Bibliometric Analysis of Disaster Volunteers Using Vosviewer And Biblioshiny With Data From Scopus And Web of Science

Bibliometric Analysis of Disaster Volunteers Using Vosviewer And Biblioshiny With Data From Scopus And Web of Science | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Systematic Review Bibliometric Analysis of Disaster Volunteers Using Vosviewer And Biblioshiny With Data From Scopus And Web of Science SALİH DOĞRU, İSKENDER PEKER This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5956478/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Disasters, characterized by their suddenness, unpredictability, and chaos, often overwhelm official aid teams, making it difficult for them to respond adequately or reach affected areas promptly. At such critical moments, disaster volunteers (DVs) play a vital role by quickly arriving at disaster zones and addressing essential needs. Therefore, raising awareness and conducting more studies on disaster volunteering is crucial. This study provides a bibliometric and visualization analysis of 752 studies retrieved from the Web of Science and Scopus databases in September 2024, covering the years 1989–2024. The analysis, performed using VOSviewer and Bibliometric R-tool software, aims to present the current status and trends in disaster volunteering research. Key aspects explored include annual publication performance, leading authors, institutions, countries, publication types, and research fields. Coauthorship, co-citation, and co-occurrence analyses highlight collaborative efforts and emerging topics in this field. Findings indicate that disaster volunteering is a growing area of research, with new publications increasing by approximately 12% annually. While studies in this field began in 1989, there has been a significant rise in output since 2012, predominantly in the social sciences. Frequently used keywords include "disaster," "volunteering," "disaster management," and "emergency management." Based on the results, it is anticipated that promoting disaster volunteering, enhancing community-based disaster management, improving the coordination and sustainability of volunteers, and increasing the effectiveness of spontaneous volunteers will help reduce the loss of life and property during disasters. These efforts are expected to significantly contribute to the success of disaster management processes. Public Administration Other Public Policy Disaster Volunteering Bibliometric Analysis Disaster Volunteer Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 1. Introduction Disasters occur as a result of natural, technological, or human-induced events that cause socioeconomic and physical losses affecting all or part of society, causing social life and individual activities to stop or be disrupted, and the resistance of the exposed community to be insufficient. In short, it is not the event itself, but the result it causes is called a disaster (1). Disasters are chaotic events that cause great destruction by causing loss of life and property. Globally, 26,451 disasters have occurred in the century between 1924 and 2024. As a result of natural, technological, or human-induced disasters, 20,482,015 people died, 11,087,513 people were injured and 8,563,559,762 people were affected by these disasters (2). Fast and effective intervention in times of disaster is very important to get through the process with the least damage. Effective management of the process from the moment of disaster is possible not only with professional teams but also with the active participation and coordination of volunteers. When the literature is examined, it is seen that until professional search and rescue teams reach the disaster area and intervene, most of the disaster victims are saved by family members, neighbors, and individuals living in that neighborhood, and at this stage, 75% of the search and rescue work is done by volunteers (3, 4). In another study, 50% of minor injuries and 30% of disaster victims trapped under non-structural elements are saved by families, neighbors, disaster aid, and civil society volunteers. Another important statement in the relevant study is that the survival rate of individuals rescued in the first 30 minutes is 93% and the survival rate of those rescued in the first 24 hours is 81% (5). It is understood from this that the loss of life can be significantly reduced by increasing the individual effectiveness and efficiency of volunteers who arrive at the scene from the first moment of disaster. Therefore, understanding the current status and trends in DV is of utmost importance to determine future research directions. In addition to search and rescue, volunteers also facilitate professional teams in many tasks within the scope of humanitarian aid logistics, such as collection, storage, preparation, packaging, distribution, transportation, inventory management, communication, and coordination of relief supplies. Their contributions, especially in search and rescue processes, have led to questions about the effectiveness of increasing the number of expert rescue teams (6). When we look at the framework agreements organized for disaster risk reduction efforts at the global level (Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) and The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA)), the importance and necessity of non-governmental organizations, volunteers, and community-based institutions in disasters in the 21st century are emphasized (7). Almost all international policies in the field of disaster express the importance and necessity of community-based disaster work in which volunteers participate, due to the key role that volunteers play in building community resilience (8). The aim of this bibliometric research is to explain the current status and new trends in studies in the field of disaster volunteering, as well as to provide a comprehensive literature contribution to researchers who will work on this subject. 2. Methodology The study employs bibliometric research, a type of qualitative method. Research data were accessed through the Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus databases. These databases were chosen because previous systematic literature reviews have identified Web of Science (WoS) as reliable for bibliometric research. The results of the current study indicate that Scopus is more commonly used in social sciences research. The keyword 'Disaster Volunteer' (DV) was selected to identify relevant literature. Since disasters are a multidisciplinary field involving various branches, no field limitations were applied during the research. Our analyses include studies conducted until 01.10.2024, examining a total of 752 documents, including 61 from the Web of Science Core Collection and 691 from Scopus. To analyze the data collectively, codes were used with the Bibliometrix package in R (10). Using bibliometric analysis, the literature's entirety or selected periods are studied to provide concrete insights into the relevant discipline. This method consolidates scientific and academic publications, standardizes, classifies, and analyzes their data, and interprets them to meet the research objectives (11). Bibliometric analysis comprises five types: “citation analysis, co-citation analysis, bibliographic coupling, co-author analysis, and co-word analysis” (9). VOSviewer, an analytical tool, creates maps based on network data and visualizes trends in research areas (12). Its key feature is transforming extensive bibliographic data into visual representations, enabling in-depth trend analysis (13). The merged data file, including 752 DVs from Bibliometrix, was transferred to VOSviewer (version 1.6.20). Analyses such as co-authorship, co-citation, and co-occurrence, along with breakdowns of publication years, sources, authors, affiliations, countries, document types, and subject areas, are presented through visual diagrams. Figure 1 shows the general framework of the bibliometric study. 3. Results In summarizing the general findings of our research, disaster volunteer studies, which began in 1989, have been conducted by 1,917 authors to date. The annual growth rate of publications in this field was calculated as 11.63%, while the rate of international co-authorship stands at 17.37%. Across all these studies, a total of 40,165 references were cited, with an average of 20.65 citations per publication. In the subsections of this section, where brief insights are provided, these findings will be further supported with visual representations and source details. 3.1. Publications analysis 3.1.1. Publication year analysis Disaster Volunteer studies first appeared in the Web of Science and Scopus databases in 1989 (14). Figures 2 , 3 , and 4 illustrate the annual publication trends, research types, and research areas on Disaster Volunteers from 1989 to the present. Between 1989 and 2006, fewer than 10 studies were conducted annually, indicating that disaster volunteering did not receive sufficient academic attention during this period. From 2006 to 2013, the annual number of studies remained relatively low, peaking at 18. However, in 2013, the number of studies surpassed 20 for the first time, reaching 23 publications. The increase in publications in 2013 does not appear to be linked to any extraordinary development but may be associated with heightened interest following the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (15–17). Significant increases in the number of publications were observed in 2014, 2017 and 2021. The only decline occurred in 2016. The decrease in 2024 is likely due to the year not being completed yet and some studies remaining unpublished. The post-2014 increases do not seem to correspond to specific events. It is also anticipated that researchers may have focused on this issue due to the emphasis placed on the role of non-governmental organizations, volunteers and community-based institutions in order to increase the effectiveness of disaster management in the Sendai Disaster Risk Reduction Framework and the Hyogo Action Plan (18). Additionally, the literature includes numerous publications on unregistered spontaneous volunteers, discussing their contributions during disasters, challenges, risks, and other aspects. These studies examine topics such as the opportunities and challenges posed by spontaneous volunteers (19), their participation in disaster management (20), their roles as crisis volunteers (21), model proposals for integrating them into disaster management processes (22), coordination systems (23), and the sustainability of their contributions (24). It is seen that the majority of publications in the literature focus on spontaneous volunteers. As shown in Fig. 3 , research types are predominantly journal articles, which constitute 67% of the total, followed by book chapters at 10.7%. In terms of research areas (Fig. 4), Social Sciences rank first with 28.2%, followed by Medicine at 15.3%. 3.1.2. Countries/regions co-authorship analysis Table 1 and Fig. 5 highlight the countries or regions actively engaged in disaster volunteer work at the international level. In identifying these countries, the analysis utilized criteria set by the VOSviewer program, which required a country to have a minimum of five publications and at least 20 citations to be included. Table 1 Top 10 countries/regions in the DV domain. No. Country/region Links Documents Citations Avg. pub. year 1. USA 24 236 7859 2015 2. Japan 8 77 533 2018 3. Australia 17 65 1197 2018 4. United Kingdom (UK) 13 55 966 2017 5. Canada 10 42 829 2017 6. China 6 34 568 2019 7. Germany 8 33 391 2020 8. New Zealand 6 29 343 2018 9. Sweden 13 24 235 2021 10. Israel 4 21 492 2015 As a result, 30 out of 78 countries met the inclusion criteria, with the USA leading in both publications (236) and citations (7,859). Following the USA, the countries with the highest number of publications are Japan (77), Australia (65), the United Kingdom (55), and Canada (42), respectively. In terms of citations, Australia ranks second with 1,197 citations. An analysis of countries with the highest publication numbers suggests that factors such as the history of major disasters and crises, the frequency and diversity of disasters, societal responsibility and cultural dynamics, the development of civil society and NGOs, the effects of climate change, rapid urbanization, and population growth have contributed to the prominence of disaster volunteer studies. Figure 5 illustrates the relationships between countries and uses color coding to indicate publication years. Yellow represents the current year (2024) and recent collaborations, while other colors correspond to earlier periods as shown in the visualization. Recent disasters, the growing impact of climate change, and international recommendations emphasizing community-based disaster management have significantly fostered a culture of collaboration among researchers. These developments have also enhanced international cooperation in disaster volunteer studies. 