5 5 13.94 a 7.06 a 20.07 a 8.29 a 0 11.13 c 5.67 c 19.52 b 6.57 c 15 5 10.67 c 5.41 c 16.11 c 6.59 c 0 9.68 d 4.75 d 15.21 c 6.01 d 80% Forage turnip + 20% Basil 18.5 5 11.43 c 5.72 c 18.43 bc 7.51 b 0 12.97 b 6.46 b 19.24 b 7.68 b 15 5 12.56 b 6.01 b 17.52 bc 7.31 b 0 8.05 e 4.31 e 13.74 d 5.74 d 90% Forage turnip + 10% Basil 18.5 5 12.54 b 6.32 b 18.71 bc 7.55 b 0 11.16 c 5.42 c 16.6 c 6.65 c 15 5 9.52 d 4.75 d 14.75 cd 5.98 d 0 7.36 e 3.72 f 12.14 e 4.95 e Dissimilar letters indicate significant differences at the 5% level according to Duncan’s test Soluble sugars The analysis of variances showed that the soluble sugars was influenced significantly by the main effects of the intercropping, biochar and vermicompost. Also, the interactions between intercropping x biochar, intercropping x vermicompost, biochar x vermicompost, as well as the triple interactions of the intercropping x biochar x vermicompost were significant ( p < 0.01) (Table 5 ). In both years, with increased proportions of basil, the soluble sugars of the basil increased and usage of biochar and vermicompost raised soluble sugars in both of the experimental years. The lowest soluble sugars 20.09 mg.g − 1 FW, was observed in the interaction of 90% forage turnip + 10% basil × vermicompost at 15 ton ha − 1 and the highest soluble sugars 35.63 mg.g − 1 FW was related to the interaction of 70% forage turnip + 30% basil x biochar x vermicompost 18.5 ton ha − 1 (Table 8 ). Table 7 ANOVA for catalase activity, anthocyanin, relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index, and essential oil Source DF Catalase activity Anthocyanin RWC Membrane stability index Essential oil Year 1 1.17 ns 4.73 ns 5.89 ns 5.61 ns 0.43 ns Replication (year) 4 2.73 5.98 6.36 4.79 3.42 Intercropping (a) 2 6.86 ** 11.24 ** 23.14 ** 18.56 ** 21.15 ** Year × a 2 1.20 ns 3.76 ns 8.02 ns 6.43 ns 1.86 ns Replication (year × intercropping) 8 9.36 8.35 9.27 10.43 5.23 Biochar (b) 1 7.71 ** 21.52 ** 32.55 ** 36.12 ** 56.97 ** Year × b 1 1.39 ns 3.79 ns 5.87 ns 8.15 ns 1.30 ns Vermicompost (c) 1 5.79 ** 32.46 ** 17.34 ** 21.85 ** 76.21 ** Year × c 1 1.01 ns 0.87 ns 7.06 ns 8.13 ns 1.91 ns a × b 2 0.85 ns 1.02 ns 42.59 ** 28.33 ** 39.85 ** Year × a × b 2 2.54 ns 0.79 ns 6.24 ns 7.46 ns 1.73 ns a × c 2 0.57 ns 1.01 ns 14.53 ** 19.82 ** 30.99 ** Year × a × c 2 0.32 ns 1.24 ns 10.34 ns 11.73 ns 2.69 ns b × c 1 0.89 ns 0.98 ns 38.27 ** 21.94 ** 29.31 ** Year × b × c 1 0.74 ns 1.21 ns 9.03 ns 8.89 ns 1.25 ns a × b × c 2 1.61 ns 1.04 ns 59.43 ** 73.25 ** 11.76 ** Year × a × b × c 2 0.69 ns 1.53 ns 6.81 ns 6.48 ns 3.24 ns Error 36 3.07 7.95 8.28 9.73 5.42 C.V (%) 6.58 9.14 6.73 8.14 7.22 **Significant at p < 0.01. ns, no significance (at p < 0.05) Table 8 Interaction of intercropping, vermicompost and biochar on soluble sugars, relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index and essential oil Treatments Soluble sugars RWC Membrane stability index Essential oil Intercropping Vermicompost (ton ha − 1 ) Biochar (ton ha − 1 ) (mg.g − 1 FW) (%) (mol ml − 1 s − 1 ) (%) 70% Forage turnip + 30% Basil 18.5 5 35.63 a 74.66 a 1.57 e 1.86 a 0 31.22 b 65.09 b 2.04 d 1.68 b 15 5 31.14 b 67.69 b 2.58 cd 1.52 c 0 26.08 c 67.14 b 2.67 cd 1.38 d 80% Forage turnip + 20% Basil 18.5 5 30.98 b 70.11 b 2.63 cd 1.72 b 0 26.19 c 62.7 c 2.55 cd 1.55 c 15 5 25.94 d 64.1 c 2.92 c 1.38 d 0 23.52 e 61.11 c 3.52 b 1.28 e 90% Forage turnip + 10% Basil 18.5 5 23.31 e 65.06 c 2.95 c 1.56 c 0 21.72 f 67.85 b 2.74 c 1.44 cd 15 5 23.26 e 62.15 c 3.04 c 1.42 cd 0 20.09 g 56.08 d 3.94 a 1.14 f Dissimilar letters indicate significant differences at the 5% level according to Duncan’s test Catalase activity and anthocyanin The results of the ANOVA for catalase activity and anthocyanin indicated the significance of the main effects of the intercropping, biochar and vermicompost were significant ( p < 0.01) (Table 7 ). The mean values indicated that with increased proportions of basil, the catalase activity of the basil decreased and the anthocyanin increased in both years. The use of biochar and vermicompost at 18.5 ton ha − 1 increased catalase activity and anthocyanin in both of the experimental years. For the treatment with intercropping, the lowest catalase activity 0.005 µmole FW min − 1 was related to 70% forage turnip + 30% basil and the lowest anthocyanin 31.72 µg g − 1 DW was seen in 90% forage turnip + 10% basil. The highest catalase activity 0.013 µmole FW min − 1 was related to 90% forage turnip + 10% basil and the highest anthocyanin 38.47 µg g − 1 DW was observed in 70% forage turnip + 30% basil. For the treatment with vermicompost, the lowest catalase activity 0.008 µmole FW min − 1 , and anthocyanin 36.73 µg g − 1 DW was seen in vermicompost at 15 ton ha − 1 . The highest catalase activity 0.012 µmole FW min − 1 and anthocyanin 40.56 µg g − 1 DW was seen in vermicompost at 18.5 ton ha − 1 . For treatments with biochar, the lowest catalase activity 0.009 µmole FW min − 1 , and anthocyanin 30.74 µg g − 1 DW was seen in control (without biochar). The highest catalase activity 0.012 µmole FW min − 1 and anthocyanin 35.82 µg g − 1 DW was observed in application of biochar (Table 10 ). Table 9 ANOVA for plant height, main stem diameter, leaf/stem ratio, dry matter yield (DMY) and essential oil yield Source DF Plant height Main stem diameter Leaf/stem ratio DMY Essential oil yield Year 1 2.86 ns 0.15 ns 4.28 ns 1.27 ns 1.13 ns Replication (year) 4 8.79 0.93 7.18 4.26 5.49 Intercropping (a) 2 52.64 ** 1.35 ** 36.12 ** 97.24 ** 30.66 ** Year × a 2 2.45 ns 0.21 ns 5.28 ns 1.70 ns 1.48 ns Replication (year × intercropping) 8 10.37 1.43 8.76 4.41 6.79 Biochar (b) 1 35.79 ** 1.70 ** 31.48 ** 103.94 ** 40.22 ** Year × b 1 5.73 ns 0.56 ns 8.06 ns 1.80 ns 3.16 ns Vermicompost (c) 1 48.01 ** 3.61 ** 43.85 ** 68.79 ** 39.53 ** Year × c 1 4.97 ns 1.06 ns 5.63 ns 3.21 ns 4.32 ns a × b 2 11.03 ns 0.55 ns 6.24 ns 51.82 ** 48.79 ** Year × a × b 2 3.53 ns 0.26 ns 3.97 ns 2.36 ns 2.36 ns a × c 2 9.71 ns 0.14 ns 4.74 ns 74.21 ** 55.89 ** Year × a × c 2 1.22 ns 0.27 ns 4.07 ns 4.15 ns 3.35 ns b × c 1 3.76 ns 0.69 ns 5.84 ns 92.09 ** 63.72 ** Year × b × c 1 6.40 ns 1.01 ns 3.66 ns 2.28 ns 1.73 ns a × b × c 2 10.79 ns 0.98 ns 2.55 ns 101.73 ** 21.06 ** Year × a × b × c 2 11.25 ns 0.79 ns 6.42 ns 8.11 ns 4.73 ns Error 36 16.97 5.43 10.76 10.11 8.21 C.V (%) 10.52 5.32 5.95 12.83 8.76 **Significant at p < 0.01. ns, no significance (at p < 0.05) Table 10 Effect of intercropping, vermicompost and biochar on catalase activity, anthocyanin, plant height, main stem diameter and leaf/stem ratio Treatments Catalase activity (µmole FW min − 1 ) Anthocyanin (µg g − 1 DW) Plant height (cm) Main stem diameter (cm) Leaf/stem ratio Intercropping 70% Forage turnip + 30% Basil 0.005 c 38.47 a 54.21 a 0.73 a 1.76 a 80% Forage turnip + 20% Basil 0.009 b 35.24 b 50.38 b 0.64 b 1.39 b 90% Forage turnip + 10% Basil 0.013 a 31.72 c 47.56 c 0.51 c 1.18 c Vermicompost 18.5 ton ha − 1 0.012 a 40.56 a 55.61 a 0.76 a 1.79 a 15 ton ha − 1 0.008 b 36.73 b 48.72 b 0.61 b 1.38 b Biochar 5 ton ha − 1 0.012 a 35.82 a 51.73 a 0.62 a 1.61 a Control 0.009 b 30.74 b 46.95 b 0.53 b 1.27 b Dissimilar letters indicate significant differences at the 5% level according to Duncan’s test Relative water content (RWC) and membrane stability index The analysis of variances indicated that the RWC and membrane stability index were influenced significantly by the main effects of the intercropping, biochar and vermicompost. Also, the interactions between intercropping x biochar, intercropping x vermicompost, biochar x vermicompost, as well as the triple interactions of the intercropping x biochar x vermicompost were significant ( p < 0.01) (Table 7 ). In both years, with increased proportions of basil, the RWC of the basil increased and the membrane stability index decreased. Also, usage of biochar and vermicompost raised RWC and reduced membrane stability index in both of the experimental years. The lowest RWC 56.08%, and the highest membrane stability index 3.94 mol ml − 1 s − 1 was observed in the interaction of 90% forage turnip + 10% basil × vermicompost at 15 ton ha − 1 and the highest RWC 74.66% and the lowest membrane stability index 1.57 mol ml − 1 s − 1 was related to the interaction of 70% forage turnip + 30% basil x biochar x vermicompost 18.5 ton ha − 1 (Table 8 ). Essential oil The results of the ANOVA for essential oil was influenced significantly by the main effects of the intercropping, biochar and vermicompost. Also, the interactions between intercropping x biochar, intercropping x vermicompost, biochar x vermicompost, also the triple interactions of the intercropping x biochar x vermicompost were significant ( p < 0.01) (Table 7 ). The mean values indicated that with increased proportions of basil, the essential oil of the basil improved and the use of biochar and vermicompost at 18.5 ton ha − 1 increased essential oil in both of the experimental years. The lowest essential oil 1.14% was observed in the interaction of 90% forage turnip + 10% basil × vermicompost at 15 ton ha − 1 and the highest essential oil 1.86% ml − 1 s − 1 was related to the interaction of 70% forage turnip + 30% basil x biochar x vermicompost 18.5 ton ha − 1 (Table 8 ). Yield compounds of basil (plant height, main stem diameter, leaf/stem ratio) The results of the ANOVA for yield compounds of basil showed the significance of the main effects of the intercropping, biochar and vermicompost were significant ( p < 0.01) (Table 7 ). The mean values indicated that with increased proportions of basil, the yield compounds of basil increased in both years and the application of biochar and vermicompost at 18.5 ton ha − 1 increased yield compounds of basil in both of the experimental years. For the treatment with intercropping, the lowest plant height 46.56 cm, main stem diameter 0.51 cm, leaf/stem ratio 1.18, was related to 90% forage turnip + 10% basil. The highest plant height 54.21 cm, main stem diameter 0.73 cm, leaf/stem ratio 1.76 was related to 70% forage turnip + 30% basil. For treatments with vermicompost, the lowest plant height 48.72 cm, main stem diameter 0.61 mm, leaf/stem ratio 1.38, was seen in vermicompost at 15 ton ha − 1 . The highest plant height 55.61 cm, main stem diameter 0.76 mm, leaf/stem ratio 1.79 was observed in vermicompost at 18.5 ton ha − 1 . For treatments with biochar, the lowest plant height 46.95 cm, main stem diameter 0.53 cm, leaf/stem ratio 1.27, was seen in control (without biochar). The highest plant height 51.73 cm, main stem diameter 0.62 cm, leaf/stem ratio 1.61, was observed in application of biochar (Table 10 ). Dry matter yield (DMY) and essential oil yield The analysis of variances showed that the DMY and essential oil yield were influenced significantly by the main effects of the intercropping, biochar and vermicompost. Also, the interactions between intercropping x biochar, intercropping x vermicompost, biochar x vermicompost, as well as the triple interactions of the intercropping x biochar x vermicompost were significant ( p < 0.01) (Table 5 ). In both years, with increased proportions of basil, the DMY and essential oil yield of the basil increased and use of biochar and vermicompost improved the DMY and essential oil yield in both of the experimental years. The lowest DMY 1208.23 kg ha − 1 , was observed in the interaction of 90% forage turnip + 10% basil × vermicompost at 15 ton ha − 1 and the highest DMY 1963.91 kg ha − 1 was seen in the interaction of 70% forage turnip + 30% basil x biochar x vermicompost 18.5 ton ha − 1 (Fig. 2 ). The lowest essential oil yield 12.51 (kg ha − 1 ), was observed in the interaction of 90% forage turnip + 10% basil × vermicompost at 15 ton ha − 1 and the highest essential oil yield 36.52 (kg ha − 1 ) was related to the interaction of 70% forage turnip + 30% basil x biochar x vermicompost 18.5 ton ha − 1 (Fig. 3 ). Correlation Dry matter yield had significant positive correlations with chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , carotenoid, soluble sugar, catalase activity, essential oil ( p < 0.05) and also had significant positive correlations with plant height, main stem diameter, essential oil yield ( p < 0.01). Dry matter yield had significant negative correlations with anthocyanin and membrane stability index. The highest correlation was observed between the dry matter yield and essential oil yield (r = 0.952), which led to a higher essential oil for plants (Table 11 ). Table 11 Pearson correlation coefficients for total dry matter yield (DMY), chlorophyll (Chl), carotenoid, soluble sugars, catalase activity (CAT), anthocyanin, relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index, essential oil (E.O), plant height, main stem diameter and essential oil yield (E.O. yield). Correlation coefficients for dry matter yield and physiological traits, n = 24 Chl. a Chl. b Carotenoid Soluble sugars CAT Anthocyanin RWC Membrane stability index E.O Plant height Main stem diameter E.O. yield DMY Chl. a 1 0.990 ** 0.969 ** 0.568 * 0.675 ns -0.766 * 0.782 * -0.274 ns 0.376 ns 0.478 ns 0.649 ns 0.656 * 0.618 * Chl. b 1 0.977 ** 0.619 * 0.687 ns -0.789 ** 0.827 * -0.243 ns 0.445 ns 0.528 ns 0.698 ** 0.688 * 0.635 * Carotenoid 1 0.621 * 0.717 ** -0.731 ** 0.825 * -0.169 ns 0.441 ns 0.562 ns 0.755 ** 0.629 * 0.605 * Soluble sugars 1 0.770 ** -0.785 ** 0.84 ** -0.125 ns 0.543 * 0.665 ns 0.738 ** 0.894 * 0.765 * CAT 1 -0.511 * 0.56 ns 0.144 ns -0.225 ns 0.448 ns 0.684 ** 0.688 * 0.672 * Anthocyanin 1 -0.9 ** 0.081 ns 0.321 ns -0.48 ns -0.691 ** -0.85 ** -0.791 ns RWC 1 -0.723 ** 0.390 ns 0.513 ns 0.780 * 0.711 ** 0.625 ns Membrane stability index 1 -0.404 ** -0.42 ** -0.251 ns -0.01 ** -0.091 ns Essential oil 1 -0.91 ** -0.587 * 0.606 ** 0.0562 * Plant height 1 0.792 ** 0.743 ** 0.773 ** Main stem diameter 1 0.720 * 0.774 ** E.O. yield 1 0.952 ** DMY 1 *Significant at p < 0.05. **Significant at p < 0.01. ns, no significance (at p < 0.05) Discussion In this study, intercropping, biochar and vermicompost increased photosynthesis pigments. The increase in leaf chlorophyll and carotenoids content is basically done through improving nitrogen absorption and increasing leaf nitrogen. Intercropping increases the absorption of photo synthetically active rays and the possibility of using the canopy space, also increases the efficiency of nutrients usage, and the relative productivity of each plant from water and nutrients increases (Hussain et al. 2020 ; Madembo et al. 2020; Maitra 2020 ). Vermicompost with biochar make suitable conditions for basil by providing nutrients and water and also prevent to nutrient leaching and increased soil water capacity, so they improved basil photosynthesis pigments and by increasing photosynthesis, promote soluble sugars and also yield and yield compounds of basil (Paczka et al. 2021 ; Tavallali et al. 2022 ). The reduction of soluble sugars reduces the nutrients needed for plant growth, and intercropping has increased the amount of soluble sugars due to the better use of organic matter in the soil by plants (Dai et al. 2018 ). Increasing the membrane stability index (ion leakage) causes a lot of damage to the plant. This damage leads to preventing the production of photosynthetic substances and ultimately causes a decrease in plant growth. By increasing the leaf RWC, intra-cellular pressure is provided for cell growth, and as a result, the expansion of the cell wall becomes possible, and finally, it increases the flexibility of the cell membrane to provide the basis for cell growth (Amer et al. 2021 ). It can be said that by using biochar and improving the physical and chemical conditions of the soil, including the water holding capacity of the soil, the plant is less prone to drought stress and has shown less tendency to increase the stability of the membrane and provides most of the conditions for the expansion and growth of the wall. In this study, biochar and vermicompost increased RWC. Biochar causes water retention around the roots, in the control treatment (without biochar), as water is removed from the soil and not replaced, the water potential in the root area is reduced and if the resistances remain constant in the plant, in order to maintain the speed Sweating, the water potential in the plant decreases significantly. The decrease in the relative water content of the leaves in response to the decrease in the supply of moisture needs of the plant indicates that in this case, the supply of water from the roots does not match the amount of loss from the leaves. Vermicompost by improving the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil, leads to an increase in the plant's access to water, thus, prompts the RWC and reduces the stability index of the membrane in the plant (Raza et al. 2013 ; Voko et al. 2022 ; Yan et al. 2020 ). Probably, vermicompost can actually act as a growth regulator. Because vermicompost containing plant hormones such as gibberellins and containing large amounts of mineral substances such as calcium, it can reduce the leakage of electrolytes and improve the stability of leaf cell membranes (Lahbouki et al. 2021 ; Zhao et al. 2020 ). Our results are similar to the work of Yan et al. ( 2020 ), these researchers stated that the use of biochar increased the quantitative and qualitative yield of five mint species. Catalase is one of the superlative antioxidant enzymes in plants. It supports cells from the effects of hydrogen peroxide and also preventing cell wall degradation and helps plants by removing active oxygen species. Catalase is evaluated as one of the iron including proteins and acts in plants when the hydrogen peroxide in the environment is high, so when the catalase activity is low; it showed that environment conditions are suitable for plants (Tang et al. 2019 ; Farooq et al. 2021 ). Therefore, in this study, intercropping 70% forage turnip + 30% basil decreased catalase activity compare to another levels. Usage of vermicompost and biochar mostly motivate plants to improve the antioxidant system activity by stimulant specific antioxidant genes (Lahbouki et al. 2021 ). Similarly, Tikoria et al. (2021), reported that vermicompost increased catalase activity of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.). Biochar and vermicompost usage improved total anthocyanin of basil. Vermicompost is full of elements and increased the availability of nutrients for plants, which enhanced the higher photosynthetic activity and in turn, corresponded to the higher amounts of anthocyanin. On the other hand, light intensity and temperature are two important environmental factors for red pigments development such as anthocyanin (Lalay et al. 2021 ; Naser et al. 2016), and in present study intercropping in level of 70% forage turnip + 30% basil made suitable conditions for basil. Other studies reported that application of biochar increased Rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.) anthocyanin (Danish and Zafar-ul-Hye 2019 ). Plant height increased by usage of biochar and vermicompost. It seems that, increasing the content of chlorophyll, as an important factor in the plant's photosynthetic system, make increased the growth and height of the plant. In this study, biochar improved plant height by increasing the plant's access to nitrogen. On the other hand, vermicompost can increase plant height due to the availability and increase of soil nitrogen. Also, biochar and vermicompost increased the plant height by improving the qualitative characteristics of the soil (Ouertatani 2021 ; Greco et al. 2021 ). The use of biochar and increasing the amount of vermicompost (18.5 ton ha − 1 ) raised leaf/stem ratio, which can be said that the availability of nitrogen in vermicompost and increasing plant access to this element by biochar; in addition, increased the leaf area and surface durability. It became delayed the aging of leaves and their fall, thereby improving the leaf/stem ratio. Considering that leaves and flowers have the highest amount of essential oil in basil, therefore, increasing the ratio of leaves to stems can play an effective role in increasing the quality and quantity of essential oil produced (Shushupti et al. 2022 ; Mumivand et al. 2023 ). The essential oil yield increased by increasing the use of vermicompost and also application of biochar, due to the increase in the leaf/stem ratio. Because vermicompost and biochar prepare nitrogen for basil and increased leaf area (Mumivand et al. 2023 ). Also, light is one of the most important factors for photosynthesis, which has a great effect on increasing the percentage of essential oil. In this study the height of intercropping plants (basil and forage turnip) were the same and forage turnip was not exposed to shading stress and also increased absorption of photosynthetically active radiation. Thus, basil can use light as well as forage turnip and improved essential oil (Husain et al. 2020). Probably, the reason for the larger stem diameter of the basil in 70% forage turnip + 30% basil level of intercropping can be due to the absorption of more sunlight by basil, which causes photosynthesis and the production of more photosynthetic materials, and as a result, the presence of more vascular elements for the rapid transfer of cultivated materials to other plant organs (Maitra et al. 2021 ; Glaze-Corcoran et al. 2020). Vermicompost contains nitrate, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium, which are essential minerals for plants, and vermicompost made easily nutrient available to plants and provide suitable conditions for plant growth. On the other hand, biochar prevent nutrient leaching and increased availability of nutrients for plants. Therefore it makes improved dry matter yield and yield compounds (Voko et al. 2022 ; Greco et al. 2021 ). Our outcomes are also similar to the work of Mumivand et al. ( 2023 ), they reported that application of biochar increased peppermint ( Mentha × piperita L.) yield and yield compounds and also photosynthesis pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoid). Conclusion The outcome of this study indicated that, application of biochar and vermicompost promoted basil yield, yield compounds and quality, because of their potential such as water and food holding capacity and prevent nutrient leaching. In intercropping, with increased proportions of basil, yield, yield compounds and quality of basil improved, especially in 70% forage turnip + 30% basil, It can be said that it happen due to the increase in the percentage of basil and the competition of plants for better use of growth resources such as light, water and food. Finally, intercropping in level of 70% forage turnip + 30% basil and the application of vermicompost 18.5 ton ha − 1 and biochar promoted the yield, yield compounds and quality of basil. Dry matter yield had significant positive correlations with chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , carotenoid, soluble sugar, catalase activity, essential oil, plant height, main stem diameter, essential oil yield. Dry matter yield had significant negative correlations with anthocyanin and membrane stability index. The highest correlation was observed between the dry matter yield and essential oil yield. In addition, due to biodiversity, more usage of time and place, use more production resources efficiently, it is better to use these treatments. Declarations Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. Author’s contribution RKM Collected the data (field and lab works), data analysis, writing the article. MRA performed the research concept and design, field works, writing the article, critical revision of the article, final approval of article. FP contributed in research concept and design, statistical analysis, writing the article. 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J Soils Sediments 20: 380–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02362-y Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3864718","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":274588606,"identity":"525c15ac-a3d1-4db4-9518-55cb1de230ae","order_by":0,"name":"Roma Kalhor Monfared","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Karaj Islamic Azad University Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Roma","middleName":"Kalhor","lastName":"Monfared","suffix":""},{"id":274588607,"identity":"3d4fd487-cc87-4fb4-960c-dad5c5fe23f3","order_by":1,"name":"Mohammad Reza Ardakani","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFCDA2xAwsAGSDA2HiBFSxpISwMpWhgOQ9j4FOrOPnz4ww8Gu3y+48cSPxcUnLdb234YaEuNTTQuLWbn0hIMexiSLWeeSTssPcPgdvK2M4lALcfSchtwaTnDY5DAw8BsYHAgvUGaB6jF7ABQC2PDYTxa+D8c/MNQb2Bw/nnzbx6Dc8lm5x8S0sLD2MzDcNjA4EbaMaAtB+zMbhC0hc2YWcbguIHkjWdp1jwGyQlmN4C2JOD1C/Pjj28qqg34zqcZ3+b5Y2dvdj794YMPNTY4tUCAAYKZCFaZgFc5GrAnRfEoGAWjYBSMDAAAd1Zh4nHu/gkAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Karaj Islamic Azad University Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"Reza","lastName":"Ardakani","suffix":""},{"id":274588608,"identity":"caf18a3f-c52d-4688-bf63-f6a1b1838086","order_by":2,"name":"Farzad Paknejad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Karaj Islamic Azad University Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Farzad","middleName":"","lastName":"Paknejad","suffix":""},{"id":274588609,"identity":"7fe11a9a-a196-4b62-a3bc-9d1193bd9b4d","order_by":3,"name":"Mansour Sarajuqi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Karaj Islamic Azad University Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mansour","middleName":"","lastName":"Sarajuqi","suffix":""},{"id":274588610,"identity":"815e3c01-50f6-450b-be36-2ec4d70db432","order_by":4,"name":"Hassanali Naghdibadi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shahed University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hassanali","middleName":"","lastName":"Naghdibadi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-14 23:07:43","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3864718/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3864718/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":51776741,"identity":"b51b5fee-5128-464c-9e7a-55d4a8ae17a5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-28 20:56:33","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":29106,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eClimatology curve for Karaj city from August to November (2018-2019).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3864718/v1/be4edbbb72b90697b418d7dc.png"},{"id":51776740,"identity":"7dac6be8-2ce0-460d-a7b8-ab4f63e9290f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-28 20:56:33","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":21590,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe interaction of intercropping, vermicompost and biochar on Dry matter yield (DMY). Means with the same letter are not significantly different.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3864718/v1/e441fd70a22590ad0cdc4051.png"},{"id":51776764,"identity":"5c45380d-289c-40eb-af2e-19008d8ca227","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-28 20:56:35","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23749,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe interaction of intercropping, vermicompost and biochar on essential oil yield. Means with the same letter are not significantly different.