3.1.3. Organizations co-authorship analysis The collaborative network of organizations in the disaster volunteer field is illustrated in Fig. 6 . Prior to conducting the co-authorship analysis, studies involving more than 25 organizations were excluded to ensure analytical precision. The dataset included a total of 1,619 organizations, among which 35 organizations met the criteria of contributing at least two articles and receiving at least 10 citations. Of these, 29 organizations were found to have collaborative relationships. The top 10 organizations in the disaster volunteer field, ranked by Total Link Strength (TLS), are listed in Table 2 . An examination of Fig. 6 and Table 2 reveals that the Faculty of Environment, Society, and Design at Lincoln University is one of the leading institutions in disaster volunteer research. The field generally includes organizations specializing in social sciences, medicine, environmental science, and earth and planetary sciences, encompassing prominent international universities and institutions. Analyzing average publication years shows that the institution with the earliest average publication year has the second highest number of collaborations, whereas, contrary to patterns observed in the literature, the institution with the latest average publication year exhibits the highest Total Link Strength (TLS). Notably, this study highlights the contributions of spontaneous volunteers during earthquakes in New Zealand's Canterbury region, emphasizing the roles of students and young people as volunteers and the importance of citizen participation in post-disaster recovery activities (25). In conclusion, collaboration among institutions and authors plays a critical role in enhancing the effectiveness of disaster management processes. It facilitates access to resources, information, and technological advancements while fostering the implementation of best practices. Moreover, adopting effective disaster volunteering practices at the national level can contribute to building disaster-resilient societies and minimizing loss of life and property. Table 2 Top 10 organizations in the DV domain. No. Organization Links TLS Docs Cites Avg. pub. year 1. Faculty of Environment, Society and Design, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zeland 12 304 2 56 2021 2. Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, Unites States 11 87 2 47 2013 3. World Trade Center Health Registry, New york City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Unites States 4 71 2 47 2017 4. Bushfire & Natural Hazards Cooperative Research Centre, Australia 12 68 2 347 2017 5. School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 12 43 2 63 2020 6. Western Washington University, Unites States 5 31 2 145 2007 7. Department of Psychology, The University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark 6 15 2 52 2017 8. Department of Sociology, Unviersity of Calgary, Canada 3 15 2 50 2010 9. Harvard Medical School, Boston Campus, Ma, Unites States 4 14 2 51 2017 10. Lev Hasharon Mental Health Center, Pardesiya-Israel 4 10 2 69 2009 3.2. Co-citation analysis With the co-citation analysis method, the connection between the studies and their academic impact will be examined by examining the co-citation relationships (26, 27). Under this heading, co-citation analysis was conducted in 752 documents in the context of authors, sources, and references. What should be considered in co-citation analyses is to distinguish between cited authors and references. 3.2.1. Co-citation analysis of cited references Figure 7 presents the co-citation analysis of cited references, focusing on those with a minimum citation frequency of five. Out of 39,871 references, 115 met this criterion, with 113 demonstrating interconnections. This analysis highlights the most frequently cited studies that have contributed significantly to the Disaster Volunteer field. The clustering of prominent references is illustrated using color-coded diagrams, indicating thematic groupings. The top 10 most cited studies, as of October 2024, are listed in Table 3 . This table includes detailed information such as the title, document type, publication year, Local Citation Score (LCS), Global Citation Score (GCS), and TLS for each reference. The GCS metric was used to rank these references. The LCS, calculated using Biblioshiny and VOSviewer, reflects the number of citations within the dataset, while the GCS represents the total global citation frequency as recorded on Google Scholar by October 10, 2024. An analysis of Table 3 reveals that Mileti's book (28) is the most influential reference, with a GCS of 4,722. Among the top 10 studies, key topics include the re-evaluation of disasters (28), organized behavior (29), formal and informal volunteering evaluation (30), transformative actions (31), emotional culture in volunteering (32), citizen response (33), and the opportunities and risks associated with spontaneous groups (30, 34). Overall, these references collectively serve a shared purpose by providing a robust theoretical foundation and methodological guidance for disaster volunteer research. Their global influence underscores their vital importance in advancing disaster volunteer work and ensuring its sustainability. Table 3 Highly Global Citation Score cited references (TOP 10). No Title Type LCS GCS TLS 1. Disasters by design: A reassessment of natural hazards in the United States (1) Book 13 4722 64 2. Organized behavior in disaster (2) Book 20 1349 75 3. Citizen response to disasters: a survey of literature and some practical implications (3) Article 18 643 52 4. A review of informal volunteerism in emergencies and disasters: Definition, opportunities and challenges (4) Review 45 609 129 5. Emergent groups and spontaneous volunteers in urban disaster response (5) Article 20 291 96 6. Heroic efforts : the emotional culture of search and rescue volunteers (6) Book 62 168 212 7. The changing landscape of disaster volunteering: opportunities, responses and gaps in Australia (7) Article 39 161 129 8. Permanent disaster volunteers: Where do they fit? (8) Book 11 88 22 9. Transformative experiences for Hurricanes Katrina and Rita disaster volunteers (9) Article 16 73 20 10. Emergent groups in disaster research: Varieties of scientific observation over time and across studies of nine natural disasters (10) Article 10 71 60 3.2.2. Co-citation analysis of cited authors Figure 8 presents the co-citation analysis of cited authors, focusing on references with a minimum citation frequency of 50. Out of 52,403 references, 63 met this criterion. The analysis identifies the authors who have made significant contributions to the Disaster Volunteer (DV) field and highlights those most frequently cited. The color-coded diagram in Fig. 8 reveals five distinct clusters, representing thematic groupings of prominent references. The first cluster, represented by the dense red-colored region, includes 26 authors. Key contributors in this cluster, such as Handmer J., Whittaker J., Quarantelli E.L., and Mclennan B., have significantly advanced the understanding of spontaneous volunteering opportunities and challenges, the evolving landscape of volunteering, social crises and disaster response (30, 34, 38). Their research explores how individuals and communities mobilize in emergencies, the dynamics of organized and unorganized volunteering, and community resilience. This cluster also examines social inequalities, solidarity, and reconstruction processes during crises, offering valuable sociological insights for improving disaster response and volunteer management. The second cluster, marked in green, consists of 12 authors, including Lois J., Stebbins R.A., Lyng S., Thoits P.A., and Hochschild A.R. (32, 39–42). These authors focus on the psychological and emotional dimensions of volunteering, particularly the emotional labor and dedication involved in such work. Their studies delve into risk-taking behaviors, emotional satisfaction, and the construction of personal identity through volunteer activities. This cluster highlights the significance of volunteer work in enhancing emotional health and providing meaning to individuals' lives while addressing the challenges of managing emotional labor. The third cluster, shown in blue, includes 12 authors, with Bonanno G.A. and Galea S. standing out for their contributions to understanding post-disaster psychological resilience (43). Their work emphasizes the psychological coping mechanisms and resilience-building processes in individuals affected by disasters. The fourth cluster, represented in yellow, features the work of Brackkbil R.M. and colleagues. Their research focuses on the health impacts on survivors of damaged or collapsed buildings during the World Trade Center attacks, as well as the physical and psychological effects on volunteers involved in rescue and clean-up operations (44). Finally, the fifth cluster, highlighted in purple, includes the contributions of Palen I. and collaborators. This group emphasizes the critical role of citizen participation in disaster scenarios and explores how technology can enhance volunteer coordination and effectiveness during such events (45). Overall, the co-citation analysis reveals a diverse range of themes within the DV field, spanning sociological, psychological, health-related, and technological perspectives. These clusters collectively provide a comprehensive understanding of disaster volunteering and underscore the interdisciplinary nature of this research area. 3.2.3. Co-citation analysis of cited sources Figure 9 presents the co-citation analysis of cited sources. In this study, only those sources with a citation frequency exceeding 100 were included. Out of the 19,094 cited sources in the dataset, 14 sources met the inclusion criteria for the analysis. This co-citation analysis provides insights into the relationships between influential journals and the topic of disaster vulnerability (DV). The color map in Fig. 9 represents the clusters of the most influential journals. As depicted in Fig. 9 , two distinct clusters are identifiable based on color. A list of the 10 most highly cited journals, ranked according to Total Link Strength (TLS), is presented in Table 4 . The red cluster includes journals such as Disasters, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters, and International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, with a total of nine journals in this section representing the first cluster. As shown in Figs. 7 and 8 , the most cited references in the DV field are predominantly found in the red area. The second cluster, represented in green, contains five journals, including Social Psychology Quarterly, American Journal of Sociology, and American Sociological Review. The analysis of this cluster reveals a preponderance of psychological and psychosocial journals. Overall, the most influential journals in the field of disaster vulnerability research are Disasters, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters, and International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. These journals focus on topics directly related to disaster management, such as disaster response, crisis management, and risk reduction. Furthermore, they highlight the interdisciplinary nature of DV research, underscoring the importance of an integrated approach and the need for interdisciplinary studies and practices. Such comprehensive research is crucial for effectively evaluating and enhancing the human resource capacity required during disasters. If mismanaged, this capacity can become a liability rather than an asset in disaster management processes. Table 4 Top 10 journals highly cited in DV Research. No Journal Colour Citations TLS 1. Disasters Red 382 3736 2. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management Red 184 3184 3. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters Red 222 2472 4. Social Psychology Quarterly Green 220 2372 5. American Journal of Sociology Green 166 2120 6. American Sociological Review Green 124 1695 7. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction Red 252 1542 8. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly Red 238 1420 9. Symbolic Interaction Green 104 1298 10. Natural Hazards Red 173 1272 3.3. Co-occurrence analysis The co-occurrence analysis method is employed to assess the strength of relationships between keywords by examining their co-occurrence frequencies and relevance (46, 47). In this study, a co-occurrence analysis was conducted on 1,774 studies focused on disaster vulnerability (DV). The objective was to identify current topics, trends, and concepts within the DV field. Figure 10 illustrates the co-occurrence analysis of the keywords used by the authors. For the analysis, only keywords that occurred more than 10 times were included, resulting in 24 keywords meeting this threshold out of the 1,774 total keywords in the dataset. Figure 10 displays these 24 high-frequency keywords, grouped into four distinct clusters, each represented by different colors. Based on the clustering presented in Fig. 10 , the research directions and associated keyword groups for the four clusters are summarized in Table 5 . Both Fig. 10 and Table 5 highlight that the co-occurrence analysis of high-frequency keywords in the 1,774 DV-related research articles reveals four primary research directions within the DV field. Table 5 Research direction and hot topics. Colur Research Direction Keywords in each cluster (occurrences) Number Red Disaster Disaster (58), Resilience (26), Disaster Response (21), Mental Health (18), PTSD (13), Preparedness (12), Trauma (11), World Trade Center (10) 8 Green Volunteering Volunteering (20), Covid-19 (15), Volunteerism (13), Social Media (12), Natural Disaster (10), Search and Rescue (10) 6 Blue Disaster Management Volunteers (33), Disasters (27), Disaster Management (23), Spontaneous Volunteers (15), Risk (10) 5 Yellow Emergency Management Emergency Management (19), Volunteer (16), Japan (13), Disaster Recovery (12), Earthquake (12) 5 3.3.1. Research related to disaster Among the 8 keywords in Cluster 1 (Red) in Fig. 10 , "disaster" is seen to be the highest among 24 different high-frequency keywords. When these 8 keywords are examined in general terms, this cluster can be expressed as "disaster management processes and psychology" and shows the first research direction in disaster volunteer studies. Within the framework of this cluster, it is seen that the tendency in DV research is related to disaster, resilience, and disaster response. The reason for this is that it is stated that one way to increase the effectiveness of disaster management in international agreements and frameworks will be community-based disaster management (18). In general, it is stated that individuals will gain individual resilience by volunteering and that, by contributing to social resilience, both vulnerabilities will be reduced during and after the disaster, and professional teams will be assisted by contributing to human resource capacity in the intervention and recovery stages (19, 48). In the 7.9 magnitude Wenchuan Earthquake that occurred in China in 2008, volunteers were reported to be an important force in the first response and rescue efforts, in meeting shelter and basic needs, in determining and distributing needs, and finally in carrying out activities in the recovery and reconstruction phases (49). In the 7.8 magnitude Kahramanmaraş-centered earthquake that occurred in Turkey on February 6, 2023, it was stated that experienced volunteers made a significant contribution to solving the problems in the region and that the number of people rescued would have been higher if more qualified volunteers had been in the region (50). The social aspect of disaster volunteering not only brings disaster victims and volunteers together, creating an important example of social solidarity, but also, psychologically, it is known that increasing the social effectiveness, cooperation, solidarity, and cooperation characteristics of disaster victims through volunteer activities in post-disaster times positively contributes to individuals in the post-traumatic process (51, 52). 3.3.2. Research related to volunteering Cluster 2, represented in green in Fig. 10 , comprises six keywords: "Volunteering," "Volunteerism," "Social Media," "Natural Disaster," "Search and Rescue," and "COVID-19." Analyzing the content associated with these keywords, the cluster can be categorized as "Volunteering." This cluster represents the second research direction within the field of disaster volunteering. The studies within this cluster emphasize the importance of developing more adaptable volunteering strategies, incorporating digital volunteers, and systematically integrating volunteers, particularly by recognizing the critical role they play during pandemic periods (34, 53). The rationale behind this focus is that many spontaneous volunteers, despite lacking formal training or experience, begin responding to the aftermath of a disaster even before professional teams arrive, often becoming victims themselves (54). Additionally, it is noted that search and rescue volunteers must provide not only physical support but also manage their own emotions and those of the victims. The psychological risks associated with these responsibilities are significant, and volunteers are at an increased risk of experiencing psychological distress (32, 55). 3.3.3. Research related to volunteers The 3rd cluster in blue in Fig. 10 consists of 5 keywords. When we look at the figure, we see that there are the keywords “Disaster Management,” “Disasters,” “Risk,” “Spontaneous Volunteers,” and “Volunteers.” When the content is considered within the scope of these keywords, the blue cluster can be expressed as “Volunteers.” In addition, this cluster shows the third research direction in the field of disaster volunteering. Volunteers focus on recovery and volunteering activities in times of earthquakes and floods, i.e., during and after disasters. In addition, the importance of peace and well-being of spontaneous volunteers is emphasized in terms of their sense of belonging and productivity (56). Although they provide short-term participation: “medical, information/communications, psychosocial and bereavement, shelter, supplies and provisions, buildings and services, coordination and security, preparedness, advocacy, food provision; delivery of basic health care; environmental sanitation campaigns; efforts to raise awareness; and construction and strengthening of flood barricades, etc.”. The importance of the contributions of spontaneous volunteers is emphasized in such matters (35, 57). 3.3.4. Research related to emergency management In Fig. 10 , the fourth cluster, highlighted in yellow, comprises five keywords: “Emergency Management,” “Volunteer,” “Japan,” “Disaster Recovery,” and “Earthquake.” When analyzed in the context of these keywords, the yellow cluster can be categorized under the theme of “Emergency Management.” This cluster also represents the fourth research trajectory in the field of disaster volunteering. Emergency management emphasizes effective leadership, collaboration, recovery efforts, and studies on volunteering during and after disasters (58). The prominence of Japan among the keywords in disaster volunteering research stems from two key factors: first, the extensive studies conducted following the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, and second, the country’s exemplary coordination among governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and volunteers (59, 60). Furthermore, a matching system has been proposed to facilitate the automatic assignment of disaster victims and volunteers, enhancing response efficiency (61). In essence, research on disaster volunteering aims to identify strategies for mitigating and preventing potential loss of life and property during disasters. Key recommendations include encouraging all citizens to engage in volunteering activities, coordinating spontaneous volunteers who emerge during disasters, integrating these volunteers into disaster management frameworks, fostering a sense of belonging to ensure volunteer retention, and enhancing individual and community resilience through pre-disaster education and awareness initiatives. 4. Discussion 4.1. Summary of main research in disaster volunteer Figure 12 shows the transformation of keywords in disaster volunteer literature over the years with both VOSviewer and bibliometrics-based visuals. In VOSviewer, each keyword is shown in a different color according to the average publication year, while in bibliometrix, the trend topic distribution of keywords by year is seen. When the visuals are examined, it is seen that the topics of “disaster/disasters” (2017, 2019), “resilience” (2019), “volunteering/volunteerism/spontaneous volunteers” (2018, 2020, 2019), disaster management (2020) and disaster response (2017) have an intense interaction with each other. The importance of disaster volunteering for the formation of a resilient society, increasing the effectiveness of disaster management, and success in the disaster response process is also understood from here. In addition, this visual also shows what disaster volunteering is related to and what it contributes to. The role and importance of volunteering is also recognized within the scope of the subtitle of the 2005–2015 Hyogo Framework for Action, “Enhancing the resilience of nations and communities to disasters” (62). The concepts of “world trade center” (2014), “PTSD” (2017), “trauma” (2017), and “Japan” (2019) also come to the fore about disaster volunteering. The role and contributions of volunteers in the 2001 World Trade Center attacks, the post-traumatic stress disorder and trauma experienced by volunteers, and the role of volunteers in the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake and the disaster prevention volunteer networks that emerged afterward are discussed here (63–65). 