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3864718/v1/c15fd42ed9be9f73fca31c06.png"},{"id":83364194,"identity":"79dc96fc-01e4-4a88-b5a6-f787dcb32de1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-23 18:28:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1897429,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3864718/v1/0d1ca627-7aa3-44cf-be93-474ebab88f59.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Biomass production and physiological parameters of intercropped basil-forage turnip as affected by biochar and vermicompost","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIntercropping systems are an agro-ecological and organic farming systems that was in progress of agriculture. Intercropping based on points of ecology, increasing adopted worldwide to improve ecosystem sustainability. Intercropping has many advantageous such as higher crop productivity and environmental security, low-input agriculture, manage water, insects, weeds and diseases base on biodiversity (Ardakani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Rezapour Kavishahi et al. 2023; Madembo et al. 2020; Maitra \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Maitra et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Glaze-Corcoran et al. 2020), improved light absorption and soil conservation compared to monoculture (Hussain et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Medicinal plants have a substantial action in farming systems, for raised profitability and can also have an essential contribution to human health. Medicinal plants have been proposed to be the best drugs options for livestock feeds with low side effects and price. In addition, medicinal plants are suitable choice for livestock due to decreased production costs, prevent the use of antibiotics and diminish disadvantages of resistant bacteria and residual effects in food, and therefore to raise public health (Salmer\u0026oacute;n-Manzano et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Oluwafemiet al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Basil (\u003cem\u003eOcimum basilicum\u003c/em\u003e L.) is a main medicinal plants and also essential oil crop that is anti-cancer, antimicrobial, and antifungal. In addition, it has anti-inflammatory, antio-oxidative, and anti-microbial activities due to its abundant secondary metabolites (Askari et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Choi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Samarbakhsh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Shahrajabian et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Many studies confirmed that intercropping improved yield and yield compounds of basil (\u003cem\u003eOcimum basilicum\u003c/em\u003e L.) with tomato (\u003cem\u003eSolanum lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e) (Chala Mamo \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), menthol mint (\u003cem\u003eMentha arvensis\u003c/em\u003e L.) and sugarcane (\u003cem\u003eSaccharum officinarum\u003c/em\u003e L.) (Chaitra et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), basil and lemongrass (\u003cem\u003eCymbopogon citratus\u003c/em\u003e) (Ashish et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForage turnip (\u003cem\u003eBrassica rapa\u003c/em\u003e L.) is a suitable livestock crops that strength to adapt to different climatic conditions and grow in all seasons of year (hot and cold weather conditions). It has high energy and protein content compared with perennial grasses and cereals, and also can be used for direct grazing, resulting in low and cost-effective harvesting costs (Dogan Das and Denek \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Tan and Yolcu 2020). Medicinal plants in intercropping with forage crops is a suitable approach and to decrease the chemical drugs usage for livestock. The addition of basil to the forage was confirmed to improved milk production in dairy cattle, and also forage turnip was proved to be appropriate fodder for livestock because of its antibiotic properties and high protein (Choi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Dogan Das and Denek \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil amendments provide a healthier soil and environment for roots of plants. Biochar as a soil amendment increase the quality and quantity of crops. It has a lot of profits for the cropping system, due to its potential to prevent nutrient leaching, especially nitrogen, increase soil water capacity and soil fertility, and thereby increase the quality and quantity (Arshad et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Ilkaee et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Ochiai et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Researchers confirmed that biochar increased yield and yield compounds of mint (\u003cem\u003eMentha Viridis\u003c/em\u003e L.) (Ouertatani \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), pot marigold (\u003cem\u003eCalendula officinalis\u003c/em\u003e L.) (Tavallali et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Vermicompost is another kind of important soil amendments that is full of nutrients and improve soil nutrients, water holding capacity, stabilizes and biological activity of soil, and enhances soil fertility at a long-term period (Voko et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Paczka et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Research has shown that vermicompost usage improved qualitative parameters of sage (\u003cem\u003eSalvia officinalis\u003c/em\u003e) (Greco et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), mint (\u003cem\u003eMentha spicata\u003c/em\u003e L.) and rosemary (\u003cem\u003eRosmarinus officinalis\u003c/em\u003e L.) (Loera-Muro et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Most studies on basil have been based on compare monocultures and intercropping, the authors have focused on intercropped of basil and forage turnip to produce a forage crop. This study aimed to evaluate the yield of basil when grown with different levels of forage turnip with the application of biochar and vermicompost as soil amendments. The goals of this study were to identify the most important traits affecting on the dry matter yield (DMY) and essential oil of basil and to determine cause and effect relationships between these traits and the DMY, as well as to consider the indirect effects of other traits affecting yield.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch site, treatments and cultivation of plants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis experiment was performed at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Islamic Azad University of Karaj (Karaj, Iran), over two-years (2018\u0026ndash;2019). The geographic coordinates of the experimental farm are 35˚49\u0026rsquo; N and 51˚6\u0026rsquo; E, with an altitude of 1321 m above sea level. Meteorological information of this area is illustrated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. This farm has for the last 10 years been managed as an agro ecological farming system, without the use of any agrochemical inputs. The temperature and humidity conditions for the two years of the experiment are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The soil was sampled before planting from a depth of 0\u0026ndash;30 cm, and the soil characteristics are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeteorological information of Karaj (Karaj, Iran)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eclimate zone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWinters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry days in year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage yearly precipitation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage maximum annual temperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage minimum annual temperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage 30-years soil temperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewarm and dry Mediterranean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewarm and dry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edry moisture regime\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u0026ndash;180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e243 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28˚C in July\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1˚C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5˚C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysicochemical properties of the soil in the field before planting (0\u0026ndash;30 cm depth)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eO.M\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEC\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ds.m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg.kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg.kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg.kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil texture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e324\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSandy clay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e332\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSandy clay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eO.M: Organic matter, EC: Electrical Conductivity\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiment was conducted as a split-plot factorial completely randomized design with three replications. The experiment was carried out in two years (2018\u0026ndash;2019), using the same location in both years and with the exact same positions of treatment combinations. The treatments applied in the main plots were: intercropping at three levels (A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e: 90% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10% basil; A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: 80% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;20% basil; A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e: 70% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% basil) in main plots. Treatments with vermicompost (V\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e: 15 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e; V\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: 18.5 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) and biochar (B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e: control, B\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: 5 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) were placed in subplots. The sweet basil cultivar was Mobarake and the forage turnip cultivar was PacFB05. In the intercropping treatments the forage turnip density was reduced by sowing 10, 20 or 30% of basil, with the percentages relating to the number of seeds sown. The basil sown between turnip rows. In both years, sowing was done by hand on 24 July, at the same time for both species. Each plot included four rows, with a length of 2m and distance of 30cm between the lines. The outer rows were considered the border, and the two inner rows were used to evaluate various plant traits. The plots were regularly irrigated at intervals of 7 days. Weeds were controlled manually by hand and without using any chemical inputs. No pesticides were used during the growth of the plants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe applied biochar has been made by pyrolysis method, from forest trees wood. Results of the chemical analysis of biochar are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The amounts of vermicompost applied were based on the nitrogen required of plant by the crop (V\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e: 15 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), and at a rate 25% higher than this (V\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: 18.5 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). Before application, the physical/chemical characteristics of the vermicompost were measured, and the result are illustrated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. One day before sowing (23 July in both years) the biochar and vermicompost were distributed on top of each row and was mixed into the soil to a depth of 30 cm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical analysis of biochar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIron\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcium (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxygen (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbon\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSilicon\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAluminum\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysicochemical properties of the vermicompost\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC/N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eO.C\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eO.M\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEC\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ds.m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHumidity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eO.C: Organic Carbon, O.M: Organic matter, EC: Electrical Conductivity\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample collection and measurement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePhotosynthesis pigments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5 g of leaf was mixed with 80% acetone and centrifuged, and after preparing the extract, the amount of light absorption was read by a spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 663, 645, and 470 nm for chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids respectively and calculated by Eqs.\u0026nbsp;1, 2 and 3 (Arnon 1967).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation 1: Chl.\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e (mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) = (12.25 * A\u003csub\u003e663\u003c/sub\u003e) - (2.79* A\u003csub\u003e647\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation 2: Chl.\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e (mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) = (21.5* A\u003csub\u003e647\u003c/sub\u003e) - (5.1* A\u003csub\u003e663\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation 3: Carotenoids\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100 (A\u003csub\u003e470\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3.27 (mg chl. \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e) \u0026ndash; 104 (mg chl. \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e)/227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCatalase activity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo measure catalase enzyme activity, a reaction mixture containing 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7), 20 mM H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 0.1 mM EDTA, and 50 \u0026micro;l of enzyme extract was used. Catalase enzyme was calculated using the reduction of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e absorption. The reaction was started by adding 100 \u0026micro;l of the enzyme extract in a final volume of 3 ml, and the absorbance changes at 240 nm were recorded for 3 minutes, then the enzyme activity was expressed as absorbance changes per minute of fresh weight (Aebi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRelative water content (RWC) and membrane stability index\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRWC was calculated through Eq.\u0026nbsp;4 (Ferrat and Loval \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation 4: RWC= [Fw-DW]/[Sw-DW]\u0026times;100\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere, FW\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;leaf wet weight, DW\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;leaf dry weight and SW\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;saturated leaf weight.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMembrane stability index was evaluated by measuring the leakage rate of leaf electrolytes. For this purpose, each sample was placed in distilled water with a volume of 20 ml and kept at room temperature for 24 hours. The electrical conductivity of the distilled water along with the sample was measured as the initial leakage. Secondary leakage was also measured by measuring the electrical conductivity of the samples after heating them for 2 minutes at 100\u003csup\u003e⸰\u003c/sup\u003eC. The membrane stability index was calculated through Eq.\u0026nbsp;5 (Bertin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation 5: Membrane stability index\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1- (primary leakage /secondary leakage) \u0026times; 100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTotal anthocyanin\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal anthocyanin was extracted from 1 g of dried leaf by adding 10 mL of ethanol (95%), HCl 1.5 M. Then the sample was transferred to 50 mL beaker, covered and kept overnight in the refrigerator at a temperature of 4\u003csup\u003e⸰\u003c/sup\u003eC. Absorption of solution was measured by spectrophotometer at 535 nm (Lee and Francis \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation 6: Total anthocyanin = [A535\u0026times; V \u0026times; 100]/ [98.2 \u0026times; W]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere, V\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;total volume extract (ml), W\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;weight sample (g).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSoluble sugars\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dried samples were ground and after weighing, they were poured into the falcon and 15 ml of 80% ethanol was added to Erlenmeyer flask and vortexes for 20 seconds. Falcons containing the extract were kept in an oven at 50\u0026deg;C for 24 hours until their ethanol evaporated and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. 2 ml of the liquid phase extract was removed after centrifugation, and the samples were read in a spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 485 nm and a standard curve was drawn, and the amount of sugar was obtained by inserting numbers into the linear equation (Sheligl \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAmount and yield of essential oil\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe essential oil content measured by extracted from the dry plant (leaves and basil flowers) using the distillation method with water by the Cloninger machine (for 2 hours) and finally the essential oil content was calculated in milliliters per 100 g of dry matter. Essential oil yield was obtained from the product of the dry matter yield in in the essential oil content.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eYield and yield components of basil\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter 90 days, the basil and forage turnip plants were harvested. However, this study focused on measuring of the basil and all traits reported here related to the basil only. At the time of harvest, plant height and total dry matter yields (DMY) (leaf\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;stem) were measured. Plant samples were harvested from a 1m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e area of each plot. Plant height was measured with a graduated ruler. Dry matter yields samples were placed in room temperature (at 25\u0026deg;C) for 14 days. The basil height was measured with a graduated ruler and the main stem diameter of basil was measured by a digital caliper.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiplex data analysis covering the two-year experiment was completed using SAS software (Ver. 9.4). Excel software was used to plot the graphs. The mean values were compared using Duncan\u0026rsquo;s multiple range test at a 5% probability level. Comprehensive statistical analyses (correlation) were analyzed with SAS software (Ver. 9.4).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBasil photosynthesis pigments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the ANOVA for photosynthesis pigments demonstrated the significance of the main effects of the intercropping, biochar and vermicompost. In addition, the interactions between intercropping x biochar, intercropping x vermicompost, biochar x vermicompost, as well as the triple interactions of the intercropping x biochar x vermicompost were significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The mean values indicated that with increased proportions of basil, the photosynthesis pigments of the basil increased in both years. The application of biochar and vermicompost at 18.5 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e also increased photosynthesis pigments in both of the experimental years. The lowest chlorophyll \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e 7.36 mg.g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e FW, chlorophyll \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e 3.72 mg.g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e FW, chlorophyll (\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e) 12.14 mg.g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e FW, carotenoid 4.95 mg.g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e FW, was recorded for the 90% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10% basil \u0026times; vermicompost at 15 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The highest chlorophyll \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e 13.94 mg.g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e FW, chlorophyll \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e 7.06 mg.g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e FW, chlorophyll (\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e) 20.07 mg.g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e FW, carotenoid 8.29 mg.g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e FW was recorded for the treatment with 70% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% basil \u0026times;vermicompost 18.5 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eANOVA for basil (\u003cem\u003eOcimum basilicum\u003c/em\u003e L.) photosynthesis pigments and soluble sugars\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChl. \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChl. \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChl. (\u003cem\u003ea\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;b\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarotenoid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoluble sugars\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.35 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.73 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.21 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReplication (year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercropping (a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.11\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.24 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.21 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.64 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.42\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear \u0026times; a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.59 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.85 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.18\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.56 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.73 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReplication (year \u0026times; intercropping)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiochar (b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.72 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.94\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.11\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.79 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.02\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear \u0026times; b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.82 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.32 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.73 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVermicompost (c)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.70 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.18\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.79 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.01 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.08\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear \u0026times; c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.95 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.21 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.91 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.97 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.95 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea \u0026times; b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.73 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.82 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.85 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.86 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.33\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear \u0026times; a \u0026times; b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.36 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.54 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.53 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea \u0026times; c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.61 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.80 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.07 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.11 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.14 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear \u0026times; a \u0026times; c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.48 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.15 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.37 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb \u0026times; c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.34 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.53 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.72 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.73 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.07 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear \u0026times; b \u0026times; c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.69 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.36 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.74 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.42 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea \u0026times; b \u0026times; c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.71 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.26 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.90\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.76 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.85 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear \u0026times; a \u0026times; b \u0026times; c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.36 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.51 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.68 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eError\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.V (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e**Significant at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01. ns, no significance (at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteraction of intercropping, vermicompost and biochar on photosynthesis pigments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChl. \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChl. \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChl. (\u003cem\u003ea\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;b\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarotenoid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercropping\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVermicompost\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiochar\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg.g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e FW)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg.g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e FW)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg.g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e FW)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg.g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e FW)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70% Forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% Basil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.94 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.06 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.07 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.29 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.13 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.67 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.52 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.57 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.67 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.41 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.11 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.59 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.68 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.75 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.21 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.01 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80% Forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;20% Basil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.43 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.72 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.43 \u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.51 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.97 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.46 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.24\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.68 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.56 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.52 \u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.31 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.05\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.31\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.74\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.74 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90% Forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10% Basil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.54 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.32 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.71\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.16 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.42 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.65\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.52 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.75 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.75\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.98\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.36 \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.72 \u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.14 \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.95\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eDissimilar letters indicate significant differences at the 5% level according to Duncan\u0026rsquo;s test\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSoluble sugars\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of variances showed that the soluble sugars was influenced significantly by the main effects of the intercropping, biochar and vermicompost. Also, the interactions between intercropping x biochar, intercropping x vermicompost, biochar x vermicompost, as well as the triple interactions of the intercropping x biochar x vermicompost were significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). In both years, with increased proportions of basil, the soluble sugars of the basil increased and usage of biochar and vermicompost raised soluble sugars in both of the experimental years. The lowest soluble sugars 20.09 mg.g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e FW, was observed in the interaction of 90% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10% basil \u0026times; vermicompost at 15 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and the highest soluble sugars 35.63 mg.g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e FW was related to the interaction of 70% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% basil x biochar x vermicompost 18.5 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eANOVA for catalase activity, anthocyanin, relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index, and essential oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCatalase activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnthocyanin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRWC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMembrane stability index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEssential oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.73 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.89 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.61 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReplication (year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercropping (a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.86 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.24 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.14 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.56 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.15 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear \u0026times; a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.76 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.02 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.43 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.86 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReplication (year \u0026times; intercropping)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiochar (b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.71 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.52 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.55 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.12 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.97 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear \u0026times; b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.39 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.79 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.87 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.15 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.30 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVermicompost (c)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.79 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.46 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.34 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.85 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.21 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear \u0026times; c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.06 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.91 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea \u0026times; b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.59 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.33 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.85 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear \u0026times; a \u0026times; b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.54 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.24 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.46 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.73 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea \u0026times; c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.53 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.82 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.99 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear \u0026times; a \u0026times; c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.34 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.73 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.69 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb \u0026times; c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.27 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.94 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.31 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear \u0026times; b \u0026times; c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.74 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.89 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea \u0026times; b \u0026times; c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.61 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.43 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.25 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.76 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear \u0026times; a \u0026times; b \u0026times; c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.53 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.81\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.48 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.24 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eError\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.V (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e**Significant at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01. ns, no significance (at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteraction of intercropping, vermicompost and biochar on soluble sugars, relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index and essential oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoluble sugars\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRWC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMembrane stability index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEssential oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercropping\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVermicompost\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiochar\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg.g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e FW)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mol ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003es\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70% Forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% Basil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.63 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.66 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.57 \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.86 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.22 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.09 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.04 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.14 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.69 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.58 \u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.52 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.08 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.14 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67 \u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80% Forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;20% Basil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.98 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.11 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.63 \u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.19 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.7 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.55 \u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.55 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.94 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.92 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.52 \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.11\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.52 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28 \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90% Forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10% Basil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.31 \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.06 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.95 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.72 \u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.85\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.74 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.44 \u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.26 \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.15 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.04 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42 \u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.09 \u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.08 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.94 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14 \u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eDissimilar letters indicate significant differences at the 5% level according to Duncan\u0026rsquo;s test\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCatalase activity and anthocyanin\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the ANOVA for catalase activity and anthocyanin indicated the significance of the main effects of the intercropping, biochar and vermicompost were significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The mean values indicated that with increased proportions of basil, the catalase activity of the basil decreased and the anthocyanin increased in both years. The use of biochar and vermicompost at 18.5 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e increased catalase activity and anthocyanin in both of the experimental years. For the treatment with intercropping, the lowest catalase activity 0.005 \u0026micro;mole FW min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was related to 70% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% basil and the lowest anthocyanin 31.72 \u0026micro;g g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e DW was seen in 90% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10% basil. The highest catalase activity 0.013 \u0026micro;mole FW min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was related to 90% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10% basil and the highest anthocyanin 38.47 \u0026micro;g g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e DW was observed in 70% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% basil. For the treatment with vermicompost, the lowest catalase activity 0.008 \u0026micro;mole FW min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and anthocyanin 36.73 \u0026micro;g g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e DW was seen in vermicompost at 15 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The highest catalase activity 0.012 \u0026micro;mole FW min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and anthocyanin 40.56 \u0026micro;g g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e DW was seen in vermicompost at 18.5 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. For treatments with biochar, the lowest catalase activity 0.009 \u0026micro;mole FW min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and anthocyanin 30.74 \u0026micro;g g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e DW was seen in control (without biochar). The highest catalase activity 0.012 \u0026micro;mole FW min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and anthocyanin 35.82 \u0026micro;g g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e DW was observed in application of biochar (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eANOVA for plant height, main stem diameter, leaf/stem ratio, dry matter yield (DMY) and essential oil yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant height\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain stem diameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf/stem ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDMY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEssential oil yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.86 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.28\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReplication (year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercropping (a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.64 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.12\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.24\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.66\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear \u0026times; a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.45 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.28\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReplication (year \u0026times; intercropping)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiochar (b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.79 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.48\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103.94\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.22\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear \u0026times; b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.73 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.06 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.80 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVermicompost (c)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.01 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.61 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.85 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.79 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.53 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear \u0026times; c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.97 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.63 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.21 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.32 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea \u0026times; b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.03 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.24 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.82 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.79 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear \u0026times; a \u0026times; b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.53 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.97 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.36 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.36 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea \u0026times; c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.71 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.74 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.21 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.89 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear \u0026times; a \u0026times; c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.07 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.15 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.35 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb \u0026times; c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.76 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.84 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.09 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.72 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear \u0026times; b \u0026times; c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.40 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.66 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.28 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.73 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea \u0026times; b \u0026times; c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.79 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.55 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101.73 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.06 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear \u0026times; a \u0026times; b \u0026times; c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.25 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.42 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.73 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eError\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.V (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e**Significant at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01. ns, no significance (at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of intercropping, vermicompost and biochar on catalase activity, anthocyanin, plant height, main stem diameter and leaf/stem ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCatalase activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;mole FW min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnthocyanin\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e DW)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant height\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain stem diameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf/stem ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercropping\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70% Forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% Basil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.47\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.21 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80% Forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;20% Basil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.24\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.38\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.39\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90% Forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10% Basil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.72\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.56 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVermicompost\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.56\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.61 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.79 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.73\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.72\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiochar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.82\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.73 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.61\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.74\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.95 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eDissimilar letters indicate significant differences at the 5% level according to Duncan\u0026rsquo;s test\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRelative water content (RWC) and membrane stability index\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of variances indicated that the RWC and membrane stability index were influenced significantly by the main effects of the intercropping, biochar and vermicompost. Also, the interactions between intercropping x biochar, intercropping x vermicompost, biochar x vermicompost, as well as the triple interactions of the intercropping x biochar x vermicompost were significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). In both years, with increased proportions of basil, the RWC of the basil increased and the membrane stability index decreased. Also, usage of biochar and vermicompost raised RWC and reduced membrane stability index in both of the experimental years. The lowest RWC 56.08%, and the highest membrane stability index 3.94 mol ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003es\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was observed in the interaction of 90% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10% basil \u0026times; vermicompost at 15 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and the highest RWC 74.66% and the lowest membrane stability index 1.57 mol ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003es\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was related to the interaction of 70% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% basil x biochar x vermicompost 18.5 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEssential oil\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the ANOVA for essential oil was influenced significantly by the main effects of the intercropping, biochar and vermicompost. Also, the interactions between intercropping x biochar, intercropping x vermicompost, biochar x vermicompost, also the triple interactions of the intercropping x biochar x vermicompost were significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The mean values indicated that with increased proportions of basil, the essential oil of the basil improved and the use of biochar and vermicompost at 18.5 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e increased essential oil in both of the experimental years. The lowest essential oil 1.14% was observed in the interaction of 90% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10% basil \u0026times; vermicompost at 15 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and the highest essential oil 1.86% ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003es\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was related to the interaction of 70% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% basil