4.2. Research on DV: Past Studies, Current Situation, and Future Research Suggestions In general, it is believed that disaster volunteer research can be better understood by developing a thematic map that encompasses all studies included in the current analysis. Figure 13 illustrates the past, present, and emerging trends within the research area of disaster volunteer studies. Upon examining Fig. 13 , four distinct regions are identified: “basic themes”, “motor themes”. “emerging or declining themes”. and “niche themes”. Clusters and concepts closer to the center of the figure represent the most frequently used keywords in the current body of research. Additionally, the placement of keywords in the upper sections of the plane indicates their frequency of use. To elaborate on the regions depicted in the thematic map: Basic Themes Located in the lower right section, these themes represent the essential, foundational keywords that are integral to all studies in this field. Motor Themes Found in the upper right section, these themes include leading concepts that have gained prominence in recent years, reflecting popular or trending topics in disaster volunteer research. Emerging or Declining Themes Situated in the lower left section, these themes represent concepts that are either losing relevance or are in their early stages of exploration and not yet well-established in the literature. Over time, themes in this category may either fade away or gain traction, becoming more visible and transitioning to other regions of the map. Niche Themes Found in the upper left section, these themes indicate underexplored areas within disaster volunteer research. These concepts hold potential as emerging trends and offer opportunities for further investigation in this field. This thematic mapping provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution and future directions of disaster volunteer studies, highlighting the areas of focus and emerging opportunities for researchers. This study presents several recommendations regarding the disaster volunteer (DV) literature, thematic mapping, the diversity of disasters, and technological advancements. Firstly, considering that disasters can have global impacts depending on their magnitude, it is recommended to enhance international cooperation to facilitate joint actions (e.g., in response to COVID-19 or climate change). The co-authorship analysis of countries/regions in the current study reveals a concentration of disaster volunteer research in nations such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Canada. To ensure rapid response, effective needs assessment, cultural adaptation, coordination, and technological support, it is crucial to promote academic collaboration among institutions and researchers from diverse geographical regions during pre-disaster periods (66). Secondly, an analysis of citation sources highlights the interdisciplinary nature of disaster volunteer research. This field encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including Social Sciences, Medicine, Environmental Science, Earth and Planetary Sciences, Psychology, Computer Science, and Engineering. Disaster management, therefore, adopts a multidisciplinary approach. With technological advancements, particularly in artificial intelligence, operations research, and mathematical modeling, it is vital to explore how these tools can enhance disaster volunteer efforts by assigning the right volunteer to the appropriate task. Such integration not only optimizes human resource capacity but also minimizes loss of life and property through more effective disaster interventions (67, 68). Thirdly, a review of the literature reveals that disaster volunteering studies often focus on spontaneous volunteers, addressing their challenges, opportunities, requirements, and the critical need for coordination in disaster zones. The contributions of disaster volunteers to search and rescue operations and their support for official institutions are undeniable (30, 69). Enhancing studies aimed at increasing volunteer motivation and improving coordination can transform disaster volunteers into a valuable human resource, avoiding scenarios where they exacerbate the situation (70). Lastly, it is essential for official institutions and non-governmental organizations to continue expanding their educational and awareness initiatives on disaster volunteering. Given the undeniable importance of disaster volunteers during emergencies, fostering a resilient society through participatory management approaches is imperative (71, 72). Increasing the number of experienced disaster volunteers not only supports professional teams but also enhances the effectiveness of interventions, reducing the loss of life and property through timely and efficient actions. 5. Conclusion This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the literature on disaster volunteering through bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer and RStudio Biblioshiny. The findings indicate that research on disaster volunteering gained momentum following the 2011 Japan Earthquake and Tsunami and the 2012 Hurricane Sandy, reaching its peak in 2022. Among countries, the United States recorded the highest number of publications and citations in this field, followed by Japan, Australia, and the United Kingdom (UK). The co-citation analysis revealed key themes in disaster volunteer research, including the re-evaluation of disasters, organized behavior, formal and informal volunteering, transformative actions, emotional culture in volunteering, citizen responses, and the opportunities and challenges associated with spontaneous volunteer groups. Similarly, the co-occurrence analysis identified core research directions within disaster volunteering, categorized under four major themes: disaster, volunteering, disaster management, and emergency management. This bibliometric study emphasizes the importance of promoting disaster volunteering, expanding community-based disaster management research, improving volunteer management and coordination, ensuring sustainability, and enhancing the effectiveness of spontaneous volunteers. Based on the findings, this study offers recommendations for future research. A key suggestion is the development and implementation of centralized volunteering models that manage volunteers on a unified platform. Such models would enable the assignment of competent, experienced, and equipped volunteers to tasks that align with their expertise and the specific needs of the affected region. These models should incorporate a dynamic process for optimizing human resource capacity. When effectively implemented, this approach is expected to reduce the loss of life and property during and after disasters while improving the overall efficiency of disaster management processes. 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Joseph Henry Press. https://doi.org/10.1108/dpm.2002.11.3.222.1 Cutter, S.L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E., Webb, J. (2008). A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Global Environmental Change, 18(4), 598-606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.07.013 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Volunteer.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5956478/v1/4c1d24deb6418396bb0be2c2.png"},{"id":75894056,"identity":"0f68433d-e9de-486b-9b48-1c9a0d59de69","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-10 10:09:07","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":518449,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eKeywords analysis of disaster volunteer publications via VOSviewer and Bibliometrix with time information.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5956478/v1/5f855753c225c278df20576a.png"},{"id":75894009,"identity":"f4ca206d-c01e-41c4-8a6c-0d2646fcad16","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-10 10:09:04","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":234850,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThematic map showing the past, present and new directions of Disaster Volunteer research.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5956478/v1/8ceff149c73d7b3254e918ae.png"},{"id":75895809,"identity":"08829fca-9b4c-40ef-851f-f0e981fea836","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-10 10:25:13","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4874422,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5956478/v1/35229fc6-17db-455a-b006-23d370e19e91.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eBibliometric Analysis of Disaster Volunteers Using Vosviewer And Biblioshiny With Data From Scopus And Web of Science\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDisasters occur as a result of natural, technological, or human-induced events that cause socioeconomic and physical losses affecting all or part of society, causing social life and individual activities to stop or be disrupted, and the resistance of the exposed community to be insufficient. In short, it is not the event itself, but the result it causes is called a disaster (1). Disasters are chaotic events that cause great destruction by causing loss of life and property. Globally, 26,451 disasters have occurred in the century between 1924 and 2024. As a result of natural, technological, or human-induced disasters, 20,482,015 people died, 11,087,513 people were injured and 8,563,559,762 people were affected by these disasters (2). Fast and effective intervention in times of disaster is very important to get through the process with the least damage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffective management of the process from the moment of disaster is possible not only with professional teams but also with the active participation and coordination of volunteers. When the literature is examined, it is seen that until professional search and rescue teams reach the disaster area and intervene, most of the disaster victims are saved by family members, neighbors, and individuals living in that neighborhood, and at this stage, 75% of the search and rescue work is done by volunteers (3, 4). In another study, 50% of minor injuries and 30% of disaster victims trapped under non-structural elements are saved by families, neighbors, disaster aid, and civil society volunteers. Another important statement in the relevant study is that the survival rate of individuals rescued in the first 30 minutes is 93% and the survival rate of those rescued in the first 24 hours is 81% (5). It is understood from this that the loss of life can be significantly reduced by increasing the individual effectiveness and efficiency of volunteers who arrive at the scene from the first moment of disaster. Therefore, understanding the current status and trends in DV is of utmost importance to determine future research directions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to search and rescue, volunteers also facilitate professional teams in many tasks within the scope of humanitarian aid logistics, such as collection, storage, preparation, packaging, distribution, transportation, inventory management, communication, and coordination of relief supplies. Their contributions, especially in search and rescue processes, have led to questions about the effectiveness of increasing the number of expert rescue teams (6). When we look at the framework agreements organized for disaster risk reduction efforts at the global level (Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) and The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA)), the importance and necessity of non-governmental organizations, volunteers, and community-based institutions in disasters in the 21st century are emphasized (7). Almost all international policies in the field of disaster express the importance and necessity of community-based disaster work in which volunteers participate, due to the key role that volunteers play in building community resilience (8).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aim of this bibliometric research is to explain the current status and new trends in studies in the field of disaster volunteering, as well as to provide a comprehensive literature contribution to researchers who will work on this subject.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study employs bibliometric research, a type of qualitative method. Research data were accessed through the Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus databases. These databases were chosen because previous systematic literature reviews have identified Web of Science (WoS) as reliable for bibliometric research. The results of the current study indicate that Scopus is more commonly used in social sciences research. The keyword 'Disaster Volunteer' (DV) was selected to identify relevant literature. Since disasters are a multidisciplinary field involving various branches, no field limitations were applied during the research. Our analyses include studies conducted until 01.10.2024, examining a total of 752 documents, including 61 from the Web of Science Core Collection and 691 from Scopus. To analyze the data collectively, codes were used with the Bibliometrix package in R (10).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing bibliometric analysis, the literature's entirety or selected periods are studied to provide concrete insights into the relevant discipline. This method consolidates scientific and academic publications, standardizes, classifies, and analyzes their data, and interprets them to meet the research objectives (11). Bibliometric analysis comprises five types: \u0026ldquo;citation analysis, co-citation analysis, bibliographic coupling, co-author analysis, and co-word analysis\u0026rdquo; (9). VOSviewer, an analytical tool, creates maps based on network data and visualizes trends in research areas (12). Its key feature is transforming extensive bibliographic data into visual representations, enabling in-depth trend analysis (13).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe merged data file, including 752 DVs from Bibliometrix, was transferred to VOSviewer (version 1.6.20). Analyses such as co-authorship, co-citation, and co-occurrence, along with breakdowns of publication years, sources, authors, affiliations, countries, document types, and subject areas, are presented through visual diagrams.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the general framework of the bibliometric study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn summarizing the general findings of our research, disaster volunteer studies, which began in 1989, have been conducted by 1,917 authors to date. The annual growth rate of publications in this field was calculated as 11.63%, while the rate of international co-authorship stands at 17.37%. Across all these studies, a total of 40,165 references were cited, with an average of 20.65 citations per publication. In the subsections of this section, where brief insights are provided, these findings will be further supported with visual representations and source details.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Publications analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1.1. Publication year analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisaster Volunteer studies first appeared in the Web of Science and Scopus databases in 1989 (14). Figures\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, and 4 illustrate the annual publication trends, research types, and research areas on Disaster Volunteers from 1989 to the present. Between 1989 and 2006, fewer than 10 studies were conducted annually, indicating that disaster volunteering did not receive sufficient academic attention during this period. From 2006 to 2013, the annual number of studies remained relatively low, peaking at 18. However, in 2013, the number of studies surpassed 20 for the first time, reaching 23 publications. The increase in publications in 2013 does not appear to be linked to any extraordinary development but may be associated with heightened interest following the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (15\u0026ndash;17). Significant increases in the number of publications were observed in 2014, 2017 and 2021. The only decline occurred in 2016. The decrease in 2024 is likely due to the year not being completed yet and some studies remaining unpublished. The post-2014 increases do not seem to correspond to specific events. It is also anticipated that researchers may have focused on this issue due to the emphasis placed on the role of non-governmental organizations, volunteers and community-based institutions in order to increase the effectiveness of disaster management in the Sendai Disaster Risk Reduction Framework and the Hyogo Action Plan (18).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the literature includes numerous publications on unregistered spontaneous volunteers, discussing their contributions during disasters, challenges, risks, and other aspects. These studies examine topics such as the opportunities and challenges posed by spontaneous volunteers (19), their participation in disaster management (20), their roles as crisis volunteers (21), model proposals for integrating them into disaster management processes (22), coordination systems (23), and the sustainability of their contributions (24). It is seen that the majority of publications in the literature focus on spontaneous volunteers. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, research types are predominantly journal articles, which constitute 67% of the total, followed by book chapters at 10.7%. In terms of research areas (Fig.\u0026nbsp;4), Social Sciences rank first with 28.2%, followed by Medicine at 15.3%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1.2. Countries/regions co-authorship analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e highlight the countries or regions actively engaged in disaster volunteer work at the international level. In identifying these countries, the analysis utilized criteria set by the VOSviewer program, which required a country to have a minimum of five publications and at least 20 citations to be included.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTop 10 countries/regions in the DV domain.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry/region\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDocuments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCitations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvg. pub. year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7859\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJapan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e533\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAustralia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnited Kingdom (UK)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e966\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCanada\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e829\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e568\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGermany\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e391\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew Zealand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e343\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSweden\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsrael\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e492\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a result, 30 out of 78 countries met the inclusion criteria, with the USA leading in both publications (236) and citations (7,859). Following the USA, the countries with the highest number of publications are Japan (77), Australia (65), the United Kingdom (55), and Canada (42), respectively. In terms of citations, Australia ranks second with 1,197 citations. An analysis of countries with the highest publication numbers suggests that factors such as the history of major disasters and crises, the frequency and diversity of disasters, societal responsibility and cultural dynamics, the development of civil society and NGOs, the effects of climate change, rapid urbanization, and population growth have contributed to the prominence of disaster volunteer studies. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the relationships between countries and uses color coding to indicate publication years. Yellow represents the current year (2024) and recent collaborations, while other colors correspond to earlier periods as shown in the visualization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecent disasters, the growing impact of climate change, and international recommendations emphasizing community-based disaster management have significantly fostered a culture of collaboration among researchers. These developments have also enhanced international cooperation in disaster volunteer studies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1.3. Organizations co-authorship analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe collaborative network of organizations in the disaster volunteer field is illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. Prior to conducting the co-authorship analysis, studies involving more than 25 organizations were excluded to ensure analytical precision. The dataset included a total of 1,619 organizations, among which 35 organizations met the criteria of contributing at least two articles and receiving at least 10 citations. Of these, 29 organizations were found to have collaborative relationships. The top 10 organizations in the disaster volunteer field, ranked by Total Link Strength (TLS), are listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. An examination of Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e reveals that the Faculty of Environment, Society, and Design at Lincoln University is one of the leading institutions in disaster volunteer research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe field generally includes organizations specializing in social sciences, medicine, environmental science, and earth and planetary sciences, encompassing prominent international universities and institutions. Analyzing average publication years shows that the institution with the earliest average publication year has the second highest number of collaborations, whereas, contrary to patterns observed in the literature, the institution with the latest average publication year exhibits the highest Total Link Strength (TLS). Notably, this study highlights the contributions of spontaneous volunteers during earthquakes in New Zealand's Canterbury region, emphasizing the roles of students and young people as volunteers and the importance of citizen participation in post-disaster recovery activities (25).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, collaboration among institutions and authors plays a critical role in enhancing the effectiveness of disaster management processes. It facilitates access to resources, information, and technological advancements while fostering the implementation of best practices. Moreover, adopting effective disaster volunteering practices at the national level can contribute to building disaster-resilient societies and minimizing loss of life and property.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTop 10 organizations in the DV domain.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganization\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTLS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDocs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCites\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvg.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003epub. year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFaculty of Environment, Society and Design, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zeland\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e304\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepartment of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, Unites States\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld Trade Center Health Registry, New york City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Unites States\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBushfire \u0026amp; Natural Hazards Cooperative Research Centre, Australia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e347\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSchool of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWestern Washington University, Unites States\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepartment of Psychology, The University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepartment of Sociology, Unviersity of Calgary, Canada\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHarvard Medical School, Boston Campus, Ma, Unites States\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLev Hasharon Mental Health Center, Pardesiya-Israel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Co-citation analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the co-citation analysis method, the connection between the studies and their academic impact will be examined by examining the co-citation relationships (26, 27). Under this heading, co-citation analysis was conducted in 752 documents in the context of authors, sources, and references. What should be considered in co-citation analyses is to distinguish between cited authors and references.