x biochar x vermicompost 18.5 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eYield compounds of basil (plant height, main stem diameter, leaf/stem ratio)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the ANOVA for yield compounds of basil showed the significance of the main effects of the intercropping, biochar and vermicompost were significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The mean values indicated that with increased proportions of basil, the yield compounds of basil increased in both years and the application of biochar and vermicompost at 18.5 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e increased yield compounds of basil in both of the experimental years. For the treatment with intercropping, the lowest plant height 46.56 cm, main stem diameter 0.51 cm, leaf/stem ratio 1.18, was related to 90% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10% basil. The highest plant height 54.21 cm, main stem diameter 0.73 cm, leaf/stem ratio 1.76 was related to 70% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% basil. For treatments with vermicompost, the lowest plant height 48.72 cm, main stem diameter 0.61 mm, leaf/stem ratio 1.38, was seen in vermicompost at 15 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The highest plant height 55.61 cm, main stem diameter 0.76 mm, leaf/stem ratio 1.79 was observed in vermicompost at 18.5 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. For treatments with biochar, the lowest plant height 46.95 cm, main stem diameter 0.53 cm, leaf/stem ratio 1.27, was seen in control (without biochar). The highest plant height 51.73 cm, main stem diameter 0.62 cm, leaf/stem ratio 1.61, was observed in application of biochar (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDry matter yield (DMY) and essential oil yield\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of variances showed that the DMY and essential oil yield were influenced significantly by the main effects of the intercropping, biochar and vermicompost. Also, the interactions between intercropping x biochar, intercropping x vermicompost, biochar x vermicompost, as well as the triple interactions of the intercropping x biochar x vermicompost were significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). In both years, with increased proportions of basil, the DMY and essential oil yield of the basil increased and use of biochar and vermicompost improved the DMY and essential oil yield in both of the experimental years. The lowest DMY 1208.23 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, was observed in the interaction of 90% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10% basil \u0026times; vermicompost at 15 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and the highest DMY 1963.91 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was seen in the interaction of 70% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% basil x biochar x vermicompost 18.5 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The lowest essential oil yield 12.51 (kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), was observed in the interaction of 90% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10% basil \u0026times; vermicompost at 15 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and the highest essential oil yield 36.52 (kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was related to the interaction of 70% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% basil x biochar x vermicompost 18.5 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCorrelation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry matter yield had significant positive correlations with chlorophyll \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e, chlorophyll \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e, carotenoid, soluble sugar, catalase activity, essential oil (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and also had significant positive correlations with plant height, main stem diameter, essential oil yield (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.01). Dry matter yield had significant negative correlations with anthocyanin and membrane stability index. The highest correlation was observed between the dry matter yield and essential oil yield (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.952), which led to a higher essential oil for plants (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePearson correlation coefficients for total dry matter yield (DMY), chlorophyll (Chl), carotenoid, soluble sugars, catalase activity (CAT), anthocyanin, relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index, essential oil (E.O), plant height, main stem diameter and essential oil yield (E.O. yield).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"14\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"14\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation coefficients for dry matter yield and physiological traits, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChl. \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChl. \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarotenoid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoluble sugars\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnthocyanin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRWC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMembrane stability index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant height\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain stem diameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.O.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eyield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDMY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChl. \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.990\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.969\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.568\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.675\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.766\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.782\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.274\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.376 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.478\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.649 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.656 \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.618 \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChl. \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.977\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.619\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.687\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.789\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.827\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.243\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.445 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.528\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.698\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.688\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.635\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarotenoid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.621\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.717\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.731\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.825\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.169\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.441\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.562\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.755\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.629\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.605\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoluble sugars\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.770\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.785\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.125\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.543\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.665\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.738\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.894\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.765\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.511\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.144\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.225\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.448\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.684\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.688\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.672\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnthocyanin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.9\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.321\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.48\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.691\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.85\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.791\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRWC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.723\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.390 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.513\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.780\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.711\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.625 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMembrane stability index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.404 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.42\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.251\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.091\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEssential oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.91\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.587\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.606\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0562\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant height\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.792\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.743\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.773\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain stem diameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.720\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.774\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.O. yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.952\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDMY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"14\"\u003e*Significant at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. **Significant at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01. ns, no significance (at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, intercropping, biochar and vermicompost increased photosynthesis pigments. The increase in leaf chlorophyll and carotenoids content is basically done through improving nitrogen absorption and increasing leaf nitrogen. Intercropping increases the absorption of photo synthetically active rays and the possibility of using the canopy space, also increases the efficiency of nutrients usage, and the relative productivity of each plant from water and nutrients increases (Hussain et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Madembo et al. 2020; Maitra \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Vermicompost with biochar make suitable conditions for basil by providing nutrients and water and also prevent to nutrient leaching and increased soil water capacity, so they improved basil photosynthesis pigments and by increasing photosynthesis, promote soluble sugars and also yield and yield compounds of basil (Paczka et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Tavallali et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The reduction of soluble sugars reduces the nutrients needed for plant growth, and intercropping has increased the amount of soluble sugars due to the better use of organic matter in the soil by plants (Dai et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncreasing the membrane stability index (ion leakage) causes a lot of damage to the plant. This damage leads to preventing the production of photosynthetic substances and ultimately causes a decrease in plant growth. By increasing the leaf RWC, intra-cellular pressure is provided for cell growth, and as a result, the expansion of the cell wall becomes possible, and finally, it increases the flexibility of the cell membrane to provide the basis for cell growth (Amer et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). It can be said that by using biochar and improving the physical and chemical conditions of the soil, including the water holding capacity of the soil, the plant is less prone to drought stress and has shown less tendency to increase the stability of the membrane and provides most of the conditions for the expansion and growth of the wall. In this study, biochar and vermicompost increased RWC. Biochar causes water retention around the roots, in the control treatment (without biochar), as water is removed from the soil and not replaced, the water potential in the root area is reduced and if the resistances remain constant in the plant, in order to maintain the speed Sweating, the water potential in the plant decreases significantly. The decrease in the relative water content of the leaves in response to the decrease in