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.1. Co-citation analysis of cited references\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e presents the co-citation analysis of cited references, focusing on those with a minimum citation frequency of five. Out of 39,871 references, 115 met this criterion, with 113 demonstrating interconnections. This analysis highlights the most frequently cited studies that have contributed significantly to the Disaster Volunteer field. The clustering of prominent references is illustrated using color-coded diagrams, indicating thematic groupings. The top 10 most cited studies, as of October 2024, are listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. This table includes detailed information such as the title, document type, publication year, Local Citation Score (LCS), Global Citation Score (GCS), and TLS for each reference. The GCS metric was used to rank these references. The LCS, calculated using Biblioshiny and VOSviewer, reflects the number of citations within the dataset, while the GCS represents the total global citation frequency as recorded on Google Scholar by October 10, 2024. An analysis of Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e reveals that Mileti's book (28) is the most influential reference, with a GCS of 4,722. Among the top 10 studies, key topics include the re-evaluation of disasters (28), organized behavior (29), formal and informal volunteering evaluation (30), transformative actions (31), emotional culture in volunteering (32), citizen response (33), and the opportunities and risks associated with spontaneous groups (30, 34). Overall, these references collectively serve a shared purpose by providing a robust theoretical foundation and methodological guidance for disaster volunteer research. Their global influence underscores their vital importance in advancing disaster volunteer work and ensuring its sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighly Global Citation Score cited references (TOP 10).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTitle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLCS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGCS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTLS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisasters by design: A reassessment of natural hazards in the United States (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBook\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4722\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganized behavior in disaster (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBook\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1349\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCitizen response to disasters: a survey of literature and some practical implications (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArticle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA review of informal volunteerism in emergencies and disasters: Definition, opportunities and challenges (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e609\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmergent groups and spontaneous volunteers in urban disaster response (5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArticle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e291\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeroic efforts : the emotional culture of search and rescue volunteers (6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBook\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe changing landscape of disaster volunteering: opportunities, responses and gaps in Australia (7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArticle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePermanent disaster volunteers: Where do they fit? (8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBook\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransformative experiences for Hurricanes Katrina and Rita disaster volunteers (9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArticle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmergent groups in disaster research: Varieties of scientific observation over time and across studies of nine natural disasters (10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArticle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.2. Co-citation analysis of cited authors\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e presents the co-citation analysis of cited authors, focusing on references with a minimum citation frequency of 50. Out of 52,403 references, 63 met this criterion. The analysis identifies the authors who have made significant contributions to the Disaster Volunteer (DV) field and highlights those most frequently cited. The color-coded diagram in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e reveals five distinct clusters, representing thematic groupings of prominent references. The first cluster, represented by the dense red-colored region, includes 26 authors. Key contributors in this cluster, such as Handmer J., Whittaker J., Quarantelli E.L., and Mclennan B., have significantly advanced the understanding of spontaneous volunteering opportunities and challenges, the evolving landscape of volunteering, social crises and disaster response (30, 34, 38). Their research explores how individuals and communities mobilize in emergencies, the dynamics of organized and unorganized volunteering, and community resilience. This cluster also examines social inequalities, solidarity, and reconstruction processes during crises, offering valuable sociological insights for improving disaster response and volunteer management. The second cluster, marked in green, consists of 12 authors, including Lois J., Stebbins R.A., Lyng S., Thoits P.A., and Hochschild A.R. (32, 39\u0026ndash;42). These authors focus on the psychological and emotional dimensions of volunteering, particularly the emotional labor and dedication involved in such work. Their studies delve into risk-taking behaviors, emotional satisfaction, and the construction of personal identity through volunteer activities. This cluster highlights the significance of volunteer work in enhancing emotional health and providing meaning to individuals' lives while addressing the challenges of managing emotional labor. The third cluster, shown in blue, includes 12 authors, with Bonanno G.A. and Galea S. standing out for their contributions to understanding post-disaster psychological resilience (43). Their work emphasizes the psychological coping mechanisms and resilience-building processes in individuals affected by disasters. The fourth cluster, represented in yellow, features the work of Brackkbil R.M. and colleagues. Their research focuses on the health impacts on survivors of damaged or collapsed buildings during the World Trade Center attacks, as well as the physical and psychological effects on volunteers involved in rescue and clean-up operations (44). Finally, the fifth cluster, highlighted in purple, includes the contributions of Palen I. and collaborators. This group emphasizes the critical role of citizen participation in disaster scenarios and explores how technology can enhance volunteer coordination and effectiveness during such events (45). Overall, the co-citation analysis reveals a diverse range of themes within the DV field, spanning sociological, psychological, health-related, and technological perspectives. These clusters collectively provide a comprehensive understanding of disaster volunteering and underscore the interdisciplinary nature of this research area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.3. Co-citation analysis of cited sources\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e presents the co-citation analysis of cited sources. In this study, only those sources with a citation frequency exceeding 100 were included. Out of the 19,094 cited sources in the dataset, 14 sources met the inclusion criteria for the analysis. This co-citation analysis provides insights into the relationships between influential journals and the topic of disaster vulnerability (DV). The color map in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e represents the clusters of the most influential journals. As depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, two distinct clusters are identifiable based on color. A list of the 10 most highly cited journals, ranked according to Total Link Strength (TLS), is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The red cluster includes journals such as Disasters, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, International Journal of Mass Emergencies \u0026amp; Disasters, and International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, with a total of nine journals in this section representing the first cluster. As shown in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, the most cited references in the DV field are predominantly found in the red area. The second cluster, represented in green, contains five journals, including Social Psychology Quarterly, American Journal of Sociology, and American Sociological Review. The analysis of this cluster reveals a preponderance of psychological and psychosocial journals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the most influential journals in the field of disaster vulnerability research are Disasters, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, International Journal of Mass Emergencies \u0026amp; Disasters, and International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. These journals focus on topics directly related to disaster management, such as disaster response, crisis management, and risk reduction. Furthermore, they highlight the interdisciplinary nature of DV research, underscoring the importance of an integrated approach and the need for interdisciplinary studies and practices. Such comprehensive research is crucial for effectively evaluating and enhancing the human resource capacity required during disasters. If mismanaged, this capacity can become a liability rather than an asset in disaster management processes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTop 10 journals highly cited in DV Research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJournal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCitations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTLS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisasters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3736\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJournal of Contingencies and Crisis Management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3184\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternational Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2472\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Psychology Quarterly\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2372\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmerican Journal of Sociology\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmerican Sociological Review\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1695\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternational Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e238\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1420\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbolic Interaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1298\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural Hazards\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1272\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Co-occurrence analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe co-occurrence analysis method is employed to assess the strength of relationships between keywords by examining their co-occurrence frequencies and relevance (46, 47). In this study, a co-occurrence analysis was conducted on 1,774 studies focused on disaster vulnerability (DV). The objective was to identify current topics, trends, and concepts within the DV field. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the co-occurrence analysis of the keywords used by the authors. For the analysis, only keywords that occurred more than 10 times were included, resulting in 24 keywords meeting this threshold out of the 1,774 total keywords in the dataset. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e displays these 24 high-frequency keywords, grouped into four distinct clusters, each represented by different colors. Based on the clustering presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, the research directions and associated keyword groups for the four clusters are summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. Both Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e highlight that the co-occurrence analysis of high-frequency keywords in the 1,774 DV-related research articles reveals four primary research directions within the DV field.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch direction and hot topics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch Direction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKeywords in each cluster (occurrences)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisaster\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisaster (58), Resilience (26), Disaster Response (21), Mental Health (18), PTSD (13), Preparedness (12), Trauma (11), World Trade Center (10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolunteering\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolunteering (20), Covid-19 (15), Volunteerism (13), Social Media (12), Natural Disaster (10), Search and Rescue (10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisaster Management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolunteers (33), Disasters (27), Disaster Management (23), Spontaneous Volunteers (15), Risk (10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYellow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmergency Management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmergency Management (19), Volunteer (16), Japan (13), Disaster Recovery (12), Earthquake (12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.1. Research related to disaster\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the 8 keywords in Cluster 1 (Red) in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \"disaster\" is seen to be the highest among 24 different high-frequency keywords. When these 8 keywords are examined in general terms, this cluster can be expressed as \"disaster management processes and psychology\" and shows the first research direction in disaster volunteer studies. Within the framework of this cluster, it is seen that the tendency in DV research is related to disaster, resilience, and disaster response. The reason for this is that it is stated that one way to increase the effectiveness of disaster management in international agreements and frameworks will be community-based disaster management (18). In general, it is stated that individuals will gain individual resilience by volunteering and that, by contributing to social resilience, both vulnerabilities will be reduced during and after the disaster, and professional teams will be assisted by contributing to human resource capacity in the intervention and recovery stages (19, 48). In the 7.9 magnitude Wenchuan Earthquake that occurred in China in 2008, volunteers were reported to be an important force in the first response and rescue efforts, in meeting shelter and basic needs, in determining and distributing needs, and finally in carrying out activities in the recovery and reconstruction phases (49). In the 7.8 magnitude Kahramanmaraş-centered earthquake that occurred in Turkey on February 6, 2023, it was stated that experienced volunteers made a significant contribution to solving the problems in the region and that the number of people rescued would have been higher if more qualified volunteers had been in the region (50). The social aspect of disaster volunteering not only brings disaster victims and volunteers together, creating an important example of social solidarity, but also, psychologically, it is known that increasing the social effectiveness, cooperation, solidarity, and cooperation characteristics of disaster victims through volunteer activities in post-disaster times positively contributes to individuals in the post-traumatic process (51, 52).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.2. Research related to volunteering\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCluster 2, represented in green in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, comprises six keywords: \"Volunteering,\" \"Volunteerism,\" \"Social Media,\" \"Natural Disaster,\" \"Search and Rescue,\" and \"COVID-19.\" Analyzing the content associated with these keywords, the cluster can be categorized as \"Volunteering.\" This cluster represents the second research direction within the field of disaster volunteering. The studies within this cluster emphasize the importance of developing more adaptable volunteering strategies, incorporating digital volunteers, and systematically integrating volunteers, particularly by recognizing the critical role they play during pandemic periods (34, 53). The rationale behind this focus is that many spontaneous volunteers, despite lacking formal training or experience, begin responding to the aftermath of a disaster even before professional teams arrive, often becoming victims themselves (54). Additionally, it is noted that search and rescue volunteers must provide not only physical support but also manage their own emotions and those of the victims. The psychological risks associated with these responsibilities are significant, and volunteers are at an increased risk of experiencing psychological distress (32, 55).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.3. Research related to volunteers\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 3rd cluster in blue in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e consists of 5 keywords. When we look at the figure, we see that there are the keywords \u0026ldquo;Disaster Management,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;Disasters,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;Risk,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;Spontaneous Volunteers,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Volunteers.\u0026rdquo; When the content is considered within the scope of these keywords, the blue cluster can be expressed as \u0026ldquo;Volunteers.\u0026rdquo; In addition, this cluster shows the third research direction in the field of disaster volunteering. Volunteers focus on recovery and volunteering activities in times of earthquakes and floods, i.e., during and after disasters. In addition, the importance of peace and well-being of spontaneous volunteers is emphasized in terms of their sense of belonging and productivity (56). Although they provide short-term participation: \u0026ldquo;medical, information/communications, psychosocial and bereavement, shelter, supplies and provisions, buildings and services, coordination and security, preparedness, advocacy, food provision; delivery of basic health care; environmental sanitation campaigns; efforts to raise awareness; and construction and strengthening of flood barricades, etc.\u0026rdquo;. The importance of the contributions of spontaneous volunteers is emphasized in such matters (35, 57).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.4. Research related to emergency management\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, the fourth cluster, highlighted in yellow, comprises five keywords: \u0026ldquo;Emergency Management,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;Volunteer,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;Japan,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;Disaster Recovery,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Earthquake.\u0026rdquo; When analyzed in the context of these keywords, the yellow cluster can be categorized under the theme of \u0026ldquo;Emergency Management.\u0026rdquo; This cluster also represents the fourth research trajectory in the field of disaster volunteering. Emergency management emphasizes effective leadership, collaboration, recovery efforts, and studies on volunteering during and after disasters (58). The prominence of Japan among the keywords in disaster volunteering research stems from two key factors: first, the extensive studies conducted following the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, and second, the country\u0026rsquo;s exemplary coordination among governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and volunteers (59, 60). Furthermore, a matching system has been proposed to facilitate the automatic assignment of disaster victims and volunteers, enhancing response efficiency (61). In essence, research on disaster volunteering aims to identify strategies for mitigating and preventing potential loss of life and property during disasters. Key recommendations include encouraging all citizens to engage in volunteering activities, coordinating spontaneous volunteers who emerge during disasters, integrating these volunteers into disaster management frameworks, fostering a sense of belonging to ensure volunteer retention, and enhancing individual and community resilience through pre-disaster education and awareness initiatives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1. Summary of main research in disaster volunteer\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e shows the transformation of keywords in disaster volunteer literature over the years with both VOSviewer and bibliometrics-based visuals. In VOSviewer, each keyword is shown in a different color according to the average publication year, while in bibliometrix, the trend topic distribution of keywords by year is seen. When the visuals are examined, it is seen that the topics of \u0026ldquo;disaster/disasters\u0026rdquo; (2017, 2019), \u0026ldquo;resilience\u0026rdquo; (2019), \u0026ldquo;volunteering/volunteerism/spontaneous volunteers\u0026rdquo; (2018, 2020, 2019), disaster management (2020) and disaster response (2017) have an intense interaction with each other. The importance of disaster volunteering for the formation of a resilient society, increasing the effectiveness of disaster management, and success in the disaster response process is also understood from here. In addition, this visual also shows what disaster volunteering is related to and what it contributes to. The role and importance of volunteering is also recognized within the scope of the subtitle of the 2005\u0026ndash;2015 Hyogo Framework for Action, \u0026ldquo;Enhancing the resilience of nations and communities to disasters\u0026rdquo; (62). The concepts of \u0026ldquo;world trade center\u0026rdquo; (2014), \u0026ldquo;PTSD\u0026rdquo; (2017), \u0026ldquo;trauma\u0026rdquo; (2017), and \u0026ldquo;Japan\u0026rdquo; (2019) also come to the fore about disaster volunteering. The role and contributions of volunteers in the 2001 World Trade Center attacks, the post-traumatic stress disorder and trauma experienced by volunteers, and the role of volunteers in the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake and the disaster prevention volunteer networks that emerged afterward are discussed here (63\u0026ndash;65).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2. Research on DV: Past Studies, Current Situation, and Future Research Suggestions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn general, it is believed that disaster volunteer research can be better understood by developing a thematic map that encompasses all studies included in the current analysis. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the past, present, and emerging trends within the research area of disaster volunteer studies. Upon examining Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, four distinct regions are identified: \u0026ldquo;basic themes\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;motor themes\u0026rdquo;. \u0026ldquo;emerging or declining themes\u0026rdquo;. and \u0026ldquo;niche themes\u0026rdquo;. Clusters and concepts closer to the center of the figure represent the most frequently used keywords in the current body of research. Additionally, the placement of keywords in the upper sections of the plane indicates their frequency of use.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo elaborate on the regions depicted in the thematic map:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eBasic Themes\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocated in the lower right section, these themes represent the essential, foundational keywords that are integral to all studies in this field.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eMotor Themes\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eFound in the upper right section, these themes include leading concepts that have gained prominence in recent years, reflecting popular or trending topics in disaster volunteer research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEmerging or Declining Themes\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eSituated in the lower left section, these themes represent concepts that are either losing relevance or are in their early stages of exploration and not yet well-established in the literature. Over time, themes in this category may either fade away or gain traction, becoming more visible and transitioning to other regions of the map.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eNiche Themes\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eFound in the upper left section, these themes indicate underexplored areas within disaster volunteer research. These concepts hold potential as emerging trends and offer opportunities for further investigation in this field.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis thematic mapping provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution and future directions of disaster volunteer studies, highlighting the areas of focus and emerging opportunities for researchers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study presents several recommendations regarding the disaster volunteer (DV) literature, thematic mapping, the diversity of disasters, and technological advancements.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirstly, considering that disasters can have global impacts depending on their magnitude, it is recommended to enhance international cooperation to facilitate joint actions (e.g., in response to COVID-19 or climate change). The co-authorship analysis of countries/regions in the current study reveals a concentration of disaster volunteer research in nations such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Canada. To ensure rapid response, effective needs assessment, cultural adaptation, coordination, and technological support, it is crucial to promote academic collaboration among institutions and researchers from diverse geographical regions during pre-disaster periods (66).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondly, an analysis of citation sources highlights the interdisciplinary nature of disaster volunteer research. This field encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including Social Sciences, Medicine, Environmental Science, Earth and Planetary Sciences, Psychology, Computer Science, and Engineering. Disaster management, therefore, adopts a multidisciplinary approach. With technological advancements, particularly in artificial intelligence, operations research, and mathematical modeling, it is vital to explore how these tools can enhance disaster volunteer efforts by assigning the right volunteer to the appropriate task. Such integration not only optimizes human resource capacity but also minimizes loss of life and property through more effective disaster interventions (67, 68).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThirdly, a review of the literature reveals that disaster volunteering studies often focus on spontaneous volunteers, addressing their challenges, opportunities, requirements, and the critical need for coordination in disaster zones. The contributions of disaster volunteers to search and rescue operations and their support for official institutions are undeniable (30, 69). Enhancing studies aimed at increasing volunteer motivation and improving coordination can transform disaster volunteers into a valuable human resource, avoiding scenarios where they exacerbate the situation (70).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLastly, it is essential for official institutions and non-governmental organizations to continue expanding their educational and awareness initiatives on disaster volunteering. Given the undeniable importance of disaster volunteers during emergencies, fostering a resilient society through participatory management approaches is imperative (71, 72). Increasing the number of experienced disaster volunteers not only supports professional teams but also enhances the effectiveness of interventions, reducing the loss of life and property through timely and efficient actions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the literature on disaster volunteering through bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer and RStudio Biblioshiny. The findings indicate that research on disaster volunteering gained momentum following the 2011 Japan Earthquake and Tsunami and the 2012 Hurricane Sandy, reaching its peak in 2022. Among countries, the United States recorded the highest number of publications and citations in this field, followed by Japan, Australia, and the United Kingdom (UK). The co-citation analysis revealed key themes in disaster volunteer research, including the re-evaluation of disasters, organized behavior, formal and informal volunteering, transformative actions, emotional culture in volunteering, citizen responses, and the opportunities and challenges associated with spontaneous volunteer groups. Similarly, the co-occurrence analysis identified core research directions within disaster volunteering, categorized under four major themes: disaster, volunteering, disaster management, and emergency management. This bibliometric study emphasizes the importance of promoting disaster volunteering, expanding community-based disaster management research, improving volunteer management and coordination, ensuring sustainability, and enhancing the effectiveness of spontaneous volunteers. Based on the findings, this study offers recommendations for future research. A key suggestion is the development and implementation of centralized volunteering models that manage volunteers on a unified platform. Such models would enable the assignment of competent, experienced, and equipped volunteers to tasks that align with their expertise and the specific needs of the affected region. These models should incorporate a dynamic process for optimizing human resource capacity. When effectively implemented, this approach is expected to reduce the loss of life and property during and after disasters while improving the overall efficiency of disaster management processes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, this study serves as a valuable resource for researchers exploring disaster volunteering, offering insights into past, present, and future trends in the field.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCRediT taxonomy:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization: \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;; Methodology: \u0026nbsp;; Formal analysis and investigation: \u0026nbsp; ; Writing - original draft preparation: ; Writing - review and editing: Supervision:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of competing interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData will be made available on request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAFAD (2014). 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Global Environmental Change, 18(4), 598-606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.07.013\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Gümüşhane University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Disaster, Volunteering, Bibliometric Analysis, Disaster Volunteer","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5956478/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5956478/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDisasters, characterized by their suddenness, unpredictability, and chaos, often overwhelm official aid teams, making it difficult for them to respond adequately or reach affected areas promptly. At such critical moments, disaster volunteers (DVs) play a vital role by quickly arriving at disaster zones and addressing essential needs. Therefore, raising awareness and conducting more studies on disaster volunteering is crucial. This study provides a bibliometric and visualization analysis of 752 studies retrieved from the Web of Science and Scopus databases in September 2024, covering the years 1989\u0026ndash;2024. The analysis, performed using VOSviewer and Bibliometric R-tool software, aims to present the current status and trends in disaster volunteering research. Key aspects explored include annual publication performance, leading authors, institutions, countries, publication types, and research fields. Coauthorship, co-citation, and co-occurrence analyses highlight collaborative efforts and emerging topics in this field. Findings indicate that disaster volunteering is a growing area of research, with new publications increasing by approximately 12% annually. While studies in this field began in 1989, there has been a significant rise in output since 2012, predominantly in the social sciences. Frequently used keywords include \"disaster,\" \"volunteering,\" \"disaster management,\" and \"emergency management.\" Based on the results, it is anticipated that promoting disaster volunteering, enhancing community-based disaster management, improving the coordination and sustainability of volunteers, and increasing the effectiveness of spontaneous volunteers will help reduce the loss of life and property during disasters. These efforts are expected to significantly contribute to the success of disaster management processes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Bibliometric Analysis of Disaster Volunteers Using Vosviewer And Biblioshiny With Data From Scopus And Web of Science","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-02-10 10:08:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5956478/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"72141881-1ca1-4840-9046-b1a9f4a98d0e","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 10th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":43812492,"name":"Public Administration"},{"id":43812493,"name":"Other Public Policy"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-10T10:08:39+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-02-10 10:08:39","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5956478","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5956478","identity":"rs-5956478","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}