the supply of moisture needs of the plant indicates that in this case, the supply of water from the roots does not match the amount of loss from the leaves. Vermicompost by improving the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil, leads to an increase in the plant's access to water, thus, prompts the RWC and reduces the stability index of the membrane in the plant (Raza et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Voko et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Yan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Probably, vermicompost can actually act as a growth regulator. Because vermicompost containing plant hormones such as gibberellins and containing large amounts of mineral substances such as calcium, it can reduce the leakage of electrolytes and improve the stability of leaf cell membranes (Lahbouki et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Zhao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Our results are similar to the work of Yan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), these researchers stated that the use of biochar increased the quantitative and qualitative yield of five mint species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCatalase is one of the superlative antioxidant enzymes in plants. It supports cells from the effects of hydrogen peroxide and also preventing cell wall degradation and helps plants by removing active oxygen species. Catalase is evaluated as one of the iron including proteins and acts in plants when the hydrogen peroxide in the environment is high, so when the catalase activity is low; it showed that environment conditions are suitable for plants (Tang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Farooq et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, in this study, intercropping 70% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% basil decreased catalase activity compare to another levels. Usage of vermicompost and biochar mostly motivate plants to improve the antioxidant system activity by stimulant specific antioxidant genes (Lahbouki et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, Tikoria et al. (2021), reported that vermicompost increased catalase activity of tomato (\u003cem\u003eSolanum lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e L.).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiochar and vermicompost usage improved total anthocyanin of basil. Vermicompost is full of elements and increased the availability of nutrients for plants, which enhanced the higher photosynthetic activity and in turn, corresponded to the higher amounts of anthocyanin. On the other hand, light intensity and temperature are two important environmental factors for red pigments development such as anthocyanin (Lalay et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Naser et al. 2016), and in present study intercropping in level of 70% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% basil made suitable conditions for basil. Other studies reported that application of biochar increased Rapeseed (\u003cem\u003eBrassica napus\u003c/em\u003e L.) anthocyanin (Danish and Zafar-ul-Hye \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant height increased by usage of biochar and vermicompost. It seems that, increasing the content of chlorophyll, as an important factor in the plant's photosynthetic system, make increased the growth and height of the plant. In this study, biochar improved plant height by increasing the plant's access to nitrogen. On the other hand, vermicompost can increase plant height due to the availability and increase of soil nitrogen. Also, biochar and vermicompost increased the plant height by improving the qualitative characteristics of the soil (Ouertatani \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Greco et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe use of biochar and increasing the amount of vermicompost (18.5 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) raised leaf/stem ratio, which can be said that the availability of nitrogen in vermicompost and increasing plant access to this element by biochar; in addition, increased the leaf area and surface durability. It became delayed the aging of leaves and their fall, thereby improving the leaf/stem ratio. Considering that leaves and flowers have the highest amount of essential oil in basil, therefore, increasing the ratio of leaves to stems can play an effective role in increasing the quality and quantity of essential oil produced (Shushupti et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Mumivand et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe essential oil yield increased by increasing the use of vermicompost and also application of biochar, due to the increase in the leaf/stem ratio. Because vermicompost and biochar prepare nitrogen for basil and increased leaf area (Mumivand et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Also, light is one of the most important factors for photosynthesis, which has a great effect on increasing the percentage of essential oil. In this study the height of intercropping plants (basil and forage turnip) were the same and forage turnip was not exposed to shading stress and also increased absorption of photosynthetically active radiation. Thus, basil can use light as well as forage turnip and improved essential oil (Husain et al. 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProbably, the reason for the larger stem diameter of the basil in 70% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% basil level of intercropping can be due to the absorption of more sunlight by basil, which causes photosynthesis and the production of more photosynthetic materials, and as a result, the presence of more vascular elements for the rapid transfer of cultivated materials to other plant organs (Maitra et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Glaze-Corcoran et al. 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVermicompost contains nitrate, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium, which are essential minerals for plants, and vermicompost made easily nutrient available to plants and provide suitable conditions for plant growth. On the other hand, biochar prevent nutrient leaching and increased availability of nutrients for plants. Therefore it makes improved dry matter yield and yield compounds (Voko et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Greco et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Our outcomes are also similar to the work of Mumivand et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), they reported that application of biochar increased peppermint (\u003cem\u003eMentha \u0026times; piperita\u003c/em\u003e L.) yield and yield compounds and also photosynthesis pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoid).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe outcome of this study indicated that, application of biochar and vermicompost promoted basil yield, yield compounds and quality, because of their potential such as water and food holding capacity and prevent nutrient leaching. In intercropping, with increased proportions of basil, yield, yield compounds and quality of basil improved, especially in 70% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% basil, It can be said that it happen due to the increase in the percentage of basil and the competition of plants for better use of growth resources such as light, water and food. Finally, intercropping in level of 70% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% basil and the application of vermicompost 18.5 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003eand biochar promoted the yield, yield compounds and quality of basil. Dry matter yield had significant positive correlations with chlorophyll \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e, chlorophyll \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e, carotenoid, soluble sugar, catalase activity, essential oil, plant height, main stem diameter, essential oil yield. Dry matter yield had significant negative correlations with anthocyanin and membrane stability index. The highest correlation was observed between the dry matter yield and essential oil yield. In addition, due to biodiversity, more usage of time and place, use more production resources efficiently, it is better to use these treatments.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eDisclosure statement\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor\u0026rsquo;s contribution\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRKM Collected the data (field and lab works), data analysis, writing the article. MRA performed the research concept and design, field works, writing the article, critical revision of the article, final approval of article. FP contributed in research concept and design, statistical analysis, writing the article. MS \u0026amp; HN contributed in research concept and design, lab works.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors are thankful for providing laboratory facilities and all technical support in the experimental field.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData availability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData will be made available on request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAebi H (1984) Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology 105: 121-126.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmer A, Ghoneim M, Shoala T, Mohamed H I (2021) Comparative studies of eco-friendly compounds like humic acid, salicylic, and glycyrrhizic acids and their nano composites on French basil (\u003cem\u003eOcimum basilicum\u003c/em\u003e L. cv. Grand verde). 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J Plant Growth Regul 2: 1-30. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-975337/v1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYan J, Yu P, Liu C, Li Q, Gu M (2020) Replacing peat moss with mixed hardwood biochar as container substrates to produce five types of mint (\u003cem\u003eMentha spp\u003c/em\u003e.). Ind Crops Prod 155, 112820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112820\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhao F, Zhang Y, Li Z, Shi J, Zhang G, Zhang H, Lijuan Y (2020) Vermicompost improves microbial functions of soil with continuous tomato cropping in a greenhouse. J Soils Sediments 20: 380\u0026ndash;391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02362-y\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Essential oil yield, Medicinal forage plants, Photosynthesis pigments, Relative water content, Soil amendments","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3864718/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3864718/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIntercropping systems as an eco-friendly strategy, meliorates the quality of the agro-ecosystem. On the other hand, usage of soil amendments was environmental friendly technology to improve sustainability of soil resources and production plants. This two-year (2018\u0026ndash;2019) study target to distinguish the quality and quantity of sweet basil in intercropping system with forage turnip with usage of vermicompost and biochar as a soil amendments. The treatments in the main plots were: A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e: 90% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10% basil; A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: 80% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;20% basil; A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e: 70% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% basil, in main plots; also two vermicompost levels (15 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 18.5 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) and two biochar levels (control, 5 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) were placed in subplots. Thus, intercropping of basil and forage turnip at level of 70% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% basil with biochar and vermicompost at 18.5 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was the best performance compared to another treatments. That treatment promoted chlorophyll (\u003cem\u003ea\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;b\u003c/em\u003e) 65.32%, carotenoid 67.47%, soluble sugars 77.35%, relative water content 33.13%, dry matter yield 62.54%, essential oil 63.15%, essential oil yield 191.76% and reduced membrane stability index 150.95%, compared to 90% forage turnip\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10% basil and vermicompost at 15 ton ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (without biochar). Thus, it can be suggested to farmers as an ecological friendly methods to improve basil yield and yield compounds.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Biomass production and physiological parameters of intercropped basil-forage turnip as affected by biochar and vermicompost","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-28 20:56:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3864718/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"95b99a9a-2723-4eae-bd05-6e2b4ca53a13","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 28th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-23T18:20:35+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-28 20:56:02","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3864718","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3864718","identity":"rs-